HCW Biologics Inc.

From time to time, the Company is a party to or otherwise involved in legal proceedings, including suits, assessments, regulatory actions and investigations generally arising out of the normal course of business. Such proceedings can be costly, time consuming, and unpredictable. Therefore, no assurance can be given on the outcome of any proceeding or the potential impact on our results of operations or financial condition.

The legal matters included in our Annual Report continue to apply to us and describe risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report. Additional facts not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also impair our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Arbitration, Settlement and General Release

On July 18, 2024, we announced that, as of July 13, 2024, we and Dr. Hing C. Wong, our Founder and Chief Executive Officer, entered into a confidential Settlement Agreement and Release (the “Settlement Agreement”) with Altor BioScience, LLC (“Altor”), NantCell, Inc. (“NantCell”), and ImmunityBio, Inc. (the parent of Altor and NantCell, together with Altor and NantCell, “ImmunityBio”), to resolve the previously disclosed Arbitration. The Arbitration and related Complaint were dismissed with prejudice on or about December 24, 2024. The Company retains ownership and control of the TOBITM platform and TOBI-based molecules, with no restrictions under the Settlement Agreement on our ability to use the TOBITM platform for protein-fusion molecules for non-oncology indications. We have rights to pursue oncology indications, in particular using HCW9302, HCW9206 and HCW9201. Further, the Company retains ownership of the AlloTera Therapeutics license and shares of AlloTera Therapeutics common stock transferred to the Company as the upfront licensing fee from AlloTera Therapeutics for granting the AlloTera Therapeutics license. For our molecule, HCW9218, we maintain the exclusive rights for clinical development and use of HCW9218 in the treatment of all non-oncological diseases. We retain ownership of our lead molecule, HCW9302, which expands Treg cells and is designed to treat autoimmune diseases and other proinflammatory diseases, including cancer, and the ownership of HCW9206, a preclinical molecule which we are developing as a commercial-ready reagent for use in the manufacture of cell-based immunotherapeutics. The Company agreed to provide ImmunityBio with a right of first refusal to enter a licensing agreement for oncology indications for HCW9206. We have no restrictions on the development of HCW9206 for our own clinical development activities, including oncology indications. Under the terms of the Settlement Agreement, ImmunityBio will own the cell line and supply for HCW9218, and the parties agreed that within six months from the date of the Settlement Agreement they will enter into a supply agreement providing the Company with a continuing supply of HCW9218 molecules. The Company also retainsin vivorights to HCW9201, a combination of IL-12, IL-15, and IL-18 in a single protein complex which is designed to stimulate activation and proliferation signals in human NK cells. The Company retains ownership of the cell lines for HCW9302, HCW9206 and HCW9201, and thus will retain independent control over manufacturing and supply for these compounds.

The Company entered into the Settlement Agreement to avoid the costs, disruption and distraction of further litigation. On December 30, 2025, the Company entered a settlement agreement with Cooley LLP (“Cooley”) related to the remaining balance of $7.5 million still outstanding for the payment of legal fees incurred in connection the defense of Dr. Hing C. Wong, the Company’s Founder and Chief Executive Officer. As a result of that agreement, the Company, Dr. Wong and Cooley agreed to settle a $7.5 million obligation for $2.0 million in cash and contingent payments up to $5.5 million upon achievement of certain triggering events, all of which were deemed to be remote as of March 31, 2026. In accordance with the terms of the settlement agreement, $500,000 was paid on December 31, 2025. Based on amendments to the settlement agreement, the Company paid $750,000 on March 20, 2026, and will pay the remaining $750,000 upon the earlier of the completion of a financing for at least $4.0 million in gross proceeds or August 31, 2026. As of December 31, 2025 and June 30, 2026, the Company reported a liability of $6.2 million and $5.4 million, respectively, for remaining amounts owed for legal fees related to the Arbitration which continue to remain outstanding.

Legal Matters related to Real Estate

On April 17, 2025, the Company received a summons and a copy of a complaint filed by BE&K in the Circuit Court of the 17th Judicial Circuit in and for Broward County, Florida (the “BE&K Complaint”) alleging lien foreclosure and breach of contract. Other Defendants named in the BE&K Complaint who are subcontractors elected to filed counterclaims and cross-claims in response thereto. To our knowledge as of the date hereof, Cogent Bank, also named as a Defendant in the BE&K Complaint, has not elected to take legal action at this time. In addition, on April 28, 2025, the Company received a summons and a copy of a complaint filed by Fisk Electric Company (which is a defendant in the BE&K Litigation) in the Circuit Court of the 17th Judicial Circuit in and for Broward County, Florida (the “Fisk Complaint”) against the Company, BE&K, and the other defendants in the BE&K Complaint. In addition, on April 28, 2025, the Company received a summons and a copy of a complaint filed by Fisk Electric Company (which is a defendant in the BE&K Complaint) in the Circuit Court of the 17th Judicial Circuit in and for Broward County, Florida (the “Fisk Complaint”) against the Company, BE&K, and the other defendants in the BE&K Complaint. The cases have been consolidated. The remaining parties are engaged in discovery. The court has set the BE&K matter for a five-day jury trial in December 2026. There will also be a pretrial conference on November 20, 2026. As of June 30, 2026, a balance of $2.2 million remains for amounts owed to BE&K and other lien holders.

On June 26, 2026, as part of a settlement with B&I Contractors, Inc. (“B&I”), we received notice that B&I had filed a voluntary dismissal with prejudice of its crossclaims against us in the matterBE&K Building Group, LLC v. HCW Biologics Inc., et al. pending in the Circuit Court of the Seventeenth Judicial Circuit in and for Broward County, Florida. The matter arose from a mechanics’ lien filed by B&I in connection with allegedly unpaid invoices relating to renovation work at our facility located at 3300 Corporate Way, Miramar, Florida, which is being renovated for future office and laboratory use. In connection with the settlement, B&I filed a final satisfaction of lien releasing a lien in the amount of approximately $1.1 million. The dismissal and satisfaction of lien completed the parties’ settlement and fully resolved all amounts claimed to be owed by us to B&I. There was no gain or loss on the settlement with B&I.

On October 24, 2025, the Company was notified by Cogent Bank that it exercised its discretion to make a demand that the Company cure the Defaults no later than thirty (30) days after receipt of this letter in strict compliance with Section 7.2(3) of the Loan Agreement by: (i) paying and discharging all of the Claims of Lien and causing satisfactions to be recorded in the Public Records of Broward County, Florida for all of the Claims of Lien, and (ii) resolving all litigation against the Borrower and the mortgaged property described in the Mortgage and causing such claims in the Foreclosure Actions to be dismissed and all related notices of lis pendens to be released. The Company and Cogent Bank have had negotiations attempting to come to terms on a forbearance agreement to provide additional time for the Company to comply with the demands Cogent Bank made in the demand letter.

Other Matters

On May 26, 2026, we paid in full all amounts due under a settlement agreement with EirGenix, Inc. (“EirGenix”), our contract development and manufacturing organization, relating to manufacturing costs. Pursuant to the settlement agreement entered into on December 9, 2025, EirGenix agreed to accept $1.2 million in full satisfaction of approximately $1.7 million of outstanding amounts, provided payment was made by an agreed deadline. As a result, all obligations under the settlement agreement were satisfied and the related unpaid invoices and disputed credits were fully resolved.

On June 26, 2025, the Company received formal notice from The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”) that the Company is in compliance with Listing Rule 5550(b)(1) (the “Equity Rule”).

On June 29, 2026, HCW Biologics Inc. (the “Company”) received written notice form the Listing Qualifications Staff (the “Staff”) of the Nasdaq Capital Market Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”) that the Nasdaq Hearings Panel (the “Panel”) found that the Company regained compliance with Listing Rule 5550(a)(2), the “Bid Price Rule,” per the terms set forth in the Panel’s decision letter dated May 29, 2026, as amended. As indicated in the Panel’s decision letter, as amended, if the Company satisfies the remaining terms of the decision through September 22, 2026, the Panel also intends to impose a Discretionary Panel Monitor on the Company pursuant to Listing Rule 5815(d)(4)(A) for a one-year period from that date.

In application of Listing Rule 5815(d)(4)(B), the Company will be subject to a Mandatory Panel Monitor until June 17, 2027. If, within that one-year monitoring period, Staff finds the Company again out of compliance with the Bid Price Rule, which was the subject of the exception, then notwithstanding Rule 5810(c)(2) the Company will not be permitted to provide the Staff with a plan of compliance with respect to that deficiency and Staff will not be permitted to grant additional time for the Company to regain compliance with respect to that deficiency, nor will the company be afforded an applicable cure or compliance period pursuant to Rule 5810(c)(3). Instead, Staff will issue a Delist Determination Letter and the Company will have an opportunity to request a new hearing with the initial Panel or a newly convened Hearings Panel if the initial Panel is unavailable. The Company will have the opportunity to respond/present to the Hearings Panel as provided by Listing Rule 5815(d)(4)(C). The Company’s securities may be at that time delisted from Nasdaq.

On July 29, 2026, the SEC temporarily stayed the effectiveness of its July 22, 2026 order approving the Nasdaq’s proposed rule change to adopt a new $5 million Market Value of Listed Securities continued listing requirement (the “$5 Million MVLS Requirement”). The SEC received, pursuant to Rule 430 of the Commission’s Rules of Practice, 17 CFR 201.430, notices of intention to petition for review of the delegated action. In accordance with Rule 431(e), the July 22, 2026, order is stayed until the Commission orders otherwise.

New Nasdaq Rules 5450(a)(3) (Nasdaq Global Select and Global Market) and 5550(a)(6) (Nasdaq Capital Market) would have required listed companies to maintain a Market Value of Listed Securities (MVLS) of at least $5 million (MVLS is the consolidated closing bid price multiplied by the total shares outstanding of the listed class). If a company failed the $5 million MVLS Requirement for 30 consecutive business days, it would receive an immediate Staff Delisting Determination, with no compliance plan or cure period available. A company may appeal the Staff Delisting Determination, however, timely Nasdaq Hearings Panel (the “Panel”) appeal would not stay the suspension from trading for an MVLS-based delisting determination. It means that the securities would trade on the over-the-counter market (“OTC”) while the appeal is pending. After an appeals hearing, the Panel may, in its discretion, grant an exception of up to 180 days from the Staff Delisting Determination if it determines that the company has presented a credible plan to regain compliance and, within that period, the company must demonstrate compliance with all applicable Nasdaq initial listing requirements, not merely the $5 million MVLS standard, which are materially more stringent than the continued listing standards, e.g., initial listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market requires Market Value of Unrestricted Publicly Held Shares of at least $15 million, versus the $5 million MVLS needed to maintain listing.