MDB Capital Holdings LLC

Introduction

MDB Capital Holdings (“MDB”) serves as a foundational platform specializing in financing startups, partnering with co-founders, and fostering significant value creation. This platform sets the stage for nascent ideas and entrepreneurial talent to take root. MDB is comprised of a group of companies that together serve as this unified foundational platform.

One of the companies in our group, Public Ventures, LLC (“Public Ventures”) operates as a growth catalyst, focusing on community-driven micro and small-cap financings. It enables companies to scale through the initial financing stages ranging from five to sixty million dollars and facilitates their transition into public markets with select IPOs valued in the range of twenty to fifty million dollars. Public Ventures also will provide financing to post-IPO companies that continue to meet its overall business criteria for investment.

Another company in our group, PatentVest, Inc. (“PatentVest”) complements the platform as an integrated intellectual property (“IP”) solution and IP service provider, acting as a strategic law firm to guide technology companies through the intricacies of IP law and provides companies with IP strategy development. It plays a pivotal role in positioning companies to become leaders in their respective spaces and curates premier opportunities for MDB and Public Ventures, which leads to our Big Idea Companies.

Invizyne Technologies Inc. (“Invizyne”), one of our partner companies and currently about 60% owned, is a Big Idea Company. Through our foundational platform, Invizyne was identified from the Big Idea Pipeline (described below). Invizyne is making strides in modernizing the process of turning natural resources into valuable chemicals through a platform called SimplePath™. This platform sidesteps traditional, often inefficient methods like chemical synthesis, which can be costly and harmful to the environment, or natural extraction, which can be wasteful and damaging to the environment. Invizyne has already shown in the laboratory that its processes can work and is optimistic about scaling to commercial production. This innovative approach could lead to a new era of biomanufacturing, Biomanufacturing 2.0, transforming how we produce essential chemicals sustainably.

MDB supports a continuous process, dubbed our Big Idea Pipeline, designed to surface new Big Idea Companies and other opportunities for our platform. We believe that the Big Idea Pipeline showcases the progression of tech initiatives from discovery to commercialization stages. Initially, in any give calendar cycle, a substantial number of potential tech ideas are scouted from various sources such as community referrals, universities, and conferences. From this broad pool, approximately 250 technologies are identified as relevant and with potential alignment with our business model. A more focused group of these ideas, about 50, evolves into, what we call, active Big Idea companies. Progressing further, approximately ten of these companies reach advanced stages within the selection process, indicating a deeper engagement and evaluation by MDB. At the pinnacle of the pipeline, as of the date of this report, two Big Idea companies are currently in active negotiations, marking the final step before potential partnership or investment. This is a continuous process with the Big Idea Pipeline in constant flux as new ideas emerge or evolve. MDB’s disciplined and structured approach to vetting the Big Idea pipeline allows us to cultivate and invest in innovative technologies with the potential to scale and succeed in the market.

MDB’s investment criteria focuses in on six key areas to identify early-stage companies poised for success in public markets. These potential partner companies should exhibit “Tech Leadership Potential,” with distinct differentiation that pioneers a new technology category. “Platform Technology” is essential, with core technology that can span various vertical markets or indications. They should be at an “Early Inflection Point,” where the timeline and costs to validate technology feasibility in the commercial marketplace are reasonable. “Clear Market Insertion” is also critical, with technology disruption significant enough to incentivize stakeholders for market entry. The target companies should have “Large Market Potential,” addressing substantial unmet needs with vast market opportunities. Lastly, a “Strong IP Position” is necessary, meaning a robust and defensible intellectual property stance with broad claims to secure a sustainable competitive edge.

In essence, the investment philosophy is to scout for companies that not only stand at the vanguard of technology but also demonstrate the capacity to disrupt markets, backed by solid intellectual property and clear pathways to market adoption and growth.

Together, our platform represents a holistic approach to leadership development in the general technology industry. Our objective is to provide a continuum of support to our partner companies, from inception through growth phases, culminating in market leadership. Each part of the overall platform is integral to the journey of a start-up, providing tailored resources, expertise, management guidance and resources, and financial backing as necessary to evolve our partner company into a significant player in the technology sector. This unity of purpose exemplifies the strategic foresight of MDB’s commitment to launching Big Ideas and developing industry leaders.

Overview

MDB was founded in 1997, originally operating as MDB Capital Group, LLC, for the purpose of engaging with companies holding visionary technology, inventors, and technology entrepreneurs. To maximize the impact of our actions and culture, under our business plan, we embark on each journey with a company at an early point, typically acting as founders and providing the initial rounds of capital, in the manner of a partner and usually before a specified management structure has been put in place. Part of our role as founders often includes locating the technology that will form the basis of the new enterprise. The technologies may be found in universities, in larger companies where it is not being used or understood, in start-up companies, and with inventors. Not only do we act as founders and providing the first capital rounds, we assist with structuring the plans for the company development, such as the steps from research and development to initial commercialization, the intellectual property strategy, business objectives, and financing. We refer to these subsidiary companies as “partner companies.”

Our model typically includes a two-step financing approach with our partner companies: we put in seed capital, as founders, and the first round of capital between $5 to $10 million dollars to set the business on an operational foundation. Our plan is to then raise additional amounts of substantive capital to bring the technology closer to validation or to be able to commence commercialization, typically in the range of $20 to $60 million overall. We plan on additional financing viapublic offerings or alternative value realization. Our community of sophisticated, individual investors with like-minded goals and values, we believe supports our model, where we will draw on their capital, knowledge, connections and expertise. We anticipate that value creation will be generated after any number of years of patient ownership and corporate effort, and value realization might include any number of methods, such as continued holding and operating, initial public offerings, or IPO, joint ventures, licensing, asset sales and merger transactions, depending on the particular business model and industry.

We believe that we successfully have used the private and public capital markets to finance growth companies. Being able to find disruptive technologies to develop, acting as corporate founders, owners, directors and management, and conducting financing activities for those companies in which we are strategically involved for the long term, we believe we have a different model of helping companies grow than that of the typical private venture capital model. We refer to our approach as public venture capital. We find the technology and then we work to analyze the technology leadership position by our surveying the marketplace so as to establish a research and development and intellectual property development strategy to create a dominant position in the distinct technology vertical. Then we create the basic company, we set up its management, we define its business plan, we nurture its enterprise, and we provide its financings in its early stage rounds, and then we likely will act as the underwriter or selling agent for their IPO, other financing or disposition. It is our plan to remain involved with our partner companies for the long term. Where there is an IPO, we plan to stay on for several years thereafter, by being members of the board, having consulting agreements, providing strategic business advice, and participating in, advising on or facilitating further financing rounds. We believe, most importantly, that one gauge of the partner company success is that the partner company will successfully foster community in connection with our broker-dealer, Public Ventures. In that regard, we intend to follow a “Member-focused” model (further discussed below) for conducting Public Ventures-led company financings. Our typical complete public and private follow-on offerings continue supporting their research, development, growth and marketing of their technologies’ potential. MDB, we believe, builds value by building partner companies with the right foundations

Past Examples

In having been able to find disruptive technologies to develop, acting as corporate founders, owners, directors and management, and conducting investing activities for those companies in which we have been strategically involved for the long term, we believe we now have a different model for helping companies grow than that of the typical private venture capital model. We refer to our approach as public venture capital. We find the technology, and then we work to analyze the technology leadership position and survey the marketplace so as to establish a research and development and intellectual property development strategy to create a dominant position in the distinct technology vertical. Then we create the basic company, we set up its management, we define its business plan, we nurture its enterprise, and we facilitate its financings in its early-stage rounds of private funding. Then we likely will act as the underwriter or selling agent for their IPO, other financing or disposition. It is our plan to remain involved with our partner companies for the long term. Where there is an IPO, we plan to stay involved on for several years thereafter, by being members of the board, having consulting agreements, providing strategic business advice, and participating in, advising on or facilitating further financing rounds. We believe, most importantly, that one gauge of the partner company success is that the partner company will successfully complete a private and public follow-on offering to continue supporting their research, development, growth and marketing of their technologies’ potential.

Three companies for which we started as founders and for which we conducted their IPOs, have traded for a period of time at near or over $1 billion in market value, which we believe is crucial for maximizing the probability the companies can raise sufficient capital to get to commercialization. These companies are as follows:

● Provention Bio, Inc. (“Provention”). Provention was established in 2016. Public Ventures created Provention to license molecules from several larger pharmaceutical companies, conceived the business strategy, assisted in licensing negotiations and provided seed capital, engaged the initial board of directors’ members, and recruited C-level executives as well as executed the successful IPO.

● Cue BioPharma, Inc. (“Cue”). Cue was established in 2014. Public Ventures created Cue to license a platform technology from Einstein University, engaged the members of the board of directors, recruited C- level executives and, formed the corporate and IP strategy and provided the seed capital and well as executing the successful IPO.

● Pulse Biosciences, Inc. (“Pulse”). Pulse was established in 2014, Public Ventures created a new entity that rolled up the intellectual property from 2 academic institutions and one private entity. Public Ventures then completed a seed financing, created the business and IP strategy, assembled the management team and Board. Subsequently Public Ventures successfully executed the IPO for Pulse.

Key Pillars

Since inception, we have defined and refined the key pillars that support what we believe is our successful company creation approach. These pillars are defined in Our Partner Company Criteria section. We believe that our model is only suitable for companies that can be sustained in the public markets at an early stage. Typically, these companies own what appear to be category-defining platforms capable of solving big problems.

We have established a process to position partner companies for success, with the intention of maximizing the value early in a company’s history. We seek to create a strong foundation during the development phase of the partner company. We believe that this helps the partner company attract the best people who are capable of building a successful enterprise over the long term. We call this our “Rational Design Process For New Companies.”

A traditional perceived shortcoming of the public markets is that they attract short-sighted investors. We understand that to make early-stage public venture feasible; we need to create a community of investors that have the intention of helping our companies get off the ground. We believe our investors are committed community members who seek to create value at the companies in which they invest and are critical to sustaining value. Our investors, unlike traditional institutional investors, generally have long holding periods and value long-term impact over quarterly performance numbers.

Our Partner Company Criteria

We seek companies that we believe meet certain criteria. Our criteria focuses first on the probability that an early-stage technology company ultimately can sustain its value in the public markets. We look for novel technology platforms that are category-defining and solve big unmet needs. Our criteria are founded in the following:

Tech Leadership Potential: Target companies must offer a well-defined technological edge that carves out new niches within the tech landscape.

Platform Technology: The core technology should be versatile, with potential applications across a range of vertical markets or medical indications.

Early Inflection Point: Prospective companies should be at a juncture where the technology’s commercial viability can be proven within a feasible timeframe and at a justifiable cost.

Clear Market Insertion: The technology must be disruptive enough to motivate channel partners or gatekeepers to facilitate smooth market entry.

Large Market Potential: There should be a significant market opportunity, with the technology addressing substantial, unmet needs.

Strong IP Position: A robust intellectual property strategy is crucial, featuring broad, defensible claims that ensure a lasting competitive advantage.

Rational Analytical Process

We recognize that early visionary technologies are frail ideas that need to be nurtured correctly with the right corporate and financial foundation in order for them to become commercially viable and established companies. This is especially true with respect to platform technologies in which the overall corporate and asset development and positioning can have a drastic impact on the early development of the partner company.

We begin our process by seeking to gain a deep understanding all of the relevant players in a given space and the key issues, and how, if solved, they could effectively create a new category and enable the partner company to rapidly become a category leader. We work to develop a clear understanding of our companies’ potential sustainable competitive advantage. Once the “Theory of Opportunity” is established, we develop the business strategy, financing strategy and intellectual property strategy and the innovation and R&D prioritization road map. We test our assumptions by seeking input regarding our strategic decisions with experts in the space until we are comfortable that they are credible and convincing. With a clearly articulated understanding of what we believe to be the partner company’s potential, we endeavor to recruit the best possible talent to execute the strategy and bring the vision to fruition. We strive to instill a corporate culture that is constantly re-evaluating the partner company’s working thesis, which we believe will establish and keep the partner company as the leader in a given category or enable the partner company to pivot its strategy to a new area based upon changing circumstances.

Our Community

A key element of our public venture model is our community of more than 500 sophisticated investors, entrepreneurs and microcap and smallcap market participants who have significant experience with our approach and who we believe will advocate for our public venture mission. In addition, investors can have a significant impact by supporting the companies they invest in. We believe that this community is vital to the success of our public venture model.

We have strived to create community of like-minded persons who share our vision and are supportive of the partner companies we have co-founded. This group consists of patient company owners with a long-term focus on the value that can be unlocked upon the de-risking of our partner companies’ technologies. This long-term focus is key to building value and stability for early-stage companies in the public markets. In addition, we believe that our community members are often authorities in multiple industries and are capable of providing support to our partner companies with their invaluable access and reach. We believe that MDB shareholders will comprise this community and will continue to participate in the partner companies through their MDB share ownership as well as participation in partner company direct investment opportunities. MDB plans to sustain a cohesive community by keeping persons engaged and curious so that they continuously help us improve our decision process as and when selecting partner companies with which to work.

We believe that MDB is strengthening our community of MDB shareholders and can simplify our process of developing partner companies. We intend to use a portion of our capital to identify and found partner companies. We believe that being a public company will give us greater flexibility and nimbleness to source new technologies and make it quicker and easier to deploy capital towards opportunities that arise.

We also will seek to foster community in connection with our broker-dealer, Public Ventures. In that regard, we intend to follow a “Member-focused” model (further discussed below) for conducting Public Ventures-led company financings. Our typical Public Ventures Member will be a long-term investor and/or entrepreneur who is motivated to help develop the next generation of growth companies. Public Ventures Members may or may not be MDB shareholders. Members may or may not provide direct financing to partner companies.

Holistic and Sustainable Model

Our public venture model is fundamentally different than the typical venture capital fund model. We believe that bringing well developed early-stage companies to either the public markets or fostering a merger and acquisition exit or other realization event, while still taking care to address the unique nature and needs of these early-stage companies, provides more liquidity, efficiency, transparency, better protections for investors and alignment of the interests of everyone involved as described below.

Inventors/Universities/Co-founders

Taking companies public will allow shareholders to own the same class of common stock as the company’s early founders. In addition, the ownership interests of inventors, universities, and other co-founders become valuable, tradable shares when a company is public and listed on an exchange. As a result, we believe that, in most cases, these ownership stakes will have much greater value than they would otherwise have in the traditional venture capital model. We also believe that our model gives companies greater leeway to execute pivots or to pursue other strategic initiatives, such as licensing, asset sales or corporate merger and acquisition transactions.

Partner Company Management & Board Members

We expect that the management and board members of our partner companies will benefit from the Company being public. The ability to grant valuable, liquid equity as part of an employment compensation package is a strong incentive to attract and retain employees and align their interests with those of the company at which they work. Being public can help a partner company raise substantial amounts of capital more easily than as a private company or through traditional venture capital.

MDB Shareholders

Under our model, MDB shareholders can buy or sell their shares in the holding company at any time. These shareholders will participate in our partner companies through the holding company structure, for example through the tax benefits of holding an interest in a tax pass through entity or the overall value of the holding company as it reflects the values of our subsidiaries. Where we think it beneficial for a partner company to raise capital directly, rather than taking additional funds from the holding company, we may seek a method that can allow the MDB shareholders to participate in the additional capital formation for a partner company. There are a few means by which the MDB shareholder may participate: for example, a further private placement by the partner company, or by a registered public offering, such as an IPO or rights offering where the MDB shareholder will invest new funds based on the distributed right. If the best course of action is an asset sale, a licensing arrangement or a corporate merger or acquisition transaction of a partner company, then it is expected that MDB shareholders would receive a distribution of the proceeds as a result of the transaction. Moreover, we believe that many of the MDB shareholders own their Class A Common Shares because they are motivated by the opportunity to contribute their knowledge and experience to and engage with our partner companies in an effort to improve them and enhance their value.

MDB Employees

Pursuant to our 2022 Equity Incentive Plan, we have granted our employees interests in the Company as part of their compensation in order to align their interests with those of our shareholders and partner company stakeholders.

Our Holding Company Structure

While each partner company will present its own investment dynamic, at the onset, we intend to take a majority ownership stake in the partner companies we co-found and to hold a significant controlling position through the early stages of development and early capital creation. We plan on seeking one or two partner company opportunities a year, but there is no assurance that we will be able to find suitable opportunities at that rate for inclusion in the holding company.

As a partner company is financed by means other than the holding company putting in more equity capital, such as additional sales of equity by the partner company on a private or public basis, we plan to continue to own at least thirty-five percent (35%) or more of the voting stock of a partner company. We also expect to maintain the right to appoint a number of board members and otherwise be instrumental in the management and direction of the strategy and business development efforts of our partner companies for a period of time before and after each IPO.

It will be our policy to have with the stakeholders of our partner companies, where we do not have a 100% ownership position, a series of contractual rights to obtain regularly the following: (i) financial reports, (ii) milestone achievement reports, and (iii) budget formulations. Other oversight rights which we will seek to have include, (i) approval of capital raises, (ii) approval of incurring and guaranteeing debt in excess of $250,000, (iii) approval of capital expenses in excess of $250,000, (iv) approval of changes in the business plan, (v) participation in budgeting, (vi) review of employment arrangements with key employees, (vii) participation in the selection of directors and director nominees, (viii) approval of sale of the company or assets and merger and acquisition transactions, and (ix) liquidation approval. These rights will be supplemented by agreements that will afford the founders, early owners and the holding company: (i) a right of first refusal on future financings, (ii) approval right on the issuance of securities for compensation purposes and stock option plan sizing, (iii) voting agreements so as to maintain the control by the holding company, (iv) drag-along sale and co-sale agreements, right of first refusal agreement on individual ownership holdings, and (v) an investor rights agreement.

In order to not be deemed an investment company under the regulation of the Investment Company Act of 1940, MDB will not operate in a manner such that it is or holds itself out as being engaged, or proposes to engage, in the business of investing, reinvesting, or trading in securities. Additionally, it will maintain what are characterized as “investment securities” under the Investment Company Act below forty percent (40%) of the value of the total assets of MDB on an unconsolidated basis, unless an exemption or safe harbor applies under that legislation. Securities issued by companies other than consolidated companies are generally considered “investment securities” for purposes of the Investment Company Act, unless other circumstances exist that have the holding company being actively involved in the management of the underlying company. We will consolidate these companies for financial statement purposes as long as they are majority-owned subsidiaries in which we hold voting power of fifty percent (50%) or greater. We expect to continue to have an active role in the management of our partner companies for a long period of time before and after funding, such as an IPO.

Not only for purposes of the Investment Company Act, but also to maintain our focus on exploring new investment opportunities through partner companies, rather than holding partner companies for long term investment and increasing our asset base, our intention is to distribute our partner companies and excess assets beyond what is needed to support the investments we plan to make under our public venture model.

Competition

Getting access to and deploying early-stage capital is very competitive. We believe our main competitors are traditional venture capital firms, other funds specializing in microcap and smallcap investing and investment banks focusing on microcap and smallcap companies.

We believe that our approach provides multiple benefits compared to existing models and traditional methods. However, many of our competitors are larger, have greater brand recognition, longer operating histories, established business relationships, access to greater amounts of capital, and significantly greater resources. We believe that we will be able to compete on many fronts based on our history and reputation, our plan to partner, encourage and support the development of our partner companies and their founders, our wide-ranging contacts in the financial and industry sectors, our ability to provide capital as needed, our ability to source and diligence new technologies and the experience of our professional human capital.

Our Group of Companies

Public Ventures

Our wholly-owned subsidiary, Public Ventures, licensed under the name Public Ventures LLC, a registered broker- dealer (CRD-: 42677/SEC-: 8-49951) is the backbone of our financing business. We are currently expanding its capabilities to act as a licensed clearing firm.

The Vision

We believe that venture stage businesses are more likely to succeed when supported and financed by a community of long-term oriented, like-minded investors and entrepreneurs who are experienced in the development of successful companies. We envision developing a close-knit community of such clients for Public Ventures who we will refer to as our Public Ventures “Members.” Our Members will be able to submit start-up and developing companies as potential candidates for obtaining financing through Public Ventures and/or as candidates to become partner companies for MDB. If they so choose and as dictated by their expertise, our Members will have opportunities to assist in development of companies that we finance at Public Ventures or who become partner companies and help them grow into tomorrow’s leaders.

We believe that such a community of investors can foster the growth of promising public companies under $500 million in market value, also known as microcap and/or smallcap companies, by leveraging the knowledge of the community and sharing risk amongst its Members.

We believe that we are building a robust infrastructure to support our vision for Public Ventures. Our objective is to create a high-end service platform that will make investing in the microcap and/or smallcap segment more accessible to and efficient for the Public Ventures Member community. Public Ventures recently began self-clearing of United States equities. Its FINRA licensed self-clearing broker-dealer is capable of structuring and underwriting financing transactions as well as providing clearing services that enable clients to trade, clear, and settle stocks in these companies. We also are able to provide expanded account maintenance activities, such as wire transfers, securities deposits and interest on cash deposits through typical cash management services.

We have successfully operated our broker-dealer for more than 25 years during which we have specialized in transactions for public venture companies. During that time, we built internal processes to perform diligence and prioritize the financing of deals based on the investment criteria that we have developed. We intend to leverage the lessons we have learned during these experiences to create processes, rating systems and reports that will be made available to our Member community and can be used to supplement their own processes for evaluating each opportunity and associated risks and making informed investment decisions.

The Public Venture Opportunity

Historically, the public markets have served as a significant funding source for companies with new ideas and enabled the growth and development of visionary technologies that lead to advancements in our society. We believe that venture investing in the public markets is the most transparent and liquid method for investors to participate in venture capital. Public venture is available to all classes of investors who all receive typically equal amounts of information about their investments. Companies like Amazon, Tesla, Walmart, Home Depot, among others, were brought public at very early stages, and capital provided through the public markets enabled their spectacular development into industry leaders.

Market dynamics have resulted in companies backed by traditional venture capital staying private for longer periods of time. In addition, regulatory changes affecting broker-dealers have resulted in a shift to high volume trading that relies on payment for order flow to make up for commission-less trading. This has resulted in broker-dealers devoting more resources to trading high volume, popular equities and away from providing service to microcap and small-cap public venture companies and their securities. As a result, the needs of long-term investors looking to support venture stage public companies and those of venture stage companies are not addressed by today’s brokerage firms who cater to traders.

We believe that the expected Public Ventures Member community, consisting of sophisticated individual investors, who are aware of the nature of venture investments and seek to build tomorrow’s leading companies, can drive the future of public venture capital formation. We believe that only this type of community can provide suitable financing options that will meet the needs of small public venture companies. We have the unique opportunity to provide the right framework and platform infrastructure to this community that will enable its Members to collectively underwrite public venture financings.

We expect our Members to be entrepreneurial and involved in different ventures. Under our framework, they will be encouraged and rewarded for successfully identifying business and ownership opportunities for the community that meet our criteria. We envision that our platform will encourage and allow Members to share information and formulate the nature of and pricing for any financing opportunities through the exchange of information about a particular opportunity. In addition, our framework is expected to consist of conducting diligence, creating comparative analysis, providing company information, and implementing rating systems. We believe that this information and transparency will enable high quality, informed decisions and facilitate market integrity.

Members and Member Sponsors

It is our intention to build our community of participants who share the collective goal of elevating and supporting development-stage companies and have an investor rather than a trader mindset. Persons who share the values and vision of the organization can be invited into the community as Members. We expect to encourage active participation of our Members such that they may be mentors of growth through starting, running, or connecting companies within the community or by being active early investors in the various business and ownership opportunities that arise. We plan to sponsor community Member forums, organized by geographic location, investing style, subject matter expertise and/or industry segments. We believe these forums will facilitate in-person meetings with companies, enable due diligence, and support investor engagement and camaraderie.

Members who originate business opportunities for the community will be known as “Member Sponsors” and will have additional roles, as regulations permit, in the financing of our partner companies. A Member Sponsor likely will be a liaison among a company looking for financing, Public Ventures’ internal team, and our community of Members. They will help the potential partner company complete required documentation, shepherding the company through the diligence process, and fostering introductions to Members and coordinating roadshow meetings. To the extent required, Member Sponsors will hold the required securities licenses and registrations.

Efficient Back Office Support

We have an out-source service contract with a Nicaraguan company with which the Company has worked for many years. The company, MDB Capital, S.A. is owned by two of the principal shareholders and officers of the Company. The services that the Company expects to out-source to the service provider will include administrative services to support Public Ventures and PatentVest, such as back office services related to brokerage and clearing firms, background investigations, preparing investment research reports, patent searches and analysis, and customer support services. Services that will be requested will be only those that can be provided by an out-source company within the context of U.S. privacy laws, FINRA regulation, and other applicable U.S. financial service and other regulation.

Based on recent Executive Orders imposing new and expanding prior sanctions on Nicaraguan businesses and on U.S. persons doing business in Nicaragua, however, there may be disruption to our being able to contract for out-sourced services with Nicaraguan entities. Therefore, we may have to adjust our business plan accordingly.

PatentVest

PatentVest is currently expanding its business operations. We believe PatentVest can become the first venture invention and commercialization intelligence platform created to assist technologists, advisors, venture capital investors, and established companies optimize technology commercialization. Our process takes in information from our proprietary patent database and transforms the information about inventions and intellectual property from a complex legal process into a manageable, measurable business process. The PatentVest process clearly defines the boundaries of an invention by providing context for previously developed ideas and analyzes how the invention, and therefore patent claims, differ from the discovered prior art in order to rationalize the essential distinctions that are the key value drivers. Understanding these boundaries, as well as how protectable and valuable these boundaries are, is essential to better guide strategic business and patentability decisions. In our experience, this PatentVest process answers the most important questions for a technology platform: how to innovate, how to improve its ideas, and how to deploy these ideas where they matter most.

Our innovation in a box process seeks to include the following elements and outcomes:

● Improve idea prioritization – Allows inventors and financial backers to weigh the value of a given idea by ascertaining the uniqueness of such invention.

● Enhance the value of an invention – Understanding invention boundaries allows patent attorneys to draft patent claims in a way that confers the most available protection without being encumbered by prior art.

● Optimize strategic decisions – Deeply understand the competitive landscape, identify issues that possible partners are trying to solve, prioritize markets where an invention might be the most valuable, and identify possible acquirers.

PatentVest History

Eighteen years ago, PatentVest’s founders recognized that intellectual property was the most valuable asset for technology companies and began building a proprietary patent database and software platform to help companies manage these assets. During these years, PatentVest has been continuously iterating uses for available information to potentially enable better investment decisions as well as to guide the development of such technology once investment decisions were made. We believe that PatentVest has helped start-up companies move from having novel ideas to becoming technology leaders. As a result, in our opinion, PatentVest is capable of providing the backbone of an investment idea selection process, as well as forming intellectual property and business development strategies. We believe utilizing the PatentVest Innovation in a Box process will enhance our ability to optimize our selection process with respect to partner companies as well as when selecting underwriting candidates for Public Ventures.

We also believe that the PatentVest services will aid companies to define their intellectual property assets in their capital raising activities and will be available to other companies that see to build their intellectual property outside of the context of working with MDB and Public Ventures.

PatentVest Objective

PatentVest starts with a technology assessment, where it evaluates the technology to establish whether or not the technology is unique and a company can create a leadership position with the identified intellectual property. Assessment is extensive covering an investigation into the players in the particular industry space, whether the technology truly is innovating, can value be created with the technology, what is the market and can there ultimately be value creation. The assessment phase includes an examination of existing patents and applications, scientific publications and other public data. After the assessment, a strategy is developed, which will include where to focus R&D, what to patent or keep as a trade secret, and the jurisdictions in which to protect the intellectual property, and based on the assessment and strategy, help develop a business plan to progress the intellectual property. PatentVest also may provide development budgets and help identify critical persons with which to work. PatentVest will be able to implement prosecution of patents and other intellectual property, maintain surveillance of the intellectual property space, and provide reporting on developments in the particular intellectual property space.

We believe that the PatentVest process will provide a fundamental advantage to helping create a leadership position for a company with unique intellectual property. By knowing and understanding the particular intellectual property space, having a focused R&D and intellectual property development plan, a coherent business plan, and providing the related aspects of setting up a development company with the right persons and financial backing, the success of the company in being a value creator in its industry vertical is improved. As part of this overall process, the involvement of Public Ventures can add to the value creation with its financing resources.

It has been our experience when evaluating, investing in or advising technology companies that intellectual property strategy development and related processes are most often led by attorneys and is separate from the other invention and business processes at these companies. We have seen that this work is typically outsourced and, as a result, key company personnel are often neither engaged in the claim drafting process nor are aware of how their patents have potentially changed during prosecution. Many of the inventors and business executives with whom we have engaged have a modest knowledge regarding what their claims cover or what the boundaries of their claims are in relation to other companies. We believe that it is very difficult, if not impossible, to truly understand either what a company “owns” or to effectively evaluate a given invention’s potential uniqueness and ultimately its potential value without this perspective.

We believe the companies that will derive the greatest benefit from PatentVest’s services are technology companies with a few current active patent applications that are expected to primarily drive the value of their companies with their inventions. The analysis and information provided by the PatentVest process, as documented in reports to its clients, is expected to guide technology companies as they seek to prioritize ideas and develop their intellectual property and business strategies. We believe that PatentVest will not only provide MDB with additional clarity in selecting its partner companies and Public Ventures in selecting underwriting candidates, but also to any technology company in their decision-making processes seeking to maximize the value of their inventions.

The PatentVest Model

We plan to use PatentVest to help technology companies innovate and deploy their innovations in the most valuable manner as well as to support our processes. We believe that PatentVest has one of the most comprehensive global patent databases available, containing more than 148 million patents and covering 116 countries. PatentVest has built software processes and tools that make it possible to efficiently mine vast amounts of data and structure this data in a way that can be analyzed by its team of analysts. In addition, PatentVest has assembled the human capital required to cost-effectively analyze such data and build the reports for companies that are expected to be the backbone of our services. Our objective is to serve approximately 30 client companies at any one time once we have scaled our operations.

PatentVest has developed different report formats that provide information within context in a way that we think can be quickly processed by decision-makers and help provide answers to the most valuable questions for the companies we will target as our business development opportunities. The insights presented in our reports are the culmination of a long, iterative process that we have refined by the constant questioning of which data is valuable to building technology companies.

PatentVest as a Law Firm

On September 20, 2022, the Supreme Court of the State of Arizona licensed PatentVest to practice law as an Alternative Business Structure, or ABS. An ABS is a business entity that includes non-lawyers that have an economic interest or decision making authority in a law firm. We intend to develop and maintain a team of highly trained legal professionals and staff that will principally provide legal services related to intellectual property matters under federal law. We are in the process of operationalizing the firm and taking on clients. Matters that we will be undertaking will generally be patent prosecution and intellectual property protection. Through offering legal services we intend to enhance the value of inventions by addressing questions of strategy and perspective along with the technical merits of an invention. The provision of legal services by PatentVest will be limited to those technology companies specifically engaged by PatentVest for such services and is intended to provide all the rights and privileges of the attorney-client relationship.

Because the only other state that permits an ABS like ownership is Colorado, which is a more limited authorization than afforded by Arizona, PatentVest will not be able to expand its Arizona ABS into other states. The focus of the PatentVest ABS is on patent issues and patent prosecution which is largely a federal practice, therefore the restriction of its practice to the State of Arizona is not seen as a limitation. Where it has clients that seek legal representation outside of the State of Arizona, the PatentVest ABS will make referrals to firms licensed in appropriate jurisdictions.

Invizyne

Invizyne, a partner company, was created in early 2019 with the vision of simplifying nature by using nature’s building blocks to create molecules of interest. Invizyne believes it has differentiated technology underlying its unique synthetic biology platform which potentially solves the inherent production bottlenecks of certain legacy technologies. The promise of synthetic biology, we believe, has many uses. If Invizyne’s technology platform is successful at an industrial scale, we believe that it could impact several industries by enabling the exploration of a large number of molecules and properties found in nature. For example, we believe that therapeutic molecules found in nature could be tested for efficacy and quickly created and scaled. Examples of where this has been important include with respect to multiple cannabinoids and other natural compounds, quick replication of novel properties of rare chemicals found in nature, creation of natural flavors and fragrances to naturally enrich food, and the sustainable creation of fuel from renewable energy sources.

Synthetic biology at its core re-wires a unicellular organism, such as yeast, via genetic engineering to produce desired molecules. The problems with traditional methods of producing molecules such as chemical synthesis and extraction include the expense and damage to the environment. For example, chemical synthesis methods are traditionally inefficient, produce significant waste, are often dependent on petroleum-derived chemicals, and expensive. Natural extraction also can be taxing on the environment due to inefficiencies when desired compounds are only found in small concentrations. In addition, it has long production cycles and presents issues with foreign contaminants. The promise of synthetic biology over these traditional methods is that desired molecules can be produced in sustainable ways, production can be scaled consistently and reliably, rare molecules can become readily available, and new and novel compounds can be more readily accessed.

Invizyne identified a fundamental problem in synthetic biology and set out to solve it– namely, that engineering a cell involves engineering a multitude, perhaps thousands, of interrelated and/or interdependent processes and systems. As a living, breathing metabolic entity, cells have evolved and intricately balanced systems that permit survival and success. Within each cell, myriad enzymes turn starter molecules into others and some of these molecules are essential for the survival of the cell while others are waste compounds. The field of synthetic biology seeks to modify cells to express different enzymatic pathways to produce a given molecule. The drawback of this approach is that of the inherent difficulties of dealing with an organism and the complexities noted above. The strain engineering process, which results in an organism that will produce the molecule of interest, is an expensive and long iterative process in which the survival of the cell is balanced with the productivity of the strain.

Invizyne is developing a multi-stage enzymatic bioconversions that are fully cell-free. Invizyne believes that its process, named SimplePath, solves the inherent limitations of traditional synthetic biology. SimplePath uses only the specific enzymes that are involved in the process of making the molecule of interest, therefore radically simplifying the process. Not being bound to the limitations of traditional synthetic biology brings several advantages, including:

Invizyne believes that SimplePath can enable the scalability of synthetic biology. Decoupling the enzymes from a cell’s metabolism, we believe, can greatly increase productivity and throughput while simplifying product development. These benefits, we believe, will allow Invizyne to make the same amount of product using a much smaller footprint and reactor size that will potentially result in lower production costs and CapEx. Invizyne’s systems have both fast conversion times as well as the ability to keep reactions running continuously for long periods of time, both of which increase the ability to produce molecules of interest more efficiently. Additionally, it is believed that the simplicity of Invizyne’s systems will allow faster design, build, test, and learn development cycles for new products thereby increasing the feasibility of creating more products and novel molecules.

Invizyne’s core inventions relate to enzyme and co-factor recyclability, which are both key to maintaining the energy balance within an enzymatic system and enabling reactions to run continuously for long periods of time. Invizyne initially licensed a portfolio of patents from University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and has since filed for several additional patents in addition to developing significant know-how in connection with its systems that it has elected to maintain as trade-secrets. This basket of IP protects different aspects of Invizyne’s co-factor regeneration system, cannabinoid pathways, novel molecules, and stable enzymes. Invizyne believes that its IP portfolio will be significant in defining its position in the field of cell-free enzymatic bioconversions.

Invizyne has been awarded grant funding in excess of $10 million from different institutions, including Department of Energy, Advance Research Projects Agency – Energy, Small Business Innovation Research, and the National Institute of Health. The Invizyne scientific team has published nine academic papers in reputable journals, including Nature, about cell-free synthetic biology processes and topics.

Invizyne is currently focusing on the development of high-value molecules in markets with quick paths to commercialization. Invizyne is validating SimplePath by undertaking efforts to demonstrate linear scale while maintaining high productivity in a commercially-relevant product within a short period of time. To date, development has been in the laboratory, and not yet tested by third parties. As a demonstration, however, of the Simple Path process, Invizyne has scaled production of cannabigerolic acid (CBGA) from 1ml to up to 100 liters, a 100,000x increase, and in the process and to its knowledge, maintained productivity at a rate several times higher than competitors. While there can be no assurances that Invizyne will be able to achieve production on a commercial scale as a result of increasing the scale of the CBGA reaction volume from 1 ml to 100 liters, Invizyne believes that it will be successful in scaling its SimplePath systems to commercial production. So far, Invizyne management believes that SimplePath continues to demonstrate solid development and that commercial success will be demonstrable in the future. Once Invizyne has established manufacturing feasibility at scale with established molecules, it intends to develop a portfolio of products that will include both proprietary and rare molecules.

Additionally, Invizyne believes it is making substantial inroads in the space of 2G biofuels by both pioneering effective methods to make isobutanol at titers and scales that would otherwise be toxic to cellular organisms as well as upgrading ethanol to other more useful and higher value products.

Invizyne also intends to partner with research organizations to validate its ability to produce several novel and rare molecules and as well as with pharmaceutical organizations to seek value creation and commercialization opportunities. Invizyne believes that, as a result of the many clinical trials underway for cannabinoid and other natural molecules showing activity across a range of different indications, there is currently a big shift in contemporary understanding of the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids and other natural molecules. Invizyne believes that its process is potentially well-suited to take advantage of the trends around natural molecules by being able to meet their requirements of pharmaceutical companies for pure and consistent products. Invizyne also believes that its system is better suited for making a wide range of active pharmaceutical ingredients, including novel cannabinoids and other molecules, each potentially having different therapeutic properties.

Invizyne is currently exploring a number of commercial engagements, collaborations, partnerships and joint venture opportunities that could permit market insertion and accelerate the commercialization of Invizyne’s technology. At this time, however, it does not have any agreements or arrangements for the commercial application of any of its intellectual property. Additionally, it cannot predict the time frame in which it may enter into its first agreement for the pursuit of a commercial application. As the field is novel, as mentioned herein, Invizyne believes it will take a substantial time to get to a commercial product.

The viability and benefits of Invizyne’s pipeline products discussed above may be difficult to assess because SimplePath is a relatively novel and complex technology. SimplePath systems and the resultant pipeline products are in various stages of the research and development phase, the pilot production phase and/or in pre-clinical assessment as a therapeutic. It is often an issue that what is possible in the small quantities used at the research level cannot be replicated as production quantities are increased for testing and commercialization. Each pipeline product will be required to be progressively scaled up from early research production quantities to show the feasibility of production in larger quantities, whether for clinical evaluation, testing, and ultimately commercial manufacturing amounts before being made available to clients. As Invizyne continues to develop and optimize SimplePath systems to make its pipeline products in the quantities needed for research, clinical or testing evaluation and manufacturing, there can be no assurance that such pipeline products will be understood, approved, or accepted by clients, regulators and potential investors, that the relevant SimplePath systems can be commercially manufactured, or that it will be able to sell pipeline products at competitive prices and with features sufficient to establish demand and generate revenues or any level of profit. Another consideration is if a pipeline product is a candidate as an active pharmaceutical ingredient, then it will require FDA or any other applicable regulatory approvals, including manufacturing approvals, which may not be obtainable. If it is unable to convince potential clients of the utility and value of its pipeline products, it will not be successful in entering the markets that it has identified, and its business and results of operations will be adversely affected.

Regulation

Broker-Dealer Regulation

Our broker-dealer subsidiary, Public Ventures, is subject to regulations governing every aspect of its securities business, including the execution of securities transactions; capital requirements; record-keeping and reporting procedures; relationships with clients, including the handling of cash and margin accounts; the experience of and training requirements for certain employees; and business interactions with firms that are not members of regulatory bodies. As a participant in the financial services industry, it is subject to the complex and extensive regulation of the U.S. federal and state regulatory agencies, self-regulatory organizations and securities exchanges and certain other authorities with oversight on banking and money laundering. The laws, rules and regulations comprising the regulatory framework applicable to broker-dealers are constantly changing, as are the interpretation and enforcement of existing laws, rules and regulations. The effect of any such changes cannot be predicted.

Public Ventures is registered as a securities broker-dealer with the SEC and is required to be a member of FINRA. FINRA is a self-regulatory body composed of members, such as our broker-dealer subsidiary, that have agreed to abide by its rules and regulations. FINRA may expel, fine and otherwise discipline member firms and their employees. Public Ventures is also licensed as a broker-dealer in 33 states in the U.S., requiring it to comply with the laws, rules and regulations of each state. Additionally, Public Ventures might register in additional states from time to time as needed. Each state may revoke the license to conduct securities business, fine, and otherwise discipline broker-dealers and their employees.

Public Ventures is subject to the SEC’s Uniform Net Capital Rule, Rule 15c3-1, which may limit our ability to make withdrawals of capital from the broker-dealer subsidiary. The Uniform Net Capital Rule sets the minimum level of net capital a broker-dealer must maintain and also requires that a portion of a broker-dealer’s assets be relatively liquid. In addition, Public Ventures is subject to certain notification requirements related to withdrawals of excess net capital.

We are also subject to the USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 (the “Patriot Act”), which imposes obligations regarding the prevention and detection of money-laundering activities, including the establishment of client due diligence, client verification and other compliance policies and procedures. Failure to comply with these requirements may result in monetary, regulatory and, in the case of the USA Patriot Act, criminal penalties. We are subject to the Securities Investor Protection Act of 1970, which created the Securities Investors Protection Corporation (SIPC), which provides certain client protection to clients related to their brokerage accounts. We are subject to certain treasury regulations, such as Regulation T, relating to how money may be lent to clients and used, and the rules related to margin accounts.

Broker-dealers are also subject to ongoing duties of financial responsibility, client protection and good conduct. These include, among other things, (i) client funds and securities must be segregated from the broker-dealer’s proprietary business operations, (ii) maintaining basic bookkeeping requirements including records of trades, receipts, positions held in different securities, trial balances, complaints, and compliance, together with reports to be filed periodically, (iii) executing orders on behalf of clients to ensure the best execution possible, disclosing information relevant to investors, charging prices in line with market conditions, and disclosing conflicts of interest, (iv) only recommending investments or strategies that are suitable for the clients concerned, (v) communicating in a fair, balanced, and not misleading way with clients, (vi) observing rules concerning maximum value of gifts made to clients and political contributions, and (vii) filing reports of any suspicious activities noted by the broker-dealer, including investments over predefined monetary limits.

SEC Regulation Best Interest requires that a broker-dealer and its associated persons act in a retail client’s best interest and not place their own financial or other interests ahead of a retail client’s interests when recommending securities transactions or investment strategies, including recommendations of types of accounts. To meet this best interest standard, a broker-dealer must satisfy four component obligations, including a disclosure obligation, a care obligation, a conflict of interest obligation, and a compliance obligation, and both broker-dealers and investment advisers are required to provide disclosures about their standard of conduct and conflicts of interest.

In addition to the SEC, various states have proposed or adopted laws and regulations seeking to impose new standards of conduct on broker-dealers that, as written, differ from the SEC’s new regulations and may lead to additional implementation costs if adopted. The SEC did not indicate an intent to preempt state regulation in this area, and some of the state proposals would allow for a private right of action.

Various regulators, including the SEC, FINRA and state securities regulators and attorneys general, conduct both targeted and industry-wide investigations of certain practices relating to the financial services industry, including sales and marketing practices, valuation practices, and compensation arrangements. In addition, the SEC staff has conducted studies with respect to soft dollar practices in the brokerage and asset management industries and proposed interpretive guidance regarding the scope of permitted brokerage and research services in connection with soft dollar practices.

A variety of data privacy laws to protect personal information obligate broker-dealers to provide notice about its data handling practices, to offer certain opt-outs, and to implement reasonable security measures to deter unauthorized access. Broker-dealer internal and external electronic communications may only be made on approved devices and platforms that are encrypted and secure and will capture all communications in the broker-dealer’s records. The cost and burden of taking cybersecurity measures, having personnel oversee compliance and staying current with respect to new technology developments continues to grow.

Our broker-dealer accounting, administrative and operations personnel are responsible for financial controls, internal and external financial reporting, compliance with regulatory and legal requirements, office and personnel services, management information and telecommunications systems, and the processing of our securities transactions. We are subject to the privacy laws applicable to financial institutions in respect of our securities business.

As is common in the securities industry, our broker-dealer subsidiary is subject to regular reviews of and investigations into our operations, some of which progress to regulatory actions that may result in fines, censures, and limitations on activity. Currently, we are the subject of two reviews of past broker-dealer activities, which may be either resolved without further regulatory action or escalated such that we could be subject to one or more penalties. At this time, we are cooperating with the reviews, and we do not know whether or not they will escalate to regulatory action and, if they do, what violations of rules and regulations may be asserted against the broker-dealer and what potential final resolutions might be.

Self-Clearing Regulation

In January 2024 Public Ventures began self-clearing United States equity securities. As part of this process, in addition to the broker-dealer regulation described above, Public Ventures will be subject to regulation directed to self-clearing operations and must demonstrate that its financial, operational and systems capacities are able to perform this business while complying with regulations, including those of the SEC, FINRA, Depository Trust Clearing Corporation (“DTCC”), and National Securities Clearing Corporation (“NSCC”). To operate the self-clearing activity, we must meet different capitalization requirements than those of an introducing broker-dealer, maintaining a capital structure with various cash and cash equivalent assets and retaining access to necessary lines of credit that can assure our ability to comply with changing deposit requirements. We expect that these regulations will continue to undergo substantial changes and will require additional capital as settlement operations move to T+1 in 2024, and to T+0 settlement in the future.

Data Protection and Cyberattack Regulation

In the course of our operations and in the processing of transactions, we collect, process, store, disclose, use, share and/or transmit personal information and other sensitive data from current, past and prospective clients as well as our employees in and across multiple jurisdictions. The regulatory framework for privacy issues worldwide is rapidly evolving and is likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future. There are federal, state and foreign laws and regulations regarding privacy, data security and the collection, processing, use, storage, protection, sharing and/or transmission of personal information and sensitive data. For example, the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (“GLBA”) (along with its implementing regulations) restricts certain collection, processing, storage, use and disclosure of personal information, requires notice to individuals of privacy practices and provides individuals with certain rights to prevent the use and disclosure of certain nonpublic or otherwise legally protected information. Additionally, many states continue to enact legislation on matters of privacy, information security, cybersecurity, data breach and data breach notification requirements. For example, as of January 1, 2020, the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”) grants additional consumer rights with respect to data privacy in California. The CCPA, among other things, entitles California residents to know how their personal information is being collected and shared, to access or request the deletion of their personal information and to opt out of certain sharing of their personal information. The CCPA is subject to further amendments pending certain proposed regulations that are being reviewed and revised by the California Attorney General. The CCPA provides for civil penalties for violations, as well as a private right of action for certain data breaches that result in the loss of personal information. This private right of action may increase the likelihood of, and risks associated with, data breach litigation. We cannot predict the impact of the CCPA on our business, operations or financial condition, but it could result in liabilities and/or require us to modify certain processes or procedures, which could result in additional costs.

Additionally, the California Privacy Rights Act (“CPRA”) was passed in November 2020 and it will be effective in most material respects starting on January 1, 2023. The CPRA imposes additional obligations on companies covered by the legislation and will significantly modify the CCPA, including by expanding clients’ rights with respect to certain sensitive personal information. The CPRA also creates a new state agency that will be vested with authority to implement and enforce the CCPA and the CPRA. The effects of the CCPA and the CPRA are potentially significant and may require us to modify our data collection or processing practices and policies and to incur substantial costs and expenses in an effort to comply and increase our potential exposure to regulatory enforcement and/or litigation.

We expect more states to enact legislation similar to the CCPA and the CPRA, which provide clients with new privacy rights and increase the privacy and security obligations of entities handling certain personal information of such clients. The CCPA has prompted a number of proposals for new federal and state-level privacy legislation, such as in Virginia and Colorado, both with laws to take effect in 2023. It is anticipated that all such laws will add additional complexity, have variation in requirements, restrictions and potential legal risk, require additional investment of resources in compliance programs, impact strategies and the availability of previously useful data and could result in increased compliance costs and/or changes in business practices and policies.

Additionally, our broker-dealer, Public Ventures, is subject to SEC Regulation S-P, which requires that businesses maintain policies and procedures addressing the protection of client information and records. This includes protecting against any anticipated threats or hazards to the security or integrity of client records and information and against unauthorized access to or use of client records or information. Regulation S-P also requires businesses to provide initial and annual privacy notices to clients describing information sharing policies and informing clients of their rights.

Because the interpretation and application of many privacy and data protection laws are uncertain, it is possible that these laws may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with our existing data management practices or the features of our services and platform capabilities. If so, in addition to the possibility of fines, lawsuits and other claims, we could be required to fundamentally change our business activities and practices or modify our platform, which could have an adverse effect on our business. Any violations or perceived violations of these laws, rules and regulations by us, or any third parties with which we do business, may require us to change our business practices or operational structure, including limiting our activities in certain states and/or jurisdictions, addressing legal claims by governmental entities or private actors, sustaining monetary penalties, sustaining reputational damage, expending substantial costs, time and other resources and/or sustaining other harms to our business. Furthermore, our online, external-facing privacy policy and website make certain statements regarding our privacy, information security and data security practices with regard to information collected from our clients or visitors to our website. Failure or perceived failure to adhere to such practices may result in regulatory scrutiny and investigation, complaints by affected clients or visitors to our website, reputational damage and/or other harm to our business. If either we, or the third-party service providers with which we share client data, are unable to address privacy concerns, even if unfounded, or to comply with applicable privacy or data protection laws, regulations and policies, it could result in additional costs and liability to us, damage our reputation, inhibit sales and harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In the normal course of business, we collect, process, use and retain sensitive and confidential information regarding our clients and prospective clients, including data provided by and related to clients and their transactions, as well as other data of the counterparties to their payments. We also have arrangements in place with certain third-party service providers that require us to share client information. Although we devote resources and management focus to ensuring the integrity of our systems through information security and business continuity programs, our facilities and systems, and those of third-party service providers, are vulnerable to actual or threatened external or internal security breaches, acts of vandalism, theft, fraud or misconduct on the part of employees, other internal sources or third parties, computer viruses, phishing attacks, internet interruptions, disruptions or losses, misplaced or lost data, ransomware, unauthorized encryption, denial-of-service attacks, social engineering, unauthorized access, spam or other attacks, natural disasters, fires, terrorism, war, telecommunications or electrical interruptions or failures, programming or human errors or malfeasance and other similar malicious or inadvertent disruptions or events. We and our third-party service providers from time to time have experienced and may in the future continue to experience such instances. In some cases, the bad actors facilitated unauthorized financial transactions. We also face security threats from malicious third parties that could obtain unauthorized access to our systems and networks, which threats we anticipate will continue to grow in scope and complexity over time. These events could interrupt our business or operations, result in legal claims or proceedings, result in significant legal and financial exposure, supervisory liability under U.S. federal or state, or non-U.S. laws regarding the privacy and protection of information, including personal information, damage to our reputation and a loss of confidence in the security of our systems, products and services. Although the impact to date from these events has not had a material adverse effect on us, no assurance is given that this will be the case in the future.

Information security risks in the financial services industry have increased recently, in part because of new technologies, the use of the internet and telecommunications technologies (including mobile devices) to conduct financial and other business transactions and the increased sophistication and activities of organized criminals, perpetrators of fraud, hackers, terrorists and other malicious third parties. In addition to cyberattacks and other security breaches involving the theft of sensitive and confidential information, hackers, terrorists, sophisticated nation-state and nation-state supported actors and other malicious third parties recently have engaged in attacks that are designed to disrupt key business services, such as consumer-facing websites. We and our third-party service providers may not be able to anticipate or implement effective preventive measures against all security breaches of these types, especially because the techniques used to sabotage or to obtain unauthorized access to our or our third-party service providers’ technology, systems, networks and/or physical facilities in which data is stored or through which data is transmitted change frequently and because attacks can originate from a wide variety of sources. We employ detection and response mechanisms designed to contain and mitigate security incidents. Nonetheless, early detection efforts may be thwarted by sophisticated attacks and malware designed to avoid detection. We also may fail to detect the existence of a security breach related to the information of our clients and to prevent or detect service interruption, system failure or data loss. Further, as a significant number of people work from home, these cybersecurity risks may be heightened by an increased attack surface across our business and those of our clients and third-party service providers. We cannot guarantee that our efforts, or the efforts of those upon whom we rely and partner with, will be successful in preventing any such information security incidents.

The access by unauthorized persons to, or the improper disclosure by us of, confidential information regarding our clients or our proprietary information, software, methodologies and business secrets could interrupt our business or operations, result in significant legal and financial exposure, supervisory liability, damage to our reputation or a loss of confidence in the security of our systems, products and services, all of which could have a material adverse impact on our business. In addition, there recently have been a number of well-publicized attacks or breaches affecting companies in the financial services industry that have heightened concern by clients, which could also intensify regulatory focus, cause clients to lose trust in the security of the industry in general and result in reduced use of our services and increased costs, all of which could also have a material adverse effect on our business.

Most jurisdictions (including all 50 states) have enacted laws requiring companies to notify individuals, regulatory authorities and/or others of security breaches involving certain types of data. In addition, our agreements with certain partners and service providers may require us to notify them in the event of a security breach. Such mandatory disclosures are costly, could lead to negative publicity, may cause our clients, partners and service providers to lose confidence in the effectiveness of our security measures and require us to expend significant capital and other resources to respond to and/or alleviate problems caused by the actual or perceived security breach. A security breach of any of our vendors that processes personal information of our clients may pose similar risks.

A security breach may also cause us to breach client contracts. Our agreements with certain partners and service providers may require us to use industry-standard or reasonable measures to safeguard personal information. We also may be subject to laws that require us to use industry-standard or reasonable security measures to safeguard personal information. A security breach could lead to claims by our clients or other relevant stakeholders that we have failed to comply with such legal or contractual obligations. As a result, we could be subject to legal action or our clients could end their relationships with us. There can be no assurance that the limitations of liability in our contracts would be enforceable or adequate or would otherwise protect us from liabilities or damages, and in some cases our client agreements may not limit our remediation costs or liability with respect to data breaches.

Litigation resulting from security breaches may adversely affect our business. Unauthorized access to our technology, systems, networks or physical facilities, or those of our third-party service providers, could result in litigation with our clients or other relevant stakeholders. These proceedings could force us to spend money in defense or settlement, divert management’s time and attention, increase our costs of doing business or adversely affect our reputation. We could be required to fundamentally change our business activities and practices or modify our products and/or technology capabilities in response to such litigation, which could have an adverse effect on our business. If a security breach were to occur, and the confidentiality, integrity or availability of personal information was disrupted, we could incur significant liability, or our technology, systems or networks may be perceived as less desirable, which could negatively affect our business and damage our reputation.

We may not have adequate insurance coverage with respect to liabilities that result from any cyberattacks or other security breaches or disruptions suffered by us or third parties upon which we rely. The successful assertion of one or more large claims against us that exceeds our available insurance coverage, or results in changes to our insurance policies (including premium increases or the imposition of large deductible or co-insurance requirements), could have an adverse effect on our business. In addition, we cannot be sure that our existing insurance coverage and coverage for errors and omissions will continue to be available on acceptable terms or that our insurers will not deny coverage as to any future claim.

While we take precautions to prevent consumer identity fraud, it is possible that identity fraud may still occur or has occurred, which may adversely affect the performance of our products and services or subject us to scrutiny or penalties.

Arizona Law Firm Regulation

The law firm owned and operated by PatentVest is subject to the Arizona Supreme Court under Rule 31.1(c) and the Arizona Code of Judicial Administration, or ACJA, Section 7.209, relating to Alternative Business Structures, or ABS. An ABS is an entity that includes non-lawyers who have an economic interest or decision-making authority as defined in ACJA 7-209 which may employ, associate with, or engage a lawyer or lawyers to provide legal services to third parties. An ABS (1) must employ at least one person who is an active member in good standing of the State Bar of Arizona who will supervise the practice of law under the rules of the Arizona Supreme Court for the entity, (2) has been licensed by the Arizona Supreme Court after application to the Committee on ABSs, and (3) will provide legal services by persons authorized to do so and in compliance with the Rules of Supreme Court as generally applied to the practice of law and the particular regulations applicable to an ABS. An approval is made in favor of an ABS application if the Committee on ABSs finds that the applicant meets, among others, the following objectives: (a) protecting and promoting the public interest; (b) promoting access to legal services; and (c) encouraging an independent, strong, diverse, and effective legal profession. The Committee on ABSs should also find that the applicant (a) has lawyers providing legal services to consumers that will act with the independence that is consistent with the lawyers’ professional responsibilities and standards, (b) the lawyers will make decisions in their practice that are in the best interest of clients, (c) the ABS maintains confidentiality consistent with Arizona Rule of Supreme Court 42, and (d) the other business policies or procedures of the ABS do not interfere with a lawyers’ duties and responsibilities to clients.

An ABS is also subject to all the rules and regulations associated with the ethical rules of a law firm operating in the State of Arizona. These rules are found in Section 7-209 of the Code of Judicial Administration and the Arizona Supreme Court Rules. Together the rules address issues relating to (i) conflict of interest situations for client representation, (ii) issues relating to the sale of a law practice, (iii) law firm owner responsibilities such as for having sufficient managerial authority, effective internal policies and procedures, and procedures for the conformity of law employees to the rules of professional conduct and procedures for non-law employees, and (iv) adequate trust account requirements, including the annual certification requirement. The rules also address code of conduct issues such as lawyer independence in the provision of services, the diligent and promptness of rendering legal services, and record maintenance, among others. An ABS and its law employees will be subject to the disciplinary rules 46 et. seq. of the Arizona Supreme Court.

Because the only other state that permits an ABS like ownership is Colorado, which is a more limited authorization than afforded by Arizona, PatentVest will not be able to expand its Arizona ABS into other states. The focus of the PatentVest ABS, however, is on patent issues and patent prosecution which is largely a federal practice, therefore the restriction of its practice to the State of Arizona is not seen as a limitation on its operations. Where it has clients that seek legal representation outside of the State of Arizona, the PatentVest ABS will make referrals to firms licensed in appropriate jurisdictions.

U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act

The U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or FCPA, prohibits U.S. corporations and individuals from engaging in certain activities to obtain or retain business abroad or to influence a person working in an official capacity. It is illegal to pay, offer to pay or authorize the payment of anything of value to any foreign government official, government staff member, political party or political candidate in an attempt to obtain or retain business or to otherwise influence a person working in an official capacity. The scope of the FCPA includes interactions with certain healthcare professionals in many countries. Equivalent laws have been adopted in other foreign countries that impose similar obligations.

Human Capital

As of the date of this filing, overall there are approximately 40 full time employees of MDB, employed directly or indirectly through MDB CG Management, Inc. (“MDB Management”) and Invizyne. We also engage from time-to-time consultants for various activities.

MDB Management also has an agreement with MDB Capital S.A., an affiliated Nicaraguan company, for MDB Capital S.A. to provide services to the Company on an out-source, as required service basis. The services are provided on a specific request, within an identified scope of activity, from time to time. Primarily the services will be administrative support services, research activities, and analytical services as necessitated by the holding company, Public Ventures, PatentVest and partner companies.

As our business develops, we establish partner companies and we enhance our operations, we anticipate the number of employees and consultants will grow. In addition, we also anticipate adding human capital contractors, consultants, clinical research organizations and collaborative businesses to perform clinical studies, toxicology assessment, manufacturing, regulatory, and other operational functions.

Legal Matters

We are not currently subject to any material legal proceedings. However, we may from time to time become a party to various legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of our business.