Ensysce Biosciences, Inc.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

NOTE 1 –ORGANIZATION AND PRINCIPAL ACTIVITIES

Ensysce Biosciences, Inc. (“Ensysce”), along with its 79.2%-owned subsidiary, EBIR, Inc. (“EBIR”, formerly known as Covistat, Inc.) and its wholly-owned subsidiaries EBI Operating, Inc. and EBI OpCo, Inc. (collectively, the “Company”), is a clinical-stage biotech company using its proprietary technology platforms to develop safer prescription drugs. The primary focus of the Company is its program developing abuse and overdose resistant pain technology with a clinical stage program being the abuse resistant, TAAP (Trypsin Activated Abuse Protection) opioid product candidate, PF614. In addition, the Company is developing its MPAR® (Multi-Pill Abuse Resistance) technology for overdose protection which will be applied to the PF614 program. The Company is also applying its TAAP and MPAR® technology to a methadone prodrug for use in the treatment of Opioid Use Disorder.

In 2020, the Company commenced an initiative to develop a therapeutic for the treatment of certain coronavirus infections through the formation of a separate entity, EBIR, a Delaware corporation. Pursuant to the articles of incorporation, EBIR was authorized to issue 1,000,000 shares of common stock, $0.001 par value per share, and 100,000 shares of preferred stock, $0.001 par value per share. Ensysce is a 79.2% stockholder in EBIR, with 19.8% and 1.0% of the shares held by certain key personnel of the Company and an unrelated party, respectively. The non-Ensysce owned shares and the activity are reflected on the financial statements as noncontrolling interests.

NOTE 2 -BASIS OF PRESENTATION

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”) and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Ensysce Biosciences, Inc. and its subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in the consolidation.

Reverse Stock Split

In December 2024, the Company completed a 1-for-15 reverse split of its outstanding common stock.

All references in these consolidated financial statements to shares and per share amounts in all periods have been retrospectively restated to reflect the effects of both reverse splits noted above. The number of authorized shares and the par value of the shares did not change as a result of the reverse stock splits.

Going Concern

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming the Company will continue as a going concern, which contemplates, among other things, the realization of assets and satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business.

The Company has not generated any product revenue. There is no assurance that profitable operations will ever be achieved, and, if achieved, would be sustained on a continuing basis. Product development activities, clinical and pre-clinical testing, and commercialization of the Company’s product candidates are necessary to develop the Company’s products and will require significant additional financing. There can be no assurance the Company will be able to obtain such funds. These matters, among others, raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.

While the Company believes in the viability of its strategy to ultimately realize revenues and in its ability to raise additional funds, management cannot be certain that additional funding will be available on acceptable terms, or at all. The Company’s ability to continue as a going concern is dependent upon its ability to obtain adequate financing and achieve profitable operations. As a result, these plans do not alleviate substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for a period of 12 months following the date these consolidated financial statements were issued.

The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might be necessary should the Company be unable to continue as a going concern.

NOTE 3 -SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Use of Estimates and Assumptions

Preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and disclosed in the accompanying notes. Actual results may differ from those estimates and such differences may be material to the consolidated financial statements. The more significant estimates and assumptions by management include, but are not limited to, the expense recognition for certain accrued research and development services.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

For purposes of the consolidated balance sheets and consolidated statements of cash flows, the Company considers all highly liquid instruments with maturity of three months or less at the time of issuance to be cash equivalents.

Concentrations of Credit Risk and Off-Balance Sheet Risk

Cash and cash equivalents are financial instruments that are potentially subject to concentrations of credit risk. The Company’s cash and cash equivalents are deposited in accounts at large financial institutions and amounts currently exceed federally insured limits. The Company has no financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk of loss. Additionally, the Company had a concentration in accounts payable, astwo and three research and development vendors made up greater than 10% individually, and 56% and 74% in aggregate, of the outstanding accounts payable balance as of September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively.

Segments

The Company operates and manages its business asone reportable and operating segment. Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise where separate financial information is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) in deciding how to allocate resources and assess performance. The Company’s CODM is the Chief Executive Officer, who reviews consolidated financial information on a company-wide basis for purposes of allocating resources and assessing financial performance and does not regularly review expenses or financial results on a more granular level.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are recorded at cost and depreciated using the straight-line method over an estimated useful life of five years. As of September 30, 2025, property and equipment consists of laboratory equipment that has not been placed in service, as such there isno depreciation expense recognized in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, and 2024.

Fair Value Measurement

ASC 820,Fair Value Measurements, (“ASC 820”) provides guidance on the development and disclosure of fair value measurements. Under this accounting guidance, fair value is defined as an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between willing market participants at the measurement date. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or a liability.

The accounting guidance classifies fair value measurements in one of the following three categories for disclosure purposes:

The Company evaluates assets and liabilities subject to fair value measurements on a recurring basis to determine the appropriate level at which to classify them for each reporting period. This determination requires significant judgments to be made by the Company.

As of September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, the recorded values of cash and cash equivalents, prepaid expenses, accounts payable, and accrued expenses and other liabilities approximate their fair values due to the short-term nature of these items.

Warrants

The Company issued liability classified warrants in connection with the issuance of the 2021 Notes and 2022 Notes. The warrants were liability classified due to certain cash settlement features and included in “Other long-term liabilities” on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company uses a Black Scholes model to estimate the fair value of the warrants. Changes in the fair value of the warrants are recognized in other income (expense) for each reporting period. Refer to Note 9 for additional details of the warrants.

The following tables present assets and liabilities measured and recorded at fair value on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024.

The following table summarizes the change in fair value of the Company’s Level 3 liabilities for the year ended September 30, 2025 (no level 3 assets as of September 30, 2025):

Federal Grants

In September 2018, the NIH through NIDA awarded the Company a research and development MPAR Grant. The initial grant was extended several times and cumulative funding under this grant of approximately $10.7 million was completed in December 2023. A new multi-year MPAR Grant was awarded by NIH through NIDA in August 2024, providing total funding of $15.1 million through May 2027, as adjusted. As September 30, 2025, remaining funding under the grant is $8.9 million.

In September 2019, the NIH/NIDA awarded the Company a second research and development grant related to the development of its TAAP/MPAR abuse deterrent technology for OUD Grant. The total approved budget was approximately $5.4 million, and the grant period ended August 31, 2024.

The Company recognizes revenue when costs related to the grants are incurred and assessed as reimbursable. The Company believes this policy is consistent with the overarching premise in Accounting Standards Codification Topic 606,Revenue from Contracts withCustomers (“ASC 606”), applied by analogy, to ensure that it recognizes revenues to reflect the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which it expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services, even though there is no “exchange” as defined in ASC 606. The Company believes the recognition of revenue as costs are incurred, and reimbursable amounts become due is analogous to the concept of transfer of control of a service over time under ASC 606.

The revenue recognized under the MPAR Grant and OUD Grant was as follows:

Amounts requested or eligible to be requested through the NIH payment management system, but for which cash has not been received, are presented as an unbilled receivable on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. As all amounts are expected to be remitted timely, no valuation allowances are recorded.

Research and Development Costs

The Company’s research and development expenses consist primarily of third-party research and development expenses, consulting expenses, preclinical and clinical studies, and any allocable direct overhead, including facilities and depreciation costs, as well as salaries, payroll taxes, and employee benefits for those individuals directly involved in ongoing research and development efforts. Research and development expenses are charged to expense as incurred. Payments made prior to the receipt of goods or services to be used in research and development are capitalized until the goods or services are received.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel costs associated with the Company’s executive, finance, human resources, compliance, and other administrative personnel, as well as accounting and legal professional services fees.

Stock-based Compensation

The Company expenses stock-based compensation over the requisite service period based on the estimated grant-date fair value of the awards using a graded amortization approach. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur.

The Company estimates the fair value of stock option grants using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The assumptions used in calculating the fair value of stock-based awards represent management’s best estimates and involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management’s judgment. Stock-based compensation costs are recorded in research and development and general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations.

From time-to-time equity classified awards may be modified. On the modification date, the Company estimates the fair value of the awards immediately before and immediately after modification. The incremental increase in fair value is recognized as expense immediately to the extent the underlying equity awards are vested and on a straight-line basis over the same remaining amortization schedule as the unvested underlying equity awards.

Income Taxes

Income taxes are recorded in accordance with ASC 740,Income Taxes (“ASC 740”), which provides for deferred taxes using an asset and liability approach. The Company recognizes deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the consolidated financial statements or tax returns. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the consolidated financial statements and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. Valuation allowances are provided if, based upon the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

The Company accounts for uncertain tax positions in accordance with the provisions of ASC 740. When uncertain tax positions exist, the Company recognizes the tax benefit of tax positions to the extent that the benefit would more likely than not be realized assuming examination by the taxing authority. The determination as to whether the tax benefit will more likely than not be realized is based upon the technical merits of the tax position as well as consideration of the available facts and circumstances. The Company recognizes any interest and penalties accrued related to unrecognized tax benefits as income tax expense.

Earnings (loss) per Share

The basic earnings (loss) per share is calculated by dividing the Company’s net income or loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. The diluted earnings (loss) per share is calculated by dividing the Company’s net earnings attributable to common stockholders by the diluted weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period, determined using the treasury stock method and the average stock price during the period.

The following weighted average shares have been excluded from the calculations of diluted weighted average common shares outstanding because they would have been anti-dilutive (the Company has utilized the principal balance outstanding and the end of period conversion price for the Convertible Notes for the purposes of the weighted average share calculation below):

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures.” ASU 2023-09 requires disaggregated information about a reporting entity’s effective tax rate reconciliation as well as information on income taxes paid. ASU 2023-09 is effective for public entities with annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on its consolidated financial statements.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses (“ASU 2024-03”), which requires disclosure about the types of costs and expenses included in certain expense captions presented on the income statement. The new disclosure requirements are effective for the Company’s annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this pronouncement on its related disclosures.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-04, “Debt – Debt with Conversion and other Options (Subtopic 470-20) “, which set forth to improve the relevance and consistency in the application of induced conversion guidance in Subtopic 470-20, Debt— Debt with Conversion and Other Options such as clarifying the requirements for determining whether certain settlements of convertible debt instruments should be accounted for as an induced conversion. ASU 2024-04 is effective for all entities after December 15, 2025, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on its consolidated financial statements.

NOTE 4 –PREPAID EXPENSES AND OTHER CURRENT ASSETS

Prepaid expenses and other current assets consisted of the following:

NOTE 5 –OTHER ASSETS

Other assets consisted of the following:

NOTE 6 –ACCRUED EXPENSES AND OTHER LIABILITIES

Accrued expenses and other liabilities consisted of the following:

NOTE 7 -COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Purchase Commitments

As of September 30, 2025, the Company’s commitments included an estimated $7.3 million related to the Company’s open purchase orders and contractual obligations that occurred in the ordinary course of business, including commitments with contract research organizations for multi-year pre-clinical and clinical research studies funded by federal grants. Although open purchase orders are considered enforceable and legally binding, the terms generally allow the Company the option to cancel, reschedule, and adjust its requirements based on its business needs prior to the delivery of goods or the performance of services.

Litigation

As of September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, there were no pending legal proceedings against the Company that are expected to have a material adverse effect on cash flows, financial condition or results of operations. From time to time, the Company could become involved in disputes and various litigation matters that arise in the normal course of business. These may include disputes and lawsuits related to intellectual property, licensing, contract law and employee relations matters. Periodically, the Company reviews the status of significant matters, if any exist, and assesses its potential financial exposure. If the potential loss from any claim or legal claim is considered probable and the amount can be estimated, the Company accrues a liability for the estimated loss. Legal proceedings are subject to uncertainties, and the outcomes are difficult to predict. Because of such uncertainties, accruals are based on the best information available at the time. As additional information becomes available, the Company reassesses the potential liability related to pending claims and litigation.

Consultant Dispute

In April 2025, the Company entered into an agreement with a former independent contractor to resolve a dispute over payment. The Company denied the allegations but agreed to settle the matter. In connection with the settlement agreement, the Company issued 20,000 shares of common stock to the consultant in April 2025. As of September 30, 2025, the Company accrued a total settlement value of $0.2 million.

Galephar Agreement

In January 2025, the Company entered into a product development and supply agreement with Galephar Pharmaceutical Research, Inc., a Puerto Rico specialty drug manufacturer (“Galephar”), to support the development, manufacture, packaging and testing of the Company’s PF614 and PF614-MPAR drug products for use in clinical trials and potential future commercial launch.

Upon signing, the Company committed to issue 13,801 restricted shares of common stock (approximately 1% of shares outstanding), subject to vesting in three tranches upon achievement of specific operational and regulatory milestones. The Company accounts for this share grant as nonemployee share-based compensation under ASC 718. One-third of the shares vested immediately upon grant, and the remaining two-thirds will vest as services are performed. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company recognized $0 and $25,806 of stock-based compensation related to the one-third immediate vesting of 4,600 shares upon grant date. As of September 30, 2025, no shares have been issued.

The agreement also provides for milestone-based payments, to be settled in common stock (50% restricted, 50% freely tradeable), based on the trailing five-day average closing price at the time of each milestone achievement. Share-based expense for these milestone grants will be recognized as services are rendered. These awards are liability-classified until shares are issued, at which point they will be reclassified to equity. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company recognized $50,000 and $190,000 of research and development expense to be settled in shares that was related to milestone progression and is accrued under accrued expenses and other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet. As of September 30, 2025, no shares have been issued.

Lease

The Company’s current lease agreement (as amended) has a term that extends through October 31, 2026, with no option to renew. As of September 30, 2025, the future lease payments totaled $39,826. The Company recognized total rent expense of $9,088 and $27,265 in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and $8,747 and $26,242 in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024.

NOTE 8 -NOTES PAYABLE

The following table provides a summary of the Company’s outstanding debt as of September 30, 2025:

The following table provides a summary of the Company’s outstanding debt as of December 31, 2024:

Interest expense

The interest expense recognized for financed insurance was $3,208 and $4,118 for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and $4,063 and $6,155 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024. Interest expense recognized for the 2023 Notes was $3,161 and $9,268 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and $0 and $1.3 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 , which consists of amortization of the debt discount and debt issuance costs and accrued interest.

2023 Notes

In October 2023, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (“SPA”) for an aggregate financing of $1.8 million with investors, including $0.2 million with a board member. At the first closing under the SPA, which occurred on October 25, 2023, the Company issued to the investors (i) senior secured convertible promissory notes in the aggregate principal amount of $612,000 for an aggregate purchase price of $566,667 and (ii) warrants to purchase 83,714 shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share in the aggregate. At the second closing under the SPA, which occurred on November 29, 2023, the Company issued to the investors referenced above, (i) additional notes in the aggregate principal amount of $1,224,000 for an aggregate purchase price of $1,133,333 and (i) additional warrants to purchase 167,427 shares of the common stock in the aggregate.

The Company reflected the outstanding principal amount, the remaining unamortized discount (both original issue discount and the relative fair value discount associated with the warrants discussed below) and the remaining debt issuance costs as a net amount on the face of the balance sheet. The amortization of the original debt discount (approximately $0.1 million) and issuance costs (approximately $0.3 million) were recorded as interest expense within the consolidated statements of operations. As of December 31, 2024, the original debt discount and issuance costs were fully amortized to interest expense.

The warrants have an exercise price of $23.5125, the same as the conversion price, and are exercisable for five years following the issuance date. The warrants were equity classified as they are indexed to the Company’s stock and only settleable in shares. The warrants were initially measured at fair value using a Black-Scholes valuation model and were allocated along with the 2023 Notes using the relative fair value method. The initial fair value of $1.1 million allocated to the warrants was considered a debt discount and was amortized to interest expense over the remaining term of the notes. As of December 31, 2024, the discount associated with the warrants was fully amortized to interest expense.

During 2024, the Company converted 49,702 shares of common stock with a conversion value of $1.2 million related to the 2023 Notes. In addition, in connection with the SPA, the Company incurred a $1.0 million waiver fee as a result of the 2024 February Warrant Inducement (see Note 9) to pay down $0.5 million of the 2023 Notes and incurred $0.5 million in transaction costs recorded as such in the consolidated statement of stockholders’ equity. As of September 30, 2025, the remaining amount of the 2023 Notes relates to senior secured convertible promissory notes held by a Company board member (see Note 11).

Financed Insurance Premiums

In June 2025, the Company renewed and financed its directors’ and officers’ liability insurance in the amount of $0.2 million. Monthly payments are scheduled from July 2025 through March 2026.

NOTE 9 -STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

The Company’s current Certificate of Incorporation authorizes 250,000,000 shares of common stock and 1,500,000 shares of preferred stock, both with par value equal to $0.0001. As of September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, there wereno shares of preferred stock issued and outstanding.

2025 April Warrant Inducement

In April 2025, the Company entered into an Inducement Letter with certain warrant holders for the exercise of certain outstanding warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 630,376 shares of common stock of the Company, par value $0.0001 per share. The warrants were issued in March 2025 and have an exercise price of $3.24 share. The shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of such outstanding warrants are registered pursuant to an effective registration statement on Form S-3.

In consideration for the immediate exercise of the warrants for cash and the payment of an additional $0.125 per new unregistered warrant (an additional $157,594 included in the gross proceeds to the Company), pursuant to the Inducement Agreement, the Company agreed to issue and sell unregistered warrants to purchase shares of common stock. The new warrants (the “Common Warrants”) are exercisable for an aggregate of up to 1,260,752 shares of common stock. The Common Warrants have an exercise price of $1.90 per share and are immediately exercisable for shares of common stock. One half of the Common Warrants will expire after eighteen (18) months and the other half will expire after five (5) years. The gross proceeds to the Company from the exercise of the warrants and payment for Common Warrants was approximately $2.2 million, prior to deducting placement agent fees and estimated offering expenses.

The Company utilized a placement agent for the 2025 April Warrant Inducement and incurred approximately $0.3 million in legal fees and other closing costs. Additionally, the Company issued to the placement agent as compensation unregistered warrants to purchase up to 44,126 shares of common stock, equal to 7.0% of the aggregate number of shares of Common Stock (or warrants) placed in the transaction. The placement agent warrants expire on April 24, 2030, and have an exercise price of $4.05 per share of common stock. The closing of the offering occurred on April 24, 2025.

2025 Registered Direct Offering and 2025 March Warrant Offering

In March 2025, the Company entered into a definitive SPA with certain institutional investors, pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell in a registered direct offering, (i) an aggregate of 239,594 shares of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share at an offering price of $3.49 per share, (ii) pre-funded warrants to purchase up to 75,594 shares of common stock, at a price per pre-funded warrant equal to $3.4899, the price per share less $0.0001, for gross proceeds of approximately $1.1 million before the deduction of placement agent fees and offering expenses. The pre-funded warrants were fully exercised as of March 31, 2025, and the related common shares were issued in April 2025.

In a concurrent private placement, pursuant to the terms of the SPA, the Company also agreed to issue and sell unregistered warrants to purchase up to 315,188 shares of Common Stock (the “Series A-5 Warrants”), and Series A-6 warrants to purchase up to 315,188 shares of Common Stock (the “Series A-6 Warrants”), to purchase up to an aggregate 630,376 shares of Common Stock. The warrants have an exercise price of $3.24 per share and are exercisable immediately. The Series A-5 Warrants will expire eighteen (18) months after issuance and the Series A-6 Warrants will expire five (5) years after issuance.

2024 Registered Direct Offering and 2024 August Warrant Inducement

In August 2024, the Company entered into a definitive SPA with certain institutional investors, pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell in a registered direct offering, (i) an aggregate of 166,054 shares of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share at an offering price of $7.05 per share, (ii) pre-funded warrants to purchase up to 70,827 shares of common stock, at a price per pre-funded warrant equal to $7.0485, the price per share less $0.0015, for gross proceeds of approximately $1.7 million before the deduction of placement agent fees and offering expenses. The pre-funded warrants were subsequently exercised in full.

The Company also entered into the August Inducement Letter with certain warrant holders for the exercise of certain outstanding warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 480,234 shares of common stock of the Company originally issued in February 2024, having an exercise price of $15.90 per share, at a reduced exercise price of $7.05 per share. The Company also agreed to amend certain existing warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 133,334 shares of common stock that were previously issued in November 2023 and have an exercise price of $23.5125 per share such that the amended warrants will have a reduced exercise price of $7.05 per share effective upon the closing of the offering and will be exercisable from the date on which stockholder approval is received with respect to the issuance of the shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of such warrants. As the existing November 2023 and February 2024 warrants and their related newly issued warrants upon inducement were equity classified before and after the exchange, and as the exchange is directly attributable to an equity offering, the Company recognized the effect of the modification of approximately $10.2 million as an equity issuance cost.

In a concurrent private placement, pursuant to the terms of the August Inducement Letter and SPA, the Company utilized an exclusive placement agent for the 2024 Registered Direct Offering and 2024 August Warrant Inducement and incurred approximately $0.6 million in legal fees and other closing costs. Additionally, the Company issued to the placement agent as compensation unregistered warrants to purchase up to 50,200 shares of Common Stock. The placement agent warrants expire on August 28, 2029, and have an exercise price of $8.8125 per share of Common Stock.

2024 February Warrant Inducement

In February 2024, the Company executed an Inducement Letter with certain holders of existing warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 240,120 shares of the Company’s common stock issued to the holders in connection with the 2023 May Offering. Pursuant to the Inducement Letter, the holders agreed to exercise for cash their existing warrants to purchase an aggregate of 240,120 shares of Common Stock at a reduced exercise price of $19.65 per share in consideration of the Company’s agreement to issue new unregistered Series A Warrants (the “Series A Warrants”) to purchase up to 240,120 shares of Common Stock and new unregistered Series B Warrants (the “Series B Warrants”) to purchase up to 240,120 shares of Common Stock (collectively, the “New Warrant Shares”). The Series A Warrants have an exercise price of $15.90 per share and have a term equal to eighteen months from the date of issuance. The Series B Warrants have an exercise price of $15.90 per share and will expire on May 12, 2028. The gross proceeds to the Company from the exercise of the warrants were approximately $4.7 million, prior to deducting placement agent fees and estimated offering expenses. As the existing warrants and the new warrants were equity classified before and after the exchange, and as the exchange is directly attributable to an equity offering, the Company recognized the effect of the modification of approximately $5.2 million as an equity issuance cost.

In connection with the execution of the Inducement Letter, the Company executed a waiver related to the 2023 Notes’ SPA it had entered into as of October 23, 2023. The SPA contained restrictions on the Company’s ability to undertake certain transactions, which included the execution of the Inducement Letter. The Waiver permitted the Company to execute the Inducement Letter but required repayment of the certain investor held notes issued under the SPA with a premium following closing of the transaction contemplated thereby. Refer to Note 8 for the details of the waiver fee and the application of the amounts to the outstanding notes and as a transaction cost of the warrant inducement.

The Company utilized an exclusive placement agent for the 2024 Warrant Inducement and incurred approximately $0.3 million in legal fees and other closing costs. Additionally, the Company issued to the placement agent as compensation unregistered warrants to purchase up to 16,811 shares of Common Stock, equal to 7.0% of the aggregate number of shares of Common Stock (or warrants) placed in the transaction. The placement agent warrants expire on May 12, 2028, and have an exercise price of $24.5625 per share of Common Stock (equal to 125% of the reduced exercise price per Existing Warrant). The closing of the offering occurred on February 14, 2024.

Warrants

The following table provides a summary of outstanding warrants to purchase shares of common stock as of September 30, 2025:

NOTE 10 -STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION

In connection with the Business Combination, the Company assumed the 2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan. In February 2025, the Company’s Board approved an annual increase of 67,789 shares available for future grant under the 2021 Omnibus Plan (“Plan”).

The Company recognized within general and administrative expense stock-based compensation expense of $30,298 and $103,431 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and $14,497 and $56,643 for the three and nine month ended September 30, 2024. The Company recognized stock-based compensation expense within research and development expense of $66,278 and $267,848 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and $6,322 and $23,931 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024.

Option Activity

During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company granted stock options to purchase an aggregate of 64,000 shares of common stock to employees and members of the board of directors. The options vest over one to four years and have an exercise price of $2.00 to $3.12 per share.

The following table summarizes the Company’s stock option activity during the nine months ended September 30, 2025:

Option Valuation

The fair value of each stock option granted has been determined using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The material assumptions used in the Black-Scholes model in estimating the fair value of the options granted for the periods presented were as follows:

The weighted-average grant date fair value of options granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, was $2.63.

As of September 30, 2025, the Company had an aggregate of $43,681 of unrecognized share-based compensation cost, which is expected to be recognized over the weighted average period of 0.88 years.

Shares Reserved for Future Issuance

The following shares of common stock are reserved for future issuance:

NOTE 11 -RELATED PARTIES

As of September 30, 2025, the Company held a $0.2 million senior secured convertible promissory note plus accrued interest and 29,547 warrants exercisable for common stock at $23.51 per share issued to a board member in connection to the issuance of the 2023 Notes. The Company and the board member have entered into a forbearance agreement that will expire on April 25, 2026. Upon termination of the forbearance period, the Company will owe the remaining outstanding principal balance together with unpaid interest. The Company may pay the notes in full at any time prior to the conclusion of the forbearance period.

NOTE 12 -SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

The Company has issued 360,188 shares of common stock for cash proceeds of $0.7 million upon exercise of certain April 2025 warrants since September 30, 2025.

In November 2025, the Company completed a convertible preferred stock offering with gross proceeds of $4 million and potentially $16 million of additional funding through future tranches over the next 24 months. The preferred stock is convertible into common stock at a fixed conversion price of $2.50 per share, with an alternate conversion price based upon average stock prices prior to conversion at the holder’s option. The offering includes 50% warrant coverage on each tranche;880,000 warrants were issued at an exercise price of $2.50 in this initial tranche.