Skkynet Cloud Systems, Inc.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 1 – NATURE OF BUSINESS

Skkynet Cloud Systems, Inc. (“Skkynet”, the “Company”), a Nevada Corporation headquartered in Toronto, Canada was formed on August 31, 2011. Skkynet operates it business through its wholly owned subsidiaries Cogent Real-Time Systems, Inc. (Cogent)(Canada), Skkynet Corp (Canada), and Skkynet, Inc. (USA). Skkynet was formed primarily for the purpose of taking the existing business lines of Cogent and its current and future customers and integrating these businesses with Cloud based systems. We also intend to expand the areas of business activity to which the kinds of products and services we provide are applied.

In March 2012, we completed the acquisition of all of the issued and outstanding shares of common stock of Cogent from Sakura Software Inc. and Benford Consultancy Inc. in exchange for a total of thirty million (30,000,000) restricted shares of our common stock, as a result of which Cogent became our wholly owned subsidiary. As part of the exchange transaction, we also issued 5,000 Series A Preferred share to Sakura Software and Benford Consultancy. Prior to the closing of the exchange transaction, we did not have any operating revenues, and we had nineteen million (19,000,000) shares outstanding and $8,720 of net assets. This transaction was accounted for as a reverse merger and recapitalization. At the acquisition closing, Cogent’s business consisted primarily of providing connectivity and data acquisition to a wide variety of industrial and office hardware and software products and then making that data available over a network using industry-standard protocols. Cogent currently markets its products and services primarily to manufacturers in industrial processes and financial services companies.

Certain prior period amounts were reclassified to conform to the manner of presentation in the current period. The reclassifications have no effect on the net loss or stockholders’ equity.

NOTE 2 – CRITICAL AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the balance sheet. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements of the Company include the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries Cogent Real Time Systems, Inc (Canada), Skkynet Corp. (Canada) and Skkynet Inc (US). All material intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents.

Cash deposits are insured up to US$250,000 in US banks and CDN$100,000 in Canadian banks. The concentration of the Company’s cash deposits at times may exceed the insured amount, leaving the Company exposed to a credit risk on its deposits.

Revenue Recognition

In April 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016–10 Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Identifying Performance Obligations and Licensing. The amendments in this Update do not change the core principle of the guidance in Topic 606. Rather, the amendments in this Update clarify the following two aspects of Topic 606: identifying performance obligations and the licensing implementation guidance, while retaining the related principles for those areas. Topic 606 includes implementation guidance on (a) contracts with customers to transfer goods and services in exchange for consideration and (b) determining whether an entity’s promise to grant a license provides a customer with either a right to use the entity’s intellectual property (which is satisfied at a point in time) or a right to access the entity’s intellectual property (which is satisfied over time). The amendments are intended to render more detailed implementation guidance with the expectation to reduce the degree of judgement necessary to comply with Topic 606.

ASC Topic 606 prescribes a new five-step model entities should follow in order to recognize revenue in accordance with the core principle. These five steps are:

The Company has four revenue streams, each of which the revenue is recognized in accordance to the five steps included in Topic 606. The revenue streams are:

Revenue for the sale of software both directly to end users and through the distributor and channel partners is recognized upon delivery of the software and code required for the customer to install the software. Maintenance support services are recognized as revenue on a straight-line basis over the service period of the arrangement.

Revenues from cloud services and subscription service are recognized over time (typically, on a monthly basis) as service is provided.

Payments received in advance of services being rendered are recorded as deferred revenue and recognized to revenue when earned. During the year ended October 31, 2025, $271,683 of deferred revenue was returned to sales and $284,540 was added to deferred revenue from sales. As of October 31, 2025 and 2024 the deferred revenue was $347,686 and $338,382, respectively.

Payments for subscription revenue has increased 268% to $364,395 in the year ended October 31, 2025 from $136,770 in 2024. Perpetual revenue for the year ended October 31, 2025 was $2,186,556 compared to $2,424,975 in 2024. The move to subscription revenue from perpetual revenue impacts near term revenue .

Management considers that of the Company’s significant accounting policies and estimates; revenue recognition involves a higher degree of judgment or complexity and is believed to be a critical accounting policy:

Accounts Receivable

Accounts Receivable are carried at face value less any provisions for uncollectible accounts considered necessary. Accounts receivable include receivables from customers that have received software and support from the Company. Credit losses are a recognition of uncollectable receivables based on past years’ experience and management’s estimate of likely losses for the year. No allowance for credit losses were considered necessary in previous years as the Company had not experienced credit losses during those periods Although, the Company expensed $13,675 in bad debt for the year ending in 2025 compared to none during previous periods, the Company considers the risk to be minimal and insignificant to the financial statements. The company has adopted (ASU) 2016-13 Financial Instruments- Credit Losses as noted below

Advertising

Advertising costs are expensed as incurred. Advertising expenses for the years ended October 31, 2025 and 2024 were $309,635 and $315,259, respectively.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are carried at the cost of acquisition and depreciated over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Costs associated with repair and maintenance is expensed as incurred. Costs associated with improvements which extend the life, increase the capacity or improve the efficiency of our property and equipment are capitalized and depreciated over the remaining life of the related asset. Gains and losses on dispositions of equipment are reflected in operations. Depreciation is provided using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets.

Foreign Currency Translation

The Company’s reporting currency is in U.S. dollars. The functional currency of the Company’s foreign operations is their local currency. The financial statements of the Company’s subsidiaries in Canada are translated to U.S. dollars in accordance with ASC 830-30, “Foreign Currency Translation”. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated using the exchange rate prevailing at the balance sheet date while the income statement accounts are translated using the average exchange rate for the year. Gains and losses arising on translation or settlement of foreign currency denominated transactions or balances are included in the determination of income. The Company has not, to the date of these consolidated financial statements, entered into derivative instruments to offset the impact of foreign currency fluctuations.

Basic and Diluted Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per share (EPS) is computed by dividing net income available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted EPS reflects the potential dilution that could occur if dilutive securities, such as stock options and convertible preferred shares, were exercised or converted to common stock. The treasury method is used to calculate the effect of options, and if the converted method is used for convertible preferred shares. Securities that are antidilutive are excluded from the computation of diluted EPS.

The following table reconciles the numerator and denominators used in the computation of basic and diluted EPS for the income from continuing operations.

Income Taxes

Income taxes are provided in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”), Topic 740 Accounting for Income Taxes. A deferred tax asset or liability is recorded for all temporary differences between financial and tax reporting and net operating loss carry forwards. Deferred tax expense (benefit) results from the net change during the year of deferred tax assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that some portion of all of the deferred tax assets will be realized. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are adjusted for the effects of changes in tax laws and rates on the date of enactment.

Income taxes for subsidiaries Cogent Real-Time Systems , Inc. and Skkynet Corp are subject to the tax statutes in their country of domicile which is Canada.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company accounts for stock-based compensation in accordance with the fair value recognition provision of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) No 718. The Company issues restricted stock to employees and consultants for their services. Cost of these transactions are measured at fair value of the equity instrument issued at the date of grant. These shares are considered fully vested and the fair market value is recognized as the expense in the period granted. The Company recognized consulting expense and a corresponding increase to the additional paid in capital related to the stock issued for services. For agreements requiring future services the consulting expense is to be recognized ratably over the requisite service period.

Fair Value Measurement

As defined in (Financial Accounting Standards Board ASC 820), fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date (exit price). The Company utilized the market data of similar entities in its industry or assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability, including assumptions about risk and the risks inherent in the inputs to the valuation technique. These inputs can be readily observable, market corroborated, or generally unobservable. The Company classifies fair value balances based on the observability of those inputs. FASB ASC 820 establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (level 1 measurement) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (level 3 measurement).

The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows:

The Company’s stock option awards are measured at fair value using the Black Scholes option pricing model and are classified as Level 3 fair value measurements due to the use of significant unobservable inputs

Related Parties

A party is considered to be related to the Company if the party directly or indirectly or through one or more intermediaries, controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with the Company. Related parties also include principal owners of the Company, its management, members of the immediate families of principal owners of the Company and its management and other parties with which the Company may deal if one party controls or can significantly influence the management or operating policies of the other to an extent that one of the transacting parties might be prevented from fully pursuing its own separate interests. A party which can significantly influence the management or operating policies of the transacting parties or if it has an ownership interest in one of the transacting parties and can significantly influence the other to an extent that one or more of the transacting parties might be prevented from fully pursuing its own separate interests is also a related party.”

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-13 Financial Instruments-Credit Losses, which replaces the incurred impairment methodology to reflect expected credit losses. The amendments requires the measurement of all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting due to the performance based on historical experience, current conditions and reasonable supportable forecasts. ASU 2016-13 is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 31, 2022. The Company adopted the standard on October 31, 2024. The adoption did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU) No 2023-07 Segment Reporting This amendment is an update on all public entities that are required to report segment information in accordance with Topic 280 Segment Reporting. The amendment improves reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The ASU on an annual and interim bases requires disclosure of significant revenue and expenses on segmented basis. In addition to the measurements that are most consistent with the measurement principles under generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), a public entity is not precluded from reporting additional measures of a segment’s profit or loss that are used by the CODM in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources. This Amendment is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim periods within the fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company adopted ASU 2023‑07 on January 1, 2025, applying the guidance retrospectively to all periods presented. The adoption did not impact the Company’s consolidated financial statements, as the amendments relate solely to disclosure. The segment reporting is disclosed in these financials.

NOTE 3 – PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT

Property and equipment consisted of the following at October 31, 2025 and 2024:

Depreciation expense totaled $1,931 and $2,156 for the years ended October 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

NOTE 4 – INCOME TAXES

The Company follows Accounting Standards Codification 740, Accounting for Income Taxes. During 2009, there was a change in control of the Company.

Under section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code such a change in control negates much of the tax loss carry forward and deferred income tax. Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of (a) temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax reporting purposes, and (b) net operating loss carry forwards. For federal income tax purposes, the Company uses the accrual basis of accounting, the same that is used for financial reporting purposes.

The Company’s deferred tax assets for the U.S. parent company and its US subsidiary consisted of the following as of October 31, 2025, and 2024:

The US companies had a net income of $372,505 and $347,249 for the years ended October 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. As of October 31, 2025, the US Companies had a net operating loss carry forward of $1,288,248, which can be used to offset future taxable income. Beginning December 31, 2022, 80% of the qualified net operating loss can be carried forward and applied against future net income.

A reconciliation of income taxes at the federal statutory rate to amounts provided for the years ended October 31, 2025 and 2024 is as follows:

The US Companies, due to their losses, have not filed US Corporate tax returns and are subject to examination back to October 31, 2012.

The Company’s deferred tax assets for the Canadian subsidiary companies consisted of the following as of October 31, 2025 and 2024:

The Canadian Companies had net loss of $349,413 and $259,816 for the years ended October 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. As of October 31, 2025, the Company had a net operating loss carry forward of $963,595 which can be used to offset future taxable income. The carry forwards will begin to expire in 2038, or twenty years after the loss is first incurred, if not used prior to that date.

A reconciliation of income taxes at the federal statutory rate to amounts provided for the years ended October 31, 2025 and 2024 is as follows:

The Canadian Companies have filed corporate tax returns through October 31, 2025 and returns since 2017 are open to examination.

During the years ended October 31, 2025 and 2024 Cogent received tax refunds of $24,925 and $26,128, respectively. The refunds are received under a scientific research and development program.

NOTE 5 – OPTIONS

The Company, under its 2012 Stock Option Plan, issues options to various officers, directors, and consultants. The options vest in equal annual installments over a five year period with the first 20% vested when the options are granted. All of the options are exercisable at a purchase price based on the last trading price of the Company’s common stock.

The Company has elected to amortize the options over the vesting period of the option as stock-based compensation. During the year ended October 31, 2025, the Company expensed $122,228 for options. The unrecognized future balance to be expensed over the term of the options is $400,578.

During the year ended October 31, 2025, the Company issued 763,750 options to 20 individuals with an exercise price of $0.89 per share for 132,500 options and $0.51 for 531,250 options. The Company cancelled 100,000 options during the year ending October 31, 2025.

The number of outstanding options as of year ended October 31, 2025 was 8,737,200

The following sets forth the options granted and outstanding as of October 31, 2025:

NOTE 6 – RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

Sakura Software, a corporation owned by our Chief Technology Officer and Director, Andrew S. Thomas, and Benford Consultancy, a corporation owned by our COO and a member of our Board of Directors, Paul Benford, own, respectively,72.34% and 27.66% of the issued and outstanding shares of Real Innovations International LLC, (“Real Innovations”) a corporation organized under the laws of Nevis, West Indies. In March 2012, Cogent, our operating subsidiary, assigned all of its intellectual property including the pending patent applications for its real-time data transmission and display technology (the “IP”) to Real Innovations under an assignment of intellectual property agreement (the “Assignment Agreement”). In return for the assignment Real Innovations required a one-time payment of $30,000 to Cogent. Cogent elected to forgo the payment, allowing Real Innovations to offset future expenses against the payment. There is no ongoing royalty payment or other form of compensation from Real Innovations to Cogent under the Assignment Agreement.

Real Innovations, in turn, entered into a master intellectual property license agreement (the “License Agreement”) with Cogent for all of the same IP. Under the License Agreement Real Innovations granted a royalty-free license in perpetuity to Cogent for the use and exploitation of the IP in return for which Cogent agreed to: (i) pay all operating expenses of Real Innovations incurred in connection with the continued prosecution of pending patent applications and others that may be prepared; (ii) prosecute all claims for infringement of the IP; (iii) defend and indemnify Real Innovations from and against all claims of infringement of the IP asserted by third parties against Real Innovations, Cogent or our Company; (iv) purchase liability insurance in favor of Real Innovations for this purpose. Under the termination provision of the license agreement, there is no unilateral right of termination. Termination may occur by mutual consent of the parities, the Company ceasing doing business, by breach by the Company or by the Company failing to maintain the license and the support to prosecute and protect the license under applicable laws.

Under the License Agreement, Messrs. Andrew S. Thomas and Paul Benford will benefit indirectly from their indirect ownership of all of the shares of Real Innovations to the extent of any such payments or other undertakings by Cogent on behalf of Real Innovations, but the exact amount of these benefits cannot be determined at this time. No payment have been made as of October 31, 2024.

On July 30, 2015 the Company designated 500,000 shares of the preferred stock as Series B Convertible preferred. The Series B shares have a par value of $0.001 and issue value of $1.00 per share. Series B is convertible by the holder into common stock at $1.32 per share. The Company may, any time at its option, redeem the Series B shares at their stated value. The Series B preferred shares hold a 6% per annum accumulative dividend. During the years ended October 31, 2024 and 2023 the Company recognized but did not pay dividends of $11,620 each year. As of the year ended October 31, 2025, the total amount of dividends due to the preferred shareholders was $119,105.

During the year ended October 31, 2025, Mr. Paul E. Thomas received cash payments of $152,158 for consulting services through the Company he owns, LifeCycle IP Management Inc plus accrued $126,607 in services and expenses.

As of October 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company had the following outstanding accrued liabilities due to related parties:

NOTE 7 – MAJOR CUSTOMERS

The Company sells to their end-user customers both directly and indirectly, through resellers. In the twelve months ended October 31, 2024, 7 resellers accounted for 51% of sales, of which 1 reseller accounted for 25% of sales. In the twelve months ended October 31, 2025, 11 resellers accounted for 50% of sales, of which 1 reseller accounted for 20% of sales. The Company maintains all the information on their end user customers, and should a reseller discontinue operations, the Company can sell directly to the end user. No reseller has exclusivity in their territory. In the twelve months ended October 31, 2024, no end user customers were responsible for more than 10% of gross revenue and 35 end user customers were responsible for approximately 50% of gross revenue. In the twelve months ended October 31, 2025, no end user customers were responsible for more than 10% of gross revenue and 25 end user customers were responsible for approximately 50% of gross revenue.

NOTE 8 – REVENUE BY PRODUCT LINES AND GEOGRAPHIC AREAS

The Company revenue by product line during the years ended October 31, 2025, and 2024 was as follows:

The Company sells its products on a worldwide basis. During the years ended October 31, 2025, and 2024 the Company’s revenue resulted in the following amounts geographically:

NOTE 9 – EQUITY

The Company’s authorized shares of common stock is 70,000,000 with a par value of $0.001. As of October 31, 2025 the total shares outstanding were 53,143,822.

The Company’s authorized shares of preferred stock is 5,000,000 with a par value of $0.001. On March 31, 2012, the Company issued 5,000 shares of Series A preferred stock at $0.001 per share with a value of $5 as founders to two related parties. The preferred shares contained certain voting rights allowing the holders of the shares to elect a majority of the Board of Directors until December 31, 2016 at which time the voting rights expired.

On July 30, 2015, the Company designated 500,000 shares of the preferred stock as Series B Convertible preferred. The Series B shares have a par value of $0.001 and issue value of $1.00 per share. Series B is convertible by the holder into common stock at $1.32 per share. The Company may, any time at its option, redeem the Series B shares at their stated value. The Series B preferred shares hold a 6% per annum accumulative dividend. During the years ended October 31, 2025 and 2024 the Company recognized but did not pay dividends of $11,620 each year. As of the year ended October 31, 2025, the total amount of dividends due to the preferred shareholders was $119,105.

NOTE 10 – SEGMENT REPORTING

ASC Topic 280, “Segment Reporting” establishes the standards for reporting information about operating segments on a basis consistent with the Company’s internal organization structure as well as information about services categories, business segments and major customers in financial statements. The Company is managed as one operating unit, rather than multiple reporting units, for internal reporting purposes and for internal decision-making and discloses its operating results in a single reportable segment. The Company’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”), represented by the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, reviews financial information and assesses the operations of the Company in order to make strategic decisions such as allocation of resources and assessing operating performance.

NOTE 11 – SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

On December 2, 2025 the Company granted 100,000 options to a new director with a conversion price of $0.48 per share.

On December 8, 2025 the Company granted 900,000 options to the new Chief Executive Officer with a conversion price of $0.45 per share.

On December 15, 2025 the Company granted 435,000 options to 11 employees with a conversion price of $0.40 per share.

On December 18, 2025, the Company received a $1.9 million Industrial AI Product Development Initiative funding through FedDev Ontario’s Regional Artificial Intelligence Initiative. The Company and FedDev Ontario entered into a loan agreement whereby up to $750,000 will be provided to the Company over the Project period in the form of an interest-free repayable loan after the Project completion.

On January 7, 2026 the Company granted 160,000 options to 10 individuals with a conversion price of $0.33 per share.

The Company has evaluated subsequent events to determine events occurring after October 31, 2025 through the filing of this report that would have a material impact on the Company’s financial results or require disclosure and have determined none exist.