HCW Biologics Inc.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As of March 31, 2026, our management, with participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, performed an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a – 15(e) under the Exchange Act). Based on that evaluation, two material weaknesses in the internal control over financial reporting (described below) were identified. Our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective at the reasonable assurance level as of March 31, 2026.

The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act are recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and our management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.

Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act). Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and our principal financial officer, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States.

As of March 31, 2026, our management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting using the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control-Integrated Framework. Based on this assessment, one material weakness over financial reporting was identified (described below). Our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of March 31, 2026.

Previously Reported Material Weaknesses

As of December 31, 2025, our management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting using the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control-Integrated Framework. Based on this assessment, a material weakness over financial reporting was identified (described below). A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that a reasonable possibility exists that a material misstatement of our annual or condensed financial statements would not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

A material weakness was identified related to management’s assessment of long-lived assets for impairment. This material weakness resulted in an adjustment of $1.5 million to the Company’s audited financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2025. Additionally, this material weakness could result in misstatements of long-lived assets (property, plant and equipment) or disclosures that would result in a material misstatement to the annual or condensed financial statements that would not be prevented or detected.

Because of this material weakness, management concluded that the Company did not maintain effective internal control over financial reporting as of March 31, 2026.

Material Weakness Identified in Current Reporting Period

As of March 31, 2026, our management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting using the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control-Integrated Framework. Based on this assessment, a material weakness over financial reporting was identified (described below). A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that a reasonable possibility exists that a material misstatement of our annual or condensed financial statements would not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

Management identified a material weakness in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting related to a lack of precision of review to identify the improper application of the accounting guidance for warrant modifications under ASC 815-40 for the modification of warrants issued in November 2025 (the “Existing Warrants”). In connection with a financing completed on February 17, 2026, the Company agreed, subject to stockholder approval, to reprice the Existing Warrants from an exercise price of $2.41 per share to $0.6055 per share. The Company originally concluded the modification did not result in a change in the instrument’s classification. As a result of the material weakness, the Company determined that the Existing Warrants should have been reclassified from equity to a liability and accordingly recognized a warrant liability of approximately $1.6 million on February 17, 2026. The warrant liability is required to be remeasured at fair value at each subsequent reporting date, with changes in fair value recognized in earnings.

Remediation Plans for Material Weakness in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We are committed to establishing and maintaining a strong internal control environment. In response to the identified material weakness as described above, the Company’s Board of Directors and its Audit Committee are conducting an internal investigation to determine the root cause of the material weaknesses, with advice from outside advisors. Upon conclusion of this investigation, they will work with management to evaluate internal controls over financial reporting based on criteria set forth in “Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013)” issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.

A remediation plan will include obtaining a current appraisal at least once a year in preparation for the Annual Report, and more often if the market appears to be weakening or other triggers for an indication of impairment have occurred. Management intends to establish procedures to ensure proper monitoring of indicators of impairment such as a significant market price decrease, adverse changes in physical condition/usage, legal factors, or current-period operating losses, for each reporting period. For complex transactions, management resolved to allow for more time and resources to determine proper accounting and disclosure of these transactions.

Inherent Limitations of Internal Controls

While we strive to create a stronger control environment, we recognize that it is impossible for our internal controls over financial reporting to prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within our company have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of a simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the control. The design of any system of controls also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. While we are committed to continuously improve and strengthen our control environment, over time, our internal controls over financial reporting may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that internal controls over financial reporting may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act during the three months ended March 31, 2026 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.