PINTEREST INC

Part II

Notes to consolidated financial statements

1. Description of business and summary of significant accounting policies

Description of business

Pinterest was incorporated in Delaware in 2008 and is headquartered in San Francisco, California. Pinterest is a visual search and discovery platform, positioned at the intersection of search, social, and commerce. We generate revenue by delivering ads on our website and mobile application.

Basis of presentation and consolidation

We prepared the accompanying consolidated financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States ("GAAP"). The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Pinterest, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries. We have eliminated all intercompany balances and transactions.

Reclassifications

We have reclassified certain amounts in prior periods to conform with current presentation.

Use of estimates

Preparing our consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. We base these estimates and judgments on historical experience and various other assumptions that we consider reasonable. GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions in several areas, including the fair values of financial instruments, assets acquired and liabilities assumed through business combinations, share-based awards, and contingencies, the recognition, measurement and valuation of deferred income taxes, as well as the collectability of our accounts receivable, the useful lives of our intangible assets and property and equipment, the incremental borrowing rate we use to determine our operating lease liabilities, and revenue recognition, among others. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates and judgments.

Segments

We operate as a single operating segment. Our chief operating decision maker is our Chief Executive Officer ("CEO"), who reviews financial information presented on a consolidated basis, accompanied by disaggregated information about our revenue, for purposes of making operating decisions, assessing financial performance and allocating resources. Net income (loss) is our primary measure of profit or loss, and all costs and expenses categories on our consolidated statements of operations, as well as share-based compensation expense, are significant. Refer to Note 8 for additional information about our share-based compensation expense. Our other segment items include interest income (expense), net, other income (expense), net and provision for (benefit from) income taxes on our consolidated statements of operations.

We generate revenue by delivering ads on our website and mobile application. We recognize revenue only after transferring control of promised goods or services to customers, which occurs when a user clicks on an ad contracted on a cost per click ("CPC") basis, views an ad contracted on a cost per thousand impressions ("CPM") or cost per day ("CPD") basis or views a video ad contracted on a cost per view ("CPV") basis. We recognize revenue over the service period for ads contracted on a CPD basis, which do not contain minimum impression guarantees. We typically bill customers on a CPC, CPM, CPV, or CPD basis, and our payment terms vary by customer type and location. The term between billing and payment due dates is not significant.

We recognize revenue only after satisfying our contractual performance obligations. We occasionally offer customers free ad inventory. When contracts with our customers contain multiple performance obligations, we allocate the overall transaction price, which is the amount of consideration to which we expect to be entitled in exchange for promised goods or services, to each of the distinct performance obligations based on their relative standalone selling prices. We generally

Part II

determine standalone selling prices based on the effective price charged per contracted click, impression or view, and we do not disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations because the original expected duration of our contracts is generally less than one year.

We record sales commissions in sales and marketing as incurred because we would amortize these over a period of less than one year.

Deferred revenue was $23.4 million and $15.3 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Cost of revenue

Cost of revenue consists primarily of expenses associated with the delivery of our service, including the cost of hosting our website and mobile application. Cost of revenue also includes personnel-related expense, including salaries, benefits and share-based compensation for employees on our operations teams, payments associated with partner arrangements, credit card and other transaction processing fees, amortization of acquired intangible assets and allocated facilities and other supporting overhead costs.

Share-based compensation

Restricted stock units ("RSUs") granted under our 2009 Stock Plan (the "2009 Plan") are subject to both a service condition, which is typically satisfied over four years, and a performance condition, which was deemed satisfied upon the pricing of our initial public offering ("IPO"). We did not record any share-based compensation expense for our RSUs prior to our IPO because the performance condition had not yet been satisfied. Upon pricing our IPO, we recorded cumulative share-based compensation expense using the accelerated attribution method for those RSUs granted under our 2009 Plan for which the service condition had been satisfied at that date. We record the remaining unrecognized share-based compensation expense over the remainder of the requisite service period.

RSUs, restricted stock awards ("RSAs"), and stock options granted under our 2019 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the "2019 Plan") are generally subject only to a service condition, which is typically satisfied overtwo tofour years. We record share-based compensation expense for these RSUs, RSAs and stock options on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period.

We measure RSUs and RSAs based on the fair market value of our common stock on the grant date and stock options based on their estimated grant date fair values, which we determine using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. We record the resulting expense in our consolidated statements of operations over the requisite service period, which is generally four years, and we account for forfeitures as they occur.

Income taxes

We account for income taxes using the asset and liability method. We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities using the enacted statutory tax rates in effect for the years in which we expect the differences to reverse. We establish valuation allowances to reduce the total deferred tax assets to the amount we believe is more likely than not to be realized. In assessing the need for a valuation allowance, we consider all available evidence, both positive and negative, including past operating results and estimates of future taxable income. In the event that we change our determination as to the amount of deferred tax assets that can be realized, we will adjust our valuation allowance with a corresponding impact to the provision for (benefit from) income taxes in the period in which such determination is made.

We recognize tax benefits from uncertain tax positions when we believe it is more likely than not that the tax position is sustainable on examination by tax authorities based on its technical merits. We recognize taxes on Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income as incurred.

Advertising expenses

We record advertising expenses as incurred and include these in sales and marketing in the consolidated statements of operations. Advertising expenses were $161.5 million, $145.6 million and $139.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Marketable securities

We invest in highly liquid corporate debt securities, U.S. treasury securities, asset-backed securities, U.S. government agency securities, municipal securities, non-U.S. government and supranational bonds and certificates of deposit. We

Part II

classify marketable investments with stated maturities of ninety days or less from the date of purchase as cash equivalents and those with stated maturities greater than ninety days from the date of purchase as marketable securities.

We classify our marketable securities as available-for-sale investments in our current assets because they are available for use to support current operations. We carry our marketable investments at fair value and record unrealized gains or losses, net of taxes, in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in stockholders’ equity. We determine realized gains and losses on the sale of marketable investments using a specific identification method and record these and any expected credit losses in other income (expense), net.

Fair value measurements

We account for certain assets and liabilities at fair value, which is the amount we believe market participants would be willing to receive to sell an asset or pay to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction. We categorize these assets and liabilities into the three levels below based on the degree to which the inputs we use to measure their fair values are observable in active markets. We use the most observable inputs available to us when measuring fair value.

•Level 1: Observable inputs such as quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets

•Level 2: Observable inputs such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in inactive markets, or inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data or other means

•Level 3: Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities

Accounts receivable, net of allowances

We record accounts receivable at the original invoiced amount. We maintain an allowance for credit losses for any receivables we may be unable to collect. We estimate uncollectible receivables based on our receivables’ age, our customers’ credit quality and current economic conditions, among other factors that may affect our customers’ ability to pay. We also maintain an allowance for sales credits, which we determine based on historical credits issued to customers. We include the allowances for credit losses and sales credits in accounts receivable, net in the consolidated balance sheets.

Property and equipment

We carry property and equipment at cost less accumulated depreciation and calculate depreciation using the straight-line method over our assets’ estimated useful lives, which are generally:

Leases and operating lease incremental borrowing rate

We lease office space under operating leases with expiration dates through 2035. We determine whether an arrangement constitutes a lease at inception and record lease liabilities and right-of-use assets on our consolidated balance sheets at lease commencement. We measure lease liabilities based on the present value of the total lease payments not yet paid discounted based on the more readily determinable of the rate implicit in the lease or our incremental borrowing rate, which is the estimated rate we would be required to pay for a collateralized borrowing equal to the total lease payments over the term of the lease. We estimate our incremental borrowing rate based on an analysis of publicly traded debt securities of companies with credit and financial profiles similar to our own. We measure right-of-use assets based on the corresponding lease liability adjusted for (i) payments made to the lessor at or before the commencement date, (ii) initial direct costs we incur and (iii) tenant incentives under the lease. We begin recognizing rent expense when the lessor makes the underlying asset available to us, we do not assume renewals or early terminations unless we are reasonably certain to exercise these options at commencement and we do not allocate consideration between lease and non-lease components.

For short-term leases, we record rent expense in our consolidated statements of operations on a straight-line basis over the lease term and record variable lease payments as incurred.

Part II

Business combinations

We include the results of operations of businesses that we acquire in our consolidated financial statements beginning on their respective acquisition dates. We allocate the fair value of the purchase consideration to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values. When the fair value of the purchase consideration exceeds the fair values of the identifiable assets and liabilities acquired, we record the excess as goodwill. Our estimates of fair value are based on assumptions we believe to be reasonable but which are inherently uncertain and unpredictable, and as a result, actual results may differ from estimates. During the measurement period, which is one year from the acquisition date, we may record adjustments to the assets and liabilities acquired with the corresponding offset to goodwill. Any adjustments after the measurement period are reflected in our consolidated statements of operations.

Long-lived assets, including goodwill and intangible assets

We record definite-lived intangible assets at fair value less accumulated amortization. We calculate amortization using the straight-line method over the assets’ estimated useful lives of up toten years.

We review our property and equipment, operating lease right-of-use assets and intangible assets for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that an asset’s carrying value may not be recoverable. We measure recoverability by comparing an asset’s carrying value to the future undiscounted cash flows that we expect it to generate. If this test indicates that the asset’s carrying value is not recoverable, we record an impairment charge to reduce the asset’s carrying value to its fair value.

We recorded $117.3 million of impairment and abandonment charges for operating lease right-of-use assets and leasehold improvements as part of the restructuring plan for the year ended December 31, 2023. We did not record any other material property and equipment or intangible asset impairments during the periods presented.

We review goodwill for impairment at least annually or more frequently if current circumstances or events indicate that the fair value of our single reporting unit may be less than its carrying value. We did not record any goodwill impairment during the periods presented.

Website development costs

We capitalize costs to develop our website and mobile application when preliminary development efforts are successfully completed, management has authorized and committed project funding, and it is probable that the project will be completed and the software will be used as intended. Due to the iterative process by which we perform upgrades and the relatively short duration of our development projects, development costs meeting our capitalization criteria were not material during the periods presented.

Loss contingencies

We are involved in various lawsuits, claims and proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business. We record a liability for these when we believe it is probable that we have incurred a loss and can reasonably estimate the loss. We regularly evaluate current information to determine whether we should adjust a recorded liability or record a new one.

Foreign currency

The functional currency of our international subsidiaries is generally their local currency. We translate our subsidiaries’ financial statements into U.S. dollars using month-end exchange rates for assets and liabilities and rates that approximate those in effect during the period for revenue and costs and expenses. We record translation gains and losses in accumulated other comprehensive loss in stockholders’ equity. We record foreign exchange transaction gains and losses in other income (expense), net. Our net foreign exchange gains and losses were not material for the periods presented.

Concentration of business risk

We have an agreement with Amazon Web Services (“AWS”) to provide the cloud computing infrastructure we use to host our website, mobile application and many of the internal tools we use to operate our business. We are currently required to maintain a substantial majority of our monthly usage of certain compute, storage, data transfer and other services on AWS. Any transition of the cloud services currently provided by AWS to another cloud services provider would be difficult to implement and would cause us to incur significant time and expense.

Part II

Concentration of credit risk

Financial instruments that may potentially expose us to concentrations of credit risk primarily consist of cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities and restricted cash. Our investment policy is meant to preserve capital and maintain liquidity. The policy limits our marketable investments to investment-grade securities and limits our credit exposure by limiting our concentration in any one corporate issuer or sector and by establishing a minimum credit rating for marketable investments we purchase. Although we deposit cash and marketable investments with multiple financial institutions, our deposits may exceed insurable limits.

No customer accounted for more than 10% of our revenue for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.

Our accounts receivable are generally unsecured. We monitor our customers’ credit quality on an ongoing basis and maintain reserves for estimated credit losses. Bad debt expense was not material for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which requires disclosure of incremental segment information on an annual and interim basis. We adopted ASU 2023-07 retrospectively as of January 1, 2024. Refer to our significant accounting policies above for the impact of adoption.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which requires disaggregation of rate reconciliation categories and income taxes paid by jurisdiction. ASU 2023-09 will be effective for us beginning January 1, 2025. The amendments may be applied prospectively or retrospectively, and early adoption is permitted. We do not expect adoption to materially affect our consolidated financial statements.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (subtopic 220-40), which requires disclosure of disaggregation of certain relevant expenses included in the statements of operations on an annual and interim basis. ASU 2024-03 will be effective for our annual periods beginning January 1, 2027 and interim periods beginning January 1, 2028. The amendments must be applied retrospectively, and early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the effects of adoption on our consolidated financial statements.

2. Cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities

Cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities consist of the following (in thousands):

Part II

Our allowance for credit losses for our marketable securities was not material as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

The fair value of our marketable securities by contractual maturity is as follows (in thousands):

Net realized gains and losses from sales of available-for-sale securities were not material for any period presented.

Part II

3. Fair value of financial instruments

The fair values of the financial instruments we measure at fair value on a recurring basis are as follows (in thousands):

We classify our marketable securities within Level 1 or Level 2 because we determine their fair values using quoted market prices or alternative pricing sources and models utilizing market observable inputs.

Part II

4. Other balance sheet components

Property and equipment, net

Property and equipment, net consists of the following (in thousands):

Depreciation expense was $13.9 million, $14.1 million and $21.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consists of the following (in thousands):

5. Goodwill and intangible assets, net

Goodwill was unchanged for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Part II

Intangible assets, net consists of the following (in thousands):

(1)Based on the weighted-average useful life established as of acquisition date.

Amortization expense was $7.4 million, $7.4 million, and $24.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Estimated future amortization expense as of December 31, 2024, is as follows (in thousands):

6. Commitments and contingencies

As of December 31, 2024, our non-cancelable contractual commitments are as follows (in thousands):

Purchase commitments

In April 2021, we entered into a new private pricing addendum with AWS, which governs our use of cloud computing infrastructure provided by AWS. Under the new pricing addendum, we are required to purchase at least $3,250.0 million of cloud services from AWS through April 2029. If we fail to do so, we are required to pay the difference between the

Part II

amount we spend and the required commitment amount. As of December 31, 2024, our remaining contractual commitment is $1,110.2 million. We expect to meet our remaining commitment.

Legal matters

We are involved in various lawsuits, claims and proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business. While the results of legal matters are inherently uncertain, we do not believe there is a reasonable possibility that the ultimate resolution of these matters, either individually or in aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Revolving credit facility

In October 2022, we replaced the $500.0 million revolving credit facility entered into in November 2018 with an amended and restated five-year $400.0 million revolving credit facility (the “2022 revolving credit facility”) that contained an accordion option which, if exercised, would allow us to increase the aggregate commitments by up to $405.0 million provided we are able to secure additional lender commitments and satisfy certain other conditions.

In October 2023, we amended the 2022 revolving credit facility to increase our aggregate commitment to $500.0 million and reduce our accordion option from $405.0 million to $305.0 million. Interest on any borrowings under the 2022 revolving credit facility accrues at either an adjusted term SOFR plus 0.10% and a margin of 1.50% or at an alternative base rate plus a margin of 0.50%, at our election, and we are required to pay an annual commitment fee that accrues at 0.15% per annum on the unused portion of the aggregate commitments under the 2022 revolving credit facility.

The 2022 revolving credit facility also allows us to issue letters of credit, which reduce the amount we can borrow. We are required to pay a fee that accrues at 0.125% per annum on the average aggregate daily maximum amount available to be drawn under any outstanding letters of credit.

The 2022 revolving credit facility contains customary conditions to borrowing, events of default and covenants, including covenants that restrict our ability to incur indebtedness, grant liens, make distributions to holders of our stock or the stock of our subsidiaries, make investments or engage in transactions with our affiliates. The 2022 revolving credit facility also contains a financial maintenance covenant: a maximum net leverage ratio of consolidated debt to consolidated EBITDA no greater than 3.50 to 1.00, subject to an increase up to 4.00 to 1.00 for a certain period following an acquisition. The obligations under the 2022 revolving credit facility are secured by liens on substantially all of our domestic assets, including certain domestic intellectual property assets.

Our total borrowing capacity under the revolving credit facility is $500.0 million as of December 31, 2024. We have not issued any letters of credit and are in compliance with all covenants under the 2022 revolving credit facility as of December 31, 2024.

7. Leases

We have entered into various non-cancelable office space operating leases with original lease periods expiring between 2025 and 2035. These do not contain material variable rent payments, residual value guarantees, covenants or other restrictions. Operating lease costs for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, are as follows (in thousands):

In April 2024, we entered into a sublease agreement with a term of May 2024 through December 2032. Sublease income for the year ended December 31, 2024 was not material.

The weighted-average remaining term of our operating leases was 6.6 years and 7.2 years, and the weighted-average discount rate used to measure the present value of our operating lease liabilities was 5.4% and 5.1% as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Part II

Maturities of our operating lease liabilities, which do not include short-term leases, as of December 31, 2024, are as follows (in thousands):

Cash payments included in the measurement of our operating lease liabilities were $50.4 million, $61.8 million and $64.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

As of December 31, 2024, we have not entered into any material leases that have not yet commenced.

8. Stockholder's Equity

Equity incentive plan

In June 2009, our board of directors adopted and approved our 2009 Plan, which provides for the issuance of stock options, RSAs and RSUs to qualified employees, directors and consultants. Stock options granted under our 2009 Plan have a maximum life of 10 years and an exercise price not less than 100% of the fair market value of our common stock on the date of grant. RSUs granted under our 2009 Plan have a maximum life ofseven years. No shares of our common stock were reserved for future issuance under our 2009 Plan as of December 31, 2024.

Our 2019 Plan became effective upon closing of our IPO and succeeds our 2009 Plan. Our 2019 Plan provides for the issuance of stock options, RSAs, RSUs and other equity- or cash-based awards to qualified employees, directors and consultants. Stock options granted under our 2019 Plan have a maximum life of 10 years and an exercise price not less than 100% of the fair market value of our common stock on the date of grant.171,858,312 shares of our Class A common stock were reserved for future issuance under our 2019 Plan as of December 31, 2024.

The number of shares of our Class A common stock available for issuance under the 2019 Plan will be increased by the number of shares of our Class B common stock subject to awards outstanding under our 2009 Plan that would, but for the terms of the 2019 Plan, have returned to the share reserves of the 2009 Plan pursuant to the terms of such awards, including as the result of forfeiture, repurchase, expiration or retention by us in order to satisfy an award’s exercise price or tax withholding obligations. In addition, the number of shares of our Class A common stock reserved for issuance under our 2019 Plan will automatically increase on the first day of each fiscal year through and including January 1, 2029, in an amount equal to 5% of the total number of shares of our Class A common stock and our Class B common stock outstanding on the last day of the calendar month before the date of each automatic increase, or a lesser number of shares determined by our board of directors.

Stock option activity

Stock option activity during the year ended December 31, 2024, was as follows (in thousands, except per share amounts):

Part II

(1)We calculate intrinsic value based on the difference between the exercise price of in-the-money-stock options and the fair value of our common stock as of the respective balance sheet date.

The total grant-date fair value of stock options vested during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $25.2 million, $28.4 million and $9.5 million, respectively. The aggregate intrinsic value of stock options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $74.4 million, $70.2 million and $180.2 million, respectively.

Restricted stock unit and restricted stock award activity

RSU and RSA activity during the year ended December 31, 2024, was as follows (in thousands, except per share amounts):

Share-based compensation

Share-based compensation expense during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, was as follows (in thousands):

We recognized income tax benefits on share-based compensation expense of $158.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, which are reflected in the provision for (benefit from) income taxes on our consolidated statements of operations. No income tax benefits were recognized for the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 due to the valuation allowance on our deferred tax assets.

As of December 31, 2024, we had $1,038.3 million of unrecognized share-based compensation expense, which we expect to recognize over a weighted-average period of 1.8 years.

Part II

Fair value of stock options

No stock options were granted during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. The weighted-average grant-date fair value of stock options granted during the year ended December 31, 2022 was $11.79, which we estimated using the Black‑Scholes option-pricing model with the following assumptions:

The key inputs we used in the Black-Scholes model are:

•Expected term – The expected term represents the period we expect our share-based awards to be outstanding, which is also the period we used to measure risk-free interest rates and expected volatility. We estimated the expected term using the simplified method as we do not have sufficient historical stock option exercise data.

•Risk-free interest rate – We estimated the risk-free interest rate based on zero-coupon U.S. Treasury notes.

•Expected volatility – We estimated expected volatility based on a combination of our historical volatility and that of comparable publicly-traded companies.

•Dividend yield – We applied a dividend yield ofzero because we have never paid or declared dividends, and we have no plan to do so in the foreseeable future.

Stock Repurchase

On February 2, 2023, our board of directors authorized a stock repurchase program of up to $500.0 million our Class A common stock, which we completed in the second quarter of 2023. Under the program, we repurchased and retired 21,215,663 shares of our Class A common stock for an aggregate purchase price of $500.0 million at an average price per share of $23.57.

On September 16, 2023, our board of directors authorized a stock repurchase program of up to $1.0 billion of our Class A common stock (the "September 2023 program"). During the year ended December 31, 2024, we repurchased and retired 15,894,701 shares of our Class A common stock for an aggregate purchase price of $500.0 million at an average price per share of $31.46 under the September 2023 program.

In November 2024, our board of directors authorized a new stock repurchase program of up to$2.0 billion of our Class A common stock (the "November 2024 program") and canceled the September 2023 program under which $500.0 million had remained available for repurchase. Under the November 2024 program, we are authorized to repurchase, from time-to-time, shares of our Class A common stock through open market purchases, in privately negotiated transactions or in such other manner as permitted by securities law and as determined by management at such time and in such amounts as management may decide. The November 2024 program does not obligate us to repurchase any specific number of shares and may be modified, suspended or discontinued at any time. The timing, manner, price and amount of any repurchases are determined by management in its discretion and depend on a variety of factors, including legal requirements, price and economic and market conditions. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we repurchased and retired 19,125,363 shares of our Class A common stock for an aggregate purchase price of $600.2 million at an average price per share of $31.38 under the September 2023 and November 2024 programs. As of December 31, 2024, $1,899.8 million remained available for repurchases under the November 2024 program.

9. Net income (loss) per share

We present net income (loss) per share using the two-class method required for multiple classes of common stock. Holders of our Class A and Class B common stock have identical rights except with respect to voting, conversion and transfer rights and therefore share equally in our net income or losses.

We calculate basic net income (loss) per share by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period.

Diluted net income (loss) per share gives effect to all potential shares of common stock, including stock options, RSAs and RSUs to the extent these are dilutive. The calculation of diluted net income (loss) of Class A common stock assumes the

Part II

conversion of our Class B common stock to Class A common stock, while the diluted net income (loss) of Class B common stock does not assume the conversion of those shares to Class A common stock.

We calculated basic and diluted net income (loss) per share as follows (in thousands, except per share amounts):

Basic net income (loss) per share is the same as diluted net income (loss) per share for the periods we reported net losses. We excluded the following weighted-average potential shares of common stock from our calculation of diluted net income (loss) per share because these would be anti-dilutive (in thousands):

Part II

10. Income taxes

The components of income (loss) before provision for (benefit from) income taxes are as follows (in thousands):

Provision for (benefit from) income taxes consists of the following (in thousands):

The difference between income taxes computed at the statutory federal income tax rate and the provision for (benefit from) income taxes is attributable to the following (in thousands):

The primary difference between our benefit from income taxes and the expected tax at the US federal statutory rate is the release of our valuation allowance on our U.S. federal and state, excluding California, deferred tax assets for the year ended December 31, 2024. The primary difference between our provision for income taxes and the expected tax at the US federal statutory rate is the full valuation allowance we have established on our federal, state and foreign net operating losses and credits and for the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. All periods presented include the effects of the capitalization and amortization of research and development expenses as required by the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act.

Part II

Significant components of our deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows (in thousands):

We regularly assess the need for a valuation allowance on our deferred tax assets. Based on our analysis of both positive and negative evidence, we concluded that it is more likely than not that our U.S. federal and state, excluding California, deferred tax assets will be realizable due to our demonstrated sustained profitability and continued forecasted income. We continue to maintain a valuation allowance on our California deferred tax assets due to uncertainty regarding realizability of these deferred tax assets. As a result of the valuation allowance release, we recognized a deferred tax benefit of$1,597.0 million for U.S. federal and state, excluding California, deferred tax assets for December 31, 2024. The decrease of$1,499.0 million in valuation allowance compared to December 31, 2023 was also primarily driven by the release.

Due to our history of losses, we believe it is more likely than not that our Irish deferred tax assets will not be realized as of December 31, 2024. Accordingly, we continue to maintain a valuation allowance on our Irish deferred tax assets.

As of December 31, 2024, we had federal, California and other state net operating loss carryforwards of $1,909.5 million, $554.3 million and $1,549.9 million, respectively. Our federal carryforwards do not expire. If not utilized, our California and other state carryforwards will begin to expire in 2028 and 2025, respectively. Utilization of our net operating loss carryforwards may be subject to annual limitations due to the ownership change limitations provided by Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code and similar state provisions. Our net operating loss carryforwards could expire before utilization if subject to annual limitations. As of December 31, 2024, we had $202.0 million and $7.3 million of Irish and Other Foreign net operating loss carryforwards, respectively, that can be carried forward indefinitely.

As of December 31, 2024, we had federal, California, and foreign research and development credit carryforwards of $603.8 million, $428.9 million and$1.8 million, respectively. If not utilized, our federal and foreign carryforwards will begin to expire in 2039 and 2043, respectively. Our California carryforwards do not expire.

Part II

Changes in gross unrecognized tax benefits were as follows (in thousands):

Recognizing the $314.1 million of gross unrecognized tax benefits we had as of December 31, 2024 would affect our effective tax rate by $178.3 million. The remaining $135.8 million of gross unrecognized tax benefits would be offset by the reversal of related deferred tax assets, which primarily are subject to a full valuation allowance. We do not expect our gross unrecognized tax benefits to change significantly within the next 12 months. We recognize interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in provision for income taxes. Accrued interest and penalties are not material as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

We are subject to taxation in the U.S. and various other state and foreign jurisdictions. As we have net operating loss carryforwards for U.S. federal and state jurisdictions, the statute of limitations is open for all tax years. For material foreign jurisdiction, the tax years open to examination include the years 2019 and forward.

11. Geographical information

Revenue disaggregated by geography based on our customers’ billing addresses is as follows (in thousands):

(1)United States revenue was $2,612.1 million, $2,226.3 million and $2,144.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. No individual country other than the United States exceeded 10% of our total revenue for any period presented.

(2)Europe includes Russia and Turkey.

Part II

Property and equipment, net and operating lease right-of-use assets by geography is as follows (in thousands):

(1)Other than the United States, Ireland and Mexico, no other country exceeded 10% of our total property and equipment, net and operating lease right-of-use assets for any period presented.