MARRIOTT VACATIONS WORLDWIDE Corp

Revenue Recognition

We account for revenue in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” (“ASC 606”).

We market and sell vacation ownership products in our Vacation Ownership segment. Vacation ownership products include deeded vacation ownership products, deeded beneficial interests, rights to use real estate and other interests in trusts that solely hold real estate (collectively “vacation ownership products” or “VOIs”). Vacation ownership products may be sold for cash or we may provide financing.

In connection with the sale of vacation ownership products, we provide sales incentives to certain purchasers and, in certain cases, membership in a brand affiliated club. Non-cash incentives typically include Marriott Bonvoy points, Hyatt’s customer loyalty program points (“World of Hyatt” points), or an alternative sales incentive that we refer to as “plus points.” Plus points are redeemable for stays at our resorts or for use in an exclusive selection of travel packages provided by affiliate tour operators (the “Explorer Collection” or “BEYOND”), generally up totwo years from the date of issuance.

Upon execution of a legal sales agreement, we typically receive an upfront deposit from our customer with the remainder of the purchase price for the vacation ownership product to either be collected at closing (“cash contract”) or financed by the customer through our financing programs (“financed contract”). Refer to “Financing Revenues” below for further information regarding financing terms. Customer deposits received for contracts are recorded as Advance deposits on our Balance Sheets until the point in time at which control of the vacation ownership product has transferred to the customer.

Our assessment of collectability of the transaction price for sales of vacation ownership products is aligned with our credit granting policies for financed contracts. In determining the consideration to which we expect to be entitled for financed contracts, we include estimated variable consideration in the transaction price to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is resolved. Our estimates of variable consideration and determination of whether to include estimated amounts in the transaction price are based largely on the customer class and the results of our static pool analyses, which, primarily rely on historical payment data by customer class as described in “Loan Loss Reserves” below. Variable consideration which has not been included within the transaction price is presented as a reserve on contracts receivable or vacation ownership notes receivable. Revisions to estimates of variable consideration from the sale of vacation ownership products impact the reserve on contracts receivable and originated vacation ownership notes receivable and can increase or decrease revenue. Revenues were reduced during 2023 by $69 million due to changes in our estimates of variable consideration for performance obligations that were satisfied in prior periods, primarily due to the increase in our reserve for vacation ownership notes receivable.

In the third quarter of 2022, we combined and aligned our accounting methodology to calculate our estimates for the reserve on vacation ownership notes receivable for the Marriott-, Sheraton-, and Westin-brands (“Combined Marriott”), as we expect our future customers to represent a blend of the historical customers for each brand. We use the origination of vacation ownership notes receivable and the FICO scores of the customer by brand as the primary credit quality indicators, as historical performance indicates that there is a relationship between the default behavior of borrowers by FICO score and the brand associated with the VOI they have acquired.

See Footnote 6 “Vacation Ownership Notes Receivable” for additional information on our reserve for vacation ownership notes receivable reserve and adjustments recorded for the years presented.

In addition, we account for cash incentives provided to customers as a reduction of the transaction price. Refer to “Arrangements with Multiple Performance Obligations” below for a description of our methods of allocating transaction price to each performance obligation.

We evaluated our business practices, and the underlying risks and rewards associated with vacation ownership products and the respective timing that such risks and rewards are transferred to the customer in determining the point in time at which control of the vacation ownership product is transferred to the customer. Based upon the different terms of the contracts with the customer and business practices, for the contracts executed in the period prior to the third quarter of 2022, we determined that we transfer control of vacation ownership products at different times for each brand. Prior to the third quarter of 2022, we recognized revenue on the sale of Marriott-branded vacation ownership products at closing.

We have historically recognized revenue on the sale of Sheraton-,Westin- and Hyatt-branded vacation ownership products upon expiration of the rescission period.

In the third quarter of 2022, in connection with the affiliation of the Marriott-, Sheraton-, and Westin-branded vacation ownership products through Abound by Marriott Vacations, we modified our business practices and the terms of our Marriott-branded VOI sales contracts to be consistent with the existing terms of our Sheraton- and Westin-branded VOI sales contracts. As a result of these modifications, control of Marriott-branded vacation ownership products is transferred to the customer upon expiration of the statutory rescission period, consistent with the historical method of revenue recognition for sales of Sheraton- and Westin-branded vacation ownership products, resulting in earlier revenue recognition than the historical timing for Marriott-branded VOIs. At the time at which we recognize revenue for Marriott-branded VOI contracts, we temporarily record a contract receivable for both cash contracts and financed contracts, until the time at which we collect the cash or originate a vacation ownership note receivable, which occurs at closing. Marriott-branded VOI sales contracts executed prior to these modifications were accounted for with transfer of control of the VOI occurring at closing. We have not changed contract terms or business practices regarding how control of Hyatt Vacation Club VOIs is transferred to the customer. As such, we recognize revenue on the sale of Hyatt Vacation Club VOIs at expiration of rescission, except that revenue on the sale of VOIs derived from Legacy-Welk is recognized at closing.

Revenue for non-cash incentives, such as plus points, is recorded as Deferred revenue on our Balance Sheets at closing and is recognized as rental revenue upon transfer of control to the customer, which typically occurs upon delivery of the incentive, or at the point in time when the incentive is redeemed. For non-cash incentives provided by third parties (i.e. Marriott Bonvoy points, World of Hyatt points, third-party Explorer Collection offerings, or BEYOND), we evaluated whether we control the underlying good or service prior to delivery to the customer. We concluded that we are an agent for those non-cash incentives which we do not control prior to delivery and as such record the related revenue net of the related cost upon recognition.

Management and Exchange Revenues and Cost Reimbursements Revenues

Ancillary Revenues

Ancillary revenues consist of goods and services that are sold or provided by us at food and beverage outlets, golf courses and other retail and service outlets located at our resorts. Payments for such goods and services are generally received at the point of sale in the form of cash or credit card charges. For goods and services sold, we evaluate whether we control the underlying goods or services prior to delivery to the customer. For transactions where we do not control the goods or services prior to delivery, the related revenue is recorded net of the related cost upon recognition. We recognize ancillary revenue at the point in time when goods have been provided and/or services have been rendered.

Management Fee Revenues and Cost Reimbursements Revenues

We provide day-to-day-management services, including housekeeping services, operation of reservation systems, maintenance and certain accounting and administrative services for owners’ associations, condominium owners and hotels.

We generate revenue from fees we earn for managing vacation ownership resorts, clubs, owners’ associations, condominiums and hotels. In our Vacation Ownership segment, these fees are earned regardless of usage or occupancy and are typically based on either a percentage of the budgeted costs to operate the resorts or a fixed fee arrangement (“VO management fee revenues”). In our Exchange & Third-Party Management segment, we earn base management fees which are typically either (i) fixed amounts, (ii) amounts based on a percentage of adjusted gross lodging revenue, or (iii) various revenue sharing agreements based on stated formulas (“Base management fee revenues”) and incentive management fees, which are generally a percentage of either operating profits or improvement in operating profits (“Incentive management fees”). In addition, we receive reimbursement of costs incurred on behalf of our customers, which consist of actual expenses with no added margin (“cost reimbursements”). Vacation Ownership segment cost reimbursements revenues exclude amounts that we have paid to the owners’ associations related to maintenance fees for unsold vacation ownership products, as we have concluded that such payments are consideration payable to a customer.

Management fees are collected over time or upfront depending upon the specific management contract. Cost reimbursements are received over time and considered variable consideration. We have determined that a significant financing component does not exist as a substantial amount of the consideration promised by the customer is paid when the associated variable consideration is determined.

We evaluated the nature of the management services provided and concluded that the management services constitute a series of distinct services to be accounted for as a single performance obligation transferred over time. We use an input method, the number of days that management services are provided, to recognize VO management fee revenues and base management fee revenues, which is consistent with the pattern of transfer to the customers who receive and consume the benefits as services are provided each day. We recognize Incentive management fees as earned throughout the incentive period based on actual results, which is subject to estimation of the transaction price.

Any consideration we receive in advance of services being rendered is recorded as Deferred revenue on our Balance Sheets and is recognized ratably across the service period to which it relates. We recognize variable consideration for Cost reimbursements revenues when the reimbursable costs are incurred.

Other Services Revenues

Other services revenues includes revenues from membership fees, club dues and additional fees for services we provide to customers. Membership fees and club dues are received in advance of providing access to the exchange services, are recorded as Deferred revenue on our Balance Sheets and are earned regardless of whether exchange services are provided. Generally, Interval Network memberships are cancellable and refundable on a pro-rata basis, with the exception of the Interval Network’s Platinum tier which is non-refundable. Transaction-based fees are typically collected at a point in time.

We have determined that exchange services constitute a stand-ready obligation for us to provide unlimited access to exchange services over a defined period of time, when and if a customer (or customer of a customer) requests. We have determined that customers benefit from the stand-ready obligation evenly throughout the period in which the customer has access to exchange services and as such, recognize membership fees and club dues on a straight-line basis over the related period of time.

Transaction-based fees are recognized as revenue at the point in time at which the relevant goods or services are transferred to the customer. For transaction-based fees, we evaluate whether we control the underlying goods or services prior to delivery to the customer. Transaction-based fees from exchanges and other transactions in our Exchange & Third-Party Management segment are generally recognized when confirmation of the transaction is provided and services have been rendered. For transactions where we do not control the goods or services prior to delivery, the related revenue is recorded net of the related cost upon recognition.

Financing Revenues

We offer consumer financing as an option to qualifying customers purchasing vacation ownership products, which is collateralized by the underlying vacation ownership products. We recognize interest income on an accrual basis. The contractual terms of the financing agreements require that the contractual level of annual principal payments be sufficient to amortize the loan over a customary period for the vacation ownership product being financed, which is generallyten tofifteen years. Generally, payments commence under the financing contracts 30 to 60 days after closing. We record the difference between the contract receivable or vacation ownership note receivable and the variable consideration included in the transaction price for the sale of the related vacation ownership product as a reserve on our contracts receivable or vacation ownership notes receivable, as applicable. We earn interest income from the financing arrangements on the principal balance outstanding over the life of the arrangement and record that interest income in Financing revenues on our Income Statements. See Footnote 6 “Vacation Ownership Notes Receivable” for additional information related to the accounting for our acquired vacation ownership notes receivable.

Financing revenues include transaction-based fees we charge to owners and other third parties for services. We recognize fee revenues when services have been rendered.

Rental Revenues

In our Vacation Ownership segment, we generate revenue from rentals of inventory that we hold for sale as interests in our vacation ownership programs, inventory that we control because our owners have elected alternative usage options permitted under our vacation ownership programs and rentals of owned-hotel properties. In our Exchange & Third-Party Management segment, we offer vacation rental opportunities for managed properties and to members of the Interval Network and certain other membership programs from seasonal oversupply or underutilized space, as well as sourced resort accommodations.

We receive payments for rentals primarily through credit card charges. We generally recognize rental revenues when occupancy has occurred, which is consistent with the period in which the customer benefits from such service. For certain rental revenues associated with our Exchange & Third-Party Management segment, revenue is recognized when confirmation of the transaction is provided as we concluded we are an agent for these transactions. We recognize rental revenue from the utilization of plus points issued in connection with the sale of vacation ownership products, as described in “Sale of Vacation Ownership Products” above, when occupancy has occurred.

We also generate revenues from vacation packages sold to our customers. The packages have an expiration period ofsix totwenty-four months, and payments for such packages are non-refundable and generally paid by the customer in advance. Payments received in advance are recorded as Advance deposits on our Balance Sheets, until the revenue is recognized, when occupancy has occurred. For rental revenues associated with vacation ownership products which we own and which are registered and held for sale, to the extent that the proceeds are less than costs, revenues are reported net in accordance with ASC Topic 978, “Real Estate– Time-Sharing Activities.”

Arrangements with Multiple Performance Obligations

Our contracts with customers may include multiple performance obligations. For such arrangements, we allocate revenue to each performance obligation based on its relative standalone selling price. In cases where the standalone selling price is not readily available, we generally determine the standalone selling prices utilizing the adjusted market approach, using prices from similar contracts, our historical pricing on similar contracts, our internal marketing and selling data and other internal and external inputs we deem to be appropriate. Significant judgment is required in determining the standalone selling price under the adjusted market approach.

Receivables, Contract Assets & Contract Liabilities

As discussed above, the payment terms and conditions in our customer contracts vary. In some cases, customers prepay for their goods and services; in other cases, after appropriate credit evaluations, payment is due in arrears. When the timing of our delivery of goods and services is different from the timing of the payments made by customers, we recognize either a contract asset (performance precedes contractual due date) or a contract liability (customer payment precedes performance or when we have a right to consideration that is unconditional before the transfer of goods or services to a customer). Receivables are recorded when the right to consideration becomes unconditional. Contract liabilities are recognized as revenue as (or when) we perform under the contract. See Footnote 4 “Revenue and Receivables” for additional information related to our receivables, contract assets and contract liabilities.

Costs Incurred to Sell Vacation Ownership Products

We charge marketing and sales costs we incur to sell vacation ownership products to expense when incurred.

Earnings or Loss Per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders

Basic earnings or loss per share attributable to common stockholders is calculated by dividing the earnings or loss available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted earnings or loss per share attributable to common stockholders is calculated to give effect to all potentially dilutive common shares that were outstanding during the reporting period. The dilutive effect of outstanding equity-based compensation awards is reflected in diluted earnings per share attributable to common stockholders by application of the treasury stock method. Any potentially dilutive shares are excluded from the calculation for periods when there is a net loss attributable to common stockholders to avoid anti-dilutive effects.

Business Combinations

We allocate the purchase price of an acquisition to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values at the acquisition date. We recognize the amount by which the purchase price of an acquired entity exceeds the net of the fair values assigned to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as goodwill. In determining the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, we use various recognized valuation methods including the income, cost and market approaches. Further, we make assumptions within certain valuation techniques, including discount rates, royalty rates, and the amount and timing of future cash flows. We record the net assets and results of operations of an acquired entity in our Financial Statements from the acquisition date. We initially perform these valuations based upon preliminary estimates and assumptions by management or independent valuation specialists under our supervision, where appropriate, and make revisions as estimates and assumptions are finalized. We expense acquisition-related costs as we incur them.

As part of our accounting for business combinations we are required to determine the useful lives of identifiable intangible assets recognized separately from goodwill. The useful life of an intangible asset is the period over which the asset is expected to contribute directly or indirectly to the future cash flows of the acquired business. An intangible asset with a finite useful life is amortized; an intangible asset with an indefinite useful life is not amortized. We base the estimate of the useful life of an intangible asset on an analysis of all pertinent factors, in particular, all of the following factors with no one factor being more presumptive than the other:

•The expected use of the asset.

•The expected useful life of another asset or a group of assets to which the useful life of the intangible asset may relate.

•Any legal, regulatory, or contractual provisions that may limit the useful life.

•Our own historical experience in renewing or extending similar arrangements, consistent with our intended use of the asset, regardless of whether those arrangements have explicit renewal or extension provisions.

•The effects of obsolescence, demand, competition, and other economic factors.

•The level of maintenance expenditures required to obtain the expected future cash flows from the asset.

If no legal, regulatory, contractual, competitive, economic, or other factors limit the useful life of an intangible asset to the reporting entity, the useful life of the asset is considered to be indefinite. The term indefinite does not mean the same as infinite or indeterminate. The useful life of an intangible asset is indefinite if that life extends beyond the foreseeable horizon; that is, there is no foreseeable limit on the period of time over which it is expected to contribute to the cash flows of the acquired business.

Although we believe the assumptions and estimates we have made have been reasonable and appropriate, they are based in part on historical experience and information obtained from the management of the acquired entity and are inherently uncertain. Examples of critical estimates in accounting for acquisitions include but are not limited to future expected cash flows from sales of products and services and related contracts and agreements and discount and long-term growth rates. Unanticipated events and circumstances may occur which could affect the accuracy or validity of our assumptions, estimates or actual results.

Variable Interest Entities

We consolidate entities under our control, including VIEs where we are deemed to be the primary beneficiary. In accordance with the applicable accounting guidance for the consolidation of VIEs, we analyze our variable interests, including loans, guarantees and equity investments, to determine if an entity in which we have a variable interest is a VIE. Our analysis includes both quantitative and qualitative reviews. We base our quantitative analysis on the forecasted cash flows of the entity, and our qualitative analysis on our review of the design of the entity, its organizational structure including decision-making ability, and relevant financial agreements. We also use our qualitative analyses to determine if we must consolidate a VIE because we are its primary beneficiary.

Fair Value Measurements

We have several financial instruments that we are required to disclose at fair value on a recurring basis. See Footnote 7 “Financial Instruments” for further information. We also apply the provisions of fair value measurement to various non-recurring measurements for our financial and non-financial assets and liabilities.

The applicable accounting standards define fair value as the price that would be received upon selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date (an exit price). We measure fair value of our assets and liabilities using inputs from the following three levels of the fair value hierarchy:

•Level 1 inputs are unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that we have the ability to access at the measurement date.

•Level 2 inputs include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability (i.e., interest rates, yield curves, etc.), and inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means (market corroborated inputs).

•Level 3 includes unobservable inputs that reflect our assumptions about what factors market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. We develop these inputs based on the best information available, including our own data.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

We consider all highly liquid investments with an initial purchase maturity of three months or less at the date of purchase to be cash equivalents.

Restricted Cash

Restricted cash primarily consists of cash restricted for use by consolidated owners’ associations which is designated for resort operations and other specific uses, such as reserves, cash held in a reserve account related to vacation ownership notes receivable securitizations, cash collected for maintenance fees to be remitted to owners’ associations, and deposits received and held in escrow, primarily associated with the sale of vacation ownership products.

Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable are comprised of amounts due from customers, primarily owners’ associations, resort developers, owners and members, credit card receivables, amounts due from taxing authorities, indemnification assets, and other miscellaneous receivables. Accounts receivable outstanding longer than the contractual payment terms are considered past due. We determine our credit loss reserve for accounts receivable by considering a number of factors, including previous loss history, our judgment as to the specific customer’s current ability to pay its obligation and the condition of the general economy. We write off accounts receivable when they become uncollectible once we have exhausted all means of collection. Accounts receivable is presented net of a reserve for credit losses of $5 million and $4 million at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Accounts receivable also includes interest receivable on vacation ownership notes receivable. Write-offs of interest receivable are recorded as a reversal of previously recorded interest income.

Loan Loss Reserves

Acquired Vacation Ownership Notes Receivable Reserve for Credit Losses

As part of the ILG Acquisition, we acquired existing portfolios of vacation ownership notes receivable. We account for these acquired vacation ownership notes receivable using the purchased credit deteriorated assets provision of the current expected credit loss model, whereby we established a reserve for credit losses and a corresponding increase in the book value of the acquired vacation ownership notes receivable, resulting in no impact to the recorded balance. The estimates of the reserve for credit losses on the acquired vacation ownership notes receivable are based on default rates that are an output of our static pool analyses. Any changes in the reserve for credit losses are recorded as Financing expenses on our Income Statements. For acquired vacation ownership notes receivable, the estimated collateral value is transferred from vacation ownership notes receivable to inventory upon foreclosure or revocation of the related vacation ownership note receivable.

The vacation ownership notes receivable acquired as part of the Welk Acquisition were recorded at fair value using the purchased credit deteriorated assets provision of the current expected credit loss model, consistent with the principles outlined above.

Contracts Receivable and Originated Vacation Ownership Notes Receivable Reserve

We record the difference between the contract receivable or vacation ownership note receivable and the variable consideration included in the transaction price for the sale of the related vacation ownership product as a reserve on our contracts receivable or originated vacation ownership notes receivable, as applicable. See “Financing Revenues” above for further information.

Past Due and Defaulted

Although we consider loans to owners to be past due if we do not receive payment within 30 days of the due date, we suspend accrual of interest only on those loans that are over 90 days past due. For Legacy-MVW vacation ownership notes receivable, we consider loans over 150 days past due to be in default and fully reserve such amounts, less an estimate for reinstatement. For Legacy-ILG and Legacy-Welk vacation ownership notes receivable, we consider loans over 120 days past due to be in default and fully reserve such amounts, less an estimate for reinstatement. We apply payments we receive for vacation ownership notes receivable on non-accrual status first to interest, then to principal and any remainder to fees. We resume accruing interest when vacation ownership notes receivable are less than 90 days past due. We do not accept payments for vacation ownership notes receivable during the foreclosure process unless the amount is sufficient to pay all past due principal, interest, fees and penalties owed and fully reinstate the note. We write off vacation ownership notes receivable against the reserve once we receive title to the vacation ownership products through the foreclosure or deed-in-lieu process or, in certain circumstances, when revocation is complete.

Inventory

Our inventory consists primarily of completed vacation ownership products. We carry our inventory at the lower of (1) cost, including costs of improvements and amenities incurred subsequent to acquisition, capitalized interest and real estate taxes plus other costs incurred during construction, or (2) estimated fair value, less costs to sell, which can result in impairment charges and/or recoveries of previous impairments.

We account for vacation ownership inventory and cost of vacation ownership products in accordance with the authoritative guidance for accounting for real estate time-sharing transactions, which defines a specific application of the relative sales value method for reducing vacation ownership inventory and recording cost of sales as described in our policy for revenue recognition for vacation ownership products. Also, pursuant to the guidance for accounting for real estate time-sharing transactions, we do not reduce inventory for the cost of vacation ownership products related to variable consideration which has not been included within the transaction price (accordingly, no adjustment is made when inventory is reacquired upon default of the related originated vacation ownership note receivable). These standards provide for changes in estimates within the relative sales value calculations to be accounted for as real estate inventory true-ups, which we refer to as product cost true-up activity, and are recorded in Cost of vacation ownership product expenses on the Income Statements to retrospectively adjust the margin previously recorded subject to those estimates. Product cost true-up activity relating to vacation ownership products increased carrying values of inventory by $36 million, $24 million and $10 million during 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment includes our sales centers, golf courses, information technology, including internally developed capitalized software, finance lease assets, and other assets used in the normal course of business, as well as land held for future vacation ownership product development, and undeveloped and partially developed land parcels that are not part of an approved development plan and do not meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale. In addition, fully developed VOIs are classified as property and equipment until they are registered and available for sale. We record property and equipment at cost, including interest and real estate taxes incurred during active development. We capitalize the cost of improvements that extend the useful life of property and equipment when incurred. We expense all repair and maintenance costs as incurred. We compute depreciation using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets (three toforty years), and we amortize leasehold improvements over the shorter of the asset life or lease term.

We also capitalize certain qualified costs incurred in connection with the development of internal use software. Capitalization of internal use software costs begins when the preliminary project stage is completed, management with the relevant authority authorizes and commits to the funding of the software project, and it is probable that the project will be completed and the software will be used to perform the function intended.

Leases

We account for leases in accordance with ASC Topic 842, “Leases” (“ASC 842”). We determine if an arrangement is or contains a lease at contract inception. Operating leases include lease arrangements for various land, corporate facilities office space, real estate and equipment. Other operating leases are primarily for office, off-site sales centers and retail space, as well as various equipment supporting our operations, with varying terms and renewal option periods.

Finance leases include lease arrangements for our new corporate headquarters (commencing in 2023), ancillary and operations space. We also have a long-term finance lease for land underlying an operating hotel. In addition, we also lease various equipment supporting our operations and classify these leases as finance leases in accordance with ASC 842. The depreciable life of these assets is limited to the expected lease term, unless there is a transfer of title or purchase option reasonably certain of exercise.

Right-of-use assets and lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term at commencement date. Short-term leases, which have an initial term of a year or less, are not recorded on the balance sheet. For purposes of calculating lease liabilities, lease terms may be deemed to include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise that option. Macroeconomic conditions are the primary factor used to estimate whether an option to extend a lease term will be exercised or not. Because the rate implicit in our leases is not readily determinable, we use our incremental borrowing rate as the discount rate, which approximates the interest rate at which we could borrow on a collateralized basis with similar terms and payments and in similar economic environments. Right-of-use assets exclude the unamortized portion of lease incentives received. Certain of our lease agreements include variable rental payments that are based on a percentage of retail sales over contractual levels and others include rental payments adjusted periodically for inflation. Additionally, with respect to our real estate leases, we do not separate lease and non-lease components.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets and Other Intangible Assets

We assess long-lived assets, including property and equipment, leases, and definite-lived intangible assets, for recoverability when changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable, for example, when there are material adverse changes in projected revenues or expenses, significant underperformance relative to historical or projected operating results, or significant negative industry or economic trends. We evaluate recoverability of an asset group by comparing its carrying value to the future net undiscounted cash flows that we expect will be generated by the asset group. If the comparison indicates that the carrying value of an asset group is not recoverable, we recognize an impairment loss for the excess of carrying value over the estimated fair value. When we recognize an impairment loss for assets to be held and used, we depreciate the adjusted carrying amount of those assets over their remaining useful life.

We assess indefinite-lived intangible assets for potential impairment and continued indefinite use annually, or more frequently if an event or other circumstance indicates that we may not be able to recover the carrying amount of the asset. We may first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible is less than its carrying amount. If the carrying value of the asset exceeds the fair value, we recognize an impairment loss in the amount of that excess.

Goodwill

We perform an annual review for the potential impairment of the carrying value of goodwill in the fourth quarter, or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate a possible impairment. For purposes of evaluating goodwill for impairment, we havetwo reporting units, which are also our reportable operating segments. In evaluating goodwill for impairment, we may assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not (that is, a likelihood of more than 50%) that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If we bypass the qualitative assessment, or if we conclude that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, then we perform a quantitative impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount.

Qualitative factors that we consider include, for example, macroeconomic and industry conditions, overall financial performance, and other relevant entity-specific events. If the qualitative assessment is not conclusive, then a quantitative impairment analysis for goodwill is performed at the reporting unit level. We may also choose to perform this quantitative impairment analysis instead of the qualitative analysis. The quantitative impairment analysis compares the fair value of the reporting unit, determined using the income and/or market approach, to its recorded amount. If the recorded amount exceeds the fair value, then a goodwill impairment charge is recorded for the difference up to the recorded amount of goodwill.

We calculate the estimated fair value of a reporting unit using a weighting of the income and market approaches. For the income approach, we use internally developed discounted cash flow models that include the following assumptions, among others: projections of revenues, expenses, and related cash flows based on assumed long-term growth rates and demand trends; expected future investments to grow new units; and estimated discount rates. For the market approach, we use internal analyses based primarily on market comparables. We base these assumptions on our historical data and experience, third-party appraisals, industry projections, micro and macro general economic condition projections, and our expectations.

In the first quarter of 2022, we adopted Accounting Standards Update 2020-06 – “Debt — Debt With Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging — Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40): Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity” (“ASU 2020-06”), using the modified retrospective method. Prior to the adoption of ASU 2020-06, we had bifurcated our convertible notes into liability and equity components. The carrying amount of the liability component was calculated by measuring the fair value of a similar liability that did not have an associated convertible feature. The carrying amount of the equity component, representing the conversion option, was determined by deducting the fair value of the liability component from the par value of the convertible notes. The excess of the principal amount of the liability over its carrying amount was amortized to interest expense over the term of the convertible notes using the effective interest method.

Upon adoption of ASU 2020-06, we were no longer required to separate our convertible notes into liability and equity components, and were required to calculate the impact of our convertible notes on diluted earnings per share using the “if-converted” method, regardless of intent to settle or partially settle the debt in cash. Under the “if-converted” method, diluted earnings per share is generally calculated assuming that all of our convertible notes are converted solely into shares of common stock at the beginning of the reporting period, unless the result would be anti-dilutive. The application of the “if-converted” method reduces our reported diluted earnings per share. The impacts of the adoption were recorded as a cumulative effect in the opening balance of retained earnings and the conversion feature related to our convertible notes was reclassified from equity to liabilities. In addition, we eliminated the related equity adjustment associated with the deferred tax liability. The adoption of ASU 2020-06 on January 1, 2022 resulted in an increase in debt of $107 million, a decrease in additional paid-in capital of $111 million, and a decrease in deferred taxes of $27 million, as well as a cumulative effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings of $31 million. We will continue to amortize the remaining debt issuance costs associated with our convertible notes over the respective terms of our convertible notes. The prior period consolidated financial statements have not been retrospectively restated and continue to be reported under the accounting standards in effect for those periods.

Subsequent to the adoption of ASU 2020-06, our convertible senior notes are accounted for entirely as a liability and measured at their amortized cost. See Footnote 8 “Earnings Per Share” and Footnote 16 “Debt” for more information.

Derivative Instruments

We record derivatives at fair value. The designation of a derivative instrument as a hedge and its ability to meet the hedge accounting criteria determine how we reflect the change in fair value of the derivative instrument in our Financial Statements. A derivative qualifies for hedge accounting if we expect it to be highly effective in offsetting the underlying hedged exposure and we fulfill the hedge documentation requirements. We may designate a hedge as a cash flow hedge, fair value hedge, or a net investment in non-U.S. operations hedge based on the exposure we are hedging. If a qualifying hedge is deemed effective, we record changes in fair value in other comprehensive income.

We assess the effectiveness of our hedging instruments quarterly, recognize current period hedge ineffectiveness immediately in earnings, and discontinue hedge accounting for any hedge that we no longer consider to be highly effective. We recognize changes in fair value for derivatives not designated as hedges or those not qualifying for hedge accounting in current period earnings.

We are exposed to market risk from changes in interest rates, currency exchange rates, and debt prices. We manage our exposure to these risks by monitoring available financing alternatives, through pricing policies that may take into account currency exchange rates, and by entering into derivative arrangements. We use derivative instruments as part of our overall strategy to manage our exposure to market risks associated with fluctuations in interest rates and currency exchange rates. As a matter of policy, we only enter into transactions that we believe will be highly effective at offsetting the underlying risk and we do not use derivatives for trading or speculative purposes.

Loss Contingencies

We are subject to various legal proceedings and claims in the normal course of business, the outcomes of which are subject to significant uncertainty. We record an accrual for loss contingencies when we determine that it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. In making such determinations we evaluate, among other things, the degree of probability of an unfavorable outcome and, when it is probable that a liability has been incurred, our ability to make a reasonable estimate of the loss. We review these accruals each reporting period and make revisions based on changes in facts and circumstances.

Defined Contribution Plan

We administer and maintain a defined contribution plan for the benefit of all employees meeting certain eligibility requirements who elect to participate in the plan. Contributions are determined based on a specified percentage of salary deferrals by participating employees. We recognized compensation expense (net of cost reimbursements from owners’ associations) for our participating employees totaling $24 million in 2023, $23 million in 2022, and $19 million in 2021.

Deferred Compensation Plan

Certain members of our senior management have the opportunity to participate in the Marriott Vacations Worldwide Deferred Compensation Plan (the “Deferred Compensation Plan”), which we maintain and administer. Under both the Deferred Compensation Plan and the Marriott International EDC (as defined below), participating employees are able to defer payment and income taxation of a portion of their salary and bonus. It also provides participants with the opportunity for long-term capital appreciation by crediting their accounts with notional earnings.

Prior to the spin-off of MVW from Marriott International (the “Marriott Spin-Off”), certain members of our senior management had the opportunity to participate in the Marriott International, Inc. Executive Deferred Compensation Plan (the “Marriott International EDC”), which Marriott International maintains and administers. Subsequent to the Marriott Spin-Off, we remain liable to reimburse Marriott International for distributions to participants who were employees of Marriott Vacations Worldwide at the time of the Marriott Spin-Off, including earnings thereon.

To support our ability to meet a portion of our obligations under the Deferred Compensation Plan, we acquired company owned insurance policies (the “COLI policies”) on the lives of certain participants in the Deferred Compensation Plan, the proceeds of which are intended to be aligned with the investment alternatives elected by plan participants and are payable to a rabbi trust with the Company as grantor. For both 2023 and 2022, participants were able to select a rate of return based on market-based investment alternatives for up to 100% of their contributions and existing balances, with one of those options being a fixed rate of return of 3.5%.

We consolidate the liabilities of the Deferred Compensation Plan and the related assets, which consist of the COLI policies held in the rabbi trust. The rabbi trust is considered a VIE. We are the primary beneficiary of the rabbi trust because we direct the activities of the trust and are the beneficiary of the trust. At December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the value of the assets held in the rabbi trust was $99 million and $76 million, respectively, and is included in the Other line within assets on our Balance Sheets.

Share-Based Compensation Costs

In 2020, our stockholders approved the Marriott Vacations Worldwide Corporation 2020 Equity Incentive Plan (the “MVW Equity Plan”), which supersedes both the Marriott Vacations Worldwide Corporation Stock and Cash Incentive Plan and the Interval Leisure Group, Inc. 2013 Stock and Incentive Plan (collectively, the “Prior Plans”). No new awards will be granted under the Prior Plans and all awards that were granted under the Prior Plans will remain outstanding and continue to be governed by the Prior Plans.

The MVW Equity Plan is maintained for the benefit of our officers, directors, and employees. Under the MVW Equity Plan, we are authorized to award: (1) restricted shares of our common stock and restricted stock units (“RSUs”) of our common stock, (2) stock appreciation rights (“SARs”) relating to our common stock, and (3) options to purchase our common stock.

We follow the provisions of ASC Topic 718 “Compensation—Stock Compensation,” which requires that a company measure the expense of employee services received in exchange for an award of equity instruments based on the grant-date fair value of the award. Generally, share-based awards granted to our employees, other than RSUs with performance vesting conditions, vest ratably over afour-year period. For share-based awards with service-only vesting conditions, we record compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. For RSUs with performance vesting conditions, the number of RSUs earned, if any, is determined following the end of a performance period (typically three years) based upon the achievement over that period of specific quantitative operating financial measures and we recognize compensation expense once it is probable that the corresponding performance condition will be achieved.

SARs awarded under the MVW Equity Plan are granted at exercise prices or strike prices equal to the market price of our common stock on the date of grant (this price is referred to as the “base value”). SARs generally expireten years after the date of grant and both vest and become exercisable in cumulative installments of one quarter of the grant at the end of each of the first four years following the date of grant. Upon exercise of SARs, our employees and non-employee directors receive a number of shares of our common stock equal to the number of SARs being exercised, multiplied by the quotient of (a) the market price of the common stock on the date of exercise (this price is referred to as the “final value”) minus the base value, divided by (b) the final value.

We recognize the expense associated with these awards on our Income Statements based on the fair value of the awards as of the date that the share-based awards are granted and adjust that expense to the estimated number of awards that we expect will vest or be earned. The fair value of RSUs represents the number of awards granted multiplied by the average of the high and low market price of our common stock on the date the awards are granted, reduced by the present value of the dividends expected to be paid on the shares during the vesting period, discounted at a risk-free interest rate. We generally determine the fair value of SARs using the Black-Scholes option valuation model, which incorporates assumptions about expected volatility, risk free interest rate, dividend yield and expected term. We issue shares from authorized shares upon the exercise of SARs held by our employees and directors.

For share-based awards granted to non-employee directors, we recognize compensation expense on the grant date based on the fair value of the awards as of that date. See Footnote 18 “Share-Based Compensation” for more information on the MVW Equity Plan.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

During 2015, our Board of Directors adopted, and our stockholders subsequently approved, the Marriott Vacations Worldwide Corporation Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”), which became effective during 2015. A total of 500,000 shares of common stock may be purchased under the ESPP. The ESPP allows eligible employees to purchase shares of our common stock at a price per share not less than 95% of the fair market value per share of common stock on the purchase date, up to a maximum threshold established by the plan administrator for the offering period.

Non-U.S. Operations

The U.S. dollar is the functional currency of our consolidated entities operating in the United States. The functional currency for our consolidated entities operating outside of the United States is generally the currency of the economic environment in which the entity primarily generates and expends cash. For consolidated entities whose functional currency is not the U.S. dollar, we translate their financial statements into U.S. dollars. We translate assets and liabilities at the exchange rate in effect as of the financial statement date and translate Income Statement accounts using the weighted average exchange rate for the period. We include translation adjustments from currency exchange and the effect of exchange rate changes on intercompany transactions of a long-term investment nature as a separate component of equity. We report gains and losses from currency exchange rate changes related to intercompany receivables and payables that are not of a long-term investment nature, as well as gains and losses from non-U.S. currency transactions, in the Gains (losses) and other income (expense), net line on our Income Statements.

Income Taxes

We file income tax returns, including with respect to our subsidiaries, in various jurisdictions around the world. We account for income taxes under the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the financial statements and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in the provision for income tax in the period that includes the enactment date.

Changes in existing tax laws and rates, their related interpretations, and the uncertainty generated by the current economic environment may affect the amounts of deferred tax liabilities or the valuations of deferred tax assets over time. Our accounting for deferred tax consequences represents management’s best estimate of future events that can be appropriately reflected in the accounting estimates.

We record a valuation allowance on deferred taxes if we determine it is more likely than not that we will not fully realize the future benefit of deferred tax assets. In making such a determination, we consider all available positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, tax-planning strategies, and results of recent operations. In the event we determine that we would be able to realize our deferred income tax assets in the future in excess of their net recorded amount, we would make an adjustment to the deferred tax asset valuation allowance, which impacts the provision for income taxes.

We file tax returns after the close of our fiscal year end and adjust our estimated tax receivable or liability to the actual tax receivable or tax due per the filed tax returns in the provision for income tax.

For purposes of Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income, we have elected to use the period cost method and therefore have not recorded deferred taxes for basis differences expected to reverse in future periods.

For tax positions we have taken, or expect to take, in a tax return we apply a more likely than not threshold, under which we must conclude a tax position is more likely than not to be sustained, assuming that the position will be examined by the appropriate taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information, in order to continue to recognize the benefit. In determining our provision for income taxes, we use judgment, reflecting our estimates and assumptions, in applying the more likely than not threshold. Based on our evaluations of tax positions, we believe that potential tax exposures have been recorded appropriately. Additionally, we recognize accrued interest and penalties related to our unrecognized tax benefits as a component of tax expense.

New Accounting Standards

Accounting Standards Update 2022-02 – “Financial Instruments — Credit Losses (Topic 326)– Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures” (“ASU 2022-02”)

In the first quarter of 2023, we adopted accounting standards update (“ASU”) 2022-02, which eliminated the recognition and measurement guidance applicable to troubled debt restructurings for creditors and enhanced disclosure requirements with respect to loan modifications for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. ASU 2022-02 also requires disclosure of current-period gross write-offs by year of origination to be presented in the vintage disclosures for financing receivables. The adoption of ASU 2022-02 on January 1, 2023, on a prospective basis, did not have a material impact on our financial statements or disclosures other than the addition of incremental disclosures relating to gross write-offs for vacation ownership notes receivable. See Footnote 6 “Vacation Ownership Notes Receivable” for the incremental disclosures required by the adoption of ASU 2022-02.

Accounting Standards Update 2020-04 – “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848), Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting” (“ASU 2020-04”) and Accounting Standards Update 2022-06 – “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848), Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848” (“ASU 2022-06”)

In 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2020-04, as amended, which provides optional expedients and exceptions to existing guidance on contract modifications and hedge accounting in an effort to ease the financial reporting burdens related to the expected market transition from the USD London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) and other interbank offered rates to alternative reference rates. This update was effective upon issuance and issuers generally were able to elect to adopt the optional expedients and exceptions over time through a period ending on December 31, 2022. In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-06 to extend the temporary accounting rules under Topic 848 from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2024. During the second quarter of 2023, we amended our Term Loan (as defined in Footnote 16 “Debt”) and our interest rate swaps and collar to reference SOFR (as defined in Footnote 15 “Securitized Debt”) rather than LIBOR. See Footnote 16 “Debt” for more information. Both our Term Loan and the related interest rate swaps and collar transitioned to SOFR at the same time, effective July 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2023, we have no other financial instruments to transition from LIBOR.

Future Adoption of Accounting Standards

Accounting Standards Update 2023-07 – “Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures” (“ASU 2023-07”)

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, which updates reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses and information used to assess segment performance. This update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. This update should be applied retrospectively for all prior periods presented in the financial statements. We continue to evaluate the impact that the adoption of this update, including the timing of implementation, will have on our disclosures.

Accounting Standards Update 2023-09 – “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures” (“ASU 2023-09”)

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, which is intended to enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures. ASU 2023-09 primarily enhances and expands both the annual income tax rate reconciliation disclosure and the annual income taxes paid disclosure. This update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024 and may be adopted on a prospective or retrospective basis, with early adoption permitted. We continue to evaluate the impact that the adoption of this update, including the timing of implementation, will have on our disclosures.