VOLITIONRX LTD

No****te 1 – Basis of Presentation and other information

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of VolitionRx Limited (the “Company” or “VolitionRx”) have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q of Regulation S-X. They do not include all the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. The December 31, 2024 consolidated balance sheet data was derived from audited financial statements but does not include all disclosures required by GAAP. However, except as disclosed herein, there has been no material change in the information disclosed in the notes to the audited consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2024 included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 31, 2025 (the “Annual Report”). The interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with those audited consolidated financial statements included in the Annual Report. In the opinion of management, all adjustments considered necessary for a fair presentation of the financial statements, consisting solely of normal recurring adjustments, have been made. Operating results for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2025.

Embedded Derivative Liability

The Company evaluates the embedded features of its financial instruments, including its convertible notes payable and warrants in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 480, “Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity,” and ASC Topic 815 “Derivatives and Hedging.” Certain conversion options and redemption features are required to be bifurcated from their host instrument and accounted for as free-standing derivative financial instruments should certain criteria be met. The Company applies significant judgment to identify and evaluate complex terms and conditions for its financial instruments to determine whether such instruments are derivatives or contain features that qualify as embedded derivatives. Embedded derivatives must be separately measured from the host contract if all the requirements for bifurcation are met. The assessment of the conditions surrounding the bifurcation of embedded derivatives depends on the nature of the host contract and the features of the derivatives. Bifurcated embedded derivatives are recognized at fair value.

Fair Value Measurements

The fair value of financial instruments measured on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2025, consisted of the following:

No****te 1 – Basis of Presentation and other information (continued)

The following table provides a roll-forward of changes for the warrant and derivative liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis for the nine months ended September 30, 2025:

Basic and Diluted Net Loss Per Share

The Company computes net loss per share in accordance with ASC 260, “Earnings Per Share,” which requires presentation of both basic and diluted earnings per share (“EPS”) on the face of the statement of operations and comprehensive loss. Basic EPS is computed by dividing net loss available to common stockholders (numerator) by the weighted average number of shares outstanding (denominator) during the period. Diluted EPS gives effect to all dilutive potential common shares outstanding during the period using the treasury stock method. In computing diluted EPS, the average stock price for the period is used in determining the number of shares assumed to be purchased from the exercise of stock options or warrants. As of September 30, 2025,58,311,316 potential common shares equivalents from warrants, options, and restricted stock units (“RSUs”) were excluded from the diluted EPS calculations as their effect is anti-dilutive.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In August 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-05, “Business Combinations—Joint Venture Formations (Subtopic 805-60): Recognition and Initial Measurement,” which requires a newly-formed joint venture to apply a new basis of accounting to its contributed net assets, resulting in the joint venture initially measuring its contributed net assets at fair value on the formation date. ASU 2023-05 is effective for all joint venture formations with a formation date on or after January 1, 2025. The Company adopted ASU 2023-05 on January 1, 2025. The adoption of ASU 2023-05 did not have a material impact on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements.

No****te 1 – Basis of Presentation and other information (continued)

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures,” which enhances the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures by requiring (1) consistent categories and greater disaggregation of information in the rate reconciliation and (2) income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction. It also includes certain other amendments to improve the effectiveness of income tax disclosures. ASU 2023-09 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. These amendments are to be applied prospectively, with retrospective application permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact this standard will have on its consolidated financial statements.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, “Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income – Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses,” which requires the disaggregated disclosure of specific expense categories, including purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation, and amortization included in each relevant expense caption presented on the statement of operations. The standard also requires disclosure of qualitative description of the amounts remaining in relevant expense captions that are not separately disaggregated quantitatively, as well as the total amount of selling expenses and an entity’s definition of selling expenses. ASU 2024-03 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027. The Company is currently evaluating the impact this standard will have on its consolidated financial statements.

In July 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-05, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses for Accounts Receivable and Contract Assets,” which introduces a practical expedient for the application of the current expected credit loss model to current accounts receivable and contract assets. The amendment is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2025, with early adoption permitted. This amendment is to be applied on a prospective basis. The Company is currently evaluating the impact this standard will have on its consolidated financial statements.

The Company currently believes there are no other issued and not yet effective accounting standards that are materially relevant to its condensed consolidated financial statements.

No****te 2 – Liquidity and Going Concern Assessment

The Company's condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared using GAAP applicable to a going concern, which contemplates the realization of assets and liquidation of liabilities in the normal course of business. Management assesses liquidity and going concern uncertainty in the Company’s consolidated financial statements to determine whether there is sufficient cash on hand and working capital, including available borrowings on loans, to operate for a period of at least one year from the date the financial statements are issued, which is referred to as the “look-forward period,” as defined in GAAP. As part of this assessment, based on conditions that are known and reasonably knowable to management, management considered various scenarios, forecasts, projections, estimates and made certain key assumptions, including the timing and nature of projected cash expenditures or programs, its ability to delay or curtail expenditures or programs and its ability to raise additional capital, if necessary, among other factors.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company incurred a net loss of $17.2 million and used cash flows in operating activities of $14.2 million. As of September 30, 2025, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of $0.2 million and an accumulated deficit of $246.6 million.

The Company has generated operating losses and has experienced negative cash flows from operations since inception. The Company has not generated significant revenues and expects to incur further losses in the future, particularly from continued development of its clinical-stage diagnostic tests and commercialization activities. The future of the Company as an operating business will depend on its ability to obtain sufficient capital contributions or, financing, and/or generate revenues as may be required to sustain its operations. Management plans to address the above as needed by (a) granting licenses and/or distribution rights to third parties in exchange for specified up-front and/or back-end payments, (b) obtaining additional financing through debt or equity transactions, (c) securing additional grant funds, and (d) developing and commercializing the Company’s products in an efficient manner. Management continues to exercise tight cost controls and has implemented short-term cash preservation and cost-saving initiatives to conserve cash. As part of the Company’s cash conservation efforts, directors and certain employees have elected to exchange a portion of their fees earned or paid in cash or salary, respectively, for RSUs of the Company.

The ability of the Company to continue as a going concern is dependent upon its ability to successfully accomplish the plans described in the preceding paragraph and to eventually attain profitable operations.

Management assessed the mitigating effect of these plans to determine if it is probable that the plans would be effectively implemented within one year after the condensed consolidated financial statements are issued and when implemented, would mitigate the relevant conditions or events that raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. These plans are subject to market conditions and reliance on third parties, and there is no assurance that effective implementation of the Company’s plans will result in the necessary funding to continue operations and satisfy current and expected debt obligations. The Company concluded that these plans do not alleviate the substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern beyond one year from the date the condensed consolidated financial statements are issued.

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming the Company will continue as a going concern, which contemplates the realization of assets and satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. The accompanying consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of assets and their carrying amounts, or the amounts and classification of liabilities that may result should the Company be unable to continue as a going concern. If the Company is unable to obtain adequate capital, it could be forced to cease operations.

No****te 3 - Property and Equipment

The Company’s property and equipment consisted of the following amounts as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

During the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024, the Company recognized $735,018 and $815,824, respectively, in depreciation expense.

No****te 4 - Intangible Assets

The Company’s intangible assets consist of patents, primarily acquired in the acquisition of Belgian Volition. The patents are being amortized over the assets’ estimated useful lives, which range from 8 to 20 years.

During the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024, the Company recognized $17,864 and $(6,742), respectively, in amortization expense.

The Company amortizes the patents and licenses on a straight-line basis with terms ranging from 8 to 20 years. The annual estimated amortization schedule over the next five years is as follows:

The Company periodically reviews its long-lived assets to ensure that their carrying value does not exceed their fair market value. The Company carried out such a review in accordance with ASC 360, “Property, Plant and Equipment,” as of December 31, 2024. The result of this review confirmed that the ongoing value of the patents was not impaired as of December 31, 2024.

No****te 5 - Related-Party Transactions

See Note 6,Common Stock, for common stock issued to related parties and Note 7,Stock-Based Compensation, for stock options, warrants and RSUs issued to related parties. The Company has agreements with related parties for the purchase of consultancy services which are accrued under management and directors’ fees payable (see condensed consolidated balance sheets).

No****te 6 - Common Stock

As of September 30, 2025, the Company was authorized to issue 325 million shares of common stock, par value $0.001 per share, of which 109,620,405 and 96,097,485 shares were issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

Stock Option Exercises

During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, no shares of common stock were issued pursuant to the exercise of stock options.

Stock Options****Expired / Cancelled

On February 11, 2025,40,000 vested stock options previously granted to a consultant were cancelled and returned as authorized shares under the 2015 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2015 Plan”) on the expiration of the exercise period following the resignation of such employee.

On March 20, 2025,26,200 vested stock options previously granted to an employee were cancelled and returned as authorized shares under the 2015 Plan on the expiration of the exercise period following the resignation of such employee.

On May 28, 2025,171,291 vested stock options previously granted to an employee were cancelled and returned as authorized shares under the 2015 Plan on the expiration of the exercise period following the resignation of such employee.

On June 15, 2025,51,722 vested stock options previously granted to an employee were cancelled and returned as authorized shares under the 2015 Plan on the expiration of the exercise period following the resignation of such employee.

On July 23, 2025,292,000 vested stock options previously granted to various employees were cancelled under the 2011 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2011 Plan”) on the expiration of the exercise period.

Exercise of Pre-Funded Warrants

On May 1, 2025, a holder of Pre-Funded Warrants (as defined below under the heading “2024 Equity Capital Raise”) partially exercised such warrants and purchased 1,958,273 shares of the Company’s common stock, at an exercise price of $0.001 per share, resulting in gross proceeds to the Company of $1,958. The shares issued upon exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants were registered pursuant to a Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-286401) declared effective by SEC on April 15, 2025 (the “2025 Form S-1”).

On July 7, 2025, a holder of Pre-Funded Warrants partially exercised such warrants and purchased 991,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, at an exercise price of $0.001 per share, resulting in gross proceeds to the Company of $991. The shares issued upon exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants were registered pursuant to (the 2025 Form S-1).

On September 23, 2025, a holder of Pre-Funded Warrants partially exercised such warrants and purchased 608,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, at an exercise price of $0.001 per share, resulting in gross proceeds to the Company of $608. The shares issued upon exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants were registered pursuant to the 2025 Form S-1.

RSU Settlements

Below is a table summarizing the RSUs that vested and settled during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 all of which were issued pursuant to the 2015 Plan.

Below is a table summarizing the RSUs vested and settled during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 all of which were issued pursuant to the 2024 Plan.

2025 Equity Capital Raises

March 2025 Registered Direct Offering

On March 24, 2025, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with the several purchasers party thereto, pursuant to which the Company issued and sold to such purchasers, in a registered direct offering pursuant to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-259783) declared effective by the SEC on November 8, 2021 (the “2021 Form S-3”), an aggregate of(i) 2,363,636 shares of the Company’s common stock to certain of its directors and executive officers, and certain of its existing stockholders (collectively, the “Insiders”) at an offering price of $0.55 per share (the “Insider Shares”), and (ii) 1,739,087 shares of common stock (the “March 2025 Warrant Investor Shares” and, together with the Insider Shares, the “March 2025 Shares”), together with common stock purchase warrants to purchase up to 1,739,087 shares of common stock (the “March 2025 Warrants”), at a combined offering price of $0.55 per March 2025 Warrant Investor Share and accompanying March 2025 Warrant, to certain other existing stockholders of the Company and new investors. Each March 2025 Warrant has an exercise price per share of $0.66, and is exercisable on or after March 26, 2025 through and until March 26, 2030. The Insiders did not receive any March 2025 Warrants in the offering. The net proceeds received by the Company for the issuance and sale of the March 2025 Shares and the March 2025 Warrants were $2.3 million, before deducting offering expenses of $0.1 million paid by the Company. The net proceeds exclude any proceeds arising from the exercise of the March 2025 Warrants. The shares of common stock underlying the March 2025 Warrants were initially registered pursuant to the 2021 Form S-3. The shares of common stock underlying the March 2025 Warrants were subsequently registered pursuant to the 2025 Form S-1 and were withdrawn from the 2021 Form S-3.

August 2025 Registered Direct Offering

On August 4, 2025, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with the several purchasers party thereto, pursuant to which the Company issued and sold to such purchasers, in a registered direct offering pursuant to Company’s registration statement on Form S-3 (Reg. No. 333-283088) filed with the SEC on November 8, 2024, as amended on April 11, 2025, and declared effective by the SEC on April 18, 2025 (the “2025 Form S-3”), an aggregate of(i) 156,250 shares of the Company’s common stock to certain of its directors and executive officers (collectively, the “Insider Purchasers”) at an offering price of $0.64 per share (the “August 2025 Insider Shares”), and (ii) 1,734,375 shares of common stock (the “August 2025 Warrant Investor Shares” and, together with the August 2025 Insider Shares, the “August 2025 Shares”), together with common stock purchase warrants to purchase up to 1,734,735 shares of common stock (the “August 2025 Warrants”), at a combined offering price of $0.64 per August 2025 Warrant Investor Share and accompanying August 2025 Warrant, to certain other existing stockholders of the Company. Each August 2025 Warrant has an exercise price per share of $0.768, and is exercisable on or after August 4, 2025 through and until August 4, 2030. The Insider Purchasers did not receive any August 2025 Warrants in the offering. The net proceeds received by the Company for the issuance and sale of the August 2025 Shares and the August 2025 Warrants were $1.21 million, before deducting offering expenses of $0.1 million paid by the Company. The net proceeds exclude any proceeds arising from the exercise of the August 2025 Warrants.

September 2025 Private Placement

On September 18, 2025, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with an existing stockholder, pursuant to which the Company issued and sold to such purchaser 483,870 shares of its common stock (the “September 2025 Shares”), plus warrants to purchase an additional 483,870 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $0.682 per share (the “September 2025 Warrants”), in a private placement, at a combined offering price of $0.62 per September 2025 Share and accompanying September 2025 Warrant. The September 2025 Warrants were exercisable immediately upon issuance and expire on September 18, 2030. The private placement did not involve any underwriters, underwriting discounts or commissions, or any public offering or registration with the SEC, and the securities were restricted from further transfer as evidenced by the legend thereon. The net proceeds received by the Company for the issuance and sale of the September 2025 Shares and the September 2025 Warrants were $0.3 million, before deducting offering expenses of $0.02 million paid by the Company. The net proceeds exclude any proceeds arising from the exercise of the September 2025 Warrants.*** ***

2024 Equity Capital Raises

August 2024 Registered Direct Offering

On August 8, 2024, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with a purchaser pursuant to which the Company issued and sold to such purchaser, in a registered direct offering under the 2021 Form S-3 (the “2024 Equity Capital Raise”), an aggregate of 9,170,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, pre-funded warrants (the “Pre-Funded Warrants”) to purchase up to 3,557,273 shares of the Company’s common stock (the “Pre-Funded Warrant Shares”), Series A common stock warrants (the “Series A Warrants”) to purchase up to 12,727,273 shares of the Company’s common stock (the “Series A Warrant Shares”) and Series B common stock warrants (the “Series B Warrants”, and together with the Series A Warrants, the “Common Warrants” and, together with the shares of common stock offered in the 2024 Equity Capital Raise and the Pre-Funded Warrants, the “Securities”) to purchase up to 12,727,273 shares of the Company’s common stock the “Series B Warrant Shares,” together with the Pre-Funded Warrant Shares and the Series A Warrant Shares, the “August 2024 Warrant Shares”. The exercise prices of the Pre-Funded Warrants and the Common Warrants is $0.001 per share and $0.57 per share, respectively. H.C. Wainwright & Co. acted as the exclusive placement agent for the Company in the offering. The combined offering price for a share of common stock and accompanying Common Warrants was $0.55 and the combined offering price for a Pre-Funded Warrant and accompanying Common Warrants was $0.549. The net proceeds received by the Company for the issuance and sale of the Securities were $6.4 million, before deducting offering expenses of $0.1 million paid by the Company. In addition, the Company issued warrants to the placement agent to purchase an aggregate of 381,818 shares of Company common stock on substantially the same terms as the Series B Warrants at an exercise price of $0.6875 per share. The net proceeds above assumes the exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants but excludes any proceeds arising from the exercise of the Common Warrants or the placement agent warrants. The August 2024 Warrant Shares were initially registered pursuant to the 2021 Form S-3. The August 2024 Warrant Shares were subsequently registered pursuant to the 2025 Form S-1, and were withdrawn from the 2021 Form S-3.

December 2024 Registered Direct Offering

On December 5, 2024, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with several purchasers, including certain of its directors and executive officers (the “Insider Investors”), pursuant to which the Company issued and sold to such purchasers, in a registered direct offering pursuant to the 2021 Form S-3, an aggregate of(i) 445,648 shares to the Insider Investors at an offering price of $0.5722 per share and (ii) a further 2,857,389 shares of our common stock (the “December 2024 Warrant Investor Shares” and, together with the Insider Shares, the “December 2024 Shares”), together with 2,857,389 common stock purchase warrants to purchase up to 2,857,389 shares of our common stock (the “Form A Warrants”) and 2,857,389 common stock purchase warrants to purchase up to 1,428,693 shares of our common stock (the “Form B Warrants” and, together with the Form A Warrants, the “December 2024 Warrants”), at a combined offering price of $0.5722 per December 2024 Warrant Investor Share and accompanying December 2024 Warrants, to certain existing stockholders of the Company and new investors. The December 2024 Shares, Form A Warrants, and Form B Warrants were separately issued. Each Form A Warrant has an exercise price per share of $0.5722 and each Form B Warrant has an exercise price per share of $0.71525. Each December 2024 Warrant is exercisable on or after December 9, 2024 through and until December 9, 2029. The net proceeds received by the Company for the issuance and sale of the December 2024 Shares and the December 2024 Warrants were $1.9 million, before deducting offering expenses of $0.1 million paid by the Company. The net proceeds above excludes any proceeds arising from the exercise of the December 2024 Warrants. The shares of common stock underlying the December 2024 Warrants were initially registered pursuant to the 2021 Form S-3. The shares of common stock underlying the December 2024 Warrants were subsequently registered pursuant to the 2025 Form S-1, and were withdrawn from the 2021 Form S-3.

Common Stock Issued for EpiCypher License Agreement

On March 12, 2024, the Company issued 129,132 shares of restricted common stock to EpiCypher, Inc. at a price of $0.97 per share as partial consideration for license rights in connection with a License Agreement between EpiCypher and Belgian Volition.

“At the Market” Offerings

2025 ATM Sales Agreement

On April 22, 2025, the Company entered into a Capital On Demand TM Sales Agreement (the "2025 ATM Sales Agreement") with JonesTrading Institutional Services, LLC ("JonesTrading") to sell shares of the Company's common stock, with an aggregate offering price of up to $7.5 million, from time to time through an "at the market" offering pursuant to the 2025 Form S-3, through JonesTrading acting as the Company's agent. Although the Company is not obligated to sell any shares under the 2025 ATM Sales Agreement, from April 22, 2025 through September 30, 2025, the Company raised aggregate proceeds (net of broker commissions and fees) of approximately $880,862 through the sale of 1,386,223 shares of its common stock pursuant to the 2025 ATM Sales Agreement.

Amendment to 2025 ATM Sales Agreement

On August 14, 2025, the Company entered into Amendment No. 1 to the 2025 ATM Sales Agreement to increase the maximum aggregate offering price of shares of common stock that may be offered, issued, and sold under the 2025 ATM Sales Agreement from $7.5 million to $30.0 million.

2022 Equity** **Distribution Agreement

On May 20, 2022, the Company entered into an equity distribution agreement (the “2022 EDA”) with Jefferies LLC (“Jefferies”) to sell shares of the Company’s common stock, with a maximum aggregate offering price of $25.0 million, from time to time through an “at the market” offering pursuant to the 2021 Form S-3 through Jefferies acting as the Company’s agent and/or principal.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company raised aggregate net proceeds (net of broker commissions and fees) of approximately $262,484 under the 2022 EDA through the sale of 448,706 shares of its common stock. As of September 30, 2025, the Company has raised aggregate net proceeds (net of broker commissions and fees) of approximately $2.4 million under the 2022 EDA through the sale of 1,945,838 shares of its common stock. Effective April 20, 2025, the Company terminated the 2022 EDA and no further sales of the Company’s common stock will be made under the 2022 EDA.

Note 7 – Stock-Based Compensation

**a)**Common Stock Warrants

The following table summarizes the changes in common stock warrants of the Company outstanding during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2025.

On May 15, 2025, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “SPA”) with Lind Global Asset Management XII LLC (“Lind”), pursuant to which the Company issued Lind (i) a Senior Secured Convertible Promissory Note in the principal amount $7.5 million (the “Lind Note”), and (ii) a Common Stock Purchase Warrant for the purchase of up to 13,020,834 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $0.672 per share, subject to standard adjustments as defined in the warrant agreement, and exercisable for 5 years (the “Lind Warrants” and, such offering, the “Lind Offering”). The Company received net cash proceeds of approximately $5.8 million in the Lind Offering. The Lind Note may be converted by Lind from time to time at a price of $0.72 per share, subject to adjustment (the “Conversion Price”). The dollar amount of any conversions by Lind will be applied to toward upcoming Lind Note payments in reverse chronological order. The Lind Note may be prepaid in whole upon written notice on any business day following August 13, 2025; but in the event of a prepayment notice, Lind may convert up to one-third of principal amount due at the lesser of the Repayment Share Price or the Conversion Price. The “Repayment Share Price” is defined in the Lind Note as ninety percent (90%) of the average of the five lowest daily VWAPs (as defined in the Lind Note) during the 20 trading days prior to the payment date. The shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of the note and exercise of the warrant were registered pursuant to a resale Registration Statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-288508), which was declared effective by the SEC on July 14, 2025. See Note 8,Commitments and Contingencies, for further details on the Lind Offering.

A portion of the proceeds from the Lind Offering was allocated to the Lind Warrants based on their relative fair value using a Monte Carlo simulation. The assumptions used in the model were as follows: (i) dividend yield of 0%; (ii) expected volatility of 81.27%; (iii) risk-free interest rate of 4.0%; (iv) simulated term of 5.0 years; (v) estimated fair value of the shares underlying such warrants of $0.45 per share; (vi) exercise price of $0.672; and (vii) various probability assumptions related to down round price adjustments. The fair value of the Lind Warrants was $3,941,059, resulting in the amount allocated to the warrants, based on their relative fair value of $1,998,869, which was recorded as additional paid-in capital.

**a)**Common Stock Warrants (continued)

Below is a table summarizing the common stock warrants issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2025, which have an aggregate weighted average remaining contractual life of 6.01 years. The proceeds if exercised assume the warrants are exercised for cash.

Stock-based compensation expense related to warrants of $nil and $5,238 was recorded in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024, respectively. Total remaining unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested warrants is $nil. As of September 30, 2025, the total intrinsic value of warrants outstanding was $3,195,290.

b) Options

The following table summarizes the changes in options outstanding of the Company during the nine-month period ended September 30, 2025, all of which were issued pursuant to the 2011 Plan and the 2015 Plan.

**b)**Options (continued)

On January 29, 2025, the Company amended the terms of certain outstanding options granted pursuant to the 2015 Plan, such that the expiration date for outstanding options to purchase 545,000 shares of the Company's common stock, granted on February 11, 2019, was extended from six years from the date of grant to ten years from the date of grant, or an expiration date of February 11, 2029. As a result of these amendments $103,573 was recorded as an additional options expense.

Below is a table summarizing the options issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2025, all of which were issued pursuant to the 2011 Plan (for option issuances prior to 2016) or the 2015 Plan (for option and RSU issuances commencing in 2016)and which have an aggregate weighted average remaining contractual life of 3.13 years. As of September 30, 2025, an aggregate of 9,700,000 shares of common stock were authorized for issuance under the 2015 Plan, of which $nil shares of common stock remained available for future issuance thereunder. As of September 30, 2025, an aggregate of 7,500,000 shares of common stock were authorized for issuance under the 2024 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2024 Plan”), of which 3,251,722 shares of common stock remained available for future issuance thereunder.

Below is a table summarizing the options cancelled during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, which were originally issued pursuant to the 2011 Plan and 2015 Plan.

Stock-based compensation expense related to stock options of $nil and $nil was recorded in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024 respectively. Total remaining unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested stock options is $nil. As of September 30, 2025, the total intrinsic value of stock options outstanding was $nil.

c**) (i) Restricted Stock Units – 2015 Plan**

Below is a table summarizing the RSUs issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2025, all of which were issued pursuant to the 2015 Plan.

Below is a table summarizing the RSUs granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, all of which were issued pursuant to the 2015 Plan. The RSUs vest equally over periods stated on the dates noted, subject to the recipient’s continued service to the Company, and will result in the RSU compensation expense stated.

c**) (i) Restricted Stock Units – 2015 Plan (continued)**

Below is a table summarizing the RSUs vested and settled during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, all of which were issued pursuant to the 2015 Plan.

c**) (i) Restricted Stock Units – 2015 Plan (continued)**

Below is a table summarizing the RSUs cancelled during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, all of which were originally issued pursuant to the 2015 Plan.

c)****(i) Restricted Stock Units – 2015 Plan (continued)

Below is a table summarizing the RSUs issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2025, all of which were issued pursuant to the 2015 Plan and which have an aggregate weighted average remaining contractual life of 0.46 years.

Stock-based compensation expense related to RSUs of $1,769,014 and $937,567 was recorded in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024, respectively. Total remaining unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested RSUs is $1,658,309.

Below is a table summarizing the RSUs issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2025, all of which were issued pursuant to the 2024 Plan and which have an aggregate weighted average remaining contractual life of 1.71 years.

c**) (ii) Restricted Stock Units - 2024 Plan**

Below is a table summarizing the RSUs granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, all of which were issued pursuant to the 2024 Plan. The RSUs vest equally over periods stated on the dates noted, subject to the recipient’s continued service to the Company, and will result in the RSU compensation expense stated.

Below is a table summarizing the RSUs cancelled during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, all of which were originally issued pursuant to the 2024 Plan.

c**) (ii) Restricted Stock Units - 2024 Plan (continued)**

Below is a table summarizing the RSUs vested and settled during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, all of which were issued pursuant to the 2024 Plan.

No****te 8 – Commitments and Contingencies

a) Finance Lease Obligations** **

The following is a schedule showing the future minimum lease payments under finance leases by years and the present value of the minimum payments as of September 30, 2025.

b) Operating Lease Right-of-Use Obligations

Operating leases as of September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, consisted of the following:

During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, cash paid for amounts included for the measurement of lease liabilities was $167,564 and the Company recorded operating lease expense of $166,864.

b) Operating Lease Right-of-Use Obligations (continued)

The following is a schedule showing the future minimum lease payments under operating leases by years and the present value of the minimum payments as of September 30, 2025.

The Company’s office space leases are short-term and the Company has elected under the short-term recognition exemption not to recognize them on the balance sheet. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company recognized $83,309 in short-term lease costs associated with office space leases. The annual payments remaining for short-term office leases were as follows:

c)** Grants Repayable**

As of September 30, 2025, the total grant balance repayable was $511,617 and the payments remaining were as follows:

d) Long-Term Debt

As of September 30, 2025, the total balance for long-term debt payable was $6,479,333 and the payments remaining were as follows:

e) Convertible Note Payable

On May 15, 2025, the Company entered into the SPA with Lind, pursuant to which the Company issued the Lind Note in the amount of $7,500,000 and the Lind Warrant for the purchase of 13,020,834 shares of common stock.

The Lind Note, which does not accrue interest, shall be repaid in eighteen (18) consecutive monthly installments in the amount of $416,666 beginning six months from the issuance date. Lind may elect with respect to no more than two (2) monthly payments to increase the amount of such monthly payment up to $1,000,000 upon notice to the Company. The monthly payments due under the Lind Note may be made by the issuance of common stock valued at the Repayment Share Price, cash in an amount equal to 1.05 times the required payment amount, or a combination of cash and shares. The Lind Note sets forth certain conditions that must be satisfied before we may make any monthly payments in shares of common stock.

The Lind Note may be converted by Lind from time to time at a the Conversion Price. The dollar amount of any conversions by Lind will be applied to toward upcoming Lind Note payments in reverse chronological order. The Lind Note may be prepaid in whole upon written notice on any business day following August 13, 2025; but in the event of a prepayment notice, Lind may convert up to one-third (1/3) of principal amount due at the lesser of the Repayment Share Price or the Conversion Price.

Issuance of shares of common stock upon repayment or conversion of the Lind Note (the “Note Shares”) and upon exercise of the Lind Warrant (the “Warrant Shares”) is subject to anownership limitation equal to 4.99% of the Company’s outstanding shares of common stock; provided, that if Lind and its affiliates beneficially own in excess of 4.99% of the Company’s outstanding shares of common stock, then such limitation shall automatically increase to 9.99% so long as Lind and its affiliates own in excess of 4.99% of such common stock (and shall, for the avoidance of doubt, automatically decrease to 4.99% upon Lind and its affiliates ceasing to own in excess of 4.99% of such common stock). Additionally, the issuance in the aggregate of any Note Shares and Warrant Shares in excess of 19.99% of the outstanding common stock shall be subject to stockholder approval in accordance with NYSE American Rule 713.

e) Convertible Note Payable (continued)

Upon the occurrence of any Event of Default (as defined in the Lind Note), the Lind Note will become immediately due and payable and the Company must pay Lind an amount equal to 120% of the then outstanding principal amount of the Note, subject to a reduction to 110% in certain circumstances, in addition to any other remedies under the Lind Note or the other transaction documents. Events of Default include, among others, failure of the Company to make any Lind Note payment when due, a default in any indebtedness or adverse judgements in excess of threshold amounts, the failure of the Company to instruct its transfer agent to issue unlegended certificates in certain circumstances, the Company’s shares of common stock no longer being public traded or listed on a national

securities exchange, any stop order or trading suspension restricting the trading in the Company’s common stock for a specified period, the announcement or consummation of a Change of Control (as defined in the SPA), the failure to file reports or filings required by the SEC, and the Company’s market capitalization falling below a threshold amount for a specified period, each as described in the Lind Note.

The Lind Note contains certain negative covenants, including restricting the Company from certain distributions, stock repurchases, borrowing, sale of assets, loans and exchange offers. Additionally, unless waived by Lind, the Company is required to utilize a portion of the net proceeds from certain specified debt or equity transactions and asset sales to repay the outstanding principal amount due under the Lind Note.

The Company evaluated the embedded features within the convertible note in accordance with ASC Topic 480 and ASC Topic 815. The Company determined that the embedded features, specifically (i) the default penalty on outstanding principal, and (ii) the default conversion option into common shares at 90% of the lowest volume weighted average price for the common shares on the Company’s VWAP in the three days preceding conversion, constitute derivative liabilities. These features, arising from default provisions, including the contingent default penalty (deemed redemption) and the contingent variable conversion feature, meet the definition of a derivative and do not qualify for derivative accounting exemptions. Consequently, these embedded features were bifurcated from the debt host as a single derivative liability.

The initial fair value of the derivative liabilities was determined using a Monte Carlo simulation valuation model, considering various potential outcomes and scenarios. The model used the following assumptions:(i) dividend yield of 0%; (ii) expected volatility of 99.99%; (iii) risk-free interest rate of 3.89%; (iv) discount rate of 42.95%; (v) simulated term of 1.92 years; (vi) estimated fair value of the shares of $0.45 per share; and (vii) various probability assumptions related to down round price adjustments. Subsequent changes in fair value are recognized in the statement of operations for each reporting period. The issuance costs for the convertible Lind Note, along with the allocated fair values of both the Lind Warrants and the bifurcated embedded derivative liability, were collectively treated as a debt discount. The debt discount is amortized to interest expense over the term of the Note using the effective interest method.

e) Convertible Note Payable (continued)

Estimated future minimum principal payments of the convertible note payable for the next five years consists of the following as of September 30, 2025:

f) Collaborative Agreement Obligations

In 2018, the Company entered into a research collaboration agreement with the University of Taiwan for a three-year research period for a cost to the Company of up to $2.55 million payable over such period. As of September 30, 2025, $510,000 is due and payable by the Company under this agreement.

In 2022, the Company entered into a sponsored research agreement with The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center to evaluate the role of neutrophil extracellular traps ("NETs") in cancer patients with sepsis for a cost to the Company of $245,319. As of September 30, 2025, $245,319 is still to be paid by the Company under this agreement.

In July 2023, the Company entered into a research agreement with Xenetic Biosciences Inc and CLS Therapeutics Ltd to evaluate the anti-tumoral effects of Nu.Q® CAR T cells for a cost to the Company of $107,589. As of September 30, 2025, $81,447 is due and payable by the Company under this agreement and as of September 30, 2025, $81,447 is due by the Company under this agreement.

In August 2023, the Company entered into a project research agreement with Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust to evaluate the practical clinical utility of the Nu.Q®H3.1 nucleosome levels in adult patients with sepsis to facilitate early diagnosis and prognostication for a cost to the Company of $130,928. As of September 30, 2025, $130,928 is still to be paid by the Company under this agreement. As of September 30, 2025, $21,821 is due by the Company under this agreement.

In January 2024, the Company entered into an agreement with the University Medical Centre Amsterdam (“UMC”), to perform a retrospective study to evaluate the diagnostic potential of the Nu.Q®H3.1 nucleosomes as diagnostic, prognostic and phenotyping biomarkers in sepsis for a cost to the Company of $0. As of September 30, 2025, $0 is still to be paid by the Company under this agreement. As of September 30, 2025, $0 is due by the Company under this agreement.

f) Collaborative Agreement Obligations (continued)

The Company entered into an agreement with Gustave Roussy a leading cancer centre in Europe that treats patients with all types of cancer to perform and be responsible for the co-ordination of a Non-Interventional Phase IV clinical trial to undertake a Prospective analysis of circulating nucleosomes in patients receiving a first line treatment for a non-Hodgkin lymphoma for a cost to the Company of $119,540. As of September 30, 2025, $119,540 is still to be paid by the Company under this agreement. As of September 30, 2025, $17,928 is due by the Company under this agreement.

In October 2024, the Company entered into an agreement with the National Taiwan University to undertake a clinical research study entitled Validation of Nu.Q biomarker panel in differentiating between high and low risk of cancer in nodules identified by Lung cancer LDCT screening for a cost to the Company of $402,250. As of September 30, 2025, $281,575 is still to be paid by the Company under this agreement. As of September 30, 2025, $120,675 is due by the Company under this agreement.

As of September 30, 2025, the total amount to be paid for future research and collaboration commitments was $1,368,809 and the payments remaining were as follows:

g) Other Commitments

Belgian Volition

In connection with the acquisition of the Company’s former subsidiary, Volition Germany GmbH, the Company entered into a royalty agreement with the founder providing for the payment of royalties in the amount of 6% of net sales of Volition Germany’s nucleosomes as reagents to pharmaceutical companies for use in the development, manufacture and screening of molecules for use as therapeutic drugs for a period of five years post-closing. Volition Germany has been dissolved and its assets transferred to Belgian Volition.

As of September 30, 2025, $229 is payable under the 6% royalty agreement on sales to date towards the Company’s aggregate minimum royalty obligation of $129,064.

VolitionRx

On February 5, 2025, the Company entered into a 9-month loan agreement with First Insurance Funding for a maximum of $294,603 with fixed interest rate of 7.82%, maturing in November 2025. As of September 30, 2025, the maximum has been drawn down under this agreement and the principal balance payable was $64,993. The agreement is in relation to the directors and officers insurance policy.

h) Legal Proceedings

In the ordinary course of business, the Company may be subject to claims, counter-claims, lawsuits and other litigation of the type that generally arise from the conduct of its business. The Company knows of no legal proceedings which the Company believes will have a material adverse effect on its financial position.

i) Commitments in Respect of Corporate Goals and Performance-Based Awards

As of September 30, 2025, the Company has recognized total compensation expense of $1,522,980 of which $527,940 is in relation to RSUs from grants in 2022 that vested in 2023, $516,039 is in relation to RSUs from such grants that vested in 2024, and $479,001 is in relation to RSUs from such grants that will vest in 2025. The Company has unrecognized compensation expense of $1,505 in relation to such RSUs, based on the outcomes related to the prescribed performance targets on the outstanding awards.

As of September 30, 2025, the Company had recognized total compensation expense of $606,864. The Company has unrecognized compensation expense of $65,511 in relation to the RSUs from grants in 2023, of which, $0 in relation to RSUs that will vest in 2025, and $65,511 in relation to RSUs that will vest in 2026 subject to the outcomes related to the prescribed performance targets on the outstanding awards.

Effective March 17, 2025, the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors approved the granting of cash bonuses of up to two months’ gross salary to the salaried employees of the Company and its affiliates, payable upon the achievement by the Company or its affiliates of various corporate goals focused around licensing, revenue, cost reduction and non-dilutive funding. Pursuant to the terms of the grants, the Company would pay a cash bonus to such award recipients in their January 2026 monthly payroll upon the achievement of the corporate goals provided that the bonus recipient commenced employment prior to October 1, 2025 and continued employment until at least December 31, 2025, at the sole discretion of both the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer.

i) Commitments in Respect of Corporate Goals and Performance-Based Awards (continued)

Effective March 17, 2025, the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors approved the granting of RSUs of 2,868,000 shares of common stock under the 2024 Plan, payable upon the achievement of various corporate goals focused around licensing, revenue, cost reduction and non-dilutive funding, to various personnel including directors, executives, members of management, consultants and employees of the Company and/or its subsidiaries in exchange for services provided to the Company. Pursuant to the terms of the grants, conditioned upon the achievement by the Company or its affiliates/subsidiaries of one or more of the corporate goals as set forth in the minutes of the Compensation Committee, as determined in the sole discretion of the Compensation Committee, these RSU will vest at a rate of approximately one-third vesting on each of March 17, 2026, March 17, 2027, and March 17, 2028 subject to continued service of the award recipient to the Company through the applicable vesting dates.

As of September 30, 2025, the Company had recognized total compensation expense of $484,380. The Company has unrecognized compensation expense of $979,980 in relation to the RSUs from grants in 2025, of which $224,055 is in relation to RSUs that will vest in 2026, $355,907 in relation to RSUs that will vest in 2027, and $400,018 in relation to RSUs that will vest in 2028 based on the outcomes related to the prescribed performance targets on the outstanding awards.

No****te 9 – Subsequent Events

Settlement of RSUs

On October 4, 2025,282,659 RSUs previously granted to various employees vested and resulted in the issuance of 216,966 shares of common stock with 65,693 shares of common stock withheld for taxes.

On October 6, 2025,5,000 RSUs previously granted to a consultant vested and resulted in the issuance of 5,000 shares of common stock.

On November 1, 2025,101,700 RSUs previously granted to executive officers of the Company or its subsidiaries vested and resulted in the issuance of 81,867 shares of common stock with 19,833 shares of common stock withheld for taxes.

On November 6, 2025,133,334 RSUs previously granted to a director of the Company vested and resulted in the issuance of 133,334 shares of common stock.

2025 Underwritten Offering

On October 10, 2025, the Company entered into an Underwriting Agreement (the “Underwriting Agreement”) with Newbridge Securities Corporation (the “Underwriter”), relating to an underwritten public offering of 11,550,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, together with accompanying common stock purchase warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 11,550,000 shares of Common Stock (the “Closing Warrants”). Each share of common stock was offered and sold together with an accompanying common stock warrant to purchase one share of common stock at a combined offering price to the public of $0.52, including $0.01 per common stock warrant, less an underwriting discount of 7.0% (the “Offering”). Pursuant to the terms of the Underwriting Agreement, the Company also granted the Underwriter a 30-day option (the “Over-Allotment Option”) to purchase up to an additional 1,732,500 shares of common stock (the “Option Shares”), as well as accompanying common stock purchase warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 1,732,500 shares of common stock (the “Option Warrants” and collectively with the Closing Warrants, the “Warrants”) at the same combined offering price to the public.

On November 7, 2025, the Company and the Underwriter entered into an amendment to the Underwriting Agreement (the “Amendment”), to modify the terms of the Over-Allotment Option. The Amendment permits the Underwriter, in its sole discretion, to exercise the Over-Allotment Option with respect to solely Option Shares, solely Option Warrants, or any combination thereof, rather than only as a combined exercise for both Option Shares and Option Warrants together. Concurrently with the execution of the Amendment, the Underwriter exercised its Over-Allotment Option to purchase 1,194,000 Option Shares and 1,732,500 Option Warrants at the price to public as in the Offering, allocated as $0.51 per share and $0.01 per warrant, less an underwriting discount of 7.0%.

The Warrants have an exercise price of $0.60 per share, subject to adjustment as provided for therein, are exercisable immediately and are exercisable for a period of five years from the closing of the Offering. The Warrants may only be exercised on a cashless basis if there is no registration statement registering, or the prospectus contained therein is not available for, the issuance of the shares underlying the Warrants to the holder. The Company is prohibited from effecting an exercise of any Warrants to the extent that such exercise would result in the number of shares of Common Stock beneficially owned by such holder and its affiliates exceeding 4.99% (or 9.99% at election of the holder) of the total number of shares of common stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the exercise, which percentage may be increased or decreased at the holder’s election not to exceed 9.99%. The Company also entered into a warrant agent agreement with the Company’s transfer agent, VStock Transfer LLC (the “Warrant Agent”), to act as warrant agent for the Company, setting forth certain terms and conditions with respect to the Warrant Agent’s service as warrant agent for the Warrants.

No****te 9 – Subsequent Events (continued)

2025 Underwritten Offering (Continued)

The Company reimbursed the Underwriter for up to $100,000 of its reasonable, necessary, and documented out-of-pocket expenses incurred in connection with the Offering, including the fees and expenses of counsel to the Underwriter.

Pursuant to the Underwriting Agreement, the Company also issued to the Underwriter warrants to purchase up to an aggregate 929,775 shares of common stock, or 7.0% of the number of Shares sold in the Offering, assuming the overallotment option is exercised in full (the “Underwriter Warrants”), at an exercise price of $0.63 per share. The Underwriter Warrants are in substantially the same form as the Warrants and are exercisable at any time during the period commencing six months after their issuance and expire five years after the date of the closing of the Offering. In connection with the Underwriter’s exercise of the Over-Allotment Option, the Company issued to the Underwriter an additional 83,580 Underwriter Warrants, or 7.0% of the number of 1,194,000 Option Shares sold in the Over-Allotment Option.

The Offering is being made pursuant to the 2025 Form S-3.

Certain directors and officers agreed to purchase an aggregate of 254,229 shares and accompanying warrants in the Offering on the same terms offered to the public. The Offering closed on October 14, 2025.

Net proceeds to the Company from the Offering were approximately $5.4 million after deducting estimated Offering expenses payable by the Company and assuming no exercise of the Warrants. Following the Underwriter’s partial exercise of the Over-Allotment Option and purchase of the Option Shares and Option Warrants on November 7, 2025, the Company received an additional $582,426 in net proceeds after deducting expenses payable.

END NOTES TO FINANCIALS