Power REIT

General

Power REIT (the “Registrant” or the “Trust”, and together with its consolidated subsidiaries, “we”, “us”, or “Power REIT”, unless the context requires otherwise) is a Maryland-domiciled, internally-managed real estate investment trust (a “REIT”) that owns a portfolio of real estate assets related to transportation, energy infrastructure and Controlled Environment Agriculture (“CEA”) in the United States.

The Trust is structured as a holding company and owns its assets through twenty-four direct and indirect wholly-owned, special purpose subsidiaries that have been formed in order to hold real estate assets, obtain financing and generate lease revenue. As of December 31, 2023, the Trust’s assets consisted of approximately 112 miles of railroad infrastructure and related real estate which is owned by its subsidiary Pittsburgh & West Virginia Railroad (“P&WV”), approximately 501 acres of fee simple land leased to a number of utility scale solar power generating projects with an aggregate generating capacity of approximately 88 Megawatts (“MW”) and approximately 256 acres of land with approximately 2,163,000 square feet of existing or under construction CEA properties in the form of greenhouses.

In 2019, we expanded the focus of our real estate activities to include CEA properties in the form of greenhouses in the United States. CEA is an innovative method of growing plants that involves creating optimized growing environments for a given crop indoors. Power REIT is focused on CEA in the form of greenhouses which use approximately 70% less energy than indoor growing, 95% less water usage than outdoor growing, and does not have any agricultural runoff of fertilizers or pesticides. We believe greenhouse cultivation represents a sustainable solution from both a business and environmental perspective. Certain of our greenhouse properties are operated for the cultivation of cannabis by state-licensed operators. During 2022 we acquired a greenhouse focused on the cultivation of tomatoes. Unfortunately, the market for tomatoes compressed and the tenant was unable to meet its financial obligations and has vacated the property. We typically enter into long-term “triple net” leases where our tenants are responsible for all costs related to the property, including insurance, taxes and maintenance.

Corporate Structure

Power REIT was formed as part of a reorganization and reverse triangular merger of P&WV that closed on December 2, 2011. P&WV survived the reorganization as a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Registrant. Currently, the Trust is structured as a holding company and owns its assets through twenty-four wholly-owned, special purpose subsidiaries that have been formed in order to hold real estate assets, obtain financing and generate lease revenue.

Properties

As of December 31, 2023, the Trust’s assets consisted of a total of approximately 112 miles of railroad infrastructure plus branch lines and related real estate, approximately 501 acres of fee simple land leased to two utility scale solar power generating projects with an aggregate generating capacity of approximately 88 Megawatts (“MW”), and approximately 256 acres of land with approximately 2,163,000 square feet of existing or under construction greenhouse/processing space.

Below is a chart that summarizes our properties as of December 31, 2023:

1 Solar Farm Land size represents Megawatts and CEA property size represents greenhouse square feet

2 Building structure construction incomplete

3 Gross Book Value for our Greenhouse Portfolio represents purchase price (excluding capitalized acquisition costs) plus improvements costs

4Property is vacant

5Tenant is not current on rent/in default

6An impairment has been taken against this asset

7Asset held for sale

8Loan secured by a second mortgage related to property in Maine sold on November 1, 2023

9Property sold after December 31, 2023 - see Note 13 Subsequent Events

Power REIT’s Business

We are primarily engaged in the ownership, leasing, acquisition, development, and disposition of special purpose real estate assets. Our typical approach is to lease the properties on a long-term “triple net” basis whereby the tenant pays all property related costs including real estate taxes, insurance, and other operating costs including the maintenance of the property.

2022 and 2023 Acquisitions and Sale Transactions

On March 31, 2022, we completed our first acquisition with the focus on the cultivation of food crops, through a newly formed wholly owned subsidiary, PW MillPro NE LLC, (“PW MillPro”), and acquired a 1,121,513 square foot greenhouse cultivation facility (the “MillPro Facility”) on an approximately 86-acre property and a separate approximately 4.88-acre property with a 21-room employee housing building (the “Housing Facility”) for $9,350,000 and closing costs of approximately $91,000 located in O’Neill, Nebraska (collectively the “Property”). On April 1, 2022, we announced that we entered into a 10-year triple-net lease with a wholly owned subsidiary of Millennium Sustainable Ventures Corp. (ticker: MILC) related to the MillPro Facility. The MillPro Facility is configured for the cultivation of tomatoes and during 2022 grew a preliminary crop. Unfortunately, the market for tomatoes compressed and the tenant was unable to meet its financial obligations and vacated the property. We are actively exploring alternatives to secure a new tenant to put the facility back into operation and the potential to sell the MillPro Facility. In February of 2024, our subsidiary entered into a 20-year triple-net lease with an initial rent of $1 million per year after a 6-month deferred rent period along with a Letter of Intent to purchase the property for $9.2 million with a deadline of December 31, 2024. There can be no assurance that the tenant will perform on either the Lease or Purchase.

On January 6, 2023, one of our wholly owned subsidiaries sold its interest in five ground leases related to utility scale solar farms located in Tulare County, California for gross proceeds of $2.5 million. The properties were acquired by our subsidiary in 2013 for $1,550,000.

On November 1, 2023, a wholly owned subsidiary of Power REIT (“PW SD”) sold its interest in a cannabis related greenhouse cultivation facility located in Maine to an affiliate of its tenant. PW SD had entered into a Purchase and Sale Agreement related to this property that was renegotiated as part of proceeding toward closing. The total consideration was $4,787,000, of which $3,400,000 was paid in cash, $537,000 was paid in the form of the release of the security deposit held by PW SD and seller financing in the form of an $850,000 note with an 8.5% interest rate that will accrue until maturity on October 30, 2025. The note is secured by a second mortgage on the property and certain corporate and personal guarantees.

The sale of the Tulare solar ground leases and the PW SD cannabis related greenhouse cultivation facility are part of a strategic review as we continue to evaluate alternatives to enhance liquidity and improve our opportunities.

Business Strategy

Our primary objective is to maximize the long-term value of the Trust for our shareholders. To that end, our business goals are to obtain the best possible rental income at our properties in order to maximize our cash flows, net operating income, funds from operations, funds available for distribution to shareholders and other operating measures and results, and ultimately to maximize the values of our properties.

To achieve this primary goal, we have developed a business strategy focused on increasing the values of our properties, and ultimately of the Trust, which includes:

● Raising capital by monetizing the embedded value in our portfolio to enhance our liquidity position and, as appropriate reducing debt levels to strengthen our balance sheet;

● Selling off non-core properties and underperforming assets;

● Seeking to re-lease properties that are vacant or have non-performing tenants;

● Raising the overall level of quality of our portfolio and of individual properties in our portfolio;

● Improving the operating results of our properties; and

● Taking steps to position the Company for future growth opportunities.

Improving Our Balance Sheet by Reducing Debt and Leverage; Improving Liquidity

Leverage

We continue to seek ways to reduce our leverage by improving our operating performance and through a variety of other means available to us. These means might include leasing vacant properties, selling properties, raising capital or through other actions.

Liquidity

As of December 31, 2023, the Trust had approximately $4.1 million of cash and approximately $15.5 million of current loan liabilities. The current loan liabilities include approximately $14.4 million of a bank loan secured by the majority of the greenhouse portfolio (the “Greenhouse Loan”) and which is non-recourse to the Trust as well as approximately $456,000 of debt secured by a property (Salisbury, MA) that was sold in early 2024 and the loan was paid off.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Trust determined that there was substantial doubt as to its ability to continue as a going concern as a result of current liabilities that far exceed current assets, net losses incurred, expected reduced revenue and increased property expenses related to the greenhouse portfolio.

In early 2024, the Trust sold three properties which should help with liquidity. The net proceeds from the sale of the Salisbury, MA property was approximately $662,000 of unrestricted cash and the approximately $456,000 loan was retired at closing and is eliminated from current liabilities. The other sale produced approximately $53,000 of restricted cash and should generate cash flow from the seller financing provided that should help with liquidity to service the Greenhouse Loan.

The Greenhouse Loan is in default and we continue to try to work with the lender to establish a path forward. However, the Greenhouse Loan is non-recourse to Power REIT which means that in the event it cannot resolve issues with the lender and they foreclose on the properties, Power REIT should be able to continue as a going concern albeit with a smaller portfolio of assets. In March 2024, the lender filed a litigation seeking among other things, foreclosure and appointment of a receiver (See Note 13 Subsequent Events). Unfortunately, this may lead to distressed sales, which would have a negative impact on our prospects.

As of the filing date, The Trust’s current liabilities far exceed current assets. If the Trust’s plan to focus on selling properties, entering into new leases, improving cash collections from existing tenants and raising capital in the form of debt or equity is effectively implemented, the Trust’s plan could potentially provide enough liquidity. However, the Trust cannot predict, with certainty, the outcome of its actions to generate liquidity.

Capital Recycling

In the later part of 2022, we commenced property reviews to establish a plan for the portfolio and, if appropriate, will seek to dispose of properties that we do not believe meet financial and strategic criteria given economic, market and other circumstances. Disposing of these properties can enable us to redeploy or recycle our capital to other uses, such as to repay debt, to reinvest in other real estate assets and development and redevelopment projects, and for other corporate purposes. Along these lines, in 2023 we completed sales of assets for total gross proceeds of approximately $7.3 million. We also have several properties that we are marketing for sale and/or lease which have been classified as “Assets Held for Sale.”

Improving Our Portfolio

We are currently seeking to refine our property holdings by selling properties and/or re-leasing them in an effort to improve the overall performance going forward.

Taking Steps to Position the Company for Future Growth Opportunities

We are taking steps designed to position the Trust to create shareholder value. In connection therewith, we have implemented processes designed to ensure strong internal discipline in the use, harvesting and recycling of our capital, and these processes will be applied in connection with seeking to reposition properties.

We may continue to seek to acquire, in an opportunistic, selective and disciplined manner, properties that have operating metrics that are better than or equal to our existing portfolio averages, and that we believe have potential to generate cash flow and/or appreciation in value. Taking advantage of any acquisition opportunities would likely involve some use of debt or equity capital. We will pursue transactions that we expect can meet the financial and strategic criteria we apply, given economic, market and other circumstances. In addition, we are exploring the potential to use our existing corporate structure for strategic transactions including potentially merging assets or companies with the Trust.

Financial Results for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022

Growth and Investment Strategies – Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA)

In 2019, we expanded the focus of our real estate acquisitions to include CEA properties in the United States. CEA is an innovative method of growing plants that involves creating optimized growing environments for a given crop indoors. Power REIT is focused on CEA in the form of a greenhouse which uses dramatically less energy than indoor growing, 95% less water usage than outdoor growing, and does not have any agricultural runoff of fertilizers or pesticides. We believe greenhouse cultivation represents a sustainable solution from both a business and environmental perspective. Certain of our greenhouse properties are operated for the cultivation of cannabis by state-licensed operators. Unfortunately, the market for cannabis compressed dramatically during 2022 and 2023 which has had a dramatic negative effect on this portfolio. During 2022 we acquired a greenhouse focused on the cultivation of tomatoes. Unfortunately, the market for tomatoes compressed and the tenant was unable to meet its financial obligations and has vacated the property.

Regulated Cannabis Industry - Market Opportunity

Cannabis Overview

We believe that a convergence of changing public attitudes and increased legalization momentum in various states toward regulated cannabis, and medical-use cannabis in particular, has generated interest investment in regulated cannabis related opportunities. The cannabis industry is still emerging and has suffered significant business fluctuations over the past couple of year.

In the United States, the development and growth of the regulated cannabis industry has generally been driven by state law and regulation. Accordingly, market conditions vary on a state-by-state basis. State laws that legalize and regulate medical-use cannabis allow patients to consume cannabis for medicinal reasons with a designated healthcare provider’s recommendation, subject to various requirements and limitations. States have authorized numerous medical conditions as qualifying conditions for treatment with medical-use cannabis, which vary significantly from state to state and may include, among others, treatment for cancer, glaucoma, HIV/AIDs, wasting syndrome, pain, nausea, seizures, muscle spasms, multiple sclerosis, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), migraines, arthritis, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s, lupus, residual limb pain, spinal cord injuries, inflammatory bowel disease and terminal illness. As of December 31, 2023, 40 states, the District of Columbia, and four of five U.S. territories have passed laws allowing their citizens to use medical cannabis.

Cannabis Industry Growth and Trends

The cannabis industry over the past several years has experienced dramatic growth. As the cannabis industry continues to evolve and mature, innovative products are being developed for consumers. In addition to smoking and vaporizing of dried leaves, cannabis can be incorporated into a variety of edibles, vaporizers, spray products, transdermal patches and topicals. These additional form factors are driving a significant portion of the growth.

Shifting Public Attitudes and State Law

The changing public attitudes surrounding cannabis has been a catalyst for the growth of the United State regulated cannabis industry. According to a 2021 poll conducted by Pew Research Center, 91% of U.S. adults say that marijuana should be legal, while only 9% say that it should not. Additionally, regardless of political affiliation, the majority of participants indicate they are in favor of legalization.

As legalization is currently on a state-by-state basis, expansion of the cannabis industry is impacted by the regulatory processes of each state. States may restrict the number of cannabis licenses (cultivation, distribution, rental processing) permitted; impose significant taxes on cannabis products; and even limit the medical conditions that are eligible for cannabis treatment. As such, it is difficult to predict economic potential and trajectory of new markets. Accordingly, it is important to evaluate each State regulatory structure as part of evaluating investment opportunities.

Cannabis Industry Access to Capital

Currently, the illegal status of cannabis under federal law limits the ability of industry participants to fully access the U.S. banking system, public capital markets and other traditional sources of financing. The banking industry’s reluctance to finance cannabis operations may provide opportunities to deploy capital at attractive risk adjusted terms through the ownership of the real estate.

Investment Opportunity

Within the broader cannabis related investment opportunity, our investment thesis was that the ownership of real estate has the potential to provide an attractive risk adjusted investment area of focus. Given the regulatory hurdles including the impact on access to traditional forms of capital, a potential opportunity exists to generate higher investment yields than traditional real estate asset classes.

Our investment thesis has focused on CEA cultivation assets in the form of greenhouses that should provide a competitive advantage within the industry. Currently, most of the cannabis cultivation, nationally, occurs in industrial, warehouse-style facilities. This cultivation method is resource and energy intensive compared to greenhouse cultivation which should use dramatically less energy when compared to industrial facilities. As the cannabis industry continues to expand and prices compress, we believe that industrial, warehouse-style cultivation of cannabis may not be economically competitive. We believe that ultimately, greenhouse cultivation facilities should have the potential to become high-quality, low-cost producers of cannabis in their respective states.

During 2022 and 2023, the cannabis industry faced significant headwinds that had a dramatic impact on cultivation focused companies such as our tenants. The wholesale prices in most markets compressed dramatically and in many cases were below the cost of cultivation and many cultivation companies have shut down. Due to the significant price compression in the wholesale cannabis market, all of our cannabis related tenants are experiencing significant financial challenges. The Trust has attempted to work with cannabis tenants by offering relief in the form of amending leases whereby monthly cash payments are restructured to reduced amounts. Unfortunately, this has not been enough to solve the issues and many of the cannabis tenants have shut down or continue to try to operate but have limited ability to pay rent at this time.

Food Cultivation Market Opportunity

There is a growing trend towards cultivation of certain crops in CEA greenhouse cultivation facilities. Climate change is accelerating the depletion of water and traditional agricultural land resources and adapting to these intensifying trends is critical to achieve food security. Simultaneously, demand for locally grown, fresh produce is increasing. Many traditional agricultural areas of the U.S. are experiencing drought and CEA’s lower water demand combined with increased potential yields represent an important part of the solution. Greenhouse technology is an economically and environmentally sustainable solution for these secular issues.

Relative to outdoor (field) production, greenhouse production is more predictable and consistent and produces a crop that is more uniform in appearance and quality. CEA allows for an average of 20x higher yield compared to outdoor cultivation, using 90% less water with no fertilizer runoff. Additionally, the specialized improvements needed for food crop production create higher asset value than farmland.

During 2022, we completed our first acquisition with the focus on the cultivation of food crops which is an approximately 1.1 million square foot greenhouse cultivation facility located in O’Neill, Nebraska. The greenhouse is configured for the cultivation of tomatoes and during 2022 grew a preliminary crop. Unfortunately, the market for tomatoes compressed and the tenant was unable to meet its financial obligations and has vacated the property. We have been actively exploring alternatives to secure a new tenant to put the facility back into operation and the potential to sell the Mill Pro Facility. In February of 2024, our subsidiary entered into a 20-year triple-net lease with an initial rent of $1 million per year after a 6-month deferred rent period along with a Letter of Intent to purchase the property for $9.2 million with a deadline of December 31, 2024. There can be no assurance that the tenant will perform on either the Lease or Purchase.

Competition

The current market for properties that meet our investment objectives is limited. We are also in a capital constrained position with a high relative cost of capital. In particular, larger companies may enjoy significant competitive advantages that result from, among other things, a lower cost of capital and enhanced operating efficiencies.

We face significant competition from a diverse mix of market participants, including but not limited to, other companies with similar business models, independent investors, hedge funds and other real estate investors, hard money lenders, cannabis and greenhouse operators themselves, all of whom may compete with us. In particular, we face competition from established companies in this industry, as well as local real estate investors, particularly for smaller retail assets.

Government Regulation

Real Estate Industry Regulation

Generally, the ownership and operation of real properties are subject to various laws, ordinances and regulations, including regulations relating to zoning, land use, water rights, wastewater, storm water runoff and lien sale rights and procedures. These laws, ordinances or regulations, such as the Comprehensive Environmental Response and Compensation Liability Act and its state analogs, or any changes to any such laws, ordinances or regulations, could result in or increase the potential liability for environmental conditions or circumstances existing, or created by tenants or others, on our properties. Laws related to upkeep, safety and taxation requirements may result in significant unanticipated expenditures, loss of our properties or other impairments to operations, any of which would adversely affect our cash flows from operating activities.

Agricultural Regulation

The greenhouse properties that we own are subject to the laws, ordinances and regulations of state, local and federal governments, including laws, ordinances and regulations involving land use and usage, water rights, treatment methods, disturbance, the environment, and eminent domain.

Each governmental jurisdiction has its own distinct laws, ordinances and regulations governing the use of agricultural lands and water. Many such laws, ordinances and regulations seek to regulate water usage and water runoff because water can be in limited supply, as is the case in certain locations where our properties are located. In addition, runoff from rain or from irrigation is governed by laws, ordinances and regulations from state, local and federal governments. Additionally, if any of the water used on or running off from our properties flows to any rivers, streams, ponds, the ocean or other waters, there may be specific laws, ordinances and regulations governing the amount of pollutants, including sediments, nutrients and pesticides, that such water may contain.

We believe that our existing properties have, and other properties that we acquire in the future will have, sources of water, including wells and/or surface water that provide sufficient amounts of water necessary for the current operations at each location. However, should the need arise for additional water from wells and/or surface water sources, we may be required to obtain additional permits or approvals or to make other required notices prior to developing or using such water sources. Permits for drilling water wells or withdrawing surface water may be required by federal, state and local governmental entities pursuant to laws, ordinances, regulations or other requirements, and such permits may be difficult to obtain due to drought, the limited supply of available water within the districts of the states in which our properties are located or other reasons.

In addition to the regulation of water usage and water runoff, state, local and federal governments also seek to regulate the type, quantity and method of use of chemicals and materials for growing crops, including fertilizers, pesticides and nutrient rich materials. Such regulations could include restricting or preventing the use of such chemicals and materials near residential housing or near water sources. Further, some regulations have strictly forbidden or significantly limited the use of certain chemicals and materials. Licenses, permits and approvals must be obtained from governmental authorities requiring such licenses, permits and approvals before chemicals and materials can be used at grow facilities. Reports on the usage of such chemicals and materials must be submitted pursuant to applicable laws, ordinances, and regulations and the terms of the specific licenses, permits and approvals. Failure to comply with laws, ordinances and regulations, to obtain required licenses, permits and approvals or to comply with the terms of such licenses, permits and approvals could result in fines, penalties and/or imprisonment.

Because properties we own may be used for growing medical-use and adult-use cannabis, there may be other additional land use and zoning regulations at the state or local level that affect our properties that may not apply to other types of agricultural uses. For example, certain states in which our properties are located require stringent security systems in place at grow facilities and require stringent procedures for disposal of waste materials.

As an owner of cultivation facilities, we may be liable or responsible for the actions or inactions of our tenants with respect to these laws, regulations and ordinances.

Environmental Regulation

Our properties and the operations thereon are subject to federal, state and local environmental laws, ordinances and regulations, including laws relating to water, air, solid wastes and hazardous substances. Our properties and the operations thereon are also subject to federal, state and local laws, ordinances, regulations and requirements related to the federal Occupational Safety and Health Act, as well as comparable state statutes relating to the health and safety of our employees and others working on our properties. Although we believe that we and our tenants are in material compliance with these requirements, there can be no assurance that we will not incur significant costs, civil and criminal penalties and liabilities, including those relating to claims for damages to persons, property or the environment resulting from operations at our properties. Furthermore, many of our properties have been repurposed for regulated cannabis operations, and historically were utilized for other purposes, including heavy industrial uses, which expose us to additional risks associated with historical releases of substances at the properties.

Management and Trustees - Human Capital

Mr. David H. Lesser serves as a member and Chairman of our Board of Trustees. He also serves as our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Secretary and Treasurer. Mr. Lesser has over 35 years of experience in real estate investment and finance. His expertise informs our process in all aspects of our business including acquisitions, project management, development, and finance. Mr. Lesser’s significant ownership stake in Power REIT provides strong alignment and incentives to focus on creation of shareholder value. Susan Hollander serves our Chief Accounting Officer with responsibility for all strategic accounting, compliance and financial reporting functions. Accordingly, Power REIT currently has two officers who are responsible for overseeing our activities. Neither Mr. Lesser, nor Ms. Hollander are full time employees. Employee levels are managed to align with the pace of business and management believes it has sufficient human capital to operate its business.

We believe that our success depends on our ability to retain our key personnel, primarily David Lesser, our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Secretary and Treasurer.

The Trust currently has a Board of Trustees that has three Independent Trustees in addition to Mr. Lesser. Power REIT does not have a staggered board; accordingly, the current policy is that each Trustee serves for one-year terms.

Employee health and safety in the workplace is one of our core values. The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored for us the importance of keeping our employees safe and healthy. In response to the pandemic, we have taken actions aligned with the World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in an effort to protect our workforce so they can more safely and effectively perform their work.

ESG the “Triple Bottom Line”

With a focus on the “Triple Bottom Line” and a commitment to Profit, Planet and People, Power REIT is committed to best-in-class focus on Environment, Social and Governance (“ESG”) factors.

Environmental

Our asset base is environmentally friendly. We currently own a railroad ground lease which is an environmentally friendly form of transportation. We also own ground leases for utility scale solar farms. Our recent focus on CEA greenhouse properties consumes dramatically less energy than indoor growing, 95% less water, and do not generate the agricultural runoff associated with traditional fertilizers or pesticides. Power REIT does not currently anticipate any material costs related to its portfolio for compliance with environmental laws.

Social

Our CEA tenant/operator roster is engaged with their local communities. Several of our CEA facilities will produce cannabis which is considered an alternative medical solution for a variety of ailments including, but not limited to, multiple sclerosis, PTSD, arthritis, and seizures. To date, the FDA has not approved a marketing application for cannabis for the treatment of any disease or condition.

Governance

We are an internally managed REIT with a Board comprised of three independent Trustees and one insider Trustee. Each Trustee serves a one-year term and as such, we do not have a staggered board. In addition, we do not have any other management protection structures such as “poison pills” or “golden parachutes.” Power REIT management has strong alignment with shareholders through significant insider ownership. We believe that our corporate governance is a strong component of our ESG profile.

As our ESG story and portfolio expand, our investor engagement efforts will continue to build alongside, driving our commitment to the planet, its people, and generating returns for our shareholders.

Revenue Concentration

Historically, the Trust’s revenue has been concentrated to a relatively limited number of investments, industries and lessees. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2023, Power REIT collected approximately 84% of its consolidated revenue from two properties. The tenants are Norfolk Southern Railway and Regulus Solar LLC which represent 45% and 39% of consolidated revenue respectively.

Dividends

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Trust accrued quarterly cash dividends of approximately $653,000 ($0.484375 per share per quarter) to holders of Power REIT’s 7.75% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Stock.

Distributions declared by us will be authorized by our Board of Trustees in its sole discretion out of funds legally available therefor and will be dependent upon a number of factors, including the capital requirements for our business plans and meeting the distribution requirements necessary to maintain our qualification as a REIT. We cannot assure that our intended distributions will be made or sustained or that our Board of Trustees will not change our distribution policy in the future. Under some circumstances, we may be required to fund distributions from working capital, liquidate assets at prices or times that we regard as unfavorable or borrow to provide funds for distributions, or we may make distributions in the form of a taxable stock dividend.

Tax Status as a REIT

We have elected to be treated for tax purposes as a REIT, which means that we are exempt from U.S. federal income tax if a sufficient portion of our annual income is distributed to our shareholders, and if certain other requirements are met. In order for us to maintain our REIT qualification, at least 90% of our ordinary taxable annual income must be distributed to shareholders. As of December 31, 2022, our last tax return completed to date, we currently have a net operating loss of $24.5 million, which may reduce or eliminate this requirement.

Certain Restrictions on Size of Holdings and Transferability

In order to assist us in complying with the limitations on the concentration of ownership of REIT stock imposed by the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), among other purposes, our Declaration of Trust provides that no person or entity may own, directly or indirectly, more than 9.9% in economic value of the aggregate of the outstanding common shares of Power REIT. However, our charter authorizes our Board of Trustees to exempt from time to time the ownership limits applicable to certain named individuals or entities. This provision or other provisions in our Declaration of Trust or By-laws, or provisions that we may adopt in the future, may limit the ability of our shareholders to sell their shares at a premium over then-current market prices by discouraging a third party from seeking to obtain control of us. On April 28, 2014, our Board of Trustees granted an exemption to Hudson Bay Partners, LP, on behalf of itself, and its affiliates, including David H. Lesser from the 9.9% ownership limit.

Our charter also prohibits any person from (1) beneficially or constructively owning shares of our capital stock that would result in our being “closely held” under Section 856(h) of the Code at any time during the taxable year, (2) transferring shares of our capital stock if such transfer would result in our stock being beneficially or constructively owned by fewer than 100 persons and (3) beneficially or constructively owning shares of our capital stock if such ownership would cause us otherwise to fail to qualify as a REIT.

This provision or other provisions in our governing documents or provisions that we may adopt in the future, may limit the ability of our shareholders to sell their shares at a premium over then-current market prices by discouraging a third party from seeking to obtain control of us. See “Risk Factors” and our Description of Capital Stock, included as Exhibit 4.1.

Our principal executive offices are located at 301 Winding Road, Old Bethpage, New York 11804, and our telephone number is (212) 750-0371. Our website address iswww.pwreit.com. Information contained in our website does not form part of this Annual Report and is intended for informational purposes only. The Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) maintains an internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. The address of that website iswww.sec.gov.