Voya Financial Inc
For the period ended Dec 31, 2023. Filed Feb 23, 2024.
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FY2023 · Filed Feb 23, 2024
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. Investments (excluding Consolidated Investment Entities)
- Investments (excluding Consolidated Investment Entities)
Fixed Maturities
Available-for-sale and fair value option ("FVO") fixed maturities were as follows as of December 31, 2023:
| Amortized Cost | Gross Unrealized Capital Gains | Gross Unrealized Capital Losses | Embedded Derivatives(2) | Allowance for credit losses | Fair Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fixed maturities: | ||||||
| U.S. Treasuries | $417 | $7 | $21 | $— | $— | $403 |
| U.S. Government agencies and authorities | 54 | 3 | 1 | — | — | 56 |
| State, municipalities and political subdivisions | 871 | 1 | 101 | — | — | 771 |
| U.S. corporate public securities | 8,402 | 168 | 904 | — | — | 7,666 |
| U.S. corporate private securities | 5,040 | 44 | 324 | — | — | 4,760 |
| Foreign corporate public securities and foreign governments(1) | 2,928 | 47 | 270 | — | 3 | 2,702 |
| Foreign corporate private securities(1) | 2,916 | 27 | 129 | — | 2 | 2,812 |
| Residential mortgage-backed securities | 3,695 | 36 | 257 | 2 | — | 3,476 |
| Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 4,147 | 1 | 644 | — | 9 | 3,495 |
| Other asset-backed securities | 2,528 | 16 | 71 | — | 3 | 2,470 |
| Total fixed maturities, including securities pledged | 30,998 | 350 | 2,722 | 2 | 17 | 28,611 |
| Less: Securities pledged | 1,232 | — | 72 | — | — | 1,160 |
| Total fixed maturities | $29,766 | $350 | $2,650 | $2 | $17 | $27,451 |
(2) Embedded derivatives within fixed maturity securities are reported with the host investment. The changes in fair value of embedded derivatives are reported in Net gains (losses) in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
Available-for-sale and FVO fixed maturities were as follows as of December 31, 2022:
| Amortized Cost | Gross Unrealized Capital Gains | Gross Unrealized Capital Losses | Embedded Derivatives(2) | Allowance for credit losses | Fair Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fixed maturities: | ||||||
| U.S. Treasuries | $590 | $12 | $21 | $— | $— | $581 |
| U.S. Government agencies and authorities | 58 | 3 | 2 | — | — | 59 |
| State, municipalities and political subdivisions | 978 | 1 | 134 | — | — | 845 |
| U.S. corporate public securities | 9,343 | 97 | 1,239 | — | — | 8,201 |
| U.S. corporate private securities | 5,087 | 14 | 409 | — | — | 4,692 |
| Foreign corporate public securities and foreign governments(1) | 3,343 | 18 | 403 | — | 9 | 2,949 |
| Foreign corporate private securities(1) | 3,254 | 7 | 225 | — | 2 | 3,034 |
| Residential mortgage-backed securities | 4,230 | 34 | 290 | 3 | — | 3,977 |
| Commercial mortgage-backed securities | 4,466 | 2 | 585 | — | — | 3,883 |
| Other asset-backed securities | 2,307 | 3 | 173 | — | 1 | 2,136 |
| Total fixed maturities, including securities pledged | 33,656 | 191 | 3,481 | 3 | 12 | 30,357 |
| Less: Securities pledged | 1,303 | 3 | 144 | — | — | 1,162 |
| Total fixed maturities | $32,353 | $188 | $3,337 | $3 | $12 | $29,195 |
(2) Embedded derivatives within fixed maturity securities are reported with the host investment. The changes in fair value of embedded derivatives are reported in Net gains (losses) in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.
The amortized cost and fair value of fixed maturities, including securities pledged, as of December 31, 2023, are shown below by contractual maturity. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities as securities may be restructured, called or prepaid. Mortgage-backed securities ("MBS") and Other asset-backed securities ("ABS") are shown separately because they are not due at a single maturity date.
| AmortizedCost | FairValue | |
|---|---|---|
| Due to mature: | ||
| One year or less | $767 | $754 |
| After one year through five years | 3,952 | 3,820 |
| After five years through ten years | 3,920 | 3,805 |
| After ten years | 11,989 | 10,791 |
| Mortgage-backed securities | 7,842 | 6,971 |
| Other asset-backed securities | 2,528 | 2,470 |
| Fixed maturities, including securities pledged | $30,998 | $28,611 |
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company didnot have any investments in a single issuer, other than obligations of the U.S. Government and government agencies, with a carrying value in excess of 10% of the Company's Total shareholders' equity.
Repurchase Agreements and Securities Pledged
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company didnot have any securities pledged in dollar rolls or reverse repurchase agreements.
The Company engages in securities lending whereby the initial collateral is required at a rate of at least 102% of the market value of the loaned securities. The lending agent retains the collateral and invests it in high quality liquid assets on behalf of the Company. The market value of the loaned securities is monitored on a daily basis with additional collateral obtained or refunded as the market value of the loaned securities fluctuates. The lending agent indemnifies the Company against losses resulting from the failure of a counterparty to return securities pledged where collateral is insufficient to cover the loss.
In the normal course of business, the Company receives cash collateral and non-cash collateral in the form of securities. If cash is received as collateral, the lending agent retains the cash collateral and invests it in short-term liquid assets on behalf of the Company. Securities retained as collateral by the lending agent may not be sold or re-pledged, except in the event of default, and are not reflected on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. This collateral generally consists of U.S. Treasury, U.S. Government agency securities and MBS pools.
The following table presents Securities pledged as of the dates indicated:
| December 31, 2023 | December 31, 2022 | |
|---|---|---|
| Securities pledged/obligations under repurchase agreements(1) | $117 | $113 |
| Securities loaned to lending agent(2) | 842 | 907 |
| Securities pledged as collateral(2)(3) | 201 | 142 |
| Total | $1,160 | $1,162 |
(1)Comprised of other asset-backed securities and included in Securities pledged and Payables under securities loan and repurchase agreements, including collateral held on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
(2)Included in Securities pledged on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
(3)See Collateral within the Derivatives Note to these Consolidated Financial Statements for more information.
The following table presents collateral held by asset class pledged under securities lending as of the dates indicated:
| December 31, 2023 | December 31, 2022 | |
|---|---|---|
| U.S. Treasuries | $14 | $53 |
| U.S. corporate public securities | 568 | 604 |
| Short-term investments | 55 | — |
| Foreign corporate public securities and foreign governments | 238 | 285 |
| Total(1) | $875 | $942 |
(1)As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, liabilities to return cash collateral were $660 and $807, respectively, and included in Payables under securities loan and repurchase agreements, including collateral held on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
The Company's securities lending activities are conducted on an overnight basis, and all securities loaned can be recalled at any time. The Company does not offset assets and liabilities associated with its securities lending program.
| Allowance for credit losses | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The following table presents a rollforward of the allowance for credit losses on available-for-sale fixed maturity securities for the period presented: | ||||||
| Year Ended December 31, 2023 | ||||||
| U.S. corporate public securities | Commercial mortgage-backed securities | Foreign corporate public securities and foreign governments | Foreign corporate private securities | Other asset-backed securities | Total | |
| Balance as of January 1 | $— | $— | $9 | $2 | $1 | $12 |
| Credit losses on securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded | — | 9 | — | — | 2 | 11 |
| Reductions for securities sold during the period | — | — | (5) | — | — | (5) |
| Increase (decrease) on securities with allowance recorded in previous period | — | — | (1) | — | — | (1) |
| Balance as of December 31 | $— | $9 | $3 | $2 | $3 | $17 |
| Year Ended December 31, 2022 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Residential mortgage-backed securities | Foreign corporate public securities and foreign governments | Foreign corporate private securities | Other asset-backed securities | Total | |
| Balance as of January 1 | $1 | $— | $56 | $1 | $58 |
| Credit losses on securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded | — | 9 | — | — | 9 |
| Reductions for securities sold during the period | — | — | (57) | — | (57) |
| Increase (decrease) on securities with allowance recorded in previous period | (1) | — | 3 | — | 2 |
| Balance as of December 31 | $— | $9 | $2 | $1 | $12 |
For additional information about the Company’s methodology and significant inputs used in determining whether a credit loss exists, see the Business, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies Note to these Consolidated Financial Statements.
Unrealized Capital Losses
The following table presents available-for-sale fixed maturities, including securities pledged, for which an allowance for credit losses has not been recorded by investment category and duration as of the dates indicated:
| As of December 31, 2023 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Twelve Months or LessBelow Amortized Cost | More Than Twelve MonthsBelow Amortized Cost | Total | ||||
| Fair Value | Unrealized Capital Losses | Fair Value | Unrealized Capital Losses | Fair Value | Unrealized Capital Losses | |
| U.S. Treasuries | $99 | $3 | $109 | $18 | $208 | $21 |
| U.S. Government agencies and authorities | — | — | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 |
| State, municipalities and political subdivisions | 20 | — | 731 | 101 | 751 | 101 |
| U.S. corporate public securities | 321 | 17 | 5,101 | 887 | 5,422 | 904 |
| U.S. corporate private securities | 176 | 7 | 3,365 | 317 | 3,541 | 324 |
| Foreign corporate public securities and foreign governments | 82 | 2 | 1,749 | 268 | 1,831 | 270 |
| Foreign corporate private securities | 189 | 5 | 2,101 | 124 | 2,290 | 129 |
| Residential mortgage-backed | 114 | 3 | 1,354 | 254 | 1,468 | 257 |
| Commercial mortgage-backed | 84 | 2 | 3,269 | 642 | 3,353 | 644 |
| Other asset-backed | 136 | 3 | 1,156 | 68 | 1,292 | 71 |
| Total | $1,221 | $42 | $18,938 | $2,680 | $20,159 | $2,722 |
| As of December 31, 2022 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Twelve Months or LessBelow Amortized Cost | More Than Twelve MonthsBelow Amortized Cost | Total | ||||
| Fair Value | Unrealized Capital Losses | Fair Value | Unrealized Capital Losses | Fair Value | Unrealized Capital Losses | |
| U.S. Treasuries | $197 | $19 | $9 | $2 | $206 | $21 |
| U.S. Government agencies and authorities | 21 | 2 | — | — | 21 | 2 |
| State, municipalities and political subdivisions | 751 | 121 | 30 | 13 | 781 | 134 |
| U.S. corporate public securities | 5,479 | 792 | 1,137 | 447 | 6,616 | 1,239 |
| U.S. corporate private securities | 3,569 | 322 | 458 | 87 | 4,027 | 409 |
| Foreign corporate public securities and foreign governments | 2,050 | 260 | 391 | 143 | 2,441 | 403 |
| Foreign corporate private securities | 2,728 | 211 | 65 | 14 | 2,793 | 225 |
| Residential mortgage-backed | 1,538 | 128 | 562 | 162 | 2,100 | 290 |
| Commercial mortgage-backed | 2,628 | 390 | 1,133 | 195 | 3,761 | 585 |
| Other asset-backed | 1,430 | 104 | 578 | 69 | 2,008 | 173 |
| Total | $20,391 | $2,349 | $4,363 | $1,132 | $24,754 | $3,481 |
As of December 31, 2023, the average duration of our fixed maturities portfolio, including securities pledged, is between 6.5 and 7 years.
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company concluded that an allowance for credit losses was not warranted for the securities above because the unrealized losses are interest rate related. The Company does not intend to sell the investments and it is not more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the investments before recovery of their amortized cost bases.
Evaluating Securities for Impairments
The Company performs a regular evaluation, on a security-by-security basis, of its available-for-sale securities holdings, including fixed maturity securities, in accordance with its impairment policy in order to evaluate whether such investments are impaired.
For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, intent impairments included in the Consolidated Statements of Operations, but excluding impairments included in Other comprehensive income (loss), were $27, $23 and $2, respectively.
The Company may sell securities during the period in which fair value has declined below amortized cost for fixed maturities. In certain situations, new factors, including changes in the business environment, can change the Company’s previous intent to continue holding a security. Accordingly, these factors may lead the Company to record additional intent related capital losses.
Debt Restructuring
Upon the adoption of ASU 2022-02 as of January 1, 2023, the Company no longer identifies certain debt modifications as troubled debt restructuring, but instead evaluates all debt modifications to determine whether a modification results in a new loan or a continuation of an existing loan. Disclosures are required for loan modifications with borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company hadno material debt modifications that require such disclosure.
Mortgage Loans on Real Estate
The Company diversifies its commercial mortgage loan portfolio by geographic region and property type to reduce concentration risk. The Company manages risk when originating commercial mortgage loans by generally lending only up to 75% of the estimated fair value of the underlying real estate. Subsequently, the Company continuously evaluates mortgage loans based on relevant current information including a review of loan-specific performance, property characteristics and market trends. Loan performance is monitored on a loan specific basis through the review of submitted appraisals, operating statements, rent revenues and annual inspection reports, among other items. This review ensures properties are performing at a consistent and acceptable level to secure the debt. The components to evaluate debt service coverage are received and reviewed at least annually to determine the level of risk.
Loan-to-value ("LTV") and debt service coverage ("DSC") ratios are measures commonly used to assess the risk and quality of mortgage loans. The LTV ratio, calculated at time of origination, is expressed as a percentage of the amount of the loan relative to the value of the underlying property. A LTV ratio in excess of 100% indicates the unpaid loan amount exceeds the underlying collateral. The DSC ratio, based upon the most recently received financial statements, is expressed as a percentage of the amount of a property’s net income to its debt service payments. A DSC ratio of less than 1.0 indicates that a property’s operations do not generate sufficient income to cover debt payments. These ratios are utilized as part of the review process described above.
The following tables present commercial mortgage loans by year of origination and LTV ratio as of the dates indicated. The information is updated as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
| As of December 31, 2023 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Loan-to-Value Ratios | ||||||||||
| Year of Origination | 0% - 50% | >50% - 60% | >60% - 70% | >70% - 80% | >80% and above | Total | ||||
| 2023 | $150 | $222 | $— | $— | $— | $372 | ||||
| 2022 | 252 | 326 | 73 | — | — | 651 | ||||
| 2021 | 244 | 214 | 209 | — | — | 667 | ||||
| 2020 | 168 | 112 | — | 10 | 16 | 306 | ||||
| 2019 | 238 | 68 | 28 | — | — | 334 | ||||
| Prior | 2,586 | 280 | 4 | — | 18 | 2,888 | ||||
| Total | $3,638 | $1,222 | $314 | $10 | $34 | $5,218 | ||||
| As of December 31, 2022 | ||||||||||
| Loan-to-Value Ratios | ||||||||||
| Year of Origination | 0% - 50% | >50% - 60% | >60% - 70% | >70% - 80% | >80% and above | Total | ||||
| 2022 | $250 | $320 | $65 | $— | $— | $635 | ||||
| 2021 | 240 | 272 | 255 | 10 | — | 777 | ||||
| 2020 | 119 | 209 | 25 | 10 | — | 363 | ||||
| 2019 | 227 | 94 | 29 | — | — | 350 | ||||
| 2018 | 163 | 41 | 2 | — | — | 206 | ||||
| Prior | 2,606 | 482 | 26 | — | — | 3,114 | ||||
| Total | $3,605 | $1,418 | $402 | $20 | $— | $5,445 | ||||
The following tables present commercial mortgage loans by year of origination and DSC ratio as of the dates indicated. The information is updated as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
| As of December 31, 2023 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Debt Service Coverage Ratios | |||||
| Year of Origination | >1.5x | >1.25x - 1.5x | >1.0x - 1.25x | <1.0x | Total* |
| 2023 | $189 | $116 | $67 | $— | $372 |
| 2022 | 204 | 68 | 192 | 187 | 651 |
| 2021 | 260 | 14 | 64 | 329 | 667 |
| 2020 | 211 | 24 | 21 | 50 | 306 |
| 2019 | 203 | 26 | 84 | 21 | 334 |
| Prior | 2,216 | 264 | 255 | 153 | 2,888 |
| Total | $3,283 | $512 | $683 | $740 | $5,218 |
| *No commercial mortgage loans were secured by land or construction loans | |||||
| As of December 31, 2022 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Debt Service Coverage Ratios | |||||
| Year of Origination | >1.5x | >1.25x - 1.5x | >1.0x - 1.25x | <1.0x | Total* |
| 2022 | $331 | $100 | $181 | $23 | $635 |
| 2021 | 273 | 33 | 269 | 202 | 777 |
| 2020 | 259 | 11 | 11 | 82 | 363 |
| 2019 | 222 | 54 | 67 | 7 | 350 |
| 2018 | 128 | 27 | 51 | — | 206 |
| Prior | 2,172 | 454 | 226 | 262 | 3,114 |
| Total | $3,385 | $679 | $805 | $576 | $5,445 |
| *No commercial mortgage loans were secured by land or construction loans | |||||
The following tables present the commercial mortgage loans by year of origination and U.S. region as of the dates indicated. The information is updated as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
| As of December 31, 2023 | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| U.S. Region | ||||||||||||||||
| Year of Origination · Pacific · South Atlantic · Middle Atlantic · West South Central · Mountain · East North Central · New England · West North Central · East South Central · Total | ||||||||||||||||
| 2023 | $69 | $77 | $12 | $101 | $39 | $42 | $3 | $26 | $3 | $372 | ||||||
| 2022 | 140 | 132 | 47 | 100 | 113 | 93 | 5 | 1 | 20 | 651 | ||||||
| 2021 | 96 | 63 | 124 | 148 | 111 | 75 | 9 | 40 | 1 | 667 | ||||||
| 2020 | 63 | 155 | 17 | 10 | 12 | 26 | — | 7 | 16 | 306 | ||||||
| 2019 | 53 | 100 | 10 | 74 | 45 | 4 | 14 | 13 | 21 | 334 | ||||||
| Prior | 734 | 605 | 765 | 189 | 214 | 171 | 47 | 144 | 19 | 2,888 | ||||||
| Total | $1,155 | $1,132 | $975 | $622 | $534 | $411 | $78 | $231 | $80 | $5,218 | ||||||
| As of December 31, 2022 | ||||||||||||||||
| U.S. Region | ||||||||||||||||
| Year of Origination | Pacific | South Atlantic | Middle Atlantic | West South Central | Mountain | East North Central | New England | West North Central | East South Central | Total | ||||||
| 2022 | $140 | $129 | $48 | $98 | $114 | $82 | $4 | $1 | $19 | $635 | ||||||
| 2021 | 99 | 72 | 134 | 143 | 112 | 138 | 9 | 48 | 22 | 777 | ||||||
| 2020 | 74 | 170 | 18 | 16 | 12 | 39 | — | 7 | 27 | 363 | ||||||
| 2019 | 58 | 106 | 10 | 77 | 46 | 5 | 14 | 13 | 21 | 350 | ||||||
| 2018 | 50 | 62 | 55 | 10 | 14 | 10 | — | 5 | — | 206 | ||||||
| Prior | 777 | 623 | 759 | 248 | 227 | 257 | 49 | 149 | 25 | 3,114 | ||||||
| Total | $1,198 | $1,162 | $1,024 | $592 | $525 | $531 | $76 | $223 | $114 | $5,445 | ||||||
The following tables present the commercial mortgage loans by year of origination and property type as of the dates indicated. The information is updated as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
| As of December 31, 2023 | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Property Type | |||||||||||||
| Year of Origination · Retail · Industrial · Apartments · Office · Hotel/Motel · Other · Mixed Use · Total | |||||||||||||
| 2023 | $125 | $164 | $33 | $18 | $32 | $— | $— | $372 | |||||
| 2022 | 79 | 263 | 255 | 34 | 10 | 10 | — | 651 | |||||
| 2021 | 36 | 145 | 335 | 123 | — | 18 | 10 | 667 | |||||
| 2020 | 57 | 49 | 72 | 128 | — | — | — | 306 | |||||
| 2019 | 45 | 82 | 160 | 36 | 11 | — | — | 334 | |||||
| Prior | 780 | 755 | 618 | 463 | 60 | 163 | 49 | 2,888 | |||||
| Total | $1,122 | $1,458 | $1,473 | $802 | $113 | $191 | $59 | $5,218 | |||||
| As of December 31, 2022 | |||||||||||||
| Property Type | |||||||||||||
| Year of Origination | Retail | Industrial | Apartments | Office | Hotel/Motel | Other | Mixed Use | Total | |||||
| 2022 | $79 | $255 | $247 | $34 | $10 | $10 | $— | $635 | |||||
| 2021 | 37 | 168 | 420 | 125 | — | 18 | 9 | 777 | |||||
| 2020 | 58 | 61 | 93 | 151 | — | — | — | 363 | |||||
| 2019 | 46 | 85 | 165 | 40 | 14 | — | — | 350 | |||||
| 2018 | 37 | 84 | 56 | 12 | — | 17 | — | 206 | |||||
| Prior | 888 | 757 | 679 | 513 | 69 | 156 | 52 | 3,114 | |||||
| Total | $1,145 | $1,410 | $1,660 | $875 | $93 | $201 | $61 | $5,445 | |||||
The following table summarizes the activity in the allowance for losses for commercial mortgage loans for the periods indicated:
| December 31, 2023 | December 31, 2022 | |
|---|---|---|
| Allowance for credit losses, balance at January 1 | $18 | $15 |
| Credit losses on mortgage loans for which credit losses were not previously recorded | 2 | 3 |
| Increase (decrease) on mortgage loans with allowance recorded in previous period | 9 | — |
| Provision for expected credit losses | 29 | 18 |
| Write-offs | (3) | — |
| Allowance for credit losses, end of period | $26 | $18 |
The following table presents past due commercial mortgage loans as of the dates indicated:
| December 31, 2023 | December 31, 2022 | |
|---|---|---|
| Delinquency: | ||
| Current | $5,202 | $5,445 |
| 30-59 days past due | — | — |
| 60-89 days past due | — | — |
| Greater than 90 days past due | 16 | — |
| Total | $5,218 | $5,445 |
Commercial mortgage loans are placed on non-accrual status when 90 days in arrears if the Company has concerns regarding the collectability of future payments, or if a loan has matured without being paid off or extended. As of December 31, 2023, the Company hadone loan in non-accrual status, with an LTV ratio of 100%. As of December 31, 2022, the Company hadno commercial mortgage loans in non-accrual status. The amount of interest income recognized on loans in non-accrual status for the year ended December 31, 2023 wasimmaterial. There wasno interest income recognized on loans in non-accrual status for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Net Investment Income
The following table summarizes Net investment income by investment type for the periods indicated:
| Year Ended December 31, | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | |
| Fixed maturities | $1,766 | $1,940 | $1,996 |
| Equity securities | 21 | 12 | 20 |
| Mortgage loans on real estate | 249 | 237 | 247 |
| Policy loans | 20 | 21 | 23 |
| Short-term investments and cash equivalents | 39 | 13 | 8 |
| Limited partnerships and other | 135 | 118 | 548 |
| Gross investment income | 2,230 | 2,341 | 2,842 |
| Less: Investment expenses | 71 | 60 | 68 |
| Net investment income | $2,159 | $2,281 | $2,774 |
For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had $10 and $11, respectively, of investments in fixed maturities that did not produce net investment income. Fixed maturities are moved to a non-accrual status when the investment defaults.
Net Gains (Losses)
Net gains (losses) comprise the difference between the amortized cost of investments and proceeds from sale and redemption, as well as losses incurred due to the credit-related and intent-related impairment of investments. Net gains (losses) are also primarily generated from changes in fair value of embedded derivatives within products and fixed maturities, changes in fair value of fixed maturities recorded at FVO and changes in fair value including accruals on derivative instruments, except for effective cash flow hedges. Net gains (losses) also include changes in fair value of trading debt securities and changes in fair value of equity securities. The cost of the investments on disposal is generally determined based on first-in-first-out ("FIFO") methodology.
Net gains (losses) were as follows for the periods indicated:
| Year Ended December 31, | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | |
| Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, including securities pledged | $(31) | $(30) | $1,791 |
| Fixed maturities, at fair value option | (100) | (920) | (717) |
| Equity securities, at fair value | 3 | (39) | 9 |
| Derivatives | 29 | 305 | 19 |
| Embedded derivatives - fixed maturities | (1) | (9) | (8) |
| Other derivatives | — | — | 1 |
| Standalone derivatives | — | (12) | 2 |
| Managed custody guarantees | (2) | (5) | 3 |
| Stabilizer | (1) | 19 | 30 |
| Mortgage loans | (12) | — | 182 |
| Other investments | 43 | 5 | 103 |
| Net gains (losses) | $(72) | $(686) | $1,415 |
The Company recorded a gain of $45 in relation to its revaluation of the existing investment in Voya India which was recorded in Net gains (losses) in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2023.
Proceeds from the sale of fixed maturities, available-for-sale, and equity securities and the related gross realized gains and losses, before tax, were as follows for the periods indicated:
| Year Ended December 31, | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | |
| Proceeds on sales | $5,393 | $5,448 | $12,198 |
| Gross gains | 69 | 100 | 1,769 |
| Gross losses | 78 | 109 | 9 |
The text of this filing, as the company filed it with the SEC, without its images or exhibits. This is not investment advice.