electroCore, Inc.

Note 1. The Company

electroCore, Inc. and its subsidiaries (“electroCore” or the “Company”) is a bioelectronic technology company whose mission is to improve health and quality of life through innovative non-invasive bioelectronic technologies.

electroCore, headquartered in Rockaway, NJ, hasthree wholly owned subsidiaries: electroCore U.K. Ltd, electroCore Germany GmbH and NeuroMetrix, Inc. (“NURO”). The Company acquired NURO on May 1, 2025. The Company has paused operations in Germany, with sales into the country and the rest of Europe being managed by electroCore U.K. Ltd.

Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

(a)Basis of Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements were prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”), and the rules and the regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). The Company has reclassified certain prior period information to conform to the current period presentation. This reclassification had no effect on the reported results of operations.

(b)Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of electroCore and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

(c)Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant items subject to such estimates and assumptions include revenue, licensed products and loss contingencies.

(d)Revenue Recognition

The Company accounts for its revenue transactions under Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606,Revenue from Contracts with Customers(“ASC Topic 606”). In accordance with ASC Topic 606, the Company recognizes revenues when its customers obtain control of its product for an amount that reflects the consideration it expects to receive from its customers in exchange for that product. To determine revenue recognition for contracts that are determined to be in scope of ASC Topic 606, the Company performs the following five steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies the performance obligation.

The Company only applies the five-step model to contracts when it is probable that the Company will collect the consideration it is entitled to in exchange for the goods or services it transfers to the customer. Once the contract is determined to be within the scope of ASC Topic 606, the Company assesses the goods or services promised within each contract and determines those that are performance obligations and assesses whether each promised good or service is distinct. The Company then recognizes as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when such performance obligation is satisfied, either upon shipment or receipt by the customer. Payment by the customer is unconditional once the performance obligations are met. Agreed upon payment terms with customers are within 30 days of shipment. Accordingly, contracts with customers do not include a significant financing component.

The transaction price is based on the consideration that the Company expects to receive in exchange for its products and includes the fixed per-unit price of the product and variable consideration primarily in the form of rebates. The per-unit price is based on the Company’s established price lists.

Rebates are discounts that are contingent upon a timely remittance of payment and are estimated based on historical experience. Damaged or defective products are replaced at no charge under the Company’s standard warranty. A cash refund is allowed under specific circumstances for undamaged and non-defective returned products. For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, rebates were immaterial.

(e)Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less when purchased.

As of December 31, 2025, cash equivalents represented funds held in an interest-bearing demand deposit account, U.S. treasury bills, and a money market account.

(f)Concentration of Credit Risk

Cash equivalents are financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentration of credit risk. As of December 31, 2025, the Company’s cash equivalent securities were largely comprised of treasury funds. The Company has established guidelines relative to diversification and maturities that are designed to help ensure safety and liquidity. These guidelines are periodically reviewed to take advantage of trends in yields and interest rates. As of December 31, 2025,94% of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents were denominated in U.S. dollars. The balance of the Company’s cash is denominated in British pound sterling and is subject to foreign exchange risk. The Company’s cash accounts are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) up to $250,000 per financial institution in the United States, and up to £85,000 by the Financial Services Compensation Scheme (“FSCS”) per financial institution in the United Kingdom. The Company’s cash equivalent securities are insured by the Securities Investor Protection Corp. (“SIPC’) up to $500,000 per account, with a limit of $250,000 in cash.

(g)Marketable Securities

Marketable securities are carried at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses reported as accumulated other comprehensive income, except for losses from impairments which are determined to be other than temporary. Realized gains and losses and declines in value judged to be other-than-temporary are included in the determination of net loss and are included in interest and other income net. Fair values are based on quoted market prices at the reporting date. Interest and dividends on available-for-sale securities are included in Interest and other income. As of December 31, 2025, marketable securities amounted to $4.6 million and consist of U.S. treasury bills. Unrealized gains or losses during 2025 and 2024 were not material.

(h)Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and do not bear interest. The Company maintains an allowance for credit losses for estimated losses inherent in its accounts receivable portfolio. Management considers an account receivable to be past due when it is not settled under its stated terms. In establishing the required allowance, management considers customer creditworthiness, past transaction history with the customer, current expectations of future economic and industry trends, changes in customer payment terms and other factors that may affect probability of collection. Account balances are charged off against the allowance after all means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote. During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company’s allowance for credit losses was $0.6 million, of which the vast majority was associated with one customer. Prior to 2025, the Company’s allowance for credit losses was immaterial. The Company does not have any off balance sheet credit exposure related to its customers.

(i)Inventories

Inventory, which consists of raw materials, work-in-process and finished product, is stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Inventory is valued on a first-in first-out basis. Net realizable value is the estimated selling prices in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal, and transportation.

The Company’s products are subject to strict quality control and monitoring which the Company performs throughout the manufacturing process. If certain units of product no longer meet quality specification or become obsolete, the Company records a charge to cost of goods sold to write down such unmarketable inventory tozero.

(j)Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at historical cost. Depreciation is computed by the straight-line method based on the estimated useful lives of the respective assets, as discussed below. Amounts expended for maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred.

Depreciation and leasehold improvement amortization is computed using the following estimated useful lives:

(k)Leases

The Company accounts for leases in accordance with ASU 842,Leases, and its operating leases consist of manufacturing/warehouse space in Rockaway, New Jersey and office equipment. The Company elected not to recognize right of use assets and lease liabilities for short term leases, i.e., leases with a noncancelable period of 12 months or less.

The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. For each lease, the lease term is determined at the commencement date and includes renewal options and termination options when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. The Company recognized the option to renew its manufacturing/warehouse space (“Rockaway space”) as part of the right of use asset and the lease liability as the Company deemed that the renewal option was reasonably certain to be exercised. Operating leases with lease terms greater thanone year are included in operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and current and long-term operating lease liabilities in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.

Operating lease ROU assets represent the right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term using an estimated rate of interest the Company would have to pay to borrow equivalent funds on a collateralized basis at the lease commencement date. The operating lease ROU assets are based on the liability adjusted for any prepaid or deferred rent and lease incentives. The incremental borrowing rate was utilized to discount lease payments over the expected term given that the Company’s operating leases do not provide an implicit rate. The Company estimates the incremental borrowing rate to reflect the profile of secured borrowing over the expected term of the leases based on the information available at the later of the date of adoption or the lease commencement date. Rent expense for the operating lease is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

(l)Licensed Products

The Company licenses a portion of its devices through its cash pay channels. The cost of these licensed devices is capitalized and included in Other Assets in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, and is being recognized as cost of goods sold on the straight-line method over the estimated 12-36 month useful life of the devices. If certain licensed devices are returned and no longer meet quality specifications or the carrying amount of certain licensed devices are no longer deemed to be recoverable, the Company records a charge to cost of goods sold to write down such licensed devices tozero. The net book value of these licensed devices at December 31, 2025 was $0 following the $150,000 write off of the net book value of these licensed devices as a result of changes in the program. The net book value of these licensed devices at December 31, 2024 was $220,000. Prior to the write-off which is disclosed separately in the Statement of Cash Flows, changes in the value of these licensed devices in Other Assets is captured with inventories on the Statement of Cash Flows.

***(m)Impairment of Long-Lived Assets ***

Long lived assets, such as property and equipment, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. If circumstances require a long-lived asset or asset group be tested for possible impairment, the Company first compares undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by that asset or asset group to its carrying amount. If the carrying amount of the long-lived asset or asset group is not recoverable on an undiscounted cash flow basis, an impairment is recognized to the extent that the carrying amount exceeds its fair value. Fair value is determined through various valuation techniques including discounted cash flow models, quoted market values, and third-party independent appraisals, as considered necessary.

***(n)Stock-based Compensation ***

The Company accounts for stock-based compensation in accordance with the ASC Topic 718,Compensation – Stock Compensation. The Company estimates the fair value of stock option awards using the Black-Scholes option pricing model on the date of the grant. Restricted stock unit awards and restricted stock awards without a market condition are valued based on the closing price of the Company’s common stock on the date of the grant. Compensation expense reflects actual forfeitures and is primarily recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the individual grants, which typically equals the vesting period.

(o)Income Taxes

The Company follows the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes under ASC 740, “Income Taxes.” Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statements carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that included the enactment date. Valuation allowances are established, when necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized.

ASC 740 prescribes a recognition threshold and a measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of tax provisions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. For those benefits to be recognized, a tax position must be more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by taxing authorities. The Company is currently not aware of any issues under review that could result in significant payments, accruals or deviation from its position during the next twelve months.

(p)Research and Development

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. These costs include, but are not limited to, costs related to clinical trials, and compensation and related overhead for employees and consultants involved in research and development activities.

(q)Foreign Currency Translation and Transactions

The functional currency of the Company’s international operations has been determined to be the respective local currency. The Company translates functional currency assets and liabilities to their U.S. dollar equivalents at exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date and translates functional currency income and expense amounts to their U.S. dollar equivalents at average exchange rates for the period. The U.S. dollar affects that arise from changing translation rates are recorded in other comprehensive loss. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses related to assets and liabilities that are denominated in a currency other than the functional currency are reported in the Consolidated Statements of Operations in the period they occur.

(r)Segment Information

Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate discrete information is available for evaluation by the chief operating decision-maker (CODM), or decision-making group, in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Company views its operations and manages its business asone operating segment: Bioelectronic Innovations.

(s)Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In December 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2023-09,Income Taxes (Topic 740),Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures which will require companies to make additional income tax disclosures. The pronouncement is effective for annual filings for the year ended December 31, 2025. We adopted ASU No. 2023-09 for the year ended December 31, 2025 and added the required disclosures on a prospective basis in Note 13,Income Taxes. There was no other impact to our financial statement disclosures as a result of adopting ASU No. 2023-09.

On November 2024, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2024-03,Income Statement (Topic 220): Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures, Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses, which requires public companies to disclose, in interim and annual reporting periods, additional information about certain expenses in the financial statements. The amendments in this pronouncement will be effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted and is effective on either a prospective basis or retrospective basis. The Company is currently assessing the potential impacts of adoption on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In July 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-05,Financial Instruments — Credit Losses, which provides a practical expedient for estimating expected credit losses for current accounts receivable and current contract assets that arise from transactions accounted for under Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. ASU 2025-05 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2025 and interim periods within those annual reporting periods and should be applied prospectively, with early adoption permitted. The Company is assessing the impact of adopting this standard.

In December 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-12,Codification Improvements, which clarifies various topics in the Accounting Standards Codification to improve consistency and address technical corrections. Key improvements include clarifying the calculation of diluted earnings per share (EPS) when a loss from continuing operations exists. The amendments in this update are effective for the Company beginning January 1, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The Company is assessing the impact of adopting this standard.

In December 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-11,Interim Reporting (Topic 270): Narrow Scope Improvements. This update clarifies the applicability of interim reporting guidance and the form and content of interim financial statements. It also establishes a disclosure principle requiring an entity to disclose material events and changes occurring since the end of the last annual reporting period. ASU 2025-11 is effective for the Company for interim periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The Company is assessing the impact of adopting this standard.

Note 3. Liquidity, Credit Risks and Going Concern

The Company has experienced significant net losses, and it expects to continue to incur net losses for the near future as it works to increase market acceptance of its prescription (Rx) products and general wellness and human performance products. The Company has never been profitable and has incurred net losses and negative cash used in operations each year since its inception. The Company incurred net losses of $14.0 million and $11.9 million and used cash in its operations of $8.2 million and $6.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

The Company has historically funded its operations with the proceeds of equity and debt financings. During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company received net proceeds of approximately $0.2 million from sales of equity securities pursuant to our Sales Agreement (as defined below) with H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC (“Wainwright”) and $7.5 million which was advanced by Avenue Opportunities Fund II, L.P. (“Avenue”) pursuant to the Loan and Security Agreement (as defined below). As of December 31, 2025, the Company’s cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities totaled $11.6 million (“Cash Position”).

On July 24, 2025, our Form S-3 registration statement (File No. 333-284477), or the 2025 Shelf Registration Statement, was declared effective by the SEC. The 2025 Shelf Registration Statement relates to the potential offering and issuance from time to time of common stock, preferred stock, warrants, rights, debt securities and units, up to an aggregate amount of $100.0 million. The proposed maximum offering price per unit and the proposed maximum aggregate offering price per class of security in any future offering under the 2025 Shelf Registration Statement will be determined from time to time by us in connection with the issuance by us of the securities registered under the 2025 Shelf Registration Statement. As of the date of this Annual Report, we have $100.0 million remaining for potential issuance under the 2025 Shelf Registration Statement (including $19.8 million under the Sales Agreement (as defined below)). As of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the aggregate market value of our securities held by non-affiliates may be below $75 million, and until such time as the aggregate market value of our securities held by non-affiliates equals or exceeds $75 million, the aggregate maximum offering price of all securities issued by us in any given 12-calendar month period pursuant the 2025 Shelf Registration Statement may not exceed one-third of the aggregate market value of our securities held by non-affiliates, and thus may be limited. If we raise additional funds by issuing equity or debt securities, either through the sale of securities pursuant to a registration statement or by other means, our existing stockholders may experience dilution, and the new equity or debt securities may have rights, preferences and privileges senior to those of our existing stockholders.

On November 29, 2024, we entered into an At The Market Offering Agreement (the “Sales Agreement”) with Wainwright, whereby the Company may offer and sell shares of its common stock from time to time having an aggregate offering price of up to $20 million by any method deemed to be an “at-the-market” offering (“ATM”) as defined in Rule 415 of the Securities Act, or any other method specified in the Sales Agreement. During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company sold 14,265 shares of its common stock at a weighted average price of $15.20 per share, net of issuance costs for $0.2 million in net proceeds, pursuant to the Sales Agreement.

On August 4, 2025 (the “LSA Closing Date”), we, and our wholly owned subsidiary, NURO, each as borrowers, entered into a Loan and Security Agreement (the “Loan and Security Agreement”), with Avenue. The Loan and Security Agreement provides for term loans in an aggregate principal amount of up to $12.0 million, $7.5 million of which was advanced on the LSA Closing Date. See “Note 10 – Long-Term Debt” for further information regarding the Loan and Security Agreement, and related transactions.

During 2026, we intend to continue to make targeted investments in sales and marketing to continue driving commercial activities. We have historically funded our operations from the sale of our common stock, and most recently the convertible term debt financing with Avenue, and may continue to do so through utilization of the at-the-market facility pursuant to the Sales Agreement, or other equity or debt transactions.

Notwithstanding the expected cash flow from operations and expected access to capital from existing and/or future debt and equity sources, the Company’s currently forecasted cash is less than the requirements to fund its operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements, as currently planned, for at least the next 12 months from the date the accompanying consolidated financial statements are issued. These factors raise substantial doubt regarding the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. There remain significant risks and uncertainties regarding the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations. Due to these risks and uncertainties, there can be no assurance that we will have sufficient cash flow and liquidity to fund our planned activities, which could force us to significantly reduce or curtail our activities and, ultimately, potentially cease operations. The accompanying consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustment that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Concentration of Revenue Risks

The Company earns a significant amount of its revenue in the United States from the VA channel pursuant to its qualifying contract under the Federal Supply Schedule, or FSS, and open market sales to individual VA facilities. For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, the VA accounted for 71.2% and 70.6 of net sales, respectively.

Lovell Government Services, or Lovell, accounted for more than 10% of our VA net sales for the year ended December 31, 2025, and for more than 10% of our accounts receivable as of December 31, 2025. During the year ended December 31, 2025, no single facility accounted for more than 10% of the total VA net sales. For the year ended December 31, 2024, Lovell and Las Vegas VAMC each accounted for more than 10% of our VA net sales. During the years ended December 31, 2024, sales associated with one facility accounted for more than 10% of the total VA net sales.

Foreign Currency Exchange

The Company has foreign currency exchange risks related to revenue and operating expenses in currencies other than the local currencies in which it operates. The Company is exposed to currency risk from the potential changes in the functional currency values of its assets, liabilities, and cash flows denominated in foreign currencies.

Note 4. Revenue

The following tables represent product net sales disaggregated by Channel and Geographic Market (in thousands):

Note 5. Cash, Cash Equivalents and Marketable Securities

The following tables summarize the Company’s cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Note 6. Fair Value Measurements

Financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value are classified and disclosed in one of the following three levels of the fair value hierarchy:

A summary of the assets and liabilities carried at fair value in accordance with the hierarchy defined above is as follows:

As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company’s marketable securities in the amount of $4.6 million and $8.5 million, respectively, were carried at fair value in accordance with Level 1 as described above. The Company recognizes transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy as of the end of the reporting period. There were no transfers within the hierarchy during the December 31, 2025 and year ended December 31, 2024. The carrying amount of the Company’s receivables and payables approximate their fair value due to their maturity.

Note 7. Inventory

As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, inventories consisted of the following:

The reserve for obsolete inventory was $0.3 million and $0.6 million as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The Company records charges for obsolete inventory in cost of goods sold. Inventory classified under the category “Work in process” consists of prefabricated assembled product.

Note 8. Leases

On February 6, 2024, the Company entered into The First Amendment to Lease Agreement (the “Rockaway Amendment”) to extend its Rockaway, New Jersey lease for an additional 10 years. The Rockaway Amendment was effective May 1, 2024, and expires on July 31, 2034, with a tenant option to renew for an additional five years. The increase in the term of the lease for the existing leased property was accounted for as a lease modification, therefore, the associated operating lease right of use assets and operating lease liabilities for the existing space were remeasured as of February 6, 2024. The Rockaway Amendment also includes the expansion of leased property from 13,643 square feet to 22,557 square feet. The Company has accounted for the expansion space as an increase in lease right of use assets effective with the Rockaway Amendment commencement date of June 1, 2024.

In the fourth quarter of 2025, the Company discovered an error in the lease payments used in the initial calculations in conjunction with the lease modification. The error was not considered material and was corrected in the fourth quarter. This correction resulted in a decrease in operating lease right-of-assets of $1.0 million, decrease in operating lease liabilities, current of $0.1 million, decrease in operating lease liabilities, noncurrent of $1.3 million and decrease in rent expense of $0.4 million.

For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company recognized lease expense of $205,000 and $535,000, respectively. This expense does not include non-lease components associated with the lease agreements as the Company elected not to include such charges as part of the lease expense.

Supplemental Balance Sheet Information for Operating Leases:

Future minimum lease payments under non-cancellable operating leases as of December 31, 2025:

Note 9. Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities

Accrued expenses as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 consisted of the following:

Finance and Security Agreements

On July 7, 2025, the Company and First Insurance Funding entered into a Commercial Insurance Premium Finance Agreement (the “2025 Finance Agreement”). The 2025 Finance Agreement provides for a single borrowing of approximately $452,000 with aten-month term and an annual interest rate of 6.55%. The proceeds from this transaction were used to partially fund the premiums due under certain of the Company’s insurance policies. The amounts payable are secured by the Company’s rights under such policies. Beginning July 2025, the Company began paying monthly installments of approximately $45,000.

On July 2, 2024, the Company entered into a Commercial Insurance Premium Finance and Security Agreement (the “2024 Agreement”). The 2024 Agreement provides for a single borrowing of approximately $493,000 with aten-month term and an annual interest rate of 8.75%. The proceeds from this transaction were used to partially fund the premiums due under certain of the Company’s insurance policies. The amounts payable are secured by the Company’s rights under such policies. Beginning July 2024, the Company began paying monthly installments of approximately $51,000. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the remaining balance under the respective agreements was approximately $181,000 and $205,000.

During the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company recognized $14,900 and $18,400 in aggregate interest expense, respectively, related to the Company’s finance and security agreements.

Note 10. Long-Term Debt

As of December 31, 2025, long-term debt consists of notes payable and convertible notes payable as follows:

The non-convertible notes payable and convertible notes payable balances as of December 31, 2025 are classified as long-term based on the interest-only period through February 28, 2027.

Avenue Loan and Security Agreement

On the LSA Closing Date, the Company and NURO entered into the Loan and Security Agreement with Avenue, as administrative agent and collateral agent, and as lenderfor term loans in an aggregate principal amount of up to $12 million to be delivered in two tranches (the “Term Loans”). The tranches consist of (i) a term loan advanced to the Company on the LSA Closing Date in an aggregate amount of $7.5 million (“Tranche 1”), and (ii) subject to the achievement of certain performance milestones set forth in the Loan and Security Agreement, a right of the Company to request that Avenue make additional term loan advances to the Company in an aggregate amount of $4.5 million (“Tranche 2”), which right expired on December 31, 2025. The Term Loans mature on August 1, 2029 (the “Maturity Date”).

Subject to certain exceptions, Avenue has the right to convert (the “Conversion Right”) an aggregate amount of up to $2.5 million of the outstanding Loan Amount into shares of the Company’s common stock at a conversion price per share equal to $8.4625, representing 125% of the lower of (i) the five-day volume-weighted average price of Company’s common stock as calculated on the day prior to the LSA Closing Date, or (ii) the closing price of Company’s common stock on the date prior to the LSA Closing Date ($6.77). Therefore, the Company recorded the borrowings under Tranche 1 as Non-Convertible and Convertible Notes Payable, respectively. In the event the Company elects to prepay the Term Loans in full, the Company shall provide no less than five business days’ prior written notice to Avenue; provided, however, if Avenue has not yet exercised the Conversion Right, the Company shall provide written notice of prepayment at least 10 days in advance of the proposed prepayment date and Avenue shall have the option, with respect to the Conversion Right, to exercise the Conversion Right by delivering written notice to the Company at least two business days in advance of the proposed prepayment date.

The principal balance of the Term Loans bears interest at a variable rate per annum equal to the greater of (i) the sum of 5.0% and the prime rate as reported inThe Wall Street Journal, provided that, in the event such prime rate of interest is less than zero, such rate shall be deemed to be zero, and (ii) twelve and one-half percent (12.50%) (the “Interest Rate”). Interest only shall be payable at the Interest Rate during the period following the LSA Closing Date and continuing until the first day of the first full calendar month following the 18 month anniversary of the LSA Closing Date, provided, however, that such period shall be extended for six months if as of the 18 month anniversary of the LSA Closing Date, the Company has achieved certain milestones, as provided in the Supplement to the Loan and Security Agreement dated August 4, 2025, by and among the Company, NURO and Avenue (the “Supplement”); provided, further, however, that the such interest only period shall not exceed 24 months. Thereafter, principal and interest of the Term Loans shall be fully amortized and paid, in equal, monthly principal installments, plus interest at the Interest Rate for such month, through the Maturity Date, subject to the terms and conditions of the Supplement. The Company will pay final payment at a fee of 3.5% of the Loan Amount, due upon the earlier of the Maturity Date or prepayment in full of the Term Loans, which is currently $262,500 based on the borrowing under Tranche 1.

The Company may, at its option at any time, prepay the Term Loans in their entirety by paying the then outstanding principal balance and all accrued and unpaid interest on the Term Loans, subject to a prepayment fee equal to(i) 3.0% of the principal amount outstanding if the prepayment occurs on or prior to the first anniversary following the LSA Closing Date, (ii) 2.0% of the principal amount outstanding if the prepayment occurs after the first anniversary following the LSA Closing Date, but on or prior to the second anniversary following the LSA Closing Date, and (iii) 1.0% of the principal amount outstanding if the prepayment occurs after the second anniversary following the LSA Closing Date, but on or prior to the Maturity Date.

The Company incurred borrower commitment and legal fees of $1,290,000, which are presented as debt discounts, of which $719,996 was settled in the issuance of the Company’s common stock (discussed further below). During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company recorded interest expense of $390,625, which included amortization of debt discount of $134,383. As of December 31, 2025, the interest rate on Tranche 1 is 12.5%.

The Loan and Security Agreement is collateralized by substantially all of the Company’s assets in which Avenue is granted a senior secured lien. The Company also grants Avenue a negative pledge on the Company’s intellectual property, subject to limited exceptions, pursuant to the Loan and Security Agreement. The Loan and Security Agreement contains customary representations, warranties and covenants, including covenants limiting certain additional indebtedness, liens (including a negative pledge on intellectual property and other assets, subject to limited exceptions), guaranties, substantial asset sales, investments and loans, certain corporate changes, transactions with affiliates and fundamental changes. The financial covenants include a minimum level of revenue and cash and cash equivalents.

The Loan and Security Agreement provides for events of default customary for term loans of this type, including but not limited to non-payment, breaches or defaults in the performance of covenants, insolvency, bankruptcy and the occurrence of a material adverse effect on the Company. After the occurrence of an event of default, Avenue may (i) accelerate payment of all obligations, impose an increased rate of interest, and terminate Avenue commitments under the Loan and Security Agreement and (ii) exercise any other right or remedy provided by contract or applicable law.

Avenue shall have the right, but not the obligation, to invest up to an aggregate of $1 million in equity securities of the Company on the same terms, conditions, and pricing offered by the Company to other investors in connection with any offering of the Company’s equity securities to third party investors for capital raising purposes occurring after the Closing Date, on the terms and conditions set forth in the Supplement.

Maturities on long-term debt include:

Avenue Subscription Agreement

In connection with the entry into the Loan and Security Agreement, the Company entered into a Subscription Agreement (the “Subscription Agreement”) between the Company and Avenue, pursuant to which the Company issued 106,351 shares (the “Subscription Shares”) of the Company’s common stock to Avenue for no additional consideration. The shares were valued at $719,996 based on the Company’s stock price on the LSA Closing Date. The issuance of the Subscription Shares was made in reliance on the exemption from registration contained in Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Rule 506 of Regulation D thereunder, because the offer and sale of such securities does not involve a “public offering” as defined in Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act.

Pursuant to the Subscription Agreement, the Company filed with the SEC a registration statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-290713) with the SEC to cover the resale of the Subscription Shares, and the shares of the Company’s common stock issuable upon the Conversion Right pursuant to the Loan and Security Agreement, which registration statement became effective on October 22, 2025.

The foregoing summary of the Subscription Agreement does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of Subscription Agreement, which is filed as Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2025, and is incorporated by reference herein. The representations, warranties and covenants Subscription Agreement were made only for purposes of such agreement and as of specific dates and were solely for the benefit of the parties to such agreement.

Note 11. Shareholders’ Equity

October 2025 Private Placement Offering

On September 30, 2025, the Company entered into securities purchase agreements with certain institutional and accredited investors (the “Private Agreements”), which collectively provided for the sale by the Company of 360,737 shares (the “Private Shares”) of common stock of the Company, par value $0.001 per share. The Private Shares were issued at a price of $5.15 per share in satisfaction of an aggregate of approximately $1.9 million of legal services rendered or to be rendered to the Company by the investors. The Company did not receive cash proceeds in connection with the issuance of these shares.

The offerings described above closed on October 2, 2025. The Private Shares were issued in reliance on the exemptions from registration provided by Section 4(a)(2) under the Securities Act and Regulation D promulgated thereunder, for transactions not involving a public offering. On October 3, 2025, the Company filed a registration statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-290713) with the SEC to cover the resale of the Private Shares, which registration statement became effective on October 22, 2025.

At-the-Market Facility

On November 29, 2024, we entered into the Sales Agreement with Wainwright. Under the Sales Agreement, the Company may offer and sell shares of its common stock from time to time having an aggregate offering price of up to $20 million during the term of the Sales Agreement through Wainwright, acting as sales agent. The Company intends to use the net proceeds from any offering pursuant to the Sales Agreement to continue to fund sales and marketing, working capital and for other general corporate purposes. During the year ended December 31, 2025 the company sold 14,265 shares of common stock for gross proceeds of approximately $217,000. This amount has been offset by financing fees of approximately $54,000.

Securities Purchase Agreements

On June 3, 2024, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “Registered Direct Purchase Agreement”) with an institutional accredited investor (the “Purchaser”) for the sale (the “Registered Direct Offering”) by the Company of pre-funded warrants (the “RD Pre-funded Warrants”) to purchase up to 225,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the “Common Stock”) (the “RD Pre-funded Warrant Shares”). In a concurrent private placement, the Company issued and sold to the Purchaser unregistered warrants to purchase up to 112,500 shares of Common Stock (the “PIPE Warrants” and shares of Common Stock underlying the PIPE Warrants, the “PIPE Warrant Shares”). Each RD Pre-funded Warrant in the Registered Direct Offering was sold together withone-half of one PIPE Warrant at a combined effective offering price of $6.4925 per share. The PIPE Warrants became exercisable after the date of issuance at a price of $6.43 per share and will expire on June 5, 2029.

In a separate private placement, on May 31, 2024, the Company entered into securities purchase agreements with certain institutional and accredited investors and directors of the Company (the “Private Agreements”), which collectively provided for the sale by the Company of (i)438,191 shares of Common Stock (the “Private Shares”), (ii) pre-funded warrants (the “Private Pre-funded Warrants”) to purchase up to 770,119 shares of Common Stock and (iii) warrants (the “Private Warrants” and together with the PIPE Warrants, the “Warrants”) to purchase up to 604,150 shares of Common Stock (the “Private Warrant Shares”). Each share of Common Stock (or Private Pre-funded Warrant) in this private placement was sold together with one-half of one Private Warrant at a combined effective offering price of $6.4925 per share. The Private Warrants will have the same terms as the PIPE Warrants sold to the Purchaser.

The Private Shares were sold at a purchase price of $6.43 per share. The RD Pre-funded Warrants and Private Pre-funded Warrants were sold at a purchase price of $6.43 minus $0.001 per Pre-Funded Warrant, and are exercisable immediately at an exercise price of $0.001 per share. The PIPE Warrants and Private Warrants are only exercisable for whole shares of Common Stock.

The net proceeds to the Company resulting in the sale of securities described above was approximately $9.0 million, after deducting other offering expenses payable by the Company, and excluding the proceeds, if any, from the exercise of the warrants. Of the net proceeds, $1 million came from the issuance of securities to the Company’s legal counsel. Upon issuance of the shares, certain of the Company’s financial obligations to its legal counsel were deemed paid and satisfied in full.

The company accounts for common stock warrants by first considering the criteria under ASC 480 for liability classification, then evaluating the indexation requirements and the scope exception in ASC 815-10, and finally assessing additional equity considerations under ASC 815-40-25 to determine if the warrants should be classified as equity. The Company determined that the warrants associated this financing qualified for equity classification.

Stock Purchase Warrants

The following table presents a summary of stock purchase warrants outstanding as of December 31, 2025:

Note 12. Net Loss Per Share

Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted loss per share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding adjusted to give effect to potentially dilutive securities. Due to their nominal exercise price of $0.001 per share,883,433 and 1,608,433 pre-funded warrants are considered common stock equivalents during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and are included in weighted average shares outstanding in the accompanying consolidated statement of operations as of the closing date of the Company’s July 2023 Securities Purchase Agreements. Restricted stock and unit awards, stock options, and warrants (other than the pre-funded warrants) have not been included in the diluted loss per share calculation as their inclusion would have had an anti-dilutive effect.

The potential common stock equivalents that have been excluded from the computation of diluted loss per share consist of the following:

**Note 13. Income Taxes **

The benefit for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 consisted of foreign taxes, state minimum taxes and a benefit from the sale of state net operating losses.

Domestic and foreign components of the loss before provision for income taxes is as follows:

The income tax provision/(benefit) from continuing operations contains the following components:

The Company has evaluated the available evidence supporting the realization of its deferred tax assets, including the amount and timing of future taxable income, and has determined that it is more likely than not that its net deferred tax assets will not be realized in the United States and certain foreign jurisdictions. Due to uncertainties surrounding the realization of the deferred tax assets, the Company maintains a full valuation allowance against all of its net deferred tax assets. When the Company determines that it will be able to realize some portion or all of its deferred tax assets, an adjustment to its valuation allowance on its deferred tax assets would have the effect of increasing net income in the period such determination is made. The net change in the valuation allowance for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 was an increase of $9.8 million and $3.7 million, respectively.

The significant components of the Company’s deferred income tax assets and liabilities after applying enacted corporate tax rates are as follows:

A reconciliation of the income tax benefit computed at the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate of 21% and the reported income tax provision for the year ended December 31, 2025 after the adoption of ASU 2023-09 is as follows:

A reconciliation of the income tax benefit computed at the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate of 21% and the reported income tax benefit for the year ended December 31, 2024 before the adoption of ASU 2023-09 is as follows:

As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company had accumulated Federal net operating losses totaling $184.5 million and $143.6 million, respectively. Also, as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company had post-apportioned net operating losses totaling $90.3 million and $61.2 million, respectively. The net operating losses may be available to carry forward and offset future years’ taxable income. U.S. federal losses can be carried forward indefinitely, and state losses expire in various amounts beginning in 2026. The Company also had accumulated losses totaling $4.3 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, in Germany which can be carried forward indefinitely.

However, the NOL carryforwards may be, or become subject to, an annual limitation in the event of certain cumulative changes in the ownership interest of significant stockholders over a three year period in excess of 50%, as defined under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, as well as similar state tax provisions. This could limit the amount of NOLs that the Company can utilize annually to offset future taxable income or tax liabilities. The amount of the annual limitation, if any, will be determined based on the value of the Company immediately prior to an ownership change. Subsequent ownership changes may further affect the limitation in future years. If and when the Company utilizes the NOL carryforwards in a future period, it will perform an analysis to determine the effect, if any, of these loss limitation rules on the NOL carryforward balances.

The Company may be eligible, from time to time, to receive cash from the sale of its net operating losses under New Jersey’s Department of the Treasury - Division of Taxation NOL Transfer Program. During the year ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company sold New Jersey NOL carry forwards, resulting in the receipt of net cash payments of $0.05 million and $0.1 million, respectively. There can be no assurance as to the continuation or magnitude of this program in the future.

As of December 31, 2025, the Company had an aggregate of Federal, New Jersey and Massachusetts research and development credits of $2.2 million. The Federal R&D credits can be carried forward 20 years and will begin to expire in 2038. The Massachusetts R&D tax credit can be carried forward indefinitely. The New Jersey R&D credits can be carried forward seven years and will begin to expire in 2031.

The amount of cash income taxes paid by the Company were as follows:

The amount of cash income taxes paid by the Company during the year ended December 31, 2024 was approximately $6,000.

Uncertain Tax Positions

The Company has adopted certain provisions of ASC 740, “Income Taxes”, which prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement attribute for the recognition and measurement of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in income tax returns. The provisions also provide guidance on the de-recognition of income tax assets and liabilities, classification of current and deferred income tax assets and liabilities, and accounting for interest and penalties associated with tax positions.

The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction, and in various state and foreign jurisdictions. The Company’s tax returns are subject to tax examinations by U.S. federal and state tax authorities, or examinations by foreign tax authorities until the expiration of the respective statutes of limitation. The Company’s U.S. federal and state net operating losses have occurred since inception in 2018 and as such, tax years subject to potential tax examinations could apply from that date because the utilization of net operating losses from prior years opens the relevant year to audit by the IRS and/or state taxing authorities. The Company currently has no tax years under examination.

As of December 31, 2025, the Company does not have an accrual relating to uncertain tax positions. Interest and penalties, if any, as they relate to income taxes assessed, are included in the income tax provision. It is not anticipated that unrecognized tax benefits would significantly increase or decrease within 12 months of the reporting date.

Note 14. Stock Based Compensation

All common stock share and per share data reflects the reverse stock split effective February 15, 2023.

On June 21, 2018, the Company adopted the 2018 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan (“Plan”). This plan reserved 0.4 million shares with an increase to be added annually beginning in 2019 through 2028 up to 4% of the total number of shares of common stock issued and outstanding on a fully diluted basis as of the end of the immediately preceding fiscal year, provided that the aggregate number of additional shares shall not exceed a total of 3.0 million shares, and a maximum of 2.7 million shares pursuant to the exercise of stock options. As of December 31, 2025, the number of shares reserved under the Plan was approximately 0.26 million. Subsequent to December 31, 2025, the number of shares reserved under the Plan increased by 0.5 million. The Company’s policy is to issue new shares of its common stock upon the exercise of stock options, new grants of restricted stock awards, and settlement of restricted stock units. Stock options issued under the plan have a contractual life of 10 years and are generally forfeited upon separation from the Company.

The following table presents stock compensation expense recognized by the Company for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024. Total unrecognized compensation cost related to equity awards as of December 31, 2025 was $2.2 million and is expected to be recognized over the next 1.7 years.

The following table presents a summary of stock option award activity during the year ended December 31, 2025:

The intrinsic value is calculated as the difference between the fair market value at December 31, 2025 and the exercise price per share of the stock option. The options granted to employees generally vest over athree-year period.

The following table provides additional information about stock options that are outstanding and exercisable at December 31, 2025:

The following table presents a summary of restricted and deferred stock unit (“Unit” or “Units”) activity during the year ended December 31, 2025:

In general, Units granted to employees vest overtwo tofour-year periods.

Immediately following the Company’s annual meeting of stockholders, the Company generally grants each non-employee director an equity award that vests over a 12-month period. Upon a non-employee director’s initial appointment or election to the board of directors, the Company grants such non-employee director an equity award subject to vesting over a 36-month period.

Valuation Information for Stock-Based Compensation

The Company did not grant any stock options during the year ended December 31, 2025. The fair value of each stock option award during the year ended December 31, 2024 was estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes model. Expected volatility was based 100% on the Company’s historical common stock volatility. The risk-free interest rate was based on the average U.S. Treasury rate that most closely resembled the expected life of the related award. The expected term of the award was calculated using the simplified method. No dividend was assumed as the Company does not pay regular dividends on its common stock and does not anticipate paying any dividends in the foreseeable future.

The weighted average assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option pricing model in valuing stock options granted in the year ended December 31, 2024 are summarized in the table below.

The fair value of each Stock Unit is the market close price of the Company’s common stock on the trading day immediately preceding the date of grant.

**Note 15. Segment Reporting **

The Company views its operations and manages its business asone operating segment: Bioelectronic Innovations. Our CODM is our Chief Executive Officer. The CODM uses loss from operations, as reported on our Consolidated Statements of Operations, including the breakdown of expenses presented below, in evaluating the performance of the Bioelectronic Innovations segment and in determining how to allocate resources to the Company as a whole. The CODM does not review assets in evaluating the results of the Bioelectronic Innovations segment, and therefore, such information is not presented below.

The following table provides the GAAP operating financial results of the Bioelectronic Innovations segment:

Note 16. Commitments and Contingencies

The Company may be a party to various legal proceedings and claims arising out of the ordinary course of its business. Although the final results of all such matters and claims cannot be predicted with certainty, the Company currently believes that there are no current proceedings or claims pending against it the ultimate resolution of which would have a material adverse effect on its financial condition or results of operations. However, should the Company fail to prevail in any legal matter, including the Pulsetto litigation referenced in “Note 17 – Legal Proceedings”, or should several legal matters be resolved against the Company in the same reporting period, such matters could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s operating results and cash flows for that particular period. In all cases, at each reporting period, the Company evaluates whether or not a potential loss amount or a potential range of loss is probable and reasonably estimable underASC 450, “Contingencies.” Legal costs are expensed as incurred.

Purchase Commitments

The Company enters into contracts in the normal course of business with contract research organizations for its clinical trials, contract manufacturing organizations for the manufacture and supply of its clinical and commercial product needs and other vendors for other research and development and commercial activities, as well as services and products for operating purposes. The Company’s agreements generally provide for termination with notice. Such agreements that are cancelable contracts are not included as purchase commitments. The Company has included as purchase obligations its commitments under agreements to the extent they are quantifiable and are not cancelable. The Company has no material purchase obligations as of December 31, 2025.

2025 CVR Agreement

On May 1, 2025 (the “NURO Closing Date”), the Company completed its previously announced acquisition of NURO (following consummation of the Merger, the “Surviving Corporation”), pursuant to the terms of the Agreement and Plan of Merger dated as of December 17, 2024 (the “Merger Agreement”) by and among the Company, NURO, and Nexus Merger Sub Inc., a Delaware corporation and a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company (“Merger Sub”).

Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, on the NURO Closing Date, Merger Sub merged with and into NURO, with NURO surviving as a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company (the “Merger”).

Immediately prior to the effective time (the “Effective Time”) of the Merger, the Company entered into a contingent value rights agreement (the “CVR Agreement”) with a rights agent (the “Rights Agent”), pursuant to which the holders (each, a “Holder”) of (i) shares of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, of NURO (the “NURO Common Stock”) outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time, (ii) outstanding awards of restricted stock with respect to shares of NURO Common Stock, outstanding at the Effective Time, (iii) NURO restricted stock units outstanding at the Effective Time, (iv) all issued and outstanding shares of NURO’s preferred stock, par value $0.001 per share, outstanding at the Effective Time, and (v) each stock option granted by NURO to purchase NURO Common Stock, outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time, may become entitled to contingent cash payments (each, a “Contingent Payment”) that net of certain transaction expenses, will equal(1) 8% of the Quell Net Sales (as defined in the CVR Agreement) during the first 12-month period after the NURO Closing Date, in an amount up to $500,000 (the “First Quell Net Sales Payment”), but if 8% of the Quell Net Sales during such period is less than $25,000, the First Quell Net Sales Payment shall be zero; (2) 6% of the Quell Net Sales during the second 12-month period after the NURO Closing Date, an amount up to $500,000 minus the amount of the First Quell Net Sales Payment (the “Second Quell Net Sales Payment”), but if 6% of the Quell Net Sales during such second period is less than $25,000, the Second Quell Net Sales Payment shall be zero; (3) the amounts received by the Company after the Effective Time pursuant to any Disposition Agreement (as defined in the CVR Agreement) signed prior to the Effective Time with respect to the disposition of NURO’s DPNCheck® Business; (4) an amount equal to $125,000 less any funds used by the Company as of July 1, 2025 out of a reserve of $250,000 for payment of potential expenses of the Company that were reserved against NURO’s net cash balance (as determined pursuant to the Merger Agreement); and (5) the balance of the funds remaining in the reserve as of May 1, 2027.

In October 2025, after giving effect to a deduction for certain transaction expenses of the Rights Agent, the Company distributed approximately $0.105 per contingent value right to the former holders of common stock of NURO, representing an aggregate distribution of approximately $221,000. In addition, the Company distributed approximately $22,000 to the former holders of NURO restricted stock units and participants in the NURO’s management incentive rights plan, in accordance with the terms of the CVR Agreement.

Under the CVR Agreement, the Rights Agent has, and Holders of at least 20% of the CVRs then-outstanding have, certain rights to audit and enforcement on behalf of all Holders of the CVRs. The Company shall cause NURO to use commercially reasonable efforts to consummate transactions contemplated by any Disposition Agreement, as such efforts are further described in the CVR Agreement.

The CVR Agreement has a term commencing on the Effective Date and ending on the earlier of (a) December 31 of the calendar year in which Company shall have caused to be paid to the Holders pursuant to the terms of the CVR Agreement all Distributions (as defined in the CVR Agreement) with respect to all payments (including any contingent payments) contemplated to be made by the applicable buyer pursuant to any Disposition Agreement, and (b) December 31, 2030.

See “Note 18 – Acquisitions” for additional information about the Merger.

Note 17. Legal Proceedings

UAB Pulsetto v. electroCore, Inc.

On June 11, 2025, UAB Pulsetto (“Pulsetto”) filed a declaratory judgment action against the Company in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey, captioned*UAB Pulsetto v. electroCore, Inc., Civ. No. 25-10036 (D.N.J.),*asserting that its non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation product does not infringe the Company’s U.S. Patent No. 11,446,491 (the “491 Patent”).

On July 16, 2025, the Company filed a responsive pleading, answering the complaint and asserting counterclaims, that Pulsetto’s non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation product infringes the ‘491 Patent, as well as the Company’s U.S. Patent Nos. 8,948,873, 9,339,653, 10,874,857, 8,843,210, 9,242,092, 11,623,078, and 10,441,780, as well as claims that Pulsetto’s commercial conduct has infringed and continues to infringe the Company’s Truvaga™ and gammaCore® trademarks, and committed acts of false advertising and unfair competition in violation of state and federal law. On September 5, 2025, Pulsetto requested leave to file a motion to dismiss the Company’s counterclaims for lack or jurisdiction and/or insufficient pleadings. The Company has opposed that request, which has not yet been considered by the trial judge. On September 9, 2025, the court approved a schedule for discovery, and certain proceedings, filings, submissions, motions, reports and conferences. The parties have exchanged initial requests for the production of documents relevant to the dispute and have proceeded with exchanging their respective infringement and invalidity contentions, as the case may be. The parties are still in the early stages of discovery. The parties held an in-person settlement conference with a Judge Magistrate on March 4, 2026.

The Company believes that Pulsetto’s claim is without merit and intends to defend vigorously against it and to pursue vigorously the Company’s patent and non-patent counterclaims against Pulsetto. The Company expenses associated legal fees in the period they are incurred, and in light of, among other things, the preliminary stage of the litigation, the Company is unable to determine the reasonable probability of loss or a range of potential loss or gain or a range of potential gain. Accordingly, the Company has not established an accrual for potential losses or gains, if any, that could result from any unfavorable or favorable outcome, and there can be no assurance that these litigation matters will not result in substantial litigation costs and/or judgments or settlements that could adversely affect the Company’s financial condition.

Note 18. Acquisitions

On the NURO Closing Date, the Company completed its previously announced acquisition of NURO, pursuant to the terms of the Merger Agreement by and among the Company, NURO, and Nexus Merger Sub Inc., a Delaware corporation and a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company.

Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, on the Closing Date, Merger Sub merged with and into NURO, with NURO surviving as a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company.

See “Note 16 – Commitments and Contingencies” for additional information.

Note 19. Related Party Transactions

In 2023, an executive of the Company co-founded the Vagus Nerve Society, an academic society dedicated to the ongoing education and training of scientists and clinicians and the power of the vagus nerve and its application in a broad spectrum of health-related conditions. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company incurred aggregate expenses of $150,000 and $150,000, respectively, for unrestricted and directed educational grants to the Vagus Nerve Society.

Consulting Agreements

On October 4, 2024, the Company and a former executive entered into a consulting agreement pursuant to which the former executive will provide financial and accounting consulting services to the Company on an hourly basis for 12 months after the effective date of his retirement, which was subsequently extended to a monthly basis upon mutual agreement. The Company paid the former executive approximately $4,600 for consulting services during 2025.

On July 11, 2024, the Company and a member of its board of directors entered into a consulting agreement pursuant to which the board member is expected to begin providing consulting and advisory services to the Company’s Chief Executive Officer for aone-year term as of the completion of his service on the Board, effective as of immediately prior to the Company’s 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. The director will be paid an hourly or per diem fee for such services rendered, if any, and was granted a stock option to purchase 50,000 shares of common stock of the Company at an exercise price of $6.43 per share, which shall vest and be exercisable in 12 equal monthly installments, subject to full vesting, if earlier, immediately prior to the 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders or a Change of Control so long as the director remains in continuous service to the Company through such date. The Company paid the former board member approximately $3,000 for consulting services during 2025.

Note 20. Subsequent Event

As of March 17, 2026, Daniel S. Goldberger notified the Company of his intention to retire as Chief Executive Officer effective April 1, 2026 (the “Separation Date”). Mr. Goldberger also resigned as a member of the Company’s Board effective March 17, 2026. Pursuant to and subject to the terms and conditions of Mr. Goldberger’s separation agreement, and in accordance with our Executive Severance Policy, he will receive a cash severance payment of $1,200,098, payable in substantially equal installments over the 12-month period commencing on the Company’s first regular payroll date following the Separation Date. Subsequent to December 31, 2025, the Company recorded a liability for the severance amount upon the execution of the separation agreement.