Enphase Energy Inc

Our Company

We are a global energy technology company originally founded in March 2006. We deliver smart, easy-to-use solutions that manage solar generation, storage and communication on one platform. Our intelligent microinverters work with virtually every solar panel made, and when paired with our smart technology, results in one of the industry’s best-performing clean energy systems.

Today, our intelligent microinverters work with virtually every solar panel made, and when paired with our award-winning smart battery technology, results in one of the industry's best-performing clean energy systems. For the first time in the evolution of our centuries-old grid, people can get paid for the clean energy they produce and share with their communities, helping to build a new energy future that harnesses the sun. This clean, free, abundant source of energy can power our lives and ultimately help replace fossil fuels altogether. We have shipped more than 73.0 million microinverters, and approximately 4.0 million Enphase residential and commercial systems have been deployed in more than 150 countries.

We design, develop, manufacture and sell home energy solutions that manage energy generation, energy storage and control and communications on one intelligent platform. We have revolutionized the solar industry by bringing a systems approach to solar technology and by pioneering a semiconductor-based microinverter that converts energy at the individual solar module level and, combined with our proprietary networking and software technologies, provides advanced energy monitoring and control. This is vastly different than a string inverter system using string modules, whether with or without an optimizer, which only converts the energy of the entire array of solar modules from a single high voltage electrical unit and lacks intelligence about the energy producing capacity of the solar array.

The Enphase® Energy System™ brings a high technology, networked approach to solar generation plus energy storage, by leveraging our design expertise across power electronics, semiconductors and cloud-based software technologies. Our integrated approach to energy solutions maximizes a home’s energy potential while providing advanced monitoring and remote maintenance capabilities. The Enphase Energy System uses a single technology platform for seamless management of the entire system, including IQ® Microinverters, IQ® Batteries, IQ® EV Charger, and other hardware. Installers use the Installer App to rapidly commission system components, and system owners may use the Enphase App to monitor their energy production, consumption, and storage. We have a built-in system redundancy in both photovoltaic (“PV”) generation and energy storage, eliminating the risk that comes with a single-point of failure. Further, the nature of our cloud-based, monitored system allows for remote firmware and software updates, that allows cost-effective remote maintenance and ongoing utility compliance.

We have transitioned from solar only systems to complete energy management solutions, which consist of solar, batteries, load control, electrical vehicle (“EV”) charging, compatibility with third-party generators, and grid services. This transition has contributed to the rising global interest in the full electrification of homes and businesses through renewable sources of energy.

Our Strategy

Our objective is to build best-in-class home energy systems and deliver them to homeowners through our installer and distribution partners, enabled by a comprehensive digital platform. Key elements of our strategy include:

•Best-in-class customer experience. Our value proposition is to deliver products that are productive, reliable, smart, simple and safe, with superior customer service, to enable homeowners’ storage and energy independence. On the service front, our installer, distributor and module partners are our first line of association with our ultimate customer, the homeowner and business user. Our goals are to partner better with these service providers so that we can provide exceptional, high quality service to homeowners who have installed our products. We are convinced that continued reinforcement of customer experience improvements by providing 24x7 support can be a competitive advantage for us.

•Grow market share worldwide. We intend to capitalize on our market leadership in the microinverter category and our momentum with installers and homeowners to expand our market share position in our core markets. In addition, we intend to further increase our market share in the Europe, Asia Pacific and Latin America regions. Further, we intend to expand into new markets, including emerging markets, with new and existing products and local go-to-market capabilities.

•Expand our product offerings. We distinguish ourselves from other inverter companies with our systems-based and high technology approach, as we continue to invest in research and development to develop all components of our home energy management systems and remain committed to providing our customers and partners with best-in-class power electronics, storage solutions, communications and load control, all managed by a cloud-based home energy management system.

•Increase power and efficiency and reduce cost per watt. Our engineering team is focused on continuing to increase average power conversion efficiency and alternating current (“AC”) output power in order to pair with higher rated direct current (“DC”) modules while reducing costs per watt.

•Increase storage energy density and reduce installation time and cost per kWh. Our engineering team is focused on increasing the energy density of our battery capacity, quality and reducing installation time and cost per kilowatt hour (“kWh”) to make solar-plus-storage resilient, sustainable and affordable for the masses.

•Focus on the homeowner, distributor and installer partners. We are focused on making it easier for our distributors, installers and customers to do business and generating revenue through digitalization of the business-to-business and business-to-customer process of the distributor, installer and customer journey. Our key focus is to expand our digital presence through enhancing our array of tools on our digital platform to keep us continually connected with our installers and homeowners, as well as increasing the use of the online store significantly.

Our Products

The Enphase Energy System, powered by IQ Microinverters, IQ Batteries and other products and services, is an integrated solar, storage and energy management offering that enables self-consumption and delivers our core value proposition of yielding more energy, simplifying design and installation, and improving system uptime and reliability.

IQ Microinverters. We now ship IQ8™ series microinverters into 21 countries worldwide. We are also shipping IQ8 Microinverters with peak output power of 480 W AC for the small-commercial market in North America, and grid-tied applications in South Africa, Mexico, Brazil, and India. The new IQ8 Microinverters are designed to maximize energy production and can manage a continuous DC current of 14 amperes, supporting higher powered solar modules through increased energy harvesting.

The Enphase IQ8 microinverter-based system has been certified by UL, a global safety science leader, to a UL certification that meets the new North American safety and grid interconnection standards for connecting solar inverters, energy storage systems and distributed energy resources to the grid in compliance with IEEE 1547-2018 and IEEE 1547-1 2020.

In November 2023, we introduced our new IQ8 Microinverter, IQ8P-3P™, for the small commercial solar market in North America. The IQ8P-3P Microinverter enables a peak output power of up to 480 W, supporting small three-phase commercial applications and newer, high-powered solar panels.

IQ Batteries. Our Enphase IQ Battery storage systems, with usable and scalable capacity of 10.1 kWh and 3.4 kWh for the United States, and 10.5 kWh and 3.5 kWh for Europe and other international countries, are based on our Ensemble OS™ energy system, which powers the world’s first grid-independent microinverter-based storage systems. We currently ship our Enphase IQ Battery storage systems to customers in North America, Belgium, Germany, Austria, France, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Spain, Portugal, Sweden, Denmark, and Greece. Enphase IQ Batteries in Europe can be installed with both single-phase and three-phase third-party solar energy inverters, enabling homeowners to upgrade their existing home solar systems with a residential battery storage solution that reduces costs while providing increased self-reliance.

In May 2023, we introduced our latest Enphase Energy System, which features the new IQ® Battery 5P and IQ8 Microinverters. The IQ Battery 5P is modular with 5 kWh capacity and the IQ8 Microinverters provide a peak output power of 384 W. The IQ Battery 5P is also available for customers in Australia, the United States, Puerto Rico, the United Kingdom, Italy and Australia. The IQ Battery 5P is modular by design and is designed to deliver 3.84 kW continuous power and 7.68 kW peak power, which allows homeowners to start heavy loads like air conditioners easily during power outages.

Our IQ® Load Controller for our Enphase IQ Battery storage systems allow homeowners to decide what gets power in their home in the event of a grid outage, with the ability to choose up to four loads. These loads will be on when the grid is present and shed automatically in the event of a grid failure. This product makes installation simpler and saves time for installers.

Electric Vehicle (“EV”) Chargers. The increasing penetration of EVs has implications for home energy management, as households not only consume significantly more power with an EV, but also have a large battery that can be used for both backup and grid service. In the first quarter of 2023, we began production shipments of Enphase branded EV chargers at our existing contract manufacturing facility in Mexico. We expect this move could help to meet the rapidly growing demand for reliable and affordable EV charging solutions by providing a greater supply of product and more predictable lead times. Our EV chargers are compatible with most EVs sold in North America. Customers are able to purchase Enphase-branded EV chargers with a charging power range between 32 amperes and 64 amperes.

In January 2023, we demonstrated our bidirectional EV charger technology enabling vehicle-to-home and vehicle-to-grid functionality. This new bidirectional EV charger is designed to leverage the power of grid forming IQ8 Microinverters and Ensemble OS energy management technology to seamlessly integrate into Enphase home energy systems, and can be controlled from the Enphase App, empowering homeowners to make, use, save, and sell their own power.

In June 2023, we introduced the IQ® Energy Router family of devices in Germany and Austria to enable the integration of select third-party EV chargers and heat pumps into Enphase solar and battery systems. The IQ Energy Router family of devices monitors and controls energy usage between an Enphase solar and battery system, EV chargers and heat pumps. The devices work in coordination with the Enphase Energy System and deploy artificial intelligence-based solar production forecasting, consumption forecasting, and an optimization engine to maximize self-consumption.

In October 2023, we launched our smart Enphase IQ EV Chargers in the United States and Canada. The IQ EV Charger is Wi-Fi-equipped and includes smart control and monitoring capabilities. The IQ EV Charger is designed to seamlessly integrate into our solar and battery system to help homeowners maximize electricity cost savings by charging directly from solar energy.

Grid Services. We participate in the ConnectedSolutions program, which is an incentive program implemented by two utilities in the Northeast region of the United States to reduce electrical demand during high-use periods. Enphase storage customers in Connecticut, Massachusetts and Rhode Island can sign-up, monitor, track money earned and control participation in the program using the Enphase App. We also participate in the Hawaiian Electric’s Battery Bonus grid services program that offers an incentive for homeowners on the island of Oahu to install a new home battery. And we participate in the Arizona Public Service residential battery services program, which offers homeowners who install Enphase IQ Batteries in its service territory the chance to participate and earn money through one-time, upfront incentives. In addition, the Vermont-based utility Green Mountain Power (“GMP”)

offers Enphase Energy Systems to its customers in a cutting-edge battery lease grid services pilot program. Homeowners can also enroll in GMP’s “Bring Your Own Device” grid services program, which allows customers with their own Enphase Energy Systems to participate and earn an up-front incentive. These grid services programs allow utilities to leverage IQ Batteries instead of turning on polluting peaker plants, while generating an income stream for the IQ Battery owner. Although these programs do not drive material revenues, we continue to believe that facilitating grid services participation for our customers can reduce the lifetime cost of IQ Batteries and help drive increased demand for our Enphase Energy Systems.

In December 2022, Pacific Gas & Electric Company (“PG&E”) and Enphase announced the launch of a fixed power solutions pilot program, Residential Storage Initiative, in which PG&E is providing free Enphase IQ Battery storage systems to approximately 100 low-income residential customers that have been the most frequently impacted by outages as a result of PG&E’s Enhanced Powerline Safety Settings. Customers participating in the pilot are auto enrolled in the PG&E Power Saver Rewards program, where they can earn money and help California avoid power interruptions by reducing consumption and utilizing energy stored in their battery systems during times of high demand.

In December 2023, we announced our expanded support for virtual power plants through grid services programs across the United States powered by the IQ Battery. Through the PG&E Emergency Load Reduction Program, California homeowners in PG&E territory who install Enphase IQ Batteries and enroll in the program could earn money from PG&E for using the electricity stored in their IQ Batteries to help reduce demand on the grid during peak load periods. Homeowners with IQ Batteries can also now enroll in Public Service Enterprise Group Long Island’s Battery Storage Rewards Program and Connecticut’s Energy Storage Solutions Program.

Enphase® Installer Platform. We are now offering Solargraf SM, our cloud-based solar and battery design, proposal software and permitting services for both residential and commercial customers. Solargraf is offered in the United States, Canada, Brazil, Germany and Austria for residential customers and in select regions for commercial customers.

We also offer a predictive software platform dedicated to simplifying the cleantech service landscape by matching cleantech asset owners to a local and on-demand workforce of service providers. In addition, we offer another software platform designed to provide high quality leads to solar installers, with the objective of increasing lead volumes and conversion rates to help drive down the customer acquisition costs for installers.

Customers and Sales

We currently offer solutions targeting the residential and commercial markets in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Europe, Australia, New Zealand, India, Brazil, the Philippines, Thailand, South Africa and certain other Central American and Asian markets. We sell primarily to solar distributors who combine our products with others, including solar modules products and racking systems, and resell to installers in each target region. In addition to our solar distributors, we sell directly to select large installers, original equipment manufacturers (“OEM”) and strategic partners. Our OEM customers include solar module manufacturers who integrate our microinverters with their solar module products and resell to both distributors and installers. Strategic partners include a variety of companies, including industrial equipment suppliers and providers of solar financing solutions. We also sell certain products and services to homeowners, primarily in support of our warranty services and legacy product upgrade programs, via our online store. In the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, one customer accounted for approximately 40%, 37% and 34%, respectively, of our total net revenues. Our revenue generated from the United States market has represented 64%, 76% and 80% of our total net revenues for the annual periods ended on December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, as we work to expand our international business.

Competition

The markets for our products are highly competitive and we compete with central and string inverter manufacturers, storage system manufacturers and new technologies that compete with our business. The principal areas in which we compete with other companies include:

•product performance and features;

•total cost of ownership;

•breadth of product line;

•local sales and distribution capabilities;

•module compatibility and interoperability;

•reliability and duration of product warranty;

•technological expertise;

•brand recognition;

•customer service and support;

•compliance with industry standards and certifications;

•compliance with current and planned local electrical codes;

•integration with storage offerings;

•size and financial stability of operations;

•size of installed base; and

•local manufacturing and product content.

In an installation consisting of a traditional central inverter, the solar PV modules are connected in series strings. In a large installation, there are multiple series strings connected in parallel. The aggregated voltage from each of these strings is then fed into a large central inverter. We believe that traditional string inverters have a number of design and performance challenges limiting innovation and their ability to reduce the cost of solar power systems, including the following:

•Productivity limits. If solar modules are wired using a traditional central inverter—a group or “string” of modules are wired in series, and an entire string’s output is limited by the output of the lowest-performing module. Because of its string design, there is a single point of failure risk with the traditional string inverter approach.

•Relia bility issues. Traditional string inverters are the single most common component of solar installations to fail, resulting in system downtime and adversely impacting total energy output. As a result, string inverters typically carry warranties of only 5 to 12 years.

•Complex design and installation requirements. The string inverter-based solar PV installation requires greater effort on the part of the installer, both in terms of design and on-site labor. String inverter installations require string design and calculations for safe and reliable operation, as well as specialized equipment such as DC combiners, conduits and disconnects. In addition, the use of high-voltage DC requires specialized knowledge and training and safety precautions to install string inverter technology.

•Safety issues. String inverter solar PV installations have a wide distribution of high-voltage (600 volts to 1,000 volts) DC wiring. If damaged, DC wires can generate sustained electrical arcs, reaching temperatures of more than 5,000°F. This creates the risk of fire for solar PV installation owners and injury for installers and maintenance personnel.

These challenges of traditional string inverters have a direct impact on the cost and expected return on investment of solar installations to both installers and system owners:

•Installer. Solar PV installers aim for simple installation design, fast installation times and maximum system performance and predictability. The installation of high-voltage DC string inverter technology, however, requires significant preparation, precautionary safety measures, time-consuming string calculations, extensive design expertise and specialized installation equipment, training and knowledge. Together, these factors significantly increase complexity and cost of installation and limit overall productivity for the installer.

•System owner. Solar power system owners aim for high energy production, low cost, high reliability, and low maintenance requirements, as well as reduced fire risks. With traditional string inverters, owners often are unable to optimize the size or shape of their solar PV installations due to string design limitations. As such, they experience performance loss from shading and other obstructions, can face frequent system failures and lack the ability to effectively monitor the performance of their solar PV installation. In addition, string inverter installations operate at high-voltage DC, which bears significant fire risks. Further, due to their large size, string inverter installations can affect architectural aesthetics of the house or commercial building.

Several of our existing and potential competitors are significantly larger than us and may have greater financial, marketing, distribution and customer support resources and may have significantly broader brand recognition, especially in certain markets. In addition, some of our competitors have more resources and experience in developing or acquiring new products and technologies and in creating market awareness for these offerings.

Competitors in the inverter market include, among others, SolarEdge Technologies, Inc. (“SolarEdge”), Tesla, Inc. (“Tesla”), Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd., (“Huawei”), Sungrow Power Supply Co., Ltd., Growatt New Energy Co., Ltd and other companies offering string inverters with and without solar optimizers. We believe that our microinverter solutions offer significant advantages and competitive differentiation relative to traditional central or string inverter technology, even when supplemented by DC-to-DC optimizers on the roof.

Competitors in the storage market include Tesla, SolarEdge, Huawei, LG Chem, BYD and other producers of battery cells and integrated storage systems market. Competitors in the EV charger market include Wallbox, ChargePoint Holdings, Inc., Tesla, JuiceBox and EVBox, among others.

Manufacturing, Quality Control and Supply Chain Management

We utilize a sourcing strategy that emphasizes global procurement of materials and product manufacturing in lower cost regions. We outsource the manufacturing of our products to third-party contract manufacturers. Flex Ltd. and affiliates (“Flex”), Salcomp Plc. and affiliates (“Salcomp”), and Sunwoda Electric Co. Ltd. (“Sunwoda”) assemble and test our microinverters, IQ Battery storage systems and IQ Gateway products. Prices for such services are agreed to by the parties on a quarterly basis, and we are obligated to purchase manufactured products and raw materials that cannot be resold upon the termination of the corresponding agreement. Flex also provides receiving, kitting, storage, transportation, inventory visibility and other value-added logistics services at locations managed by Flex. Hong Kong Sinbon Industrial Limited manufactures our custom AC cables. Amperex Technology Limited and A123 Systems LLC supply lithium-ion batteries to help increase our available capacity. In addition, we rely on several unaffiliated companies to supply certain components used in the fabrication of our products.

Our relationships with Flex, Salcomp and Sunwoda provide us with strategic manufacturing capabilities and flexibility. During the fiscal year 2023, we began shipments of microinverters from our contract manufacturers in the United States. Moving manufacturing to the United States allows us to take advantage of the benefits of the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (the “IRA”) as well as help us better serve our customers by cutting down delivery times and diversifying our supply chain.

In the first quarter of 2023, we began production shipments of Enphase branded EV chargers at our existing contract manufacturing facility in Mexico. We expect this move could help to meet the rapidly growing demand for reliable and affordable EV charging solutions by providing a greater supply of product and more predictable lead times.

In the fourth quarter of 2023, we implemented a restructuring plan (the “2023 Restructuring Plan”) to reduce our operating costs, and better align our cost structure with current market conditions, strategic priorities and our ongoing commitment to profitable growth. As part of the 2023 Restructuring Plan, we plan to cease operations at our contract manufacturing locations in Romania and in Wisconsin, United States, and resize our other contract manufacturing sites.

Customer Service

We continue to cultivate an organizational focus on customer satisfaction and are committed to providing a best-in-class customer experience. We maintain high levels of customer engagement through our customer support group, Enphase community, and the Enphase App. We significantly improved features in Service Manager™, which installers can use from their mobile devices to get service instantly. We continue to provide 24/7 support for installers and Enphase system owners globally across our phone, online chat and email communications channel. We continue to train our customer service agents with a goal of reducing average customer wait times to under one minute, and we continue to expand our network of field service technicians in the United States, Europe and Australia to provide direct homeowner assistance. Our Net Promoter Score (commonly referred to as “NPS”) improved to 76% in 2023 from 69% in 2022 as a result of multiple customer service initiatives.

Research and Development

We plan to continue to devote substantial resources to research and development with the objective of developing new products and systems and increasing the value or reducing the cost of existing products and systems. Our research and development roadmap identifies new product features and defines improvement targets for existing products that enhance the benefit of our energy management solutions to our customers and support our growth plans. We measure the effectiveness of our research and development using metrics that include product cost, performance and reliability, homeowner and installer experience, as well as development cost and performance to schedule.

Intellectual Property

We operate in an industry in which innovation, investment in new ideas and protection of our intellectual property rights are critical for success. We protect our technology through a variety of means, including through patent, trademark, copyright and trade secrets laws in the United States and similar laws in other countries, confidentiality agreements and other contractual arrangements. As of December 31, 2023, we have approximately 401 global patents and 264 pending patent applications. Our patents are expiring on an ongoing basis between the present and 2044, but there is not a material portion of our patent portfolio expiring in the near future.

We have licensed certain technologies for application in hardware and software in our products. Such licenses are generally fully-paid, royalty-free licenses. Given the volume and pace of new patents worldwide, it may become necessary in the future to license intellectual property on terms that are yet unknown to us, and that may be less favorable than licenses in the past. In addition, we license open source software from various third parties for use in hardware and software. Such open source software is licensed under open source licenses, and we take efforts to maintain compliance with such licenses.

We continually assess the need for patent protection for those aspects of our technology that we believe provide significant competitive advantages. A majority of our patents relate to DC to AC power conversion, energy storage devices and related energy environments.

With respect to proprietary know-how that is not patentable and processes for which patents are difficult to enforce, we rely on trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements to safeguard our interests. We believe that many elements of our microinverter and storage manufacturing processes involve proprietary know-how, technology or data that are not covered by patents or patent applications, including technical processes, test equipment designs, algorithms and procedures.

We own or have rights to various trademarks and service marks in the United States and in other countries, including Enphase, the Enphase “e”, IQ, and many other marks. We rely on both registration of our marks as well as common law protection where available.

All of our research and development personnel have entered into confidentiality and proprietary information agreements with us. These agreements address intellectual property protection and require our employees to assign to us all of the inventions, designs and technologies they develop during the course of employment with us.

We also require our customers and business partners to enter into confidentiality agreements before we disclose any sensitive aspects of our technology or business plans.

As part of our overall strategy to protect our intellectual property, we may take legal actions to prevent third parties from infringing or misappropriating our intellectual property or from otherwise gaining access to our technology.

Government Regulations

Our business activities are subject to a changing patchwork of laws and regulations that prevail at the federal, state, regional and local levels as well as in foreign jurisdictions. For example, substantially all of our import operations are subject to complex trade and customs laws, regulations and tax requirements such as sanctions orders or tariffs set by governments through mutual agreements or unilateral actions. In addition, the countries in which our products are manufactured or imported may from time to time impose additional duties, tariffs or other restrictions on our imports or adversely modify existing restrictions. Changes in tax policies or trade regulations, the disallowance of tax deductions on imported merchandise, or the imposition of new tariffs on imported products, could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations. Compliance with these laws, rules and regulations has not had, and is not expected to have, a material effect on our capital expenditures and results of operations.

We are also subject to other complex foreign and U.S. laws and regulations related to anti-bribery and corruption laws, antitrust or competition laws, and data privacy and security laws, such as the EU General Data Protection Regulation, among others. We have policies and procedures in place to promote compliance with these laws and regulations. To date, our compliance actions and costs relating to these laws, rules and regulations have not resulted in a material cost or effect on our capital expenditures, earnings or competitive position. Government regulations are subject to change, and accordingly we are unable to assess the possible effect of compliance with future requirements or whether our compliance with such regulations will materially impact our business in the future.

Government Incentives

U.S. federal, state and local government bodies, as well as non-U.S. government bodies provide incentives to owners, distributors, system integrators and manufacturers of solar energy and battery energy storage systems to promote the use of these resources in the form of rebates, tax credits, lower VAT rate and other financial incentives, such as system performance payments, payments for renewable energy credits associated with renewable energy generation and exclusion of solar energy systems from property tax assessments. The market for on‑grid applications, where solar power, possibly coupled with battery storage, is used to supplement a customer’s electricity purchased from the utility network or sold to a utility under tariff, often depends in large part on the availability and size of these government subsidies and economic incentives, which vary by geographic market and from time to time, thus helping to catalyze customer acceptance of solar energy as an alternative to utility-provided power. The disallowance or changes in government subsidies or economic incentives could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations. Among other government-established incentives, net energy metering and related policies have supported the growth of on-grid solar and storage products, and changes to such policies may significantly reduce demand for electricity from our solar and storage service offerings. Net energy metering provides compensation for a customer exporting excess solar generation to the electrical grid.

In August 2022, the IRA was enacted, which includes extension of the investment tax credit (“ITC”) as well as a new advanced manufacturing production tax credit (“AMPTC”), to incentivize clean energy component sourcing and production, including for the production of microinverters. The IRA also included a 10% ITC for solar system components that are manufactured with a minimum threshold of domestic content. The IRA provides an AMPTC on microinverters of 11 cents per alternating current watt, which had a favorable impact to our results of operations in the year ended December 31, 2023. The AMPTC for microinverters decreases by 25% each year beginning in 2030 and ending after 2032. Under the IRA, the ITC was also extended until 2032 to allow a qualifying homeowner to deduct 30% of the cost of installing residential solar systems from their U.S. federal income taxes, thereby returning a material portion of the purchase price of the residential solar system to homeowners. Under the terms of the current extension, the ITC will remain at 30% through the end of 2032, reduce to 26% for 2033, reduce to 22% for 2034, and further reduce to 0% after the end of 2034 for residential solar systems, unless it is extended before that time. We believe the enactment of the IRA is favorable to our overall business.

In December 2022, the California Public Utilities Commission (“CPUC”) approved a new net energy metering policy, called Net Energy Metering 3.0 (“NEM 3.0”), which went into effect starting April 15, 2023. The new policy reduces the compensation earned by solar customers selling extra energy to the grid by a substantial amount. The average export rate in California under NEM 3.0 is approximately $0.05/kWh to $0.08/kWh compared to the prior average of $0.25/kWh to $0.35/kWh under the prior regime, called Net Energy Metering 2.0 (“NEM 2.0”). In November 2023, the CPUC also adopted changes to its Virtual NEM and NEM Aggregation programs that prohibit the netting of import energy charges at multi-meter commercial or agricultural properties with solar energy generated at or adjacent to those properties, except for residential account holders in a multi-family residential property. Both of these policy changes in California reduced demand for solar PV systems in the year ended December 31, 2023 and may continue to do so for future inverter sales. However, the reduction in export compensation under NEM 3.0, coupled with rising utility rates, may encourage deployment of battery energy storage with solar PV systems and mitigate some of the demand reductions.

Seasonality

Historically, the majority of our revenue are from the North American and European regions which experience higher sales of our products in the second, third and fourth quarters and have been affected by seasonal customer demand trends, including weather patterns and construction cycles. The first quarter historically has had softer customer demand in our industry, due to these same factors. Although these seasonal factors are common in the solar sector, historical patterns should not be considered a reliable indicator of our future sales activity or performance.

Environment and Climate Change

We have understood the climate change threat from the beginning and have been creating clean energy technologies needed to directly combat it, protect our environment and enable sustainable development. We recognize our ability to do so rests on our capacity to understand, anticipate and successfully navigate various types of climate risk. Our strategy is advancing solutions to meet any number of climate risk mitigation opportunities – solar energy equipment, battery storage, EV charging, smart load management and integration with grid modernization efforts.

We align our risk assessment and climate strategy with the recommendations of the Taskforce for Climate-Related Financial Disclosures (“TCFD”), as all existing and emerging climate risk disclosure regulations are modeled on this framework. We issued our third TCFD aligned Environmental, Social and Governance Report in 2023 and plan to follow up with another aligned report in 2024.

We believe that sound corporate governance is critical to helping us achieve our goals, including with respect to designing products that address both energy generation and consumption. We continue to evolve a governance framework that exercises appropriate oversight of responsibilities at all levels throughout the company and manages its affairs consistent with high principles of business ethics and advancing a sustainable future for all.

Human Capital Resources

As of December 31, 2023, we had 3,157 full-time employees. Of the full-time employees, 1,218 were engaged in research and development, 1,220 in sales and marketing, 283 in general and administration, 268 in solar system configuration design and permitting services and 168 in manufacturing and operations. Of these employees, 1,002 were in the United States, 1,696 in India, 223 in Europe, 118 in New Zealand, 29 in Australia, 25 in Mexico, 24 in Canada, 24 in China, and 16 in Brazil.

None of our employees are represented by a labor union; however, our employees in France are represented by a collective bargaining agreement. We have not experienced any employment-related work stoppages, and we consider our relations with our employees to be good.

Culture

Supporting our purpose of “Advancing a sustainable future for all,” all employees are expected to uphold the following core values that drive our culture:

•Customer First

•Integrity

•Innovation

•Teamwork

•Quality

These core values are represented by how we work together, how we perform and how we all get rewarded. Values are reinforced in new hire training, culture workshops and everyday interactions.

Talent

Our talent and culture are critical to our success. Our human capital management philosophy and objectives focus on creating a high-performance culture in which our employees deliver, succeed and lead. We achieve our objectives through various employee engagement and talent development efforts. Our employee engagement efforts include our quarterly all-employee town hall meetings, through which we aim to keep our employees well-informed and to increase transparency, and employee engagement surveys, through which we incorporate critical employee feedback into our culture, operations and strategic plans. We have established relationships with top universities worldwide, professional associations and industry groups to build a talent pipeline and established the Enphase Learning Academy to provide employees with on demand relevant technical and professional programs.

We are committed to promoting and cultivating an inclusive and diverse culture that welcomes and celebrates everyone without bias. In addition, we look to actively engage within our communities to foster and attain social equity. We became a corporate sponsor of the non-profit Women in Cleantech and Sustainability and our Chief Executive Officer signed the CEO Action for Diversity & Inclusion pledge. This shows our commitment to advancing diversity and inclusion in the workplace.

Compensation Philosophy

Our compensation philosophy creates the framework for our rewards strategy. We have a pay-for-performance culture that ties compensation to the performance of the individual and our company. We provide competitive compensation programs that focus on the following five key elements:

•Pay-for-performance: Reward and recognize leading contributors and high potential employees by paying market competitive total direct compensation, which includes base salary, quarterly bonus or commission, and stock-based compensation

•External market-based research: Pay levels that are competitive with respect to the labor markets and industries in which we compete for talent

•Internal equity: Maintaining internally consistent and non-discriminatory pay and pay practices

•Fiscal responsibility: Providing programs in line with economic conditions and our company’s financial health

•Legal compliance: Ensure the organization is legally compliant with employee compensation laws in all states and countries in which we operate

Health and Wellness

We invest in our employees through high-quality benefits and various health and wellness initiatives. Our benefits packages provide a balance of protection along with the flexibility to meet the individual needs of our employees. Our global work-from-home policy introduced in response to COVID-19 pandemic was modified to allow employees in certain countries and locations to work in a hybrid mode as business necessitates. Our focus remains on the safety of our employees and business partners, and we strive to protect the health and well-being of the communities in which we operate, in part, by providing technology to our employees, end-customers and business partners to help them do their best work while remote. We expect these business operating conditions will substantially remain in effect throughout 2024. We will continue to actively monitor the situation and we will make further changes to our business operations as may be permitted by federal, state, or local authorities and that we determine are in the best interests of our employees, end-customers, partners, suppliers and stockholders.

Available Information

We file electronically with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act can be accessed on our Investor Relations website at www.investor.enphase.com. Alternatively, you may access these reports at the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. We make available, free of charge, copies of these reports as soon as reasonably practicable after filing these reports with the SEC or otherwise furnishing it to the SEC. The contents of our websites are not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K or in any other report or document we file with the SEC, and any references to our websites are intended to be inactive textual references only.