Athene Holding Ltd

1. Business, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies

Athene Holding Ltd. (AHL), together with its subsidiaries (collectively, Athene, we, our, us, or the Company), is a leading financial services company that specializes in issuing, reinsuring and acquiring retirement savings products in the United States (US) and internationally.

We conduct business primarily through the following consolidated subsidiaries:

•Our non-US reinsurance subsidiaries, to which AHL’s other insurance subsidiaries and third-party ceding companies directly and indirectly reinsure a portion of their liabilities, including Athene Life Re Ltd. (ALRe), Athene Annuity Re Ltd. (AARe) and Athene Life Re International Ltd. (ALReI); and

•Athene USA Corporation, an Iowa corporation (together with its subsidiaries, AUSA).

Consolidation and Basis of Presentation—Our consolidated financial statements include our wholly owned subsidiaries and investees in which we hold a controlling financial interest, including variable interest entities (VIEs). Investees in which we do not hold a controlling financial interest but have the ability to exercise significant influence over operating and financing decisions, other than investments for which we have elected the fair value option, are accounted for under the equity method. Intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.

For entities that are consolidated, but not wholly owned, we allocate a portion of the income or loss and corresponding equity to the owners other than us. We include the aggregate of the income or loss and corresponding equity that is not owned by us in noncontrolling interests in the consolidated financial statements.

We report investments in related parties separately, as further described in the accounting policies that follow.

We have prepared the consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (US GAAP), which requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the period. Actual experience could materially differ from these estimates and assumptions. Our principal estimates impact:

•fair value of investments;

•impairment of investments and allowances for expected credit losses;

•derivatives valuation, including embedded derivatives;

•future policy benefit reserves;

•market risk benefit assets and liabilities; and

•valuation allowances on deferred tax assets.

Additional details around these principal estimates and assumptions are discussed in the significant accounting policies that follow and the related footnote disclosures.

Merger – On January 1, 2022, we completed our merger with Apollo Global Management, Inc. (AGM, and together with its subsidiaries other than us or our subsidiaries, Apollo) and are now a direct subsidiary of AGM. We elected pushdown accounting in which we use AGM’s basis of accounting, which reflects the fair market value of our assets and liabilities at the time of the merger, unless otherwise prescribed by US GAAP. See Note 2 – Business Combination for further information on the merger.

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Investments

Fixed Maturity Securities– Fixed maturity securities include bonds, collateralized loan obligations (CLO), asset-backed securities (ABS), residential mortgage-backed securities (RMBS), commercial mortgage-backed securities (CMBS) and redeemable preferred stock. We classify fixed maturity securities as available-for-sale (AFS) or trading at the time of purchase and subsequently carry them at fair value. Fair value hierarchy and valuation methodologies are discussed in Note 6 – Fair Value. Classification is dependent on a variety of factors including our expected holding period, election of the fair value option and asset and liability matching.

AFS Securities– AFS securities are held at fair value on the consolidated balance sheets, with unrealized gains and losses, exclusive of allowances for expected credit losses, generally reflected in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (AOCI) on the consolidated balance sheets. Unrealized gains or losses relating to identified risks within AFS securities in fair value hedging relationships are reflected in investment related gains (losses) on the consolidated statements of income (loss).

Trading Securities– We elected the fair value option for certain fixed maturity securities. These fixed maturity securities are classified as trading, with changes to fair value included in investment related gains (losses) on the consolidated statements of income (loss). Although the securities are classified as trading, the trading activity related to these investments is primarily focused on asset and liability matching activities and is not intended to be an income strategy based on active trading. As such, the activity related to these investments on the consolidated statements of cash flows is classified as investing activities.

We generally record security transactions on a trade date basis, with any unsettled trades recorded in other assets or other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. Bank loans, private placements and investment funds are recorded on a settlement date basis.

Equity Securities– Equity securities include common stock, mutual funds and non-redeemable preferred stock. Equity securities with readily determinable fair values are carried at fair value with subsequent changes in fair value recognized in net income. We elected to account for certain equity securities without readily determinable fair values that did not qualify for the practical expedient to estimate fair values based on net asset value (NAV) per share (or its equivalent) at cost less impairment, subject to adjustments based on observable price changes in orderly transactions for identical or similar investments of the same issuer.

Purchased Credit Deteriorated (PCD) Investments –We purchase certain structured securities, primarily RMBS, which upon our assessment have been determined to meet the definition of PCD investments. Additionally, structured securities classified as beneficial interests follow the initial measurement guidance for PCD investments if there is a significant difference between contractual cash flows adjusted for expected prepayments and expected cash flows at the date of recognition. The initial allowance for credit losses for PCD investments is recorded through a gross-up adjustment to the initial amortized cost. For structured securities classified as beneficial interests, the initial allowance is calculated as the present value of the difference between contractual cash flows adjusted for expected prepayments and expected cash flows at the date of recognition. The non-credit purchase discount or premium is amortized into investment income using the effective interest method. The credit discount, represented by the allowance for expected credit losses, is remeasured each period following the policies for measuring credit losses described in the Credit Losses – Available-for-Sale Securities section below.

Mortgage Loans– We elected the fair value option on our mortgage loan portfolio. Interest income is accrued on the principal amount of the loan based on its contractual interest rate. We accrue interest on loans until it is probable we will not receive interest, or the loan is 90 days past due unless guaranteed by US government-sponsored agencies. Interest income and prepayment fees are reported in net investment income on the consolidated statements of income (loss). Changes in the fair value of the mortgage loan portfolio are reported in investment related gains (losses) on the consolidated statements of income (loss).

Investment Funds– We invest in certain non-fixed income, alternative investments in the form of limited partnerships or similar legal structures (investment funds). For investment funds in which we do not hold a controlling financial interest, and therefore are not required to consolidate, we typically account for these investments using the equity method, where the cost is recorded as an investment in the fund, or we have elected the fair value option. Adjustments to the carrying amount reflect our pro rata ownership percentage of the operating results as indicated by NAV in the investment fund financial statements, which can be on a lag of up to three months when investee information is not received in a timely manner.

We record our proportionate share of investment fund income within net investment income, or, for consolidated VIEs, investment related gains (losses), on the consolidated statements of income (loss). Contributions paid or distributions received by us are recorded directly to the investment fund balance as an increase to carrying value or as a return of capital, respectively.

Policy Loans –Policy loans are funds provided to policyholders in return for a claim on the policyholder’s account balance. The funds provided are limited to a specified percentage of the account balance. The majority of policy loans do not have a stated maturity and the balances and accrued interest are repaid with proceeds from the policyholder’s account balance. Policy loans are reported at the unpaid principal balance. Interest income is recorded as earned using the contract interest rate and is reported in net investment income on the consolidated statements of income (loss).

Funds Withheld at Interest –Funds withheld at interest represents a receivable for amounts contractually withheld by ceding companies in accordance with funds withheld coinsurance (funds withheld) and modified coinsurance (modco) reinsurance agreements in which we are the reinsurer. Generally, assets equal to statutory reserves are withheld and legally owned by the ceding company, and any excess or shortfall is settled periodically. The underlying agreements contain embedded derivatives as discussed below.

Short-term Investments– Short-term investments consist of financial instruments with maturities of greater than three months but less than twelve months when purchased. Short-term debt securities are accounted for as trading or AFS consistent with our policies for those investments. Short-term loans are carried at amortized cost. Fair values are determined consistently with methodologies described in Note 6 – Fair Valuefor the respective investment type.

Other Investments –Other investments include, but are not limited to, term loans collateralized by mortgages on residential and commercial real estate, other uncollateralized loans, investments in real estate and corporate owned life insurance. We elected the fair value option on the term loans and other uncollateralized loans. Investments in real estate are held at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairments. Corporate owned life insurance is held at cash surrender value.

Interest income is accrued on the principal amount of the loan based on its contractual interest rate. We accrue interest on loans until it is probable we will not receive interest or the loan is 90 days past due. Changes in the cash surrender value of corporate owned life insurance, interest income, amortization of premiums and discounts, and prepayment and other fees are included in net investment income on the consolidated statements of income (loss). Changes in fair value are included in investment related gains (losses) on the consolidated statements of income (loss).

Securities Repurchase and Reverse Repurchase Agreements –Securities repurchase and reverse repurchase transactions involve the temporary exchange of securities for cash or other collateral of equivalent value, with agreement to redeliver a like quantity of the same or similar securities at a future date and at a fixed and determinable price. We evaluate transfers of securities under these agreements to repurchase or resell to determine whether they satisfy the criteria for accounting treatment as secured borrowing or lending arrangements. Agreements not meeting the criteria would require recognition of the transferred securities as sales or purchases, with related forward repurchase or resale commitments. All of our securities repurchase transactions are accounted for as secured borrowings and are included in payables for collateral on derivatives and securities to repurchase on the consolidated balance sheets. Earnings from investing activities related to the cash received under our securities repurchase arrangements are included in net investment income on the consolidated statements of income (loss). The associated borrowing cost is included in policy and other operating expenses on the consolidated statements of income (loss). The investments purchased in reverse repurchase agreements, which represent collateral on a secured lending arrangement, are not reflected in our consolidated balance sheets; however, the secured lending arrangement is recorded as a short-term investment for the principal amount loaned under the agreement.

Investment Income– We recognize investment income as it accrues or is legally due, net of investment management and custody fees. Investment income on fixed maturity securities includes coupon interest, as well as the amortization of any premium and the accretion of any discount. Investment income on equity securities represents dividend income and preferred coupon interest. Realized gains and losses on sales of investments are included in investment related gains (losses) on the consolidated statements of income (loss). Realized gains and losses on investments sold are determined based on a first-in first-out method.

Credit Losses – Available-for-Sale Securities and Other –We evaluate AFS securities with a fair value that has declined below amortized cost to determine how the decline in fair value should be recognized. If we determine, based on the facts and circumstances related to the specific security, that we intend to sell a security or it is more likely than not that we would be required to sell a security before the recovery of its amortized cost, any existing allowance for expected credit losses is reversed and the amortized cost of the security is written down to fair value. If neither of these conditions exist, we evaluate whether the decline in fair value has resulted from a credit loss or other factors.

For non-structured AFS securities, we qualitatively consider relevant facts and circumstances in evaluating whether a decline below fair value is credit-related. Relevant facts and circumstances include but are not limited to: (1) the extent to which the fair value is less than amortized cost; (2) changes in agency credit ratings, (3) adverse conditions related to the security’s industry or geographical area, (4) failure to make scheduled payments, and (5) other known changes in the financial condition of the issuer or quality of any underlying collateral or credit enhancements. For structured AFS securities meeting the definition of beneficial interests, the qualitative assessment is bypassed, and any securities having experienced a decline in fair value below amortized cost move directly to a quantitative analysis.

If upon completion of this analysis it is determined that a potential credit loss exists, an allowance for expected credit losses is established equal to the amount by which the present value of expected cash flows is less than amortized cost, limited by the amount by which fair value is less than amortized cost. A non-structured security’s cash flow estimates are derived from scenario-based outcomes of expected corporate restructurings or the disposition of assets using security-specific facts and circumstances including timing, security interests and loss severity. A structured security’s cash flow estimates are based on security-specific facts and circumstances that may include collateral characteristics, expectations of delinquency and default rates, loss severity, prepayments and structural support, including subordination and guarantees. The expected cash flows are discounted at the effective interest rate implicit to the security at the date of purchase or the current yield to accrete a structured security. For securities with a contractual interest rate that varies based on changes in an independent factor, such as an index or rate, the effective interest rate is calculated based on the factor as it changes over the life of the security. Inherently under the discounted cash flow model, both the timing and amount of expected cash flows affect the measurement of the allowance for expected credit losses.

The allowance for expected credit losses is remeasured each period for the passage of time, any change in expected cash flows, and changes in the fair value of the security. All impairments, whether intent or requirement to sell or credit-related, and all changes in the allowance for expected credit losses are recorded through the provision for credit losses within investment related gains (losses) on the consolidated statements of income (loss).

We also establish an allowance for expected credit losses for assets held at amortized cost at the time of purchase, which includes certain other loans and reinsurance assets. The allowance for expected credit losses considers past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions or macroeconomic forecasts. We use a quantitative probability of default and loss given default methodology to develop our estimate of expected credit loss. The provision for credit losses for reinsurance assets held at amortized cost is recorded through policy and other operating expenses on the consolidated statements of income (loss).

We have elected to present accrued interest receivable separately in accrued investment income on the consolidated balance sheets. We have also elected the practical expedient to exclude the accrued interest receivable from the amortized cost balance used to calculate the allowance for expected credit losses, as we have a policy to write off such balances in a timely manner, when they become 90 days past due. Any write-off of accrued interest is recorded through a reversal of net investment income on the consolidated statements of income (loss).

Upon determining that all or a portion of the amortized cost of an asset is uncollectible, which is generally when all efforts for collection are exhausted, the amortized cost is written off against the existing allowance. Any write off in excess of the existing allowance is recorded through the provision for credit losses within investment related gains (losses) on the consolidated statements of income (loss).

Derivative Instruments—We invest in derivatives to hedge the risks experienced in our ongoing operations, such asequity, interest rate, foreign currency and market volatility, or for other risk management purposes, which primarily involve managing liability risks associated with our indexed annuity products and reinsurance agreements. Derivatives are financial instruments with values that are derived from interest rates, foreign exchange rates, financial indices or other combinations of an underlying and notional. Derivative assets and liabilities are carried at fair value on the consolidated balance sheets. We elect to present any derivatives subject to master netting provisions as a gross asset or liability and gross of collateral. Disclosures regarding balance sheet presentation of derivatives subject to master netting agreements are discussed in Note 4 – Derivative Instruments. We may designate derivatives as cash flow, fair value or net investment hedges.

Hedge Documentation and Hedge Effectiveness –To qualify for hedge accounting, at the inception of the hedging relationship, we formally document our designation of the hedge as a cash flow, fair value or net investment hedge and our risk management objective and strategy for undertaking the hedging transaction. In this documentation, we identify how the hedging instrument is expected to hedge the designated risks related to the hedged item and the method that will be used to retrospectively and prospectively assess the hedge effectiveness and the method which will be used to measure ineffectiveness. A derivative designated as a hedging instrument must be assessed as being highly effective in offsetting the designated risk of the hedged item. Hedge effectiveness is formally assessed at inception and periodically throughout the life of the hedge accounting relationship.

For a cash flow hedge, all changes in the fair value of the hedging derivative are reported within AOCI and the related gains or losses on the derivative are reclassified into the consolidated statements of income (loss) when the cash flows of the hedged item affect earnings.

For a fair value hedge, changes in the fair value of the hedging derivative and changes in the fair value of the hedged item related to the designated risk being hedged are reported on the consolidated statements of income (loss) according to the nature of the risk being hedged. Additionally, changes in the fair value of amounts excluded from the assessment of effectiveness are recorded in AOCI and amortized into income over the life of the hedge accounting relationship.

For a net investment hedge, changes in the fair value of the hedging derivative are reported within AOCI to offset the translation adjustments for subsidiaries with functional currencies other than the US dollar.

We discontinue hedge accounting prospectively when: (1) we determine the derivative is no longer highly effective in offsetting changes in the estimated cash flows or fair value of a hedged item; (2) the derivative expires, is sold, terminated, or exercised; or (3) the derivative is de-designated as a hedging instrument. When hedge accounting is discontinued, the derivative continues to be carried on the consolidated balance sheets at fair value, with changes in fair value recognized in investment related gains (losses) on the consolidated statements of income (loss).

For a derivative not designated as a hedge, changes in the derivative’s fair value and any income received or paid on derivatives at the settlement date are included in investment related gains (losses) on the consolidated statements of income (loss).

Embedded Derivatives– We issue and reinsure products, primarily indexed annuity products, or purchase investments that contain embedded derivatives. If we determine the embedded derivative has economic characteristics that are not clearly and closely related to the economic characteristics of the host contract, and a separate instrument with the same terms would qualify as a derivative instrument, the embedded derivative is bifurcated from the host contract and accounted for separately, unless the fair value option is elected on the host contract. Under the fair value option, bifurcation of the embedded derivative is not necessary as the entire contract is carried at fair value with all related gains and losses recognized in investment related gains (losses) on the consolidated statements of income (loss). Embedded derivatives are carried on the consolidated balance sheets at fair value in the same line item as the host contract.

Fixed indexed annuity, index-linked variable annuity and indexed universal life insurance contracts allow the policyholder to elect a fixed interest rate return or an equity market component for which interest credited is based on the performance of certain equity market indices. The equity market option is an embedded derivative. The benefit reserve is equal to the sum of the fair value of the embedded derivative and the host (or guaranteed) component of the contracts. The fair value of the embedded derivatives represents the present value of cash flows attributable to the indexed strategies. The embedded derivative cash flows are based on assumptions for future policy growth, which include assumptions for expected index credits on the next policy anniversary date, future equity option costs, volatility, interest rates and policyholder behavior assumptions including lapses and the use of benefit riders. The embedded derivative cash flows are discounted using a rate that reflects our own credit rating. The host contract is established at contract inception as the initial account value less the initial fair value of the embedded derivative and accreted over the policy’s life. Contracts acquired through a business combination which contain an embedded derivative are re-bifurcated as of the acquisition date. Changes in the fair value of embedded derivatives associated with fixed indexed annuities, index-linked variable annuities and indexed universal life insurance contracts are included in interest sensitive contract benefits on the consolidated statements of income (loss).

Additionally, reinsurance agreements written on a funds withheld or modco basis contain embedded derivatives. We have determined that the right to receive or obligation to pay the total return on the assets supporting the funds withheld at interest or funds withheld liability, respectively, represents a total return swap with a floating rate leg. The fair value of embedded derivatives on funds withheld and modco agreements is computed as the unrealized gain (loss) on the underlying assets and is included within funds withheld at interest for assumed agreements, and for ceded agreements the funds withheld liability is included in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. The change in the fair value of the embedded derivatives is recorded in investment related gains (losses) on the consolidated statements of income (loss). Assumed and ceded earnings from funds withheld at interest, funds withheld liability and changes in the fair value of embedded derivatives are reported in operating activities on the consolidated statements of cash flows. Contributions to and withdrawals from funds withheld at interest and funds withheld liability are reported in operating activities on the consolidated statements of cash flows.

Variable Interest Entities—An entity that does not have sufficient equity to finance its activities without additional financial support, or in which the equity investors, as a group, do not have the characteristics typically afforded to common stockholders is a VIE. The determination as to whether an entity qualifies as a VIE depends on the facts and circumstances surrounding each entity and may require significant judgment. Our investment funds typically qualify as VIEs and are evaluated for consolidation under the VIE model.

We are required to consolidate a VIE if we are the primary beneficiary, defined as the variable interest holder with both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and rights to receive benefits or obligations to absorb losses that could be potentially significant to the VIE. We determine whether we are the primary beneficiary of an entity based on a qualitative assessment of the VIE’s capital structure, contractual terms, nature of the VIE’s operations and purpose and our relative exposure to the related risks of the VIE. Since affiliates of AGM, a related party under common control, are the decision makers in certain of the investment funds and securitization vehicles, we and a member of our related party group may together have the characteristics of the primary beneficiary of an investment fund. In this situation, we have concluded we consolidate the VIE when we have significant economic exposure to the entity. We reassess the VIE and primary beneficiary determinations on an ongoing basis.

For entities that we do not consolidate but can exercise significant influence over the entities’ operating and financing decisions, we record our investment under the equity method. If we do not consolidate and do not have significant influence, generally on investment funds in which we own a less than 3% interest, we elect the fair value option.

See Note 5 – Variable Interest Entities for discussion of our interest in entities that meet the definition of a VIE.

Goodwill—Goodwill represents the excess of cost over the fair value of identifiable net assets of an acquired business. Goodwill is tested annually for impairment or more frequently if circumstances indicate impairment may have occurred. The impairment test is performed at the reporting unit level. Goodwill on the consolidated balance sheets includes the impacts of foreign currency translation.

We performed our annual goodwill impairment test as of October 1, 2024 and did not identify any impairment. See Note 2 – Business Combination for disclosure regarding the goodwill recorded related to our merger with AGM.

Reinsurance—We assume or cede insurance and investment contracts under coinsurance, funds withheld, modco and yearly renewable term bases. We follow reinsurance accounting for transactions that provide indemnification against loss or liability relating to insurance risk (risk transfer). To meet risk transfer requirements, a reinsurance agreement must transfer insurance risk arising from uncertainties about both underwriting and timing risks. Cessions under reinsurance do not discharge our obligations as the primary insurer, unless the requirements of assumption reinsurance have been met. We generally have the right of offset on reinsurance contracts but have elected to present reinsurance settlement amounts due to and from us on a gross basis.

For assets and liabilities ceded under reinsurance agreements, we generally apply the same measurement guidance for our directly issued or assumed contracts. Ceded amounts are recorded within reinsurance recoverable on the consolidated balance sheets. For reinsurance of in-force contracts that pass risk transfer, the issue year used for the purpose of measuring the reinsurance recoverable is dependent on the effective date of the reinsurance agreement, which may differ from the issue year for the direct or assumed contract. The issue year informs the locked-in discount rate used for the purposes of interest accretion. This may result in different discount rates used for the direct or assumed reserves and ceded reserves when reinsuring an in-force block of insurance contracts. For flow reinsurance of insurance contracts that pass risk transfer, the contracts have the same cash flow assumptions as the direct or assumed contracts when the terms are consistent between those respective contracts and the ceded reinsurance agreement. When we recognize an immediate loss due to the present value of future benefits and expenses exceeding the present value of future gross premiums, a gain is recognized on the corresponding reinsurance recoverable to the extent it does not result in gain recognition at treaty inception. Likewise, where the direct or assumed reserve has been floored to zero, the corresponding reinsurance recoverable will be consistently set to zero. See Future Policy Benefits below for further information.

Accounting for reinsurance requires the use of assumptions, particularly related to the future performance of the underlying business and the potential impact of counterparty credit risks. We attempt to minimize our counterparty credit risk through the structuring of the terms of our reinsurance agreements, including the use of trusts, and monitor credit ratings of counterparties for signs of declining credit quality. When a ceding company does not report information on a timely basis, we record accruals based on the best available information at the time, which includes the reinsurance agreement terms and historical experience. We periodically compare actual and anticipated experience to the assumptions used to establish reinsurance assets and liabilities. See Note 7 – Reinsurancefor more information.

Assets and liabilities assumed or ceded under coinsurance, funds withheld, modco or yearly renewable term are presented gross on the consolidated balance sheets. For investment contracts, the change in the direct or assumed and ceded reserves are presented net in interest sensitive contract benefits on the consolidated statements of income (loss). For insurance contracts, the change in the direct or assumed and ceded reserves and benefits are presented net in future policy and other policy benefits on the consolidated statements of income (loss), except any changes related to the discount rate are presented net in other comprehensive income (loss) (OCI) on the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss). For market risk benefits, the change in the direct or assumed and ceded reserves are presented net in market risk benefits remeasurement (gains) losses on the consolidated statements of income (loss), except for changes related to instrument-specific credit risk on direct and assumed contracts which are presented net in OCI on the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss).

For the reinsurance of existing in-force blocks that transfer significant insurance risk, the difference between the assets received or paid and the liabilities assumed or ceded represents the net cost of reinsurance at the inception of the reinsurance agreement. The net cost of reinsurance is amortized on a basis consistent with the methodologies and assumptions used to amortize deferred acquisition costs (DAC) and deferred sales inducements (DSI), or on a consistent basis with deferred profit liability dependent upon the nature of the underlying contract.

Cash and Cash Equivalents—Cash and cash equivalents include deposits and short-term highly liquid investments with an original maturity of less than 90 days from the date of acquisition. Amounts included are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and are subject to an insignificant risk of change in value.

Restricted Cash—Restricted cash primarily consists of cash and cash equivalents held in funds in trust as part of certain coinsurance agreements to secure statutory reserves and liabilities of the coinsured parties. Restricted cash is reported separately on the consolidated balance sheets but is included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning-of-period and end-of-period amounts shown on the consolidated statements of cash flows.

Investments in Related Parties—Investments in related parties and associated earnings, other comprehensive income and cash flows are separately identified on the consolidated financial statements and accounted for consistently with the policies described above for each category of investment. Investments in related parties are primarily comprised of investments over which Apollo can exercise significant influence.

Deferred Acquisition Costs, Deferred Sales Inducements and Value of Business Acquired

Deferred Acquisition Costs and Deferred Sales Inducements–Costs related directly to the successful acquisition of new, or the renewal of existing, insurance or investment contracts are deferred. These costs consist of commissions and policy issuance costs, as well as sales inducements credited to policyholder account balances, and are included in deferred acquisition costs, deferred sales inducements and value of business acquired on the consolidated balance sheets. These costs are not capitalized until they are incurred.

Deferred costs related to universal life-type policies and investment contracts with significant revenue streams from sources other than investment of the policyholder funds are grouped into cohorts based on issue year and contract type and amortized on a constant level basis over the expected term of the related contracts. The cohorts and assumptions used for the amortization of deferred costs are consistent with those used in estimating the related liabilities for these contracts. The constant level basis generally is the initial premium or deposit and is projected based on assumptions related to policyholder behavior, including lapses and mortality, over the expected term of the contracts. Each reporting period, we replace expected experience with actual experience to determine the related amortization expense. Changes to projected experience are recognized in amortization expense prospectively over the remaining contract term. Amortization of DAC and DSI is included in amortization of deferred acquisition costs, deferred sales inducements and value of business acquired on the consolidated statements of income (loss).

Deferred costs related to investment contracts without significant revenue streams from sources other than investment of the policyholder funds are amortized using the effective interest method. The effective interest method amortizes the deferred costs by discounting the future liability cash flows at a break-even rate. The break-even rate is solved for such that the present value of future liability cash flows is equal to the net liability at the inception of the contract. The deferred costs represent the difference between the net and gross liability and the change relates to amortization for the period.

Value of Business Acquired–We establish VOBA for blocks of insurance contracts acquired through the acquisition of insurance entities and through application of pushdown accounting. We record the fair value of the liabilities assumed in two components: reserves and VOBA. Reserves are established using our best estimate assumptions as of the business combination date. VOBA is the difference between the fair value of the liabilities and the reserves. VOBA can be either positive or negative and is amortized in relation to respective policyholder liabilities. Significant assumptions that impact VOBA amortization are consistent with those that impact the measurement of policyholder liabilities. We perform periodic tests to determine if positive VOBA remains recoverable. If we determine that positive VOBA is not recoverable, we would record a cumulative charge to the current period. Any negative VOBA is recorded to the same financial statement line on the consolidated balance sheets as the associated reserves. Positive VOBA is recorded in deferred acquisition costs, deferred sales inducements and value of business acquired on the consolidated balance sheets.

See Note 8 – Deferred Acquisition Costs, Deferred Sales Inducements and Value of Business Acquired for further information.

Interest Sensitive Contract Liabilities—Universal life-type policies and investment contracts include traditional deferred annuities; indexed annuities consisting of fixed indexed, index-linked variable annuities in the accumulation phase, and assumed indexed universal life without significant mortality risk; funding agreements; immediate annuities without significant mortality risk (which include pension group annuities without life contingencies); universal life insurance; and other investment contracts inclusive of assumed endowments without significant mortality risk. We carry liabilities for traditional deferred annuities, indexed annuities, funding agreements and universal life insurance at the account balances without reduction for potential surrender or withdrawal charges, except for a block of universal life business ceded to Global Atlantic Financial Group Limited (together with its subsidiaries, Global Atlantic), which we carry at fair value. Liabilities for immediate annuities without significant mortality risk are calculated as the present value of future liability cash flows and policy maintenance expenses discounted at contractual interest rates. For a discussion regarding our indexed products, refer above to the embedded derivative discussion. Certain of our contracts are offered with additional contract features that meet the definition of a market risk benefit. See –Market Risk Benefits below for further information.

Unearned revenue liabilities are established when amounts are assessed against the policyholder for services to be provided in future periods. These balances are amortized consistent with the methodologies and assumptions used to amortize DAC and DSI.

Changes in interest sensitive contract liabilities, excluding deposits and withdrawals, are recorded in interest sensitive contract benefits or product charges on the consolidated statements of income (loss). Interest sensitive contract liabilities are not reduced for amounts ceded under reinsurance agreements which are reported as reinsurance recoverable on the consolidated balance sheets. See the reinsurance accounting policy discussed in –Reinsurance above and Note 7 – Reinsurancefor more information on reinsurance.

Future Policy Benefits—We issue or reinsure contracts classified as long-duration, which include term and whole life, accident and health, disability, and deferred and immediate annuities with life contingencies (which include pension group annuities with life contingencies).

Liabilities for nonparticipating long-duration contracts are established as the estimated present value of benefits we expect to pay to or on behalf of the policyholder and related expenses less the present value of the net premiums to be collected, referred to as the net premium ratio. The contracts are grouped into cohorts based on issue year and contract type, with an exception for pension group annuities, which are generally assessed at the group annuity contract level. Contracts with different issuance years are not combined. Contracts acquired in a business combination are grouped into a single cohort by contract type, except for pension group annuities, which follow the group annuity contract level.

Liabilities for nonparticipating long-duration contracts are established using accepted actuarial valuation methods which require the use of assumptions related to discount rate, expenses, longevity, mortality, morbidity, persistency and other policyholder behavior. We base certain key assumptions, such as longevity, mortality and morbidity, on industry standard data adjusted to align with actual company experience, if needed. We have elected to use expense assumptions that are locked in at issuance for each cohort. All other cash flow assumptions are established at contract issuance and reviewed annually or more frequently if actual experience suggests a revision is necessary. The effects of changes in cash flow assumptions impacting the net premium ratio are recorded as remeasurement changes in the period in which they are made. As cash flow assumptions are reviewed at least annually, there is no provision for adverse deviation included within the liability.

Actual experience is recognized in the period in which the experience arises. Actual experience is then incorporated into the net premium ratio for all products and cohorts on a quarterly basis. When the net premium ratio is revised, whether to incorporate actual experience each reporting period or for the review of cash flow assumptions, the liability is recalculated as of the beginning of the period, discounted at the original contract issuance discount rate, and compared with the carrying amount of the liability as of the same date to determine the current period change. The current period change in the liability is recognized as a remeasurement gain or loss.

To the extent the present value of future benefits and expenses exceeds the present value of gross premiums, we will cap the net premium ratio at 100% by increasing the corresponding liability and recognizing an immediate loss through the consolidated statements of income (loss). The liability is never recorded at an amount less than zero for the cohort.

The liability for nonparticipating long-duration contracts is discounted using an upper-medium grade fixed income instrument yield aligned to the characteristics of the liability, including the duration and currency of the underlying cash flows. In determining reference portfolio of instruments, we have used a single A equivalent level rate and maximized the use of observable data to the extent possible for the duration of our liabilities. The discount rate is required to be updated at the end of each reporting period for the remeasurement of the liability but is locked-in for each cohort for the purpose of interest accretion expense.

Changes in the value of the liability for nonparticipating long-duration contracts due to changes in the discount rate are recognized as a component of OCI on the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss). Changes in the liability for remeasurement gains or losses and all other changes in the liability are recorded in future policy and other policy benefits on the consolidated statements of income (loss).

Future policy benefits include liabilities for no-lapse guarantees on universal life insurance and fixed indexed universal life insurance. We establish future policy benefits for no-lapse guarantees by estimating the expected value of death benefits paid after policyholder account balances have been exhausted. We recognize these benefits proportionally over the life of the contracts based on total actual and expected assessments. The methods we use to estimate the liabilities have assumptions about policyholder behavior, mortality, expected yield on investments supporting the liability and market conditions affecting policyholder account balance growth.

For the liabilities associated with no-lapse guarantees, each reporting period we update expected excess benefits and assessments with actual excess benefits and assessments. We also periodically revise the key assumptions used in the calculation of the liabilities that result in revisions to the expected excess benefits and assessments. The effects of changes in assumptions are recorded as unlocking in the period in which the changes are made. Changes in the liabilities associated with no-lapse guarantees are recorded in future policy and other policy benefits on the consolidated statements of income (loss).

Future policy benefits are not reduced for amounts ceded under reinsurance agreements, which are reported as reinsurance recoverable on the consolidated balance sheets.

Market Risk Benefits—Market risk benefits represent contracts or contract features that both provide protection to the contract holder from, and expose the insurance entity to, other-than-nominal capital market risk. Our deferred annuity contracts contain guaranteed lifetime withdrawal benefit (GLWB) and guaranteed minimum death benefit (GMDB) riders that meet the criteria for, and are classified as, market risk benefits.

Market risk benefits are measured at fair value at the contract level and may be recorded as a liability or an asset, which are included in market risk benefits or other assets, respectively, on the consolidated balance sheets. Multiple market risk benefits on a contract are treated as a single, compound market risk benefit. At contract inception, we assess the fees and assessments that are collectible from the policyholder and allocate them to the extent they are attributable to the market risk benefit. These attributed fees are used in the valuation of the market risk benefits and are never negative or exceed total explicit fees collectible from the policyholder. If the fees are sufficient to cover the projected benefits, a non-option based valuation model is used. If the fees are insufficient to cover the projected benefits, an option-based valuation model is used to compute the market risk benefit liability at contract inception, with an equal and offsetting adjustment recognized in interest sensitive contract liabilities.

Changes in fair value of market risk benefits are recorded in market risk benefits remeasurement (gains) losses on the consolidated statements of income (loss), excluding portions attributed to changes in instrument-specific credit risk, which are recorded in OCI on the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss). Market risk benefits are not reduced for market risk benefits ceded under reinsurance agreements. Ceded market risk benefits are measured at fair value and recorded within reinsurance recoverable on the consolidated balance sheets.

Upon annuitization of the contract or the extinguishment of the account balance, the market risk benefit, related annuity contract and unamortized deferred costs are derecognized, including amounts within AOCI. A payout annuity is then established for GLWBs.

Closed Block Business—We established closed blocks of policies in connection with the reorganization oftwo predecessor subsidiaries from mutual companies to stock companies, collectively referred to as the Closed Blocks, and individually referred to as the AmerUs Life Insurance Company (AmerUs) closed block (AmerUs Closed Block) and the Indianapolis Life Insurance Company (ILICO) closed block (ILICO Closed Block). Insurance policies which had a dividend scale in effect as of each closed block establishment date were included in the respective closed block. The Closed Blocks were designed to give reasonable assurance to owners of insurance policies included therein that, after the reorganization, assets would be available to maintain the dividend scales and interest credits in effect prior to the reorganization, if the experience underlying such scales and crediting continued. The assets, including related revenue, allocated to the Closed Blocks will accrue solely to the benefit of the policyholders included in the Closed Blocks until they no longer exist. A policyholder dividend obligation is required to be established for earnings in the Closed Blocks that are not available to the stockholders. We elected the fair value option for the AmerUs Closed Block and the ILICO Closed Block. See Note 10 – Closed Block for more information on the Closed Blocks.

Foreign Currency—The accounts of foreign-based subsidiaries and equity method investments are measured using their functional currency. Revenue and expenses of these subsidiaries are translated into US dollars at the average exchange rate for the period. Assets and liabilities are translated at the exchange rate as of the end of the reporting period. For equity method investments, the proportionate share of the investee’s income is translated into US dollars at the average exchange rate for the period and the investment is translated using the exchange rate as of the end of the reporting period. The resulting translation adjustments are included in equity as a component of AOCI. Gains or losses arising from transactions denominated in a currency other than the functional currency of the entity that is party to the transaction are included in net income. The impacts of any non-US dollar denominated AFS securities are included in AOCI along with the change in its fair value unless in a fair value hedging relationship.

Recognition of Revenues and Related Expenses—Revenues for universal life-type policies and investment contracts, including surrender and market value adjustments, costs of insurance, policy administration, GMDB, GLWB and no-lapse guarantee charges, are earned when assessed against policyholder account balances during the period. Interest credited to policyholder account balances and the change in fair value of embedded derivatives within fixed indexed annuity contracts is included in interest sensitive contract benefits on the consolidated statements of income (loss).

Premiums for long-duration contracts, including products with fixed and guaranteed premiums and benefits, are recognized as revenue when due from policyholders. When premiums are due over a significantly shorter period than the period over which benefits are provided, a deferred profit liability is established equal to the excess of the gross premium over the net premium. The deferred profit liability is recognized in future policy benefits on the consolidated balance sheets and amortized into income in relation to either applicable policyholder liabilities for immediate annuities with life contingencies (which includes pension group annuities) or insurance in-force for whole life products through future policy and other policy benefits on the consolidated statements of income (loss).

When the net premium ratio for the corresponding future policy benefit is updated for actual experience and changes to projected cash flow assumptions, the deferred profit liability is retrospectively recalculated from the contract issuance date through the beginning of the current reporting period. The revised deferred profit liability is compared to the beginning of the period carrying amount to determine the change to be recognized as a remeasurement gain or loss within future policy and other policy benefits on the consolidated statements of income (loss). Unlike the related future policy benefit, the deferred profit liability will not be remeasured for changes in discount rates each reporting period. Negative VOBA balances associated with payout contracts involving life contingencies, including pension group annuities, are accounted for in a manner similar to the deferred profit liability.

All insurance-related revenue is reported net of reinsurance ceded.

Income Taxes—We compute income taxes using the asset and liability method, under which deferred income taxes are provided for the temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax basis of our assets and liabilities using estimated tax rates expected to be in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. Such temporary differences are primarily due to the tax basis of reserves, DAC, VOBA, unrealized investment gains/losses, reinsurance related differences, embedded derivatives and net operating loss carryforwards. Changes in deferred income tax assets and liabilities associated with components of OCI are recorded directly to OCI.

Deferred income taxes related to investments in our corporate foreign subsidiaries are computed using an outside basis approach. We record deferred taxes for those components of the outside basis difference, which are expected to reverse in the foreseeable future, without limitation to the overall outside basis difference. We evaluate the likelihood of realizing the benefit of our deferred tax assets and may record a valuation allowance if, based on all available evidence, we determine that it is more likely than not that some portion of the tax benefit will not be realized. We adjust the valuation allowance if, based on our evaluation, there is a change in the amount of deferred income tax assets that are deemed more-likely-than-not to be realized.

Changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities attributable to changes in enacted income tax rates are recorded through net income in the period of enactment. We recognize the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the relevant taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of our position. For those tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold, we recognize the largest amount of tax benefit that is more than 50 percent likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the related tax authority. We recognize any income tax interest and penalties in income tax expense.

We and certain of our subsidiaries are included in certain foreign and state consolidated or other tax groups with our parent AGM and its subsidiaries. We calculate the provision for income taxes by using a separate-return method. Under this method we are assumed to file a separate return with the tax authority, thereby reporting our taxable income or loss and paying the applicable tax to or receiving the appropriate refund from AGM. Our current provision is the amount of tax payable or refundable on the basis of a hypothetical current-year separate return. We provide deferred taxes on temporary differences and on any carryforwards that we could claim on our hypothetical return and assess the need for a valuation allowance on the basis of our projected separate-return results.

Any difference between the tax provision (or benefit) allocated to us under the separate-return method and payments to be made to (or received from) AGM for tax expense is treated as either a dividend or a capital contribution. Accordingly, the amount by which our tax liability under the separate-return method differs from the amount of tax liability ultimately settled as a result of using incremental expenses of AGM may be periodically settled as a dividend or capital contribution between AGM and us.

See Note 13 – Income Taxes for discussion on withholding taxes for undistributed earnings of subsidiaries.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

Compensation – Stock Compensation (Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2024-01)

The amendments in this update clarify how an entity determines whether it is required to account for profits interest awards (and similar awards) in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 718 Compensation – Stock Compensation or other guidance. The ASU provides specific examples on when profits interest awards should be accounted for as a share-based payment arrangement under ASC 718 or in a manner similar to a cash bonus or profit-sharing arrangement under ASC 710 Compensation – General or other ASC topics. The guidance is effective for us on January 1, 2025. We expect the impact of the new pronouncement on our consolidated financial statements will be immaterial.

Income Taxes—Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (ASU 2023-09)

The amendments in this update revise certain disclosures on income taxes including rate reconciliation, income taxes paid, and certain amendments on disaggregation by federal, state and foreign taxes. The guidance is effective for us for annual periods beginning in 2025. Early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on our consolidated financial statements.

Business Combinations – Joint Venture Formations (ASU 2023-05)

The amendments in this update address how a joint venture initially recognizes and measures contributions received at its formation date. The amendments require a joint venture to apply a new basis of accounting upon formation and to initially recognize its assets and liabilities at fair value. The guidance is effective prospectively for all joint ventures formed on or after January 1, 2025, while retrospective application may be elected for a joint venture formed before the effective date. We expect the impact of this guidance on our consolidated financial statements will be immaterial.

Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income – Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (ASU 2024-03)

The amendments in this update require disaggregation of certain expense captions into specified categories in disclosures within the footnotes to the financial statements. The ASU requires tabular presentation of each relevant expense caption on the face of the income statement including employee compensation, depreciation, intangible asset amortization and certain other expenses, when applicable.

The guidance is effective for us for the 2027 annual period and in interim periods in 2028; early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of this new guidance on our consolidated financial statements.

Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

Segment Reporting – Improvements to Reporting Segment Disclosures (ASU 2023-07)

The amendments in this update require disclosures of incremental segment information on an annual and interim basis for all public entities to provide analyses useful to investors for decision making. The update requires public entities, including those with a single reportable segment, to report significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to and used by the Chief Operating Decision Maker (CODM) in managing the business. We adopted this guidance effective December 31, 2024 on a retrospective basis, and updated financial statement disclosures are included in Note 17 – Segment Information.

Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848) (ASU 2022-06, ASU 2021-01, ASU 2020-04)

We adopted ASU 2020-04 and ASU 2021-01 and elected to apply certain of the practical expedients related to contract modifications, hedge accounting relationships, and derivative modifications pertaining to discounting, margining, or contract price alignment. The main purpose of the practical expedients is to ease the administrative burden of accounting for contracts impacted by reference rate reform, and these elections did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements. ASU 2022-06 amended and deferred the sunset date of Topic 848 from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2024, after which we will no longer be permitted to apply the expedients provided in Topic 848.

2. Business Combination

On January 1, 2022, we completed our merger with Apollo and are a direct subsidiary of AGM. At the closing of the merger, each issued and outstanding AHL Class A common share (other than shares held by Apollo, the Apollo Operating Group (AOG) or the respective direct or indirect wholly owned subsidiaries of Athene or the AOG) was converted automatically into 1.149 shares of AGM common shares and any cash paid in lieu of fractional AGM common shares. In connection with the merger, AGM issued to AHL Class A common shareholders 158.2 million AGM common shares in exchange for 137.6 million AHL Class A common shares that were issued and outstanding as of the acquisition date, exclusive of the 54.6 million shares previously held by Apollo immediately before the acquisition date.

The consideration was calculated based on historical AGM’s December 31, 2021 closing share price multiplied by the AGM common shares issued in the share exchange, as well as the fair value of stock-based compensation awards replaced, fair value of warrants converted to AGM common shares and other equity consideration, and effective settlement of pre-existing relationships and other consideration.

The following represents the calculation of consideration:

The following represents the calculation of goodwill and fair value amounts recognized:

During the fourth quarter of 2022, we finalized pushdown accounting. Adjustments to provisional amounts were made prospectively as data became available based on facts and circumstances that existed as of the merger date. The income effects from changes to provisional amounts were recorded in the period the adjustment was made, as if the adjustment had been recorded on the merger date. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we made adjustments which decreased provisional goodwill by $108 million. The adjustments were comprised of $25 million for measurement period adjustments and $83 million to adjust a valuation of an investment. The measurement period adjustments were primarily related to decreases in interest sensitive contract liabilities, future policy benefits and VOBA, and the income statement effects were immaterial to those periods.

As part of pushdown accounting, we recorded the calculated goodwill based on the amount that our AHL equity value to be held by AGM exceeded the fair value of identifiable net assets less the amounts attributable to fair values of preferred stock and noncontrolling interests. Goodwill is primarily attributable to the scale, skill sets, operations, and synergies that can be achieved subsequent to the merger. The goodwill recorded is not expected to be deductible for tax purposes. Goodwill on the consolidated balance sheets includes the impacts of foreign currency translation.

We also recorded VOBA and other identifiable intangible assets. Other identifiable intangible assets are included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets, as follows:

The fair value and weighted average estimated useful life of identifiable intangible assets consists of the following:

3. Investments

AFS Securities—The following table represents the amortized cost, allowance for credit losses, gross unrealized gains and losses and fair value of our AFS investments by asset type:

The amortized cost and fair value of AFS securities, including related parties, are shown by contractual maturity below:

Actual maturities can differ from contractual maturities as borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

Unrealized Losses on AFS Securities—The following summarizes the fair value and gross unrealized losses for AFS securities, including related parties, for which an allowance for credit losses has not been recorded, aggregated by asset type and length of time the fair value has remained below amortized cost:

The following summarizes the number of AFS securities that were in an unrealized loss position, including related parties, for which an allowance for credit losses has not been recorded:

The unrealized losses on AFS securities can primarily be attributed to changes in market interest rates since the application of pushdown accounting or acquisition. We did not recognize the unrealized losses in income, unless as required for hedge accounting, as we intend to hold these securities and it is not more likely than not we will be required to sell a security before the recovery of its amortized cost.

Allowance for Credit Losses—The following table summarizes the activity in the allowance for credit losses for AFS securities by asset type:

Net Investment Income—Net investment income by asset class consists of the following:

Investment Related Gains (Losses)—Investment related gains (losses) by asset class consists of the following:

Proceeds from sales of AFS securities were $21,689 million, $6,464 million and $9,421 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The following table summarizes the change in unrealized gains (losses) on trading and equity securities, including related parties, we held as of the respective year end:

Repurchase Agreements—The following table summarizes the remaining contractual maturities of our repurchase agreements:

The following table summarizes the securities pledged as collateral for repurchase agreements:

Reverse Repurchase Agreements—As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, amounts loaned under reverse repurchase agreements were $935 million and $947 million, respectively, and the fair value of the collateral, comprised primarily of asset-backed securities and commercial mortgage loans, was $2,208 million and $1,504 million, respectively.

Mortgage Loans, including related parties and consolidated VIEs—Mortgage loans include both commercial and residential loans. We have elected the fair value option on our mortgage loan portfolio. See Note 6 – Fair Value for further fair value option information. The following represents the mortgage loan portfolio, with fair value option loans presented at unpaid principal balance:

We invest in commercial mortgage loans, primarily on income producing properties including office and retail buildings, apartments, hotels and industrial properties. We diversify the commercial mortgage loan portfolio by geographic region and property type to reduce concentration risk. We evaluate mortgage loans based on relevant current information to confirm whether properties are performing at a consistent and acceptable level to secure the related debt.

The distribution of commercial mortgage loans, including those under development, by property type and geographic region, is as follows:

Our residential mortgage loan portfolio primarily consists of first lien residential mortgage loans collateralized by properties in various geographic locations and is summarized by proportion of the portfolio in the following table:

Investment Funds—Our investment fund portfolio strategy primarily focuses on core holdings of strategic origination and retirement services platforms, equity and credit, and other funds. Strategic origination platforms include investments sourced by affiliated platforms that originate loans to third parties and in which we gain exposure directly to the loan or indirectly through our ownership of the origination platform and/or securitizations of assets originated by the origination platform. Retirement services platforms include investments in equity of financial services companies. Our credit strategy comprises direct origination, asset-backed, multi-credit and opportunistic credit funds focused on generating excess returns through high-quality credit underwriting and origination. Our equity strategy comprises private equity, hybrid value, secondaries equity, real estate equity, impact investing, infrastructure and clean transition equity funds that raise capital from investors to pursue control-oriented investments across the universe of private assets. Our investment funds can meet the definition of a VIE, which are discussed further in Note 5 – Variable Interest Entities. Our investment funds do not specify timing of distributions on the funds’ underlying assets.

The following summarizes our investment funds, including related parties andconsolidated VIEs:

Non-Consolidated Securities and Investment Funds

Fixed maturity securities –We invest in securitization entities as a debt holder or an investor in the residual interest of the securitization vehicle. These entities are deemed VIEs due to insufficient equity within the structure and lack of control by the equity investors over the activities that significantly impact the economics of the entity. In general, we are a debt investor within these entities and, as such, hold a variable interest; however, due to the debt holders’ lack of ability to control the decisions within the structure that significantly impact the entity, and the fact the debt holders are protected from losses due to the subordination of the equity tranche, the debt holders are not deemed the primary beneficiary. Securitization vehicles in which we hold the residual tranche are not consolidated because we do not unilaterally have substantive rights to remove the general partner, or when assessing related party interests, we are not under common control, as defined by US GAAP, with the related parties, nor are substantially all of the activities conducted on our behalf; therefore, we are not deemed the primary beneficiary. Debt investments and investments in the residual tranche of securitization entities are considered debt instruments and are held at fair value and classified as AFS or trading securities on the consolidated balance sheets.

Investment funds –Investment funds include non-fixed income, alternative investments in the form of limited partnerships or similar legal structures.

Equity securities – We invest in preferred equity securities issued by entities deemed to be VIEs due to insufficient equity within the structure.

Our risk of loss associated with our non-consolidated investments depends on the investment. Investment funds, equity securities and trading securities are limited to the carrying value plus unfunded commitments. AFS securities are limited to amortized cost plus unfunded commitments.

The following summarizes the carrying value and maximum loss exposure of these non-consolidated investments:

Concentrations—The following table represents our investment concentrations in excess of 10% of AHL stockholders’ equity:

4. Derivative Instruments

We use a variety of derivative instruments to manage risks, primarily equity, interest rate, foreign currency and market volatility. See Note 1 – Business, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies for a description of our accounting policies for derivatives and Note 6 – Fair Value for information about the fair value hierarchy for derivatives.

The following table presents the notional amount and fair value of derivative instruments:

Derivatives Designated as Hedges

Cash Flow Hedges – We use interest rate swaps to convert floating-rate interest payments to fixed-rate interest payments to reduce exposure to interest rate changes. The interest rate swaps will expire by July 2031. During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 we recognized gains of $1 million and $33 million, and losses of $106 million, respectively, in OCI associated with these hedges. There wereno amounts deemed ineffective during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022. As of December 31, 2024, no amounts were expected to be reclassified to income within the next 12 months.

Fair Value Hedges – We use foreign currency forward contracts, foreign currency swaps, foreign currency interest rate swaps and interest rate swaps that are designated and accounted for as fair value hedges to hedge certain exposures to foreign currency risk and interest rate risk. The foreign currency forward price is agreed upon at the time of the contract and payment is made at a specified future date.

The following represents the carrying amount and the cumulative fair value hedging adjustments included in the hedged assets or liabilities:

The following is a summary of the gains (losses) related to the derivatives and related hedged items in fair value hedge relationships:

The following is a summary of the gains (losses) excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness that were recognized in OCI:

Net Investment Hedges – We use foreign currency forwards to hedge the foreign currency exchange rate risk of our investments in subsidiaries that have a reporting currency other than the US dollar. We assess hedge effectiveness based on the changes in forward rates. During the years ended December 31, 2024,2023 and 2022, these derivatives had gains of $3 million, losses of $4 million and gains of $30 million, respectively. These derivatives are included in foreign currency translation and other adjustments on the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss). As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the cumulative foreign currency translations recorded in AOCI related to these net investment hedges were gains of $29 million and $26 million, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2024,2023 and 2022, there wereno amounts deemed ineffective.

Derivatives Not Designated as Hedges

Equity options – We use equity indexed options to economically hedge fixed indexed annuity products that guarantee the return of principal to the policyholder and credit interest based on a percentage of the gain in a specified market index, including the S&P 500 and other bespoke indices. To hedge against adverse changes in equity indices, we enter into contracts to buy equity indexed options. The contracts are net settled in cash based on differentials in the indices at the time of exercise and the strike price.

Futures – Futures contracts are purchased to hedge the growth in interest credited to the customer as a direct result of increases in the related indices. We enter into exchange-traded futures with regulated futures commission clearing brokers who are members of a trading exchange. Under exchange-traded futures contracts, we agree to purchase a specified number of contracts with other parties and to post variation margin on a daily basis in an amount equal to the difference in the daily fair values of those contracts.

Interest rate swaps and forwards –We use interest rate swaps and forwards to reduce market risks from interest rate changes and to alter interest rate exposure arising from duration mismatches between assets and liabilities. With an interest rate swap, we agree with another party to exchange the difference between fixed-rate and floating-rate interest amounts tied to an agreed-upon notional principal amount at specified intervals.

Other swaps – Other swaps include total return swaps, credit default swaps and swaptions. We purchase total rate of return swaps to gain exposure and benefit from a reference asset or index without ownership. Credit default swaps provide a measure of protection against the default of an issuer or allow us to gain credit exposure to an issuer or traded index. We use credit default swaps coupled with a bond to synthetically create the characteristics of a reference bond. Swaptions provide an option to enter into an interest rate swap and are used to hedge against interest rate exposure.

Embedded derivatives – We have embedded derivatives which are required to be separated from their host contracts and reported as derivatives. Host contracts include reinsurance agreements structured on a modco or funds withheld basis and indexed annuity products.

The following is a summary of the gains (losses) related to derivatives not designated as hedges:

Credit Risk—We may be exposed to credit-related losses in the event of counterparty nonperformance on derivative financial instruments. Generally, the current credit exposure of our derivative contracts is the fair value at the reporting date less any collateral received from the counterparty.

We manage credit risk related to over-the-counter derivatives by entering into transactions with creditworthy counterparties. Where possible, we maintain collateral arrangements and use master netting agreements that provide for a single net payment from one counterparty to another at each due date and upon termination. We have also established counterparty exposure limits, where possible, in order to evaluate if there is sufficient collateral to support the net exposure.

Collateral arrangements typically require the posting of collateral in connection with its derivative instruments. Collateral agreements often contain posting thresholds, some of which may vary depending on the posting party’s financial strength ratings. Additionally, a decrease in our financial strength rating to a specified level can result in settlement of the derivative position.

The estimated fair value of our net derivative and other financial assets and liabilities after the application of master netting agreements and collateral were as follows:

5. Variable Interest Entities

We determined that we are required to consolidate certain Apollo-managed investment funds and other Apollo-managed structures. Since the criteria for the primary beneficiary are satisfied by our related party group, we are deemed the primary beneficiary. In addition, we consolidate certain securitization entities where we are deemed the primary beneficiary. No arrangement exists requiring us to provide additional funding in excess of our committed capital investment, liquidity, or the funding of losses or an increase to our loss exposure in excess of our investment in any of the consolidated VIEs.

The following summarizes the income statement activity of the consolidated VIEs:

6. Fair Value

Fair value is the price we would receive to sell an asset or pay to transfer a liability (exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants. We determine fair value based on the following fair value hierarchy:

Level 1 – Unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in an active market.

Level 2 – Quoted prices for inactive markets or valuation techniques that require observable direct or indirect inputs for substantially the full term of the asset or liability. Level 2 inputs include the following:

•Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets,

•Observable inputs other than quoted market prices, and

•Observable inputs derived principally from market data through correlation or other means.

Level 3 – Prices or valuation techniques with unobservable inputs significant to the overall fair value estimate. These valuations use critical assumptions not readily available to market participants. Level 3 valuations are based on market standard valuation methodologies, including discounted cash flows, matrix pricing or other similar techniques.

Net Asset Value (NAV) – Investment funds are typically measured using NAV as a practical expedient in determining fair value and are not classified in the fair value hierarchy. Our carrying value reflects our pro rata ownership percentage as indicated by NAV in the investment fund financial statements, which we may adjust if we determine NAV is not calculated consistent with investment company fair value principles. The underlying investments of the investment funds may have significant unobservable inputs, which may include but are not limited to, comparable multiples and weighted average cost of capital rates applied in valuation models or a discounted cash flow model.

The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3). If the inputs used to measure fair value fall within different levels of the hierarchy, the category level is based on the lowest priority level input that is significant to the instrument’s fair value measurement.

We use a number of valuation sources to determine fair values. Valuation sources can include quoted market prices; third-party commercial pricing services; third-party brokers; industry-standard, vendor modeling software that uses market observable inputs; and other internal modeling techniques based on projected cash flows. We periodically review the assumptions and inputs of third-party commercial pricing services through internal valuation price variance reviews, comparisons to internal pricing models, back testing to recent trades, or monitoring trading volumes.

The following represents the hierarchy for our assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

Fair Value Valuation Methods—We used the following valuation methods and assumptions to estimate fair value:

AFS and trading securities– We obtain the fair value for most marketable securities without an active market from several commercial pricing services. These are classified as Level 2 assets. The pricing services incorporate a variety of market observable information in their valuation techniques, including benchmark yields, trading activity, credit quality, issuer spreads, bids, offers and other reference data. This category typically includes US and non-US corporate bonds, US agency and government guaranteed securities, CLO, ABS, CMBS and RMBS.

We also have fixed maturity securities priced based on indicative broker quotes or by employing market accepted valuation models. For certain fixed maturity securities, the valuation model uses significant unobservable inputs and these are included in Level 3 in our fair value hierarchy. Significant unobservable inputs used include: discount rates, issue specific credit adjustments, material non-public financial information, estimation of future earnings and cash flows, default rate assumptions, liquidity assumptions and indicative quotes from market makers.

We value privately placed fixed maturity securities based on the credit quality and duration of comparable marketable securities, which may be securities of another issuer with similar characteristics. In some instances, we use a matrix-based pricing model. These models consider the current level of risk-free interest rates, corporate spreads, credit quality of the issuer and cash flow characteristics of the security. We also consider additional factors such as net worth of the borrower, value of collateral, capital structure of the borrower, presence of guarantees and our evaluation of the borrower’s ability to compete in its relevant market. Privately placed fixed maturity securities are classified as Level 2 or 3.

Equity securities – Fair values of publicly traded equity securities are based on quoted market prices and classified as Level 1. Other equity securities, typically private equities or equity securities not traded on an exchange, we value based on other sources, such as commercial pricing services or brokers, and are classified as Level 2 or 3.

Mortgage loans – We estimate fair value on a monthly basis using discounted cash flow analysis and rates being offered for similar loans to borrowers with similar credit ratings. Loans with similar characteristics are aggregated for purposes of the calculations. The discounted cash flow model uses unobservable inputs, including estimates of discount rates and loan prepayments. Mortgage loans are classified as Level 3.

Investment funds – Certain investment funds for which we elected the fair value option are included in Level 3 and are priced based on market accepted valuation models. The valuation models use significant unobservable inputs, which include material non-public financial information, estimation of future distributable earnings and demographic assumptions.

Other investments – The fair values of other investments are primarily determined using a discounted cash flow model using discount rates for similar investments.

Funds withheld at interest embedded derivatives – Funds withheld at interest embedded derivatives represent the right to receive or obligation to pay the total return on the assets supporting the funds withheld at interest or funds withheld liability, respectively, and are analogous to a total return swap with a floating rate leg. The fair value of embedded derivatives on funds withheld and modco agreements is measured as the unrealized gain (loss) on the underlying assets and classified as Level 3.

Derivatives – Derivative contracts can be exchange traded or over-the-counter. Exchange-traded derivatives typically fall within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy depending on trading activity. Over-the-counter derivatives are valued using valuation models or an income approach using third-party broker valuations. Valuation models require a variety of inputs, including contractual terms, market prices, yield curves, credit curves, measures of volatility, prepayment rates and correlation of the inputs. We consider and incorporate counterparty credit risk in the valuation process through counterparty credit rating requirements and monitoring of overall exposure. We also evaluate and include our own nonperformance risk in valuing derivatives. The majority of our derivatives trade in liquid markets; therefore, we can verify model inputs and model selection does not involve significant management judgment. These are typically classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Cash and cash equivalents, including restricted cash –The carrying amount for cash equals fair value. We estimate the fair value for cash equivalents based on quoted market prices. These assets are classified as Level 1.

Other assets and market risk benefits liability –Other assets at fair value consist of market risk benefit assets. See Note 9 – Long-duration Contracts for additional information on market risk benefits valuation methodology and additional fair value disclosures. Market risk benefits are classified as Level 3.

Interest sensitive contract liabilities embedded derivatives – Embedded derivatives related to interest sensitive contract liabilities with fixed indexed annuity products are classified as Level 3. The valuations include significant unobservable inputs associated with economic assumptions and actuarial assumptions for policyholder behavior.

AmerUs Closed Block – We elected the fair value option for the future policy benefits liability in the AmerUs Closed Block. Our valuation technique is to set the fair value of policyholder liabilities equal to the fair value of assets. There is an additional component which captures the fair value of the open block’s obligations to the closed block business. This component is the present value of the projected release of required capital and future earnings before income taxes on required capital supporting the AmerUs Closed Block, discounted at a rate which represents a market participant’s required rate of return, less the initial required capital. Unobservable inputs include estimates for these items. The AmerUs Closed Block policyholder liabilities and any corresponding reinsurance recoverable are classified as Level 3.

ILICO Closed Block – We elected the fair value option for the ILICO Closed Block. Our valuation technique is to set the fair value of policyholder liabilities equal to the fair value of assets. There is an additional component which captures the fair value of the open block’s obligations to the closed block business. This component uses the present value of future cash flows which include commissions, administrative expenses, reinsurance premiums and benefits, and an explicit cost of capital. The discount rate includes a margin to reflect the business and nonperformance risk. Unobservable inputs include estimates for these items. The ILICO Closed Block policyholder liabilities and corresponding reinsurance recoverable are classified as Level 3.

Universal life liabilities and other life benefits – We elected the fair value option for certain blocks of universal and other life business ceded to Global Atlantic. We use a present value of liability cash flows. Unobservable inputs include estimates of mortality, persistency, expenses, premium payments and a risk margin used in the discount rates that reflect the riskiness of the business. These universal life policyholder liabilities and corresponding reinsurance recoverable are classified as Level 3.

Other liabilities –Other liabilities include funds withheld liability embedded derivatives, as described above in funds withheld at interest embedded derivatives, and a ceded modco agreement of certain inforce funding agreement contracts for which we elected the fair value option. We estimate the fair value of the ceded modco agreement by discounting projected cash flows for net settlements and certain periodic and non-periodic payments. Unobservable inputs include estimates for asset portfolio returns and economic inputs used in the discount rate, including risk margin. Depending on the projected cash flows and other assumptions, the contract may be recorded as an asset or liability. The estimate is classified as Level 3.

Fair Value Option—The following represents the gains (losses) recorded for instruments for which we have elected the fair value option, including related parties and consolidated VIEs:

Gains and losses on trading securities, mortgage loans, investments of consolidated VIEs, and other are recorded in investment related gains (losses) on the consolidated statements of income (loss). Gains and losses related to investment funds are recorded in net investment income on the consolidated statements of income (loss). We record the change in fair value of future policy benefits to future policy and other policy benefits on the consolidated statements of income (loss).

The following summarizes information for fair value option mortgage loans, including related parties and consolidated VIEs:

The following represents our commercial mortgage loan portfolio 90 days or more past due and/or in non-accrual status:

The following represents our residential mortgage loan portfolio 90 days or more past due and/or in non-accrual status:

The following is the estimated amount of gains (losses) included in earnings during the period attributable to changes in instrument-specific credit risk on our mortgage loan portfolio:

We estimated the portion of gains and losses attributable to changes in instrument-specific credit risk by identifying commercial mortgage loans with loan-to-value ratios meeting credit quality criteria, and residential mortgage loans with delinquency status meeting credit quality criteria.

Level 3 Financial Instruments—The following are reconciliations for Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis. Transfers in and out of Level 3 are primarily based on changes in the availability ofpricing sources, as described in the valuation methods above.

The following represents the gross components of purchases, issuances, sales and settlements, net, and net transfers in (out) shown above:

Significant Unobservable Inputs—Significant unobservable inputs occur when we cannot obtain or corroborate the quantitative detail of the inputs. This applies to fixed maturity securities, equity securities, mortgage loans and certain investment funds, as well as embedded derivatives in liabilities. Additional significant unobservable inputs are described below.

AFS, trading and equity securities –We use discounted cash flow models to calculate the fair value for certain fixed maturity and equity securities. The discount rate is a significant unobservable input because the credit spread includes adjustments made to the base rate. The base rate represents a market comparable rate for securities with similar characteristics. This excludes assets for which fair value is provided by independent broker quotes but includes assets for which fair value is provided by affiliated quotes.

Mortgage loans –We use discounted cash flow models from independent commercial pricing services to calculate the fair value of our mortgage loan portfolio. The discount rate is a significant unobservable input. This approach uses market transaction information and client portfolio-oriented information, such as prepayments or defaults, to support the valuations.

Investment funds –We use various methods of valuing our investment funds from both independent pricing services and affiliated modeling.

Interest sensitive contract liabilities – embedded derivative – Significant unobservable inputs we use in the fixed indexed annuities embedded derivative of the interest sensitive contract liabilities valuation include:

1. Nonperformance risk – For contracts we issue, we use the credit spread, relative to the US Department of the Treasury (US Treasury) curve based on our public credit rating as of the valuation date. This represents our credit risk for use in the estimate of the fair value of embedded derivatives.

2. Option budget – We assume future hedge costs in the derivative’s fair value estimate. The level of option budgets determines the future costs of the options and impacts future policyholder account value growth.

3. Policyholder behavior – We regularly review the full withdrawal (surrender rate) assumptions. These are based on our initial pricing assumptions updated for actual experience. Actual experience may be limited for recently issued products.

The following summarizes the unobservable inputs for AFS, trading and equity securities, mortgage loans, investment funds and the embedded derivatives of fixed indexed annuities, including those of consolidated VIEs:

Financial Instruments Without Readily Determinable Fair Values—We elected the measurement alternative for certain equity securities that did not have a readily determinable fair value. The equity securities were held at cost less any impairment. During the third quarter of 2024, the equity securities of FWD Group Holdings Limited were distributed as a divi dend to AGM. As of December 31, 2023, the carrying amount of the equity securities was $358 million, net of an impairment of $42 million. As a result of slower than expected growth of the investee, we recorded an impairment of $42 million in the fourth quarter of 2023.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments Not Carried at Fair Value—The following represents our financial instruments not carried at fair value on the consolidated balance sheets:

We estimate the fair value for financial instruments not carried at fair value using the same methods and assumptions as those we carry at fair value. The financial instruments presented above are reported at carrying value on the consolidated balance sheets; however, in the case of policy loans, funds withheld at interest and liability, short-term investments and securities to repurchase, the carrying amount approximates fair value.

Interest sensitive contract liabilities –The carrying and fair value of interest sensitive contract liabilities above includes fixed indexed and traditional fixed annuities without mortality or morbidity risks, funding agreements and payout annuities without life contingencies. The embedded derivatives within fixed indexed annuities without mortality or morbidity risks are excluded, as they are carried at fair value. The valuation of these investment contracts is based on discounted cash flow methodologies using significant unobservable inputs. The estimated fair value is determined using current market risk-free interest rates, adding a spread to reflect our nonperformance risk and subtracting a risk margin to reflect uncertainty inherent in the projected cash flows.

Debt– We obtain the fair value of debt from commercial pricing services. These are classified as Level 1 or Level 2. The pricing services use quoted market prices, if available, or incorporate a variety of market observable information in their valuation techniques, including benchmark yields, trading activity, credit quality, issuer spreads, bids, offers and other reference data.

7. Reinsurance

The following summarizes the effect of reinsurance on premiums and future policy and other policy benefits on the consolidated statements of income (loss):

Reinsurance typically provides for recapture rights on the part of the ceding company for certain events of default. Additionally, some agreements require us to place assets in trust accounts for the benefit of the ceding entity. The required minimum assets are equal to or greater than statutory reserves, as defined by the agreement, and were $26.1 billion and $21.6 billion as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Although we own the assets placed in trust, their use is restricted based on the trust agreement terms. If the statutory book value of the assets, or in certain cases fair value, in a trust declines because of impairments or other reasons, we may be required to contribute additional assets to the trust. In addition, the assets within a trust may be subject to a pledge in favor of the applicable reinsurance company.

Reinsurance transactions

We entered into a coinsurance agreement to assume a block of whole life policies during the fourth quarter of 2023. We did not have any block reinsurance transactions during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2022. The following summarizes our block reinsurance agreement at inception:

Catalina – We have reinsurance agreements with certain affiliates of Catalina Holdings (Bermuda) Ltd. (together with its subsidiaries, Catalina). See Note 15 – Related Parties for further information on these reinsurance agreements.

Global Atlantic – We have a coinsurance and assumption agreement with Global Atlantic. The agreement ceded all existing open block life insurance business issued by Athene Annuity and Life Company (AAIA), with the exception of enhanced guarantee universal life insurance products. We also entered into a coinsurance agreement with Global Atlantic to cede all policy liabilities of the ILICO Closed Block. The ILICO Closed Block consists primarily of participating whole life insurance policies. We also have an excess of loss arrangement with Global Atlantic to reimburse us for any payments required from our general assets to meet the contractual obligations of the AmerUs Closed Block not covered by existing reinsurance through Athene Re USA IV. The AmerUs Closed Block consists primarily of participating whole life insurance policies. Since all liabilities were covered by the existing reinsurance at close, no reinsurance premiums were ceded. The assets backing the AmerUs Closed Block are managed, on AAIA’s behalf, by Goldman Sachs Asset Management.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, Global Atlantic maintained a series of trust and custody accounts under the terms of these agreements with assets equal to or greater than a required aggregate statutory balance of $2,502 million and $2,542 million, respectively.

Protective Life Insurance Company (Protective)– We reinsured certain of our life and health business to Protective under a coinsurance agreement. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, Protective maintained a trust for our benefit with assets having a fair value of $1,107 million and $1,213 million, respectively.

Reinsurance Recoverables—The following summarizes our reinsurance recoverable:

8. Deferred Acquisition Costs, Deferred Sales Inducements and Value of Business Acquired

The following represents a rollforward of DAC and DSI by product, and a rollforward of VOBA. See Note 9 – Long-duration Contracts for more information on our products.

Deferred costs related to universal life-type policies and investment contracts with significant revenue streams from sources other than investment of the policyholder funds, including traditional deferred annuities and indexed annuities, are amortized on a constant-level basis for a cohort of contracts using initial premium or deposit. Significant inputs and assumptions are required for determining the expected duration of the cohort and involves using accepted actuarial methods to determine decrement rates related to policyholder behavior for lapses, withdrawals (surrenders) and mortality. The assumptions used to determine the amortization of DAC and DSI are consistent with those used to estimate the related liability balance.

Deferred costs related to investment contracts without significant revenue streams from sources other than investment of policyholder funds are amortized using the effective interest method, which primarily includes funding agreements. The effective interest method requires inputs to project future cash flows, which for funding agreements includes contractual terms of notional value, periodic interest payments based on either fixed or floating interest rates, and duration. For other investment-type contracts which include immediate annuities and assumed endowments without significant mortality risks, assumptions are required related to policyholder behavior for lapses and withdrawals (surrenders).

The expected amortization of VOBA for the next five years is as follows:

9. Long-duration Contracts

Interest sensitive contract liabilities –Interest sensitive contract liabilities primarily include:

▪traditional deferred annuities;

▪indexed annuities consisting of fixed indexed, index-linked variable annuities, and assumed indexed universal life without significant mortality risk;

▪funding agreements; and

▪other investment-type contracts comprising of immediate annuities without significant mortality risk (which includes pension group annuities without life contingencies) and assumed endowments without significant mortality risks.

The following represents a rollforward of the policyholder account balance by product within interest sensitive contract liabilities. Where explicit policyholder account balances do not exist, the disaggregated rollforward represents the recorded reserve.

The following is a reconciliation of interest sensitive contract liabilities to the consolidated balance sheets:

The following represents policyholder account balances by range of guaranteed minimum crediting rates, as well as the related range of the difference between rates being credited to policyholders and the respective guaranteed minimums:

Future policy benefits –Future policy benefits consist primarily of payout annuities, including single premium immediate annuities with life contingencies (which include pension group annuities with life contingencies), and whole life insurance contracts.

The following is a rollforward by product within future policy benefits:

The following is a reconciliation of future policy benefits to the consolidated balance sheets:

The following is a reconciliation of premiums and interest expense relating to future policy benefits to the consolidated statements of income (loss):

Significant assumptions and inputs to the calculation of future policy benefits for payout annuities with life contingencies include policyholder demographic data, assumptions for policyholder longevity and policyholder utilization for contracts with deferred lives, and discount rates. For whole life products, significant assumptions and inputs include policyholder demographic data, assumptions for mortality, morbidity, and lapse and discount rates.

We base certain key assumptions related to policyholder behavior on industry standard data adjusted to align with actual company experience, if necessary. At least annually, we review all significant cash flow assumptions and update as necessary, unless emerging experience indicates a more frequent review is necessary. The discount rate reflects market observable inputs from upper-medium grade fixed income instrument yields and is interpolated, where necessary, to conform to the duration of our liabilities.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, the present value of expected future policy benefits decreased by $3,400 million, which was driven by $4,561 million of benefit payments, a $1,440 million change in discount rate assumptions due to an increase in rates, and a $356 million change in foreign exchange, partially offset by $1,871 million of interest accrual and $1,115 million of issuances, primarily pension group annuities.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the present value of expected future policy benefits increased by $11,950 million, which was driven by $13,518 million of issuances, primarily pension group annuities, a $2,236 million change in discount rate assumptions related to a decrease in rates, and $1,664 million of interest accrual, partially offset by $3,852 million of benefit payments, a $1,509 million reduction in reserve related to recapture, and $297 million resulting from favorable unlocking of assumptions, primarily related to higher interest rates and favorable mortality experience lowering future benefit payments.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the present value of expected future policy benefits increased by $1,144 million, which was driven by $11,528 million of issuances, primarily pension group annuities, and $1,146 million of interest accrual, partially offset by an $8,425 million change in discount rate assumptions related to an increase in rates and $2,921 million of benefit payments.

The following is a summary of remeasurement gains (losses) included within future policy and other policy benefits on the consolidated statements of income (loss):

During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, we recorded reserve increases of $15 million, $136 million and $50 million, respectively, on the consolidated statements of income (loss) as a result of the present value of benefits and expenses exceeding the present value of gross premiums.

Market risk benefits –We issue and reinsure traditional deferred and indexed annuity products that contain GLWB and GMDB riders that meet the criteria to be classified as market risk benefits.

The following is a rollforward of net market risk benefit liabilities by product:

The following is a reconciliation of market risk benefits to the consolidated balance sheets. Market risk benefit assets are included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, net market risk benefit liabilities increased by $342 million, which was primarily driven by $360 million in fees collected from policyholders, issuances of $295 million, $201 million of interest accrual, and a $149 million change in instrument-specific credit risk related to tightening of credit spreads, partially offset by a decrease of $658 million related to changes in the risk-free discount rate across the curve.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, net market risk benefit liabilities increased by $884 million, which was primarily driven by $338 million in fees collected from policyholders, a $374 million change in instrument-specific credit risk related to tightening of credit spreads, $157 million of interest accrual, and issuances of $106 million, partially offset by $119 million of changes related to equity market performance and a decrease of $91 million related to changes in the risk-free discount rate across the curve.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, net market risk benefit liabilities decreased by $1,958 million, which was primarily driven by a decrease of $2,169 million related to changes in the risk-free discount rate across the curve and a $366 million change in instrument-specific credit risk related to widening of credit spreads, partially offset by $333 million of fees collected from policyholders and $176 million of changes related to equity market performance.

The determination of the fair value of market risk benefits requires the use of inputs related to fees and assessments and assumptions in determining the projected benefits in excess of the projected account balance. Judgment is required for both economic and actuarial assumptions, which can be either observable or unobservable, that impact future policyholder account growth.

Economic assumptions include interest rates and implied volatilities throughout the duration of the liability. For indexed annuities, assumptions also include projected equity returns which impact cash flows attributable to indexed strategies, implied equity volatilities, expected index credits on the next policy anniversary date and future equity option costs. Assumptions related to the level of option budgets used for determining the future equity option costs and the impact on future policyholder account value growth are considered unobservable inputs.

Policyholder behavior assumptions are unobservable inputs and are established using accepted actuarial valuation methods to estimate withdrawals (surrender rate) and income rider utilization. Assumptions are generally based on industry data and pricing assumptions which are updated for actual experience, if necessary. Actual experience may be limited for recently issued products.

All inputs are used to project excess benefits and fees over a range of risk-neutral, stochastic interest rate scenarios. For indexed annuities, stochastic equity return scenarios are also included within the range. A risk margin is incorporated within the discount rate to reflect uncertainty in the projected cash flows such as variations in policyholder behavior, as well as a credit spread to reflect nonperformance risk, which is considered an unobservable input. We use our public credit rating relative to the US Treasury curve as of the valuation date to reflect our nonperformance risk in the fair value estimate of market risk benefits.

The following summarizes the unobservable inputs for market risk benefits:

10. Closed Block

We pay guaranteed benefits under all policies included in the Closed Blocks. In the event the performance of the Closed Blocks’ assets is insufficient to maintain dividend scales and interest credits, we may reduce the policyholder dividend scales. In the event dividends have been reduced to zero and the Closed Blocks’ assets remain insufficient to fund the Closed Blocks’ guaranteed benefits, we would use assets supporting open block policies or surplus to meet the contractual benefits of the Closed Blocks’ policyholders. The ILICO Closed Block has been ceded to Global Atlantic. Therefore, Global Atlantic would be required to provide funding for any asset insufficiency related to the ILICO Closed Block. Additionally, the AmerUs Closed Block has a letter of credit and tail risk reinsurance agreement in place that limits our exposure to potential asset insufficiency.

We elected the fair value option for the AmerUs Closed Block. The fair value of liabilities of the AmerUs Closed Block was derived at election as the sum of the fair value of the AmerUs Closed Block assets plus our cost of capital in the AmerUs Closed Block. The cost of capital was then determined to be the present value of the projected release of required capital and future after tax earnings on required capital supporting the AmerUs Closed Block, discounted at a rate which represents a market participant’s required rate of return, less the initial required capital. At each reporting period, we record the fair value of the AmerUs Closed Block by adjusting the change in liabilities, exclusive of the cost of capital, to equal the change in assets. We do not record additional policyholder dividend obligations, as there are no future US GAAP earnings available to the policyholders.

The excess of the fair value of the liabilities over the fair value of the assets represents our cost of capital in the AmerUs Closed Block. The maximum amount of future earnings from the assets and liabilities of the AmerUs Closed Block is represented by the reduction in the cost of capital in future years based on the operations of the AmerUs Closed Block and recalculation of the cost of capital each reporting period.

Summarized financial information of the AmerUs Closed Block is presented below.

The following represents the contribution from and to AmerUs Closed Block.

11. Debt

Credit Facility—On June 30, 2023, AHL, ALRe, AUSA and AARe entered into afive-year revolving credit agreement with a syndicate of banks and Citibank, N.A. as administrative agent (Credit Facility). The Credit Facility is unsecured and has a commitment termination date of June 30, 2028, subject to up totwo one-year extensions, in accordance with the terms of the Credit Facility. In connection with the Credit Facility, AHL and AUSA guaranteed all of the obligations of AHL, ALRe, AARe and AUSA under the Credit Facility and the related loan documents, and ALRe and AARe guaranteed certain of the obligations of AHL, ALRe, AARe and AUSA under the Credit Facility and the related loan documents. The borrowing capacity under the Credit Facility is $1.25 billion, subject to being increased up to $1.75 billion in total on the terms described in the Credit Facility. The Credit Facility contains various standard covenants with which we must comply, including the following:

1. Consolidated debt-to-capitalization ratio of not greater than 35%;

2. Minimum consolidated net worth of no less than $14.8 billion; and

3. Restrictions on our ability to incur liens, with certain exceptions.

Interest accrues on outstanding borrowings at either the adjusted term secured overnight financing rate plus a margin or the base rate plus a margin, with the applicable margin varying based on AHL’s debt rating. Rates and terms are as defined in the Credit Facility. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, we hadno amounts outstanding under the credit facility and were in compliance with all financial covenants under the facility.

Liquidity Facility—On June 28, 2024, AHL and ALRe entered into a new revolving credit agreement with a syndicate of banks and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as administrative agent (Liquidity Facility), which replaced our previous revolving credit agreement dated as of June 30, 2023. The previous credit agreement, and the commitments under it, expired on June 28, 2024. The Liquidity Facility is unsecured and has a commitment termination date of June 27, 2025, subject to any extensions of additional 364-day periods with consent of extending lenders and/or “term-out” of outstanding loans (by which, at our election, the outstanding loans may be converted to term loans which shall have a maturity of up to one year after the original maturity date), in each case in accordance with the terms of the Liquidity Facility. In connection with the Liquidity Facility, ALRe guaranteed all of the obligations of AHL under the Liquidity Facility and the related loan documents. The Liquidity Facility will be used for liquidity and working capital needs to meet short-term cash flow and investment timing differences. The borrowing capacity under the Liquidity Facility is $2.6 billion, subject to being increased up to $3.1 billion in total on the terms described in the Liquidity Facility. The Liquidity Facility contains various standard covenants with which we must comply, including the following:

1. ALRe minimum consolidated net worth of no less than $10.2 billion; and

2. Restrictions on our ability to incur liens, with certain exceptions.

Interest accrues on outstanding borrowings at either the adjusted term secured overnight financing rate plus a margin or the base rate plus a margin, with applicable margin varying based on ALRe’s financial strength rating. Rates and terms are as defined in the Liquidity Facility.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, we hadno amounts outstanding under the current or previous liquidity facilities and were in compliance with all financial covenants under the facilities.

Senior Notes—During the first quarter of 2024, we issued $1.0 billion of 6.250% Senior Notes due April 1, 2054 (2054 Senior Notes). We will pay interest on the 2054 Senior Notes semi-annually, commencing on October 1, 2024.

Subordinated Notes—During the first quarter of 2024, we issued $575 million of 7.250% Fixed-Rate Reset Junior Subordinated Debentures due March 30, 2064 (2064 Subordinated Notes). We will pay interest at an annual fixed rate of 7.250% on the 2064 Subordinated Notes quarterly, commencing on June 30, 2024 until March 30, 2029. On March 30, 2029, and every fifth annual anniversary thereafter, the interest rate will reset to the Five-Year US Treasury Rate (as defined in the applicable prospectus supplement) plus 2.986%. We may defer interest payments for up tofive consecutive years.

During the fourth quarter of 2024, we issued $600 million of 6.625% Fixed-Rate Reset Junior Subordinated Debentures due October 15, 2054 (2054 Subordinated Notes). We will pay interest at an annual fixed rate of 6.625% on the 2054 Subordinated Notes semi-annually, commencing on April 15, 2025 until October 15, 2034. On October 15, 2034, and every fifth annual anniversary thereafter, the interest rate will reset to the Five-Year US Treasury Rate (as defined in the applicable prospectus supplement) plus 2.607%. We may defer interest payments for up tofive consecutive years.

The following is a summary of our debt:

The senior unsecured notes are callable by AHL at any time. If called prior to three months before the scheduled maturity date, the price is equal to the greater of (1) 100% of the principal and any accrued and unpaid interest and (2) an amount equal to the sum of the present values of remaining scheduled payments, discounted from the scheduled payment date to the redemption date at the treasury rate plus a spread as defined in the applicable prospectus supplement and any accrued and unpaid interest.

Interest expense on long-term debt was $248 million, $123 million and $98 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Unsecured Revolving Promissory Note Payable with AGM—We have an unsecured revolving promissory note payable with AGM. See Note 15 – Related Parties for further information.

12. Equity

Preferred Stock—We have the following series of preferred stock issuances:

The following summarizes dividends declared per preferred stock share by series:

The following summarizes dividends declared in the aggregate on the preferred stock by series:

Preferred stock dividends are payable on a non-cumulative basis only when, as and if declared, quarterly in arrears on the 30 th day of March, June, September and December of each year. Preferred stock ranks senior to our common stock with respect to dividends, to the extent declared, and in liquidation, to the extent of the liquidation preference.

Common Stock—All of our common stock is owned by AGM. Our board of directors declared common stock cash dividends of $750 million on December 31, 2021, payable to holders of the Company’s Class A shares with a record date and payment date following the completion of our merger with AGM. The dividend was paid on January 4, 2022. During the year ended December 31, 2022, our board of directors declared and we paid additional common stock dividends of $563 million. During the year ended December 31, 2023, our board of directors declared and we paid common stock dividends of $937 million. During the year ended December 31, 2024, our board of directors declared and we paid or distributed common stock dividends of $951 million, of which $499 million were provided to AGM in the form of assets in kind.

Distributions to Parent—In the first quarter of 2022, we distributed our investment in AOG units to AGM. The AOG units represented our historical strategic investment in Apollo. The AOG distribution resulted in a reduction of additional paid-in capital of $1,916 million and an increase in accumulated deficit of $26 million. In connection with the AOG distribution to AGM, we also issued a stock dividend of 11.6 million shares to the Apollo Group stockholders other than AGM. Additionally, we recorded a reestablishment of the liabilities that were considered effectively settled upon merger of $810 million, as these liabilities were settled during the first quarter of 2022 in the normal course of business as intercompany payables to AGM.

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)—The following provides the details and changes in AOCI:

13. Income Taxes

Income tax expense (benefit) consists of the following:

Income tax expense (benefit) was calculated based on the following income (loss) before income taxes by jurisdiction:

Our expected tax provision computed on pre-tax income is based upon the statutory US tax rate of 21%. A reconciliation of the difference between the expected tax provision at the statutory US tax rate and income tax expense (benefit) is as follows:

On December 27, 2023, the Government of Bermuda enacted the Corporate Income Tax Act 2023 (Bermuda CIT). Commencing on January 1, 2025, the Bermuda CIT generally imposes a 15% corporate income tax on entities that are tax residents in Bermuda or have a Bermuda permanent establishment, without regard to any assurances that have been given pursuant to the Exempted Undertakings Tax Protection Act 1966. Our results as of December 31, 2024 include material deferred tax assets resulting from the passage of the Bermuda CIT, primarily related to an opening tax loss carryforward.

Total income taxes were as follows:

Current income tax recoverable and deferred tax assets are included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets, and current income tax payable and deferred tax liabilities are included in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. Current and deferred income tax assets and liabilities were as follows:

Deferred income tax assets and liabilities consisted of the following:

As of December 31, 2024, we have US federal net operating losses of $842 million, which will begin to expire by 2026; US state net operating losses of $258 million, which will begin to expire by 2031; UK net operating losses of $180 million, which do not expire; and a Bermuda tax loss carryforward, as of January 1, 2025 (the effective date), of $7,797 million, which does not expire.

The valuation allowance consists of the following: