SECURITY NATIONAL FINANCIAL CORP

1. Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Articles 8 and 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all the information and disclosures required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America for complete financial statements. These financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements of the Company and notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2023, included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (File Number 000-09341). In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring accruals) considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. Operating results for the three month periods ended March 31, 2024 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2024.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to adopt policies and make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. In applying these policies and estimates, the Company makes judgments that frequently require assumptions about matters that are inherently uncertain. Accordingly, significant estimates used in the preparation of the Company’s financial statements may be subject to significant adjustments in future periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant changes in the near term are those used in determining the value of derivative assets and liabilities; those used in determining deferred acquisition costs and the value of business acquired; those used in determining the value of mortgage loans foreclosed to real estate held for investment or sale; those used in determining the liability for future policy benefits and unearned revenue; those used in determining the estimated future costs for pre-need sales; those used in determining the value of mortgage servicing rights; those used in determining the value of loans held for sale; those used in determining allowances for credit losses; those used in determining loan loss reserve; and those used in determining deferred tax assets and liabilities. Although some variability is inherent in these estimates, management believes the amounts provided are fairly stated in all material respects.

2. Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Accounting Standards Adopted in 2023

ASU No. 2016-13: “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326)” — Issued in September 2016, ASU 2016-13 amends guidance on reporting credit losses for assets held at amortized cost basis (such as mortgage loans held for investment and held to maturity debt securities) and available for sale debt securities. For assets held at an amortized cost basis, Topic 326 eliminates the probable initial recognition threshold and, instead, requires an entity to reflect its current estimate of all expected credit losses. The allowance for credit losses is a valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of the financial assets to present the net amount expected to be collected. For available for sale debt securities Topic 326 requires that credit losses be presented as an allowance rather than as a write-down. The Company adopted this standard on January 1, 2023, and after a review of the affected assets, decreased the opening balance of retained earnings in stockholders’ equity by $671,506 on January 1, 2023. The allowances for credit losses increased (decreased) by the following amounts.

Accounting Standards Issued But Not Yet Adopted

ASU No. 2018-12: “Financial Services – Insurance (Topic 944): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts”— Issued in August 2018, ASU 2018-12 is intended to improve the timeliness of recognizing changes in the liability for future policy benefits on traditional long-duration contracts by requiring that assumptions be updated after contract inception and by modifying the rate used to discount future cash flows. The standard is aimed at improving the accounting for certain market-based options or guarantees associated with deposit or account balance contracts, simplifying amortization of deferred acquisition costs while improving and expanding required disclosures. In November 2020, the FASB issued an update to ASU No. 2018-12 that requires the standard to be adopted by the Company commencing on January 1, 2025. The Company is nearing completion of its analysis and implementation of the new standard, including the identification of cohorts, system updates, and design. The Company has engaged its team of actuaries, accountants, and systems specialists and consulted external system providers as part of the implementation. The Company is in the process of estimating the impact of the new guidance on the consolidated financial statements.

ASU No. 2023-09: “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures”— Issued in December 2023, ASU 2023-09 requires that public business entities, on an annual basis: (i) disclose specific categories in the rate reconciliation and (ii) provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold. In addition, the amendments in this update require that all entities disclose on an annual basis the following information about income taxes paid: (i) the amount of income taxes paid (net of refunds received) disaggregated by federal (national), state, and foreign taxes and (ii) the amount of income taxes paid (net of refunds received) disaggregated by individual jurisdictions in which income taxes paid (net of refunds received) is equal to or greater than 5 percent of total income taxes paid (net of refunds received). ASU 2023-09 is effective for the Company beginning on January 1, 2025. The Company is in the process of estimating the impact of the new guidance on the consolidated financial statements.

ASU No. 2023-07: “Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures”— Issued in November 2023, ASU 2023-07 requires enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The key amendments include: (i) disclosures on significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker (CODM) and included within each reported measure of segment profit or loss on an annual and interim basis; (ii) disclosures on an amount for other segment items by reportable segment and a description of its composition on an annual and interim basis. The other segment items category is the difference between segment revenue less the significant expenses disclosed and each reported measure of segment profit or loss; (iii) providing all annual disclosures on a reportable segment’s profit or loss and assets currently required by FASB ASC Topic 280, Segment Reporting in interim periods; and (iv) specifying the title and position of the CODM. ASU 2023-07 is effective for the Company for annual periods beginning January 1, 2024 and interim periods beginning January 1, 2025. The Company is in the process of estimating the impact of the new guidance on the consolidated financial statements.

The Company has reviewed other recent accounting pronouncements and has determined that they will not significantly impact the Company’s results of operations or financial position.

3)Investments

The Company’s investments as of March 31, 2024 are summarized as follows:

The Company’s investments as of December 31, 2023 are summarized as follows:

There were no investments, aggregated by issuer, of more than 10% of shareholders’ equity (before net unrealized gains and losses on equity securities and fixed maturity securities) as of March 31, 2024, other than investments issued or guaranteed by the United States Government.

Fixed Maturity Securities

The table below summarizes unrealized losses on fixed maturity securities available for sale that were carried at estimated fair value as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. The fair values of fixed maturity securities are based on quoted market prices, when available. For fixed maturity securities not actively traded, fair values are estimated using values obtained from independent pricing services, or in the case of private placements, are estimated by discounting expected future cash flows using a current market value applicable to the coupon rate, credit and maturity of the investments. The table below sets forth unrealized losses by duration with the fair value of the related fixed maturity securities.

Relevant holdings were comprised of 634 securities with fair values aggregating 95.2% of the aggregate amortized cost as of March 31, 2024. Relevant holdings were comprised of 606 securities with fair values aggregating 94.9% of the aggregate amortized cost as of December 31, 2023. Credit loss provision of $96,000 and $179,500 have been recognized for the three month periods ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Credit losses are included in gains (losses) on investments and other assets on the condensed consolidated statements of earnings. Other unrealized losses for which no credit loss was recognized are primarily the result of increases in interest rates.

Evaluation of Allowance for Credit Losses

See Note 2 regarding the adoption of ASU 2016-13.

On a quarterly basis, the Company evaluates its fixed maturity securities classified as available for sale to identify any potential credit losses. This evaluation includes a review of current ratings by the National Association of Insurance Commissions (“NAIC”) and other industry rating agencies. Securities with a rating of 1 or 2 are considered investment grade and are not reviewed for credit loss unless current market data or recent company news could lead to a credit downgrade. Securities with ratings of 3 to 5 are evaluated for credit loss. The evaluation involves assessing all facts and circumstances surrounding each security including, but not limited to, historical values, interest payment history, projected earnings, and revenue growth rates as well as a review of the reason for a downgrade in the NAIC rating. Based on the analysis of a security that is rated 3 to 5, a determination is made whether the security will likely make interest and principal payments in accordance with the terms of the financial instrument. Securities with a rating of 6 are automatically determined to be impaired and a credit loss is recognized in earnings.

Where the decline in fair value of fixed maturity securities is attributable to changes in market interest rates or to factors such as market volatility, liquidity and spread widening, and the Company anticipates recovery of all contractual or expected cash flows, the Company does not consider these securities to have credit loss because the Company does not intend to sell these securities and it is not more likely than not the Company will be required to sell these securities before a recovery of amortized cost, which may be at maturity.

If the Company intends to sell a fixed maturity security or if it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell a security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, a credit loss has occurred and the difference between the amortized cost and the fair value that relates to the expected credit loss is recognized as a loss in earnings, included in gains (losses) on investments and other assets on the condensed consolidated statements of earnings.

If the Company does not intend to sell a debt security and it is less likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the debt security but the Company also does not expect to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the security, a credit loss is recognized in earnings for the amount of the expected credit loss with a corresponding allowance for credit losses as a contra-asset account. The credit loss is included in gains (losses) on investments and other assets on the condensed consolidated statements of earnings. The recognized credit loss is limited to the total unrealized loss on the security due to a change in credit.

Amounts on available for sale fixed maturities that are deemed to be uncollectible are written off and removed from the allowance for credit loss. A write-off may also occur if the Company intends to sell a security or when it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before the recovery of its amortized cost.

The Company does not measure a credit loss allowance on accrued interest receivable, included in accrued investment income on the condensed consolidated balance sheets, as the Company writes off any accrued interest receivable balance to net investment income in a timely manner (after 90 days) when the Company has concerns regarding collectability.

Credit Quality Indicators

The NAIC assigns designations to fixed maturity securities. These designations range from Class 1 (highest quality) to Class 6 (lowest quality). The NAIC designations are utilized by insurers in preparing their annual statutory statements. NAIC Class 1 and 2 are considered investment grade while the NAIC Class 3 through 6 designations are considered non-investment grade. Based on the NAIC designations, the Company had 98.1% and 98.2% of its fixed maturity securities rated investment grade as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The following table summarizes the credit quality, by NAIC designation, of the Company’s fixed maturity securities available for sale, excluding redeemable preferred stock.

The following tables present a roll forward of the Company’s allowance for credit losses on fixed maturity securities available for sale:

The table below presents the amortized cost and the estimated fair value of fixed maturity securities available for sale as of March 31, 2024, by contractual maturity. Actual or expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because certain borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

Information regarding sales of fixed maturity securities available for sale is presented as follows.

Assets on Deposit, Held in Trust, and Pledged as Collateral

Assets on deposit with life insurance regulatory authorities as required by law were as follows:

Assets held in trust related to third-party reinsurance agreements were as follows:

The Company is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Des Moines and Dallas (“FHLB”). Assets pledged as collateral with the FHLB are presented below. These pledged securities are used as collateral for any FHLB cash advances.

Real Estate Held for Investment and Held for Sale

The Company strategically deploys resources into real estate assets to match the income and yield durations of its primary obligations. The sources for these real estate assets come through its various business units in the form of acquisition, development, and mortgage foreclosures.

Commercial Real Estate Held for Investment and Held for Sale

The Company owns and manages commercial real estate assets as a means of generating investment income. These assets are acquired in accordance with the Company’s goals and objectives for risk-adjusted returns. Due diligence is conducted on each asset using internal and third-party resources. The geographic locations and asset classes of investments are determined by senior management under the direction of the Board of Directors.

The Company employs full-time employees to attend to the day-to-day operations of those assets within the greater Salt Lake area and close surrounding markets. The Company utilizes third party property managers where the geographic location does not warrant full-time staff or through strategic lease-up periods. The Company generally looks to acquire assets that are in regions expected to have high growth in employment and population and that provide operational efficiencies.

The Company currently owns and operates seven commercial properties in two states. These properties include office buildings, flex office space, and the redevelopment and expansion of its corporate campus (“Center53”) in Salt Lake City, Utah. The Company uses bank debt in strategic cases, primarily where it is anticipated to improve yields, or facilitate the acquisition of higher quality assets or asset class diversification.

The aggregated net book value of commercial real estate serving as collateral for bank loans was $123,079,008 and $124,381,467 as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The associated bank loan carrying values totaled $97,359,494 and $97,807,614 as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

During the three month periods ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company did not record any impairment losses on commercial real estate held for investment or held for sale. Impairment losses, if any, are included in gains (losses) on investment and other assets on the condensed consolidated statements of earnings.

During the three month periods ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recorded depreciation expense on commercial real estate held for investment of $1,527,793 and $1,565,927, respectively. Commercial real estate held for investment is stated at cost and is depreciated over the estimated useful life, primarily using the straight-line method. Depreciation is included in net investment income on the consolidated statements of earnings.

The Company’s commercial real estate held for investment is summarized as follows as of the respective dates indicated:

The Company’s commercial real estate held for sale is summarized as follows as of the respective dates indicated:

The property is being marketed with the assistance of commercial real estate brokers in Mississippi.

Residential Real Estate Held for Investment and Held for Sale

The Company occasionally acquires a small portfolio of residential homes primarily because of loan foreclosures. The Company has the option to sell these properties or to continue to hold them for expected cash flow and price appreciation. The Company also invests in residential subdivision development.

The Company established Security National Real Estate Services (“SNRE”) to manage its residential property portfolio. SNRE cultivates and maintains the preferred vendor relationships necessary to manage costs and quality of work performed on the Company’s entire residential property portfolio.

During the three month periods ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 the Company didnot record any impairment losses on residential real estate held for sale or held for investment. Impairment losses, if any, are included in gains (losses) on investment and other assets on the condensed consolidated statements of earnings.

During the three month periods ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recorded depreciation expense on residential real estate held for investment of $2,653 and $2,648, respectively. Residential real estate held for investment is stated at cost and is depreciated over the estimated useful life, primarily using the straight-line method. Depreciation is included in net investment income on the consolidated statements of earnings.

The Company’s residential real estate held for investment is summarized as follows as of the respective dates indicated:

The following table presents additional information regarding the Company’s residential subdivision development in Utah:

The Company’s residential real estate held for sale is summarized as follows as of the respective dates indicated:

The net book value of foreclosed residential real estate included in residential real estate held for sale was $859,599 andnil as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Real Estate Owned and Occupied by the Company

The primary business units of the Company occupy a portion of the real estate owned by the Company. As of March 31, 2024, real estate owned and occupied by the Company is summarized as follows:

Mortgage Loans Held for Investment

Mortgage loans held for investment consist of first and second mortgages. The mortgage loans bear interest at rates ranging from 2.0% to 10.5%, maturity dates range from nine months to 30 years and the loans are secured by real estate.

Concentrations of credit risk arise when a number of mortgage loan debtors have similar economic characteristics that would cause their ability to meet contractual obligations to be similarly affected by changes in economic conditions. Although the Company has a diversified mortgage loan portfolio consisting of residential mortgages, commercial loans and residential construction loans and requires collateral on all real estate exposures, a substantial portion of the relevant debtors’ ability to honor obligations is dependent upon the economic stability of the geographic region in which the debtors do business or are employed. As of March 31, 2024, the Company had 43%,11%,8%,8% and 7%, of its mortgage loans from borrowers located in the states of Utah, Florida, California, Texas, and Arizona, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had 44%,11%,10%,7% and 6% of its mortgage loans from borrowers located in the states of Utah, Florida, California, Texas, and Arizona respectively.

Mortgage loans held for investment are carried at their unpaid principal balances adjusted for net deferred fees, charge-offs, premiums, discounts, and the related allowance for credit losses. Interest income is included in net investment income on the condensed consolidated statements of earnings and is recognized when earned. The Company defers related material loan origination fees, net of related direct loan origination costs, and amortizes the net fees over the terms of the loans. Origination fees are included in net investment income on the condensed consolidated statements of earnings.

Mortgage loans are secured by the underlying property and require an appraisal at the time of underwriting and funding. Generally, the Company requires that loans not exceed 80% of the fair market value of the respective loan collateral. For loans of more than 80% of the fair market value of the respective loan collateral, additional collateral or mortgage insurance by an approved third-party insurer is required.

Evaluation of Allowance for Credit Losses

See Note 2 regarding the adoption of ASU 2016-13.

The allowance for credit losses is a valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of the Company’s mortgage loans held for investment to present the net amount expected to be collected. The Company reports in net earnings, as a credit loss expense, the amount necessary to adjust the allowance for credit losses for the Company’s current estimate of expected credit losses on mortgage loans held for investment. This credit loss expense is included in other expenses on the condensed consolidated statements of earnings.

Once a mortgage loan is past due 90 days, it is the policy of the Company to end the accrual of interest income on the loan and reverse any interest income that had been accrued. Given this policy, the Company does not measure a credit loss allowance on accrued interest receivable. Accrued interest receivable is included in accrued investment income on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Payments received for mortgage loans on a non-accrual status are recognized when received. The interest income recognized from payments received for mortgage loans on a non-accrual status was immaterial. Accrual of interest resumes if a mortgage loan is brought current. Interest not accrued on these loans totaled approximately $328,000 and $237,000 as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

The Company measures expected credit losses based on the fair value of the collateral when the Company determines that foreclosure is probable. When a mortgage loan becomes delinquent, the Company proceeds to foreclose and all expenses for foreclosure are expensed as incurred. Once foreclosed, the property is classified as real estate held for investment or held for sale.

To determine the allowance for credit losses, the Company has segmented its mortgage loans held for investment by loan type. The Company’s loan types are commercial, residential, and residential construction. The inherent risks within the portfolio vary depending upon the loan type as follows:

Commercial- Underwritten in accordance with the Company’s policies to determine the borrower’s ability to repay the obligation as agreed. Commercial loans are made primarily based on the underlying collateral supporting the loan. Accordingly, the repayment of a commercial loan depends primarily on the collateral and its ability to generate income and secondarily on the borrower’s (or guarantor’s) ability to repay.

Commercial loans are evaluated for credit loss by analyzing common metrics that are predictors for future credit losses such as debt service coverage ratio (“DSCR”), loan to value (“LTV”), local market conditions, borrower quality, and underlying collateral. The fair value of the underlying collateral is based on a third-party appraisal of the property at origination of the loan. The fair value is assessed if the loan becomes 90 days delinquent. The Company uses these metrics to pool similar loans. The allowance for credit losses is based on estimates, historical experience, probability of loss, value of the underlying collateral, and other factors that affect the collectability of the loan. The Company applies a future loss factor to the outstanding balance of each group to arrive at the allowance for credit losses.

Residential— These loans are secured by first and second mortgages on single-family dwellings. The borrower’s ability to repay is sensitive to the life events and the general economic condition of the region. Where loan to value exceeds 80%, the loan is generally guaranteed by private mortgage insurance, the FHA, or VA.

Residential loans are evaluated for credit loss by using relevant available information from both internal and external sources. Among other things, the Company uses its historical delinquency information and considers current and forecasted economic conditions. External sources include a monthly analysis of its residential portfolio by a third party. The third party uses the Company’s current loan data and runs it through various models to project cash flows and provide a projected life of loan loss. The models consider loan features such as loan type, loan to value, payment status, age, and current property values. Analyzing the information from the various sources allows the Company to arrive at the allowance for credit losses.

Residential construction (including land acquisition and development) – These loans are underwritten in accordance with the Company’s underwriting policies, which include a financial analysis of the builders, borrowers (guarantors), construction cost estimates, and independent appraisal valuations, and factor in estimates of the value of construction projects upon completion. Construction loans generally involve the disbursement of substantial funds over a short period of time with repayment substantially dependent upon the success of the completed project and the ability of the borrower to secure long-term financing.

Additionally, land acquisition and development loans are underwritten in accordance with the Company’s underwriting policies, which include independent appraisal valuations as well as the estimated value associated with the land upon completion of development into finished lots. These loans are of a higher risk than other mortgage loans due to their ultimate repayment being sensitive to general economic conditions, availability of long-term or construction financing, and interest rate sensitivity.

Residential construction mortgage loans are evaluated for credit loss by considering historical activity and current housing market trends to arrive at a per loan basis point allowance that is recognized at loan origination and for subsequent draws. The per loan basis point is reviewed at least annually or as loan losses or market trends require.

The following table presents a roll forward of the allowance for credit losses as of the dates indicated:

The following table presents the aging of mortgage loans held for investment by loan type as of the dates indicated:

Credit Quality Indicators

The Company evaluates and monitors the credit quality of its commercial loans by analyzing loan to value (“LTV”) and debt service coverage ratios (“DSCR”). Monitoring a commercial mortgage loan increases when the loan is delinquent or earlier if there is an indication of impairment.

The aggregate unpaid principal balance of commercial mortgage loans by credit quality indicator and origination year was as follows as of March 31, 2024:

The aggregate unpaid principal balance of commercial mortgage loans by credit quality indicator and origination year was as follows as of December 31, 2023:

The Company evaluates and monitors the credit quality of its residential mortgage loans by analyzing LTV and loan performance. The Company defines non-performing mortgage loans as loans more than 90 days past due and on a non-accrual status. Monitoring a residential mortgage loan increases when the loan is delinquent or earlier if there is an indication of impairment.

The aggregate unpaid principal balance of residential mortgage loans by credit quality indicator and origination year was as follows as of March 31, 2024:

The aggregate unpaid principal balance of residential mortgage loans by credit quality indicator and origination year was as follows as of December 31, 2023:

The company evaluates and monitors the credit quality of its residential construction loans (including land acquisition and development loans) by analyzing LTV and loan performance. Monitoring a residential construction mortgage loan increases when the loan is delinquent or earlier if there is an indication of impairment.

The aggregate unpaid principal balance of residential construction mortgage loans by credit quality indicator and origination year was as follows as of March 31, 2024:

The aggregate unpaid principal balance of residential construction mortgage loans by credit quality indicator and origination year was as follows as of December 31, 2023:

Insurance Assignments

The following table presents the aging of insurance assignments, included in other investments and policy loans on the condensed consolidated balance sheets:

The Company records an allowance for credit losses when the insurance assignment is funded. Once an insurance assignment moves to 90 days or legal proceedings, it is monitored for write-off and collectability, and any adjustments to the allowance are recorded at that time. See Note 2 regarding the adoption of ASU 2016-13.

The following table presents a roll forward of the allowance for credit losses for insurance assignments as of the dates indicated:

Investment Related Earnings

The following table presents the realized gains and losses from sales, calls, and maturities, and unrealized gains and losses on equity securities from investments and other assets:

The realized gains and losses on the sale of securities are recorded on the trade date, and the cost of the securities sold is determined using the specific identification method.

Net realized gains and losses includes gains and losses by the restricted assets and cemetery perpetual care trust investments of the cemeteries and mortuaries of $582,172 in net gains and $53,931 in net gains for the three month periods ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Major categories of net investment income were as follows:

Net investment income includes income earned by the restricted assets of the cemeteries and mortuaries of $933,551 and $633,527 for the three month periods ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Net investment income on real estate consists primarily of rental revenue. Investment expenses consist primarily of depreciation, property taxes, operating expenses of real estate and an estimated portion of administrative expenses relating to investment activities.

Accrued Investment Income

Accrued investment income consists of the following:

4. Loans Held for Sale

The Company’s loans held for sale portfolio is valued using the fair value option. Changes in the fair value of the loans are included in mortgage fee income. Interest income is recorded based on the contractual terms of the loan and in accordance with the Company’s policy on recognition of mortgage loan interest income and is included in mortgage fee income on the condensed consolidated statement of earnings. Included in loans held for sale are loans in the process of foreclosure with an aggregate unpaid principal balance of $311,117 and $1,636,090 as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. See Note 8 to the condensed consolidated financial statements for additional disclosures regarding loans held for sale.

The following table presents the aggregate fair value and the aggregate unpaid principal balance of loans held for sale:

Mortgage Fee Income

Mortgage fee income consists of origination fees, processing fees, interest income and other income related to the origination and sale of mortgage loans held for sale.

Major categories of mortgage fee income for loans held for sale are summarized as follows:

Loan Loss Reserve

Repurchase demands from third party investors that correspond to mortgage loans previously held for sale and sold are reviewed and relevant data is captured so that an estimated future loss can be calculated. The key factors that are used in the estimated future loss calculation are as follows: (i) lien position, (ii) payment status, (iii) claim type, (iv) unpaid principal balance, (v) interest rate, and (vi) validity of the demand. Other data is captured and is useful for management purposes; the actual estimated loss is generally based on these key factors. The Company conducts its own review upon the receipt of a repurchase demand. In many instances, the Company can resolve the issues relating to the repurchase demand by the third-party investor without having to make any payments to the investor.

The loan loss reserve, which is included in other liabilities and accrued expenses, is summarized as follows:

The Company maintains reserves for estimated losses on current production volumes. For the three month period ended March 31, 2024, $163,476 in reserves were added at a rate of 3.5 basis points per loan, the equivalent of $350 per $1,000,000 in loans originated. This is a decrease over the three month period ended March 31, 2023, when reserves of $239,801 were added at a rate of 4.5 basis points per loan originated, the equivalent of $450 per $1,000,000 in loans originated. The Company monitors market data and trends, economic conditions (including forecasts) and its own experience to maintain adequate loss reserves on current production.

5. Stock Compensation Plans

The Company has equity incentive plans (the “2013 Plan”, the “2014 Director Plan” and the “2022 Plan”).

Stock Options

Stock based compensation expense for stock options issued of $198,998 and $142,929 has been recognized for these plans for the three month periods ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and is included in personnel expenses on the condensed consolidated statements of earnings. As of March 31, 2024, the total unrecognized compensation expense related to the options issued was $512,854, which is expected to be recognized over the remaining vesting period.

The fair value of each option granted is estimated on the date of grant using the Black Scholes Option Pricing Model. The Company estimates the expected life of the options using the simplified method. Future volatility is estimated based upon the weighted historical volatility of the Company’s Class A common stock over a period equal to the expected life of the options. The risk-free interest rate for the expected life of the options is based upon the Federal Reserve Board’s daily interest rates in effect at the time of the grant.

Activity of the stock option plans during the three month period ended March 31, 2024, is summarized as follows:

Activity of the stock option plans during the three month period ended March 31, 2023, is summarized as follows:

The total intrinsic value (which is the amount by which the fair value of the underlying stock exceeds the exercise price of an option on the exercise date) of stock options exercised during the three month periods ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 wasnil and $176,935, respectively.

Restricted Stock Units (“RSUs”)

Stock based compensation expense for RSUs issued of $889 and $742 has been recognized under these plans for each of the three month periods ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and is included in personnel expenses on the condensed consolidated statements of earnings. As of March 31, 2024, the total unrecognized compensation expense related to the RSUs issued was $2,375, which is expected to be recognized over the remaining vesting period.

Activity of the RSUs during the three month period ended March 31, 2024 is summarized as follows:

Activity of the RSUs during the three month period ended March 31, 2023 is summarized as follows:

6. Earnings Per Share

Earnings per share amounts have been retroactively adjusted for the effect of annual stock dividends. In accordance with GAAP, the basic and diluted earnings per share amounts were calculated as follows:

For the three month periods ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, there were 467,125 and 730,270 anti-dilutive stock option shares, respectively, that were not included in the computation of diluted net earnings per common share as their effect would be anti-dilutive. Basic and diluted earnings per share amounts are the same for each class of common stock.

The following table summarizes the activity in shares of capital stock.

7. Business Segment Information

Description of Products and Services by Segment

The Company hasthree reportable business segments: life insurance, cemetery and mortuary, and mortgage. The Company’s life insurance segment consists of life insurance premiums and operating expenses from the sale of insurance products sold by the Company’s independent agency force and net investment income derived from investing policyholder and segment surplus funds. The Company’s cemetery and mortuary segment consists of revenues and operating expenses from the sale of at-need cemetery and mortuary merchandise and services at its mortuaries and cemeteries, pre-need sales of cemetery spaces after collection of 10% or more of the purchase price and the net investment income from investing segment surplus funds. The Company’s mortgage segment consists of fee income and expenses from the originations of residential mortgage loans and interest earned and interest expenses from warehousing loans held for sale.

Measurement of Segment Profit or Loss and Segment Assets

The accounting policies of the reportable segments are the same as those described in the Significant Accounting Principles of the Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023. Intersegment revenues are recorded at cost plus an agreed upon intercompany profit, and are eliminated upon consolidation.

Factors Management Used to Identify the Enterprise’s Reportable Segments

The Company’s reportable segments are business units that are managed separately due to the different products provided and the need to report separately to the various regulatory jurisdictions. The Company regularly reviews the quantitative thresholds and other criteria to determine when other business segments may need to be reported.

8. Fair Value of Financial Instruments

GAAP defines fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. GAAP also specifies a fair value hierarchy based upon the observability of inputs used in valuation techniques. Observable inputs (highest level) reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs (lowest level) reflect internally developed market assumptions. Fair value measurements are classified under the following hierarchy:

*Level 1:*Financial assets and financial liabilities whose values are based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in an active market that the Company can access.

*Level 2:*Financial assets and financial liabilities whose values are based on the following:

*Level 3:*Financial assets and financial liabilities whose values are based on prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement. These inputs may reflect the Company’s estimates of the assumptions that market participants would use in valuing financial assets and financial liabilities.

The Company utilizes a combination of third-party valuation service providers, brokers, and internal valuation models to determine fair value.

The following methods and assumptions were used by the Company in estimating the fair value disclosures related to significant financial instruments.

The items shown under Level 1 and Level 2 are valued as follows:

*Fixed Maturity Securities Available for Sale:*The fair values of fixed maturity securities are based on quoted market prices, when available. For fixed maturity securities not actively traded, fair values are estimated using values obtained from independent pricing services, or in the case of private placements (considered Level 3 financial assets), are estimated by discounting expected future cash flows using a current market value applicable to the coupon rate, credit and maturity of the investments.

*Equity Securities:*The fair values for equity securities are based on quoted market prices.

Restricted Assets: A portion of these assets include equity securities and fixed maturity securities that have quoted market prices that are used to determine fair value. Also included are cash and cash equivalents and participations in mortgage loans. The carrying amounts reported in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets for these financial instruments approximate their fair values due to their short-term nature.

Cemetery Perpetual Care Trust Investments: A portion of these assets include equity securities and fixed maturity securities that have quoted market prices that are used to determine fair value. Also included are cash and cash equivalents. The carrying amounts reported in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets for these financial instruments approximate their fair values due to their short-term nature.

Additionally, there were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

8. Fair Value of Financial Instruments(Continued)

The items shown under Level 3 are valued as follows:

*Loans Held for Sale:*The Company elected the fair value option for loans held for sale. The fair value is based on quoted market prices, when available. When a quoted market price is not readily available, the Company uses the market price from its last sale of similar assets. Fair value is often difficult to determine in volatile markets and may contain significant unobservable inputs.

Loan Commitments and Forward Sale Commitments: The Company’s mortgage segment enters loan commitments with potential borrowers and forward sale commitments to sell loans with third-party investors. The Company also uses a hedging strategy for these transactions. A loan commitment binds the Company to lend funds to a qualified borrower at a specified interest rate and within a specified period, generally up to 30 days after issuance of the loan commitment. Loan commitments are defined to be derivatives under GAAP and are recognized at fair value on the consolidated balance sheets with changes in their fair values recorded in current earnings.

The Company estimates the fair value of a loan commitment based on the change in estimated fair value of the underlying mortgage loan, quoted MBS prices, estimates of the fair value of mortgage servicing rights, and an estimate of the probability that the mortgage loan will fund within the terms of the commitment. The change in fair value of the underlying mortgage loan is measured from the date the loan commitment is issued. Following issuance, the value of a mortgage loan commitment can be either positive or negative depending upon the change in value of the underlying mortgage loans. Fallout rates and other factors from the Company’s recent historical data are used to estimate the quantity and value of mortgage loans that will be funded within the terms of the commitments.

*Impaired Mortgage Loans Held for Investment:*The Company believes that the fair value of these nonperforming loans will approximate the unpaid principal balance expected to be recovered based on the fair value of the underlying collateral. For residential and commercial properties, the collateral value is estimated by obtaining an independent appraisal. The appraisal typically considers comparable sales in the area, property condition, and potential rental income that could be generated (particularly for commercial properties). For residential construction loans, the collateral is typically incomplete, so fair value is estimated as the replacement cost using data from a provider of building cost information to the real estate construction.

Impaired Real Estate Held for Investment: The Company believes that in an orderly market, fair value will approximate the replacement cost of a home and the rental income provides a cash flow stream for investment analysis. The Company believes the highest and best use of the properties are as income producing assets since it is the Company’s intent to hold the properties as rental properties, matching the income from the investment in rental properties with the funds required for future estimated policy claims.

It should be noted that for replacement cost, when determining the fair value of real estate held for investment, the Company uses a provider of building cost information to the real estate construction industry. For the investment analysis, the Company uses market data based upon its real estate operation experience and projected the present value of the net rental income over seven years. The Company also considers area comparable properties and property condition when determining fair value.

In addition to this analysis performed by the Company, the Company depreciates Real Estate Held for Investment. This depreciation reduces the book value of these properties and lessens the exposure to the Company from further deterioration in real estate values.

Mortgage Servicing Rights: The Company initially recognizes Mortgage Servicing Rights (“MSRs”) at their estimated fair values derived from the net cash flows associated with the servicing contracts, where the Company assumes the obligation to service the loan in the sale transaction.

The following tables summarize Level 1, 2 and 3 financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis by their classification in the condensed consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2024:

The following tables summarize Level 1, 2 and 3 financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis by their classification in the condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2023:

For Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2024, the significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurements were as follows:

For Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2023, the significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurements were as follows:

The following table is a summary of changes in the condensed consolidated balance sheet line items measured using level 3 inputs for the three month period ended March 31, 2024:

The following table is a summary of changes in the condensed consolidated balance sheet line items measured using level 3 inputs for the three month period ended March 31, 2023:

The Company did not have any financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of March 31, 2024 and as of December 31, 2023.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments Carried at Other Than Fair Value

ASC 825, Financial Instruments, requires disclosure of fair value information about financial instruments, whether or not recognized in the balance sheet, for which it is practicable to estimate that value.

The Company uses its best judgment in estimating the fair value of the Company’s financial instruments; however, there are inherent limitations in any estimation technique. Therefore, for substantially all financial instruments, the fair value estimates presented herein are not necessarily indicative of the amounts the Company could have realized in a sales transaction as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

The carrying values and estimated fair values for such financial instruments, and their corresponding placement in the fair value hierarchy, are summarized as follows as of March 31, 2024:

The carrying values and estimated fair values for such financial instruments, and their corresponding placement in the fair value hierarchy, are summarized as follows as of December 31, 2023:

The methods, assumptions and significant valuation techniques and inputs used to estimate the fair value of these financial instruments are summarized as follows:

*Mortgage Loans Held for Investment:*The estimated fair value of the Company’s mortgage loans held for investment is determined using various methods. The Company’s mortgage loans are grouped into three categories: Residential, Residential Construction and Commercial. When estimating the expected future cash flows, it is assumed that all loans will be held to maturity, and any loans that are non-performing are evaluated individually for impairment.

Residential – The estimated fair value is determined through a combination of discounted cash flows (estimating expected future cash flows of payments and discounting them using current interest rates from single-family mortgages) and considering pricing of similar loans that were sold recently.

Residential Construction – These loans are primarily short in maturity. Accordingly, the estimated fair value is determined to be the carrying value.

Commercial – The estimated fair value is determined by estimating expected future cash flows of payments and discounting them using current interest rates for commercial mortgages.

Policy Loans: The carrying amounts reported in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet for these financial instruments approximate their fair values because they are fully collateralized by the cash surrender value of the underlying insurance policies.

Insurance Assignments, Net: These investments are primarily short in maturity, accordingly, the carrying amounts reported in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet for these financial instruments approximate their fair values.

Bank and Other Loans Payable: The carrying amounts reported in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet for warehouse lines of credit approximate their fair values due to their relatively short-term maturities and variable interest rates. The estimated fair value for bank loans collateralized by real estate is determined by estimating future cash flows of payments and discounting them using current market rates.

Policyholder Account Balances and Future Policy Benefits-Annuities: Future policy benefit reserves for interest-sensitive insurance products are computed under a retrospective deposit method and represent policy account balances before applicable surrender charges. Policy benefits and claims that are charged to expense include benefit claims incurred in the period of more than related policy account balances. Interest crediting rates for interest-sensitive insurance products ranged from 1.5% to 6.5%. The fair values for these investment-type insurance contracts are estimated based on the present value of liability cash flows. The fair values for the Company’s insurance contracts other than investment-type contracts are not required to be disclosed. However, the fair values of liabilities under all insurance contracts are taken into consideration in the Company’s overall management of interest rate risk, such that the Company’s exposure to changing interest rates is minimized through the matching of investment maturities with amounts due under insurance contracts.

9. Derivative Instruments

Mortgage Banking Derivatives

Loan Commitments

The Company is exposed to price risk due to the potential impact of changes in interest rates on the values of loan commitments from the time a loan commitment is made to an applicant to the time the loan that would result from the exercise of that loan commitment is funded. Managing price risk is complicated by the fact that the ultimate percentage of loan commitments that will be exercised (i.e., the number of loans that will be funded) fluctuates. The probability that a loan will not be funded, or the loan application is denied or withdrawn within the terms of the commitment is driven by several factors, particularly the change, if any, in mortgage rates following the issuance of the loan commitment.

In general, the probability of funding increases if mortgage rates rise and decreases if mortgage rates fall. This is due primarily to the relative attractiveness of current mortgage rates compared to the applicant’s committed rate. The probability that a loan will not be funded within the terms of the mortgage loan commitment also is influenced by the source of the applications (retail, broker or correspondent channels), proximity to rate lock expiration, purpose for the loan (purchase or refinance), product type and the application approval status. The Company has developed fallout estimates using historical data that consider all the variables, as well as renegotiations of rate and point commitments that tend to occur when mortgage rates fall. These fallout estimates are used to estimate the number of loans that the Company expects to be funded within the terms of the loan commitments and are updated periodically to reflect the most current data.

The Company estimates the fair value of a loan commitment based on the change in estimated fair value of the underlying mortgage loan, quoted mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”) prices, estimates of the fair value of mortgage servicing rights, and an estimate of the probability that the mortgage loan will fund within the terms of the commitment net of estimated commission expense. The change in fair value of the underlying mortgage loan is measured from the date the loan commitment is issued and is shown net of related expenses. Following issuance, the value of a loan commitment can be either positive or negative depending upon the change in value of the underlying mortgage loans. Fallout rates and other factors from the Company’s recent historical data are used to estimate the quantity and value of mortgage loans that will be funded within the terms of the commitments.

Forward Sale Commitments

The Company utilizes forward commitments to economically hedge the price risk associated with its outstanding mortgage loan commitments. A forward commitment protects the Company from losses on sales of the loans arising from exercise of the loan commitments. Management expects these types of commitments will experience changes in fair value opposite to changes in fair value of the loan commitments, thereby reducing earnings volatility related to the recognition in earnings of changes in the values of the commitments.

The net changes in fair value of loan commitments and forward sale commitments are shown in current earnings as a component of mortgage fee income on the consolidated statements of earnings. Mortgage banking derivatives are shown in other assets and other liabilities and accrued expenses on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

The following table shows the fair value and notional amounts of derivative instruments:

The table below presents the gains (losses) on derivatives. There were no gains or losses reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income into income or gains or losses recognized in income on derivatives ineffective portion, or any amounts excluded from effective testing.

10. Reinsurance, Commitments and Contingencies

Reinsurance

The Company follows the procedure of reinsuring risks of more than a specified limit, which ranges from $25,000 to $100,000 on newly issued policies. The Company has also assumed various reinsurance agreements through acquisition of various life companies. The Company is ultimately liable for these reinsured amounts in the event such reinsurers are unable to pay their portion of the claims. The Company evaluates the financial condition of reinsurers and monitors the concentration of credit risk. The Company is also a reinsurer of insurance with other companies.

Mortgage Loan Loss Settlements

Future loan losses can be extremely difficult to estimate. However, the Company believes that the Company’s reserve methodology and its current practice of property preservation allow it to estimate its potential losses on loans sold. See Note 4 to the condensed consolidated financial statements for additional information about the Company’s loan loss reserve.

Debt Covenants for Mortgage Warehouse Lines of Credit

The Company, through its subsidiary SecurityNational Mortgage, has a line of credit with Texas Capital Bank N.A. This agreement allows SecurityNational Mortgage to borrow up to $100,000,000 for the sole purpose of funding mortgage loans (the “Texas Capital Bank Warehouse Line of Credit”). The agreement charges interest at the 1-Month SOFR rate plus 2.0% and matures on November 30, 2024. The Company is required to comply with covenants for adjusted tangible net worth, unrestricted cash balance, and minimum combined pre-tax income (excluding any changes in the fair value of mortgage servicing rights) of at least $1.00 on a rolling four-quarter basis.

The Company through its subsidiary SecurityNational Mortgage, has a line of credit with U.S Bank. This agreement allows SecurityNational Mortgage to borrow up to $15,000,000 for the sole purpose of funding mortgage loans (the “U.S. Bank Warehouse Line of Credit” and, together with the Texas Capital Bank Warehouse Line of Credit, the “Warehouse Lines of Credit”). The agreement charges interest at 2.10% plus the greater of (i) 0%, and (ii) the one-month forward-looking term rate based on SOFR and matures on May 26, 2024. The Company is required to comply with covenants for adjusted tangible net worth, unrestricted cash balance, and minimum combined pre-tax income (excluding any changes in the fair value of mortgage servicing rights) of at least $1.00 on a rolling twelve months.

The agreements for the warehouse lines of credit include cross default provisions where certain events of default under other of SecurityNational Mortgage’s obligations constitute events of default under the warehouse lines of credit. As of March 31, 2024, the Company was not in compliance with the net income covenant of the warehouse lines of credit and its operating cash flow covenant for its standby letter of credit with its primary bank. SecurityNational Mortgage has received or is in the process of receiving waivers under the warehouse lines of credit from the warehouse banks. In the unlikely event the Company is required to repay the outstanding advances of approximately $6,963,000 on the warehouse line of credit that has not provided a covenant waiver, the Company has sufficient cash and borrowing capacity on the warehouse lines of credit that have provided covenant waivers to fund its origination activities. The Company has performed an internal analysis of its funding capacities of both internal and external sources and has determined that there are sufficient funds to continue its business model. The Company continues to negotiate other warehouse lines of credit with other lenders.

Debt Covenants for Revolving Lines of Credit and Bank Loans

The Company has debt covenants on its revolving lines of credit and is required to comply with minimum operating cash flow ratios and minimum net worth for each of its business segments. The Company also has debt covenants for one of its loans on real estate for a minimum consolidated operating cash flow ratio, minimum liquidity, and consolidated net worth. In addition to these financial debt covenants, the company is required to provide segment specific financial statements and building specific financial statements on all bank loans. As of March 31, 2024, the Company was in compliance with all these debt covenants.

Other Contingencies and Commitments

The Company has commitments to fund existing construction and land development loans pursuant to the various loan agreements. As of March 31, 2024, the Company’s commitments were approximately $146,572,000 for these loans, of which $100,056,000 had been funded. The Company advances funds in accordance with the loan agreements once the work has been completed and an independent inspection is made. The maximum loan commitment ranges between 50% and 80% of appraised value. The Company receives fees and interest for these loans and the interest rate is generally fixed at 5.25% to 8.50% per annum. Maturities range between six and eighteen months.

The Company belongs to a captive insurance group (“the captive group”) for certain casualty insurance, worker compensation and general liability programs. The captive group maintains insurance reserves relative to these programs. The level of exposure from catastrophic events is limited by the purchase of stop-loss and aggregate liability reinsurance coverage. When estimating the insurance liabilities and related reserves, the captive group considers several factors, which include historical claims experience, demographic factors, severity factors and valuations provided by independent third-party actuaries. If actual claims or adverse development of loss reserves occurs and exceed these estimates, additional reserves may be required from the Company and its members. The estimation process contains uncertainty since captive insurance management must use judgment to estimate the ultimate cost that will be incurred to settle reported claims and unreported claims for incidents incurred but not reported as of the balance sheet date.

The Company is a defendant in various other legal actions arising from the normal conduct of business. The Company believes that none of the actions, if adversely determined, will have a material effect on the Company’s financial position or results of operations. Based on the Company’s assessment and legal counsel’s analysis concerning the likelihood of unfavorable outcomes, no amounts have been accrued for the above claims in the consolidated financial statements. The Company is not a party to any other material legal proceedings outside the ordinary course of business or to any other legal proceedings, which, if adversely determined, would have a material adverse effect on its financial condition or results of operations.

11. Mortgage Servicing Rights

The Company initially records its MSRs at fair value as discussed in Note 8.

After being initially recorded at fair value, MSRs backed by mortgage loans are accounted for using the amortization method. Amortization expense is included in other expenses on the consolidated statements of earnings. MSR amortization is determined by amortizing the MSR balance in proportion to, and over the period of the estimated future net servicing income of the underlying financial assets.

The Company periodically assesses MSRs for impairment. Impairment occurs when the current fair value of the MSR falls below the asset’s carrying value (carrying value is the amortized cost reduced by any related valuation allowance). If MSRs are impaired, the impairment is recognized in current-period earnings and the carrying value of the MSRs is adjusted through a valuation allowance.

The Company periodically reviews the various loan strata to determine whether the value of the MSRs in each stratum is impaired and likely to recover. If the Company deems recovery of the value to be unlikely in the foreseeable future, a write-down of the cost of the MSRs for that stratum to its estimated recoverable value is charged to the valuation allowance.

The following table presents the MSR activity:

The table below summarizes the Company’s estimate of future amortization of its existing MSRs carried at amortized cost. This projection was developed using the Company’s assumptions in its March 31, 2024 valuation of MSRs. The assumptions used in the following table are likely to change as market conditions, portfolio composition and borrower behavior change, causing both actual and projected amortization levels to change over time.

The Company collected the following contractual servicing fee income and late fee income as reported in other revenues on the condensed consolidated statement of earnings.

The following is a summary of the unpaid principal balances (“UPB”) of the servicing portfolio.

The following key assumptions were used in determining MSR value:

12. Income Taxes

The Company’s overall effective tax rate for the three month periods ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was 22.3% and 21.8%, respectively, which resulted in a provision for income taxes of $2,144,789 and $344,716, respectively. The Company’s effective tax rate is higher than the U.S. federal statutory rate of 21% due to, among other factors, state income taxes as offset by certain state income tax benefits, along with certain permanent tax adjustments such as meals and entertainment and stock-based compensation. The increase in the effective tax rate when compared to the prior year was primarily due to the Company’s state income tax provision.

Interim income taxes are based on an estimated annualized effective tax rate applied to the respective quarterly periods, adjusted for discrete tax items in the period in which they occur. Although the Company believes its tax estimates are reasonable, the Company can make no assurance that the final tax outcome of these matters will not be different from that which it has reflected in its historical income tax provisions and accruals.

13. Revenues from Contracts with Customers

The Company reports revenues from contracts with customers pursuant to ASC No. 606,Revenue from Contracts with Customers.

Information about Performance Obligations and Contract Balances

The Company’s cemetery and mortuary segment sells a variety of goods and services to customers in both at-need and pre-need situations. Due to the timing of the fulfillment of the obligation, revenue is deferred until that obligation is fulfilled.

The Company’s three types of future obligations are as follows:

Pre-need Merchandise and Service Revenue: All pre-need merchandise and service revenue is deferred, and the funds are placed in trust until the need arises, the merchandise is received, or the service is performed. The trust is then relieved, and the revenue and commissions are recognized.

At-need Specialty Merchandise Revenue: At-need specialty merchandise revenue consists of customizable merchandise ordered from a manufacturer such as markers and bases. When specialty merchandise is ordered, it can take time to manufacture and deliver the product. Revenue is deferred until the at-need merchandise is received.

Deferred Pre-need Land Revenue: Deferred pre-need revenue and corresponding commissions are deferred until 10% of the funds are received from the customer through regular monthly payments. Deferred pre-need land revenue is not placed in trust.

Complete payment of the contract does not constitute fulfillment of the performance obligation. Goods or services are deferred until such a time the service is performed or merchandise is received. Pre-need contracts are required to be paid in full prior to a customer using a good or service from a pre-need contract. Goods and services from pre-need contracts can be transferred when paid in full from one owner to another. In such cases, the Company will act as an agent in transferring the requested goods and services. The transfer of goods and services does not fulfill an obligation and revenue remains deferred.

The opening and closing balances of the Company’s receivables, contract assets and contract liabilities are as follows:

The amount of revenue recognized and included in the opening contract liability balance for the three month periods ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was $1,506,114 and $1,119,898, respectively.

The difference between the opening and closing balances of the Company’s contract assets and contract liabilities primarily results from the timing difference between the Company’s performance and the customer’s payment.

Disaggregation of Revenue

The following table disaggregates revenue for the Company’s cemetery and mortuary contracts:

The following table reconciles revenues from cemetery and mortuary contracts to Note 7 – Business Segment Information for the Cemetery/Mortuary Segment for the periods presented:

14. Receivables

Receivables consist of the following:

The Company records an allowance for credit losses for its receivables in accordance with GAAP. See Note 2 regarding the adoption of ASU 2016-13.

The following table presents a roll forward of the allowance for credit losses:

15. Cemetery Perpetual Care Trust Investments and Obligation and Restricted Assets

Cemetery Perpetual Care Trust Investments and Obligation

State law requires the Company to pay into endowment care trusts a portion of the proceeds from the sale of certain cemetery property interment rights for cemeteries that have established an endowment care trust. These endowment care trusts are defined as Variable Interest Entities pursuant to GAAP. The Company is the primary beneficiary of these trusts, as it absorbs both the losses and any expenses associated with the trusts. The Company has consolidated cemetery endowment care trust investments with a corresponding amount recorded as Cemetery Perpetual Care Obligation in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets*.*

The components of the cemetery perpetual care investments and obligation as of March 31, 2024, are as follows:

The components of the cemetery perpetual care investments and obligation as of December 31, 2023, are as follows:

Fixed Maturity Securities

The table below summarizes unrealized losses on fixed maturity securities available for sale that were carried at estimated fair value as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. The tables set forth unrealized losses by duration with the fair value of the related fixed maturity securities:

Relevant holdings were comprised of four securities with fair values aggregating 97.8% of the aggregate amortized cost as of March 31, 2024. Relevant holdings were comprised of four securities with fair values aggregating 98.1% of aggregate amortized cost as of December 31, 2023. No credit losses have been recognized for the three month periods ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, since the increase in unrealized losses is primarily a result of increases in interest rates. See Note 3 for additional information regarding the Company’s evaluation of the allowance for credit losses for fixed maturity securities available for sale.

The table below presents the amortized cost and estimated fair value of fixed maturity securities available for sale as of March 31, 2024, by contractual maturity. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because certain borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

Restricted Assets

The Company has also established certain restricted assets to provide for future merchandise and service obligations incurred in connection with its pre-need sales for its cemetery and mortuary segment.

Restricted cash also represents escrows held for borrowers and investors under servicing and appraisal agreements relating to mortgage loans, funds held by warehouse banks in accordance with loan purchase agreements and funds held in escrow for certain real estate construction development projects. Additionally, the Company elected to maintain its medical benefit fund without change from the prior year and has included this amount as a component of restricted cash. These restricted cash items are for the Company’s life insurance and mortgage segments.

Restricted assets as of March 31, 2024, are summarized as follows:

Restricted assets as of December 31, 2023, are summarized as follows:

Fixed Maturity Securities

The table below summarizes unrealized losses on fixed maturity securities available for sale that were carried at estimated fair value as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. The tables set forth unrealized losses by duration with the fair value of the related fixed maturity securities.

Relevant holdings were comprised of 15 securities with fair values aggregating 98.7% of the aggregate amortized cost as of March 31, 2024. Relevant holdings were comprised of 12 securities with fair values aggregating 99.1% of the aggregate amortized cost as of December 31, 2023. No credit losses have been recognized for the three month periods ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, since the increase in unrealized losses is primarily a result of increases in interest. See Note 3 for additional information regarding the Company’s evaluation of the allowance for credit losses for fixed maturity securities available for sale.

The table below presents the amortized cost and estimated fair value of fixed maturity securities available for sale as of March 31, 2024, by contractual maturity. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because certain borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

See Notes 3 and 8 for additional information regarding restricted assets and cemetery perpetual care trust investments.

16. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (loss)

The following table summarizes the changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss):

The following table presents the accumulated balances of other comprehensive income (loss) as of March 31, 2024:

The following table presents the accumulated balances of other comprehensive income (loss) as of December 31, 2023: