Live Oak Bancshares Inc

Note 1. Basis of Presentation

Nature of Operations

Live Oak Bancshares, Inc. (collectively with its subsidiaries including Live Oak Banking Company, the “Company”) is a bank holding company headquartered in Wilmington, North Carolina incorporated under the laws of the State of North Carolina in December 2008. The Company conducts business operations primarily through its commercial bank subsidiary, Live Oak Banking Company (the “Bank”). The Bank was organized and incorporated under the laws of the State of North Carolina on February 25, 2008 and commenced operations on May 12, 2008. The Bank specializes in providing lending and deposit related services to small businesses nationwide. A significant portion of the loans originated by the Bank are guaranteed by the Small Business Administration (“SBA”) under the 7(a) Loan Program and the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (“USDA”) Rural Energy for America Program (“REAP”), Water and Environmental Program (“WEP”), Business & Industry (“B&I”) and Community Facilities loan programs. These loans are to small businesses and professionals with what the Bank believes are lower risk characteristics. Industries, or “verticals,” on which the Bank focuses its lending efforts are carefully selected. The Bank also lends more broadly to select borrowers outside of those verticals.

The Company’s wholly owned material subsidiaries are the Bank, Government Loan Solutions, Inc. (“GLS”), Live Oak Grove, LLC (“Grove”), Live Oak Ventures, Inc. (“Live Oak Ventures”), and Canapi Advisors, LLC (“Canapi Advisors”). GLS is a management and technology consulting firm that advises and offers solutions and services to participants in the government guaranteed lending sector. GLS primarily provides services in connection with the settlement, accounting, and securitization processes for government guaranteed loans, including loans originated under the SBA 7(a) loan programs and USDA guaranteed loans. The Grove provides Company employees and business visitors with on-site dining. Live Oak Ventures’ purpose is investing in businesses that align with the Company's strategic initiative to be a leader in financial technology. Canapi Advisors provided investment advisory services to a series of funds (the“Canapi Funds”) focused on providing venture capital to new and emerging financial technology companies. During the third quarter of 2024, the Canapi Funds were restructured and Canapi Advisors voluntarily withdrew as an investment advisor to the funds. As of September 30, 2024, Live Oak Bancshares, Inc. and two Company Directors held carried interest in Canapi Ventures Fund, LP.

The Bank’s wholly owned subsidiaries are Live Oak Number One, Inc., Live Oak Clean Energy Financing LLC (“LOCEF”), Live Oak Private Wealth, LLC (“Live Oak Private Wealth”) and Tiburon Land Holdings, LLC (“TLH”). Live Oak Number One, Inc. holds properties foreclosed on by the Bank. LOCEF provides financing to entities for renewable energy applications. Live Oak Private Wealth provides high-net-worth individuals and families with strategic wealth and investment management services. TLH holds land adjacent to the Bank's headquarters consisting of wetlands and other protected property for the use and enjoyment of the Bank's employees and customers.

The Company generates revenue primarily from net interest income and secondarily through the origination and sale of government guaranteed loans. Income from the retention of loans is comprised principally of interest income. Income from the sale of loans is comprised of loan servicing revenue and revaluation of related servicing rights along with net gains on sales of loans. Offsetting these revenues are the cost of funding sources, provision for credit losses, any costs related to foreclosed assets and other operating costs such as salaries and employee benefits, travel, professional services, advertising and marketing and tax expense. The Company also has less routinely generated gains and losses arising from its financial technology investments predominantly in its Fintech segment.

General

In the opinion of management, all adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of the financial position and results of operations for the periods presented have been included, and all intercompany transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2024. The Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2023 has been derived from the audited consolidated financial statements contained in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, filed with the Securities Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on February 22, 2024 (SEC File No. 001-37497) (the“2023 Form 10-K”). A summary description of the significant accounting policies followed by the Company is set forth in Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in the Company’s 2023 Form 10-K. These Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and footnotes in the Company's 2023 Form 10-K.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with United States (“U.S.”) generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates.

Amounts in all tables in the Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements have been presented in thousands, except percentage, time period, share and per share data or where otherwise indicated.

Business Segments

Operating segments are components of an enterprise about which separate financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. Management has determined that the Company hastwo reportable operating segments: Banking and Fintech, as discussed more fully in Note 11. Segments.

Changes in Accounting Estimates

During the second quarter of 2024, the Company made enhancements to the qualitative framework of the allowance for credit losses. The enhanced framework leverages quantifiable credit risk metrics as well as current and forecasted economic conditions to determine possible portfolio outcomes that are not captured in quantitatively modeled results. The framework continues to consider risk factors which include, but are not limited to, changes in lending policies, economic and business conditions, nature and volume of portfolio, volume and severity of past due loans, value of underlying collateral, concentrations, and prepayment speeds. The result of these changes was not material.

During the third quarter of 2023, the Company changed the valuation techniques used to estimate the fair value of servicing rights and loans measured at fair value as a result of rising interest rates and their impacts on market conditions. The changes included aligning our net servicing income and loan fair value estimates with changes in forward interest rate curves. Loan fair value estimates were also revised to utilize market participant credit loss information. These revisions provide estimates that the Company believes are more representative of fair value while transitioning from unobservable inputs to those that are more observable. These estimate changes were implemented as of July 1, 2023 and resulted in nonrecurring adjustments to increase the estimated value of the servicing asset by $13.7 million and loans measured at fair value by $1.3 million. This adjustment also increased noninterest income by a corresponding $15.0 million.

These refinements have been accounted for as changes in accounting estimates under Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 250, Accounting Changes and Error Corrections, with prospective application beginning in the period of change.

Long-Lived Asset Reclassified to Held for Sale

During the second quarter of 2024, the Company sold an aircraft that was previously reclassified as held for sale. The $6.7 million gain on the sale of the aircraft is reflected in other income on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income.

During the first quarter of 2024, the Company determined that retention of an idle building and accompanying land adjacent to its main campus was not best suited to serve future expansion plans. As a result of this determination, the Company entered into a purchase and sale agreement with a third party with expected total proceeds, net of estimated expenses, of $20.9 million. Accordingly, the $18.5 million carrying amount of the building and land, was considered held for sale, and reclassified from premises and equipment, net to other assets in the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. During the third quarter of 2024, the building and land were sold for a gain of $2.4 million.

Reclassifications

Certain reclassifications have been made to the prior period's condensed consolidated financial statements to place them on a comparable basis with the current year. Net income and shareholders' equity previously reported were not affected by these reclassifications.

Note 2. Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In March 2020, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2020-04 “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting” (“ASU 2020-04”). ASU 2020-04 provides optional guidance for a limited period of time to ease the potential burden in accounting for (or recognizing the effects of) reference rate reform on financial reporting. In December 2022, ASU 2022-06 “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848” was issued deferring the sunset date of Topic 848. As subsequently amended, the guidance in the ASU can be applied by the Company through December 31, 2024. To address the discontinuance of LIBOR, the Company stopped originating variable LIBOR-based loans effective December 31, 2021 and started to negotiate loans using the preferred replacement index, the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) or a relevant duration U.S. Treasury rate. As of March 31, 2024, the Company had transitioned all its LIBOR-based loan exposure to an alternative index. The application of the standard did not have a material effect on the Consolidated Financial Statements.

In June 2022, the FASB issued ASU No. 2022-03 “Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820) Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Restrictions” (“ASU 2022-03”). ASU 2022-03 indicates a contractual sale restriction on equity securities should not be considered in measuring fair value, however, disclosure should be made about such restrictions. The Company adopted the standard on January 1, 2024 with no material effect on its Consolidated Financial Statements.

In March 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-02 “Investments-Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method” (“ASU 2023-02”). ASU 2023-02 permits companies to account for tax equity investments, regardless of the tax credit program from which the income tax credits are received, using the proportional amortization method if certain conditions are met. The Company adopted the standard on January 1, 2024 with no material effect on its Consolidated Financial Statements.

In October 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-06 “Disclosure Improvements - Codification Amendments in Response to the SEC’s Disclosure Update and Simplification Initiative” (“ASU 2023-06”). ASU 2023-06 amends the ASC to incorporate certain disclosure requirements from SEC Release No. 33-10532 - Disclosure Update and Simplification that was issued in 2018. The effective date for each amendment will be the date on which the SEC’s removal of that related disclosure from Regulation S-X or Regulation S-K becomes effective, with early adoption prohibited. The Company does not believe this standard will have a material impact on its Consolidated Financial Statements.

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07 “Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures” (“ASU 2023-07”). ASU 2023-07 improves reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The amendments in this standard will be effective for the Company for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 and subsequent interim periods. The amendments will be applied retrospectively to all prior periods in the Consolidated Financial Statements. The Company is currently evaluating the impact the amendments will have on the Consolidated Financial Statements and related disclosures.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09 “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures” (“ASU 2023-09”). ASU 2023-09 requires enhanced income tax disclosures primarily related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information to provide more transparency by requiring (i) consistent categories and greater disaggregation of information in the rate reconciliation table and (ii) income taxes paid, net of refunds, to be disaggregated by jurisdiction based on an established threshold. The amendments in this standard will be effective for the Company on January 1, 2025. The Company is currently evaluating the impact the amendments will have the Consolidated Financial Statements and related disclosures.

In March 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-01 “Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope Application of Profits Interest and Similar Awards” (“ASU 2024-01”). ASU 2024-01 adds an illustrative example to clarify how an entity should determine whether a profits interest or similar award is within the scope of ASC 718. The amendments in this standard will be effective for the Company on January 1, 2025. The Company does not believe this standard will have a material impact on its Consolidated Financial Statements.

In March 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-02 “Codification Improvements - Amendments to Remove References to the Concepts Statements” (“ASU 2024-02”). ASU 2024-02 removes references to various Concepts Statements in the Codification. The amendments in this standard will be effective for the Company on January 1, 2025. The Company does not believe this standard will have a material impact on its Consolidated Financial Statements.

Note 3. Earnings Per Share

Basic and diluted earnings per share are computed based on the weighted-average number of shares outstanding during each period. Diluted earnings per share reflects the potential dilution that could occur upon the exercise of stock options or upon the vesting of restricted stock grants, any of which would result in the issuance of common stock that would then share in the net income of the Company.

Note 4. Securities

Available-for-Sale

The carrying amount of securities and their approximate fair values are reflected in the following table:

During the three months ended September 30, 2024, four securities totaling $3.7 million were settled. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, six securities totaling $18.5 million were settled, one security totaling $2.5 million was called andone security totaling $3.0 million matured.

During the three months ended September 30, 2023, two mortgage-backed securities totaling $4.3 million were settled. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, four mortgage-backed securities totaling $7.0 million were settled.

Accrued interest receivable on available-for-sale securities totaled $4.0 million and $3.3 million at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, and is included in other assets in the accompanying Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The following tables show debt securities available-for-sale in an unrealized loss position for which an allowance for credit losses has not been recorded, aggregated by investment category and length of time that the individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position.

At September 30, 2024, there were 406 mortgage-backed securities, three U.S. government agencies andtwo municipal bonds in unrealized loss positions for greater than 12 months. There were 15 mortgage-backed securities in unrealized loss positions for less than 12 months. Unrealized losses at December 31, 2023 were comprised of 409 mortgage-backed securities, five U.S. government agencies andtwo municipal bonds in unrealized loss positions for greater than 12 months and 27 mortgage-backed securities in unrealized loss positions for less than 12 months.

These unrealized losses are primarily the result of non-credit-related volatility in the market and market interest rates. Since none of the unrealized losses relate to the issuers' ability to honor redemption obligations, and the Company does not intend to sell the related securities and does not believe it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the securities before recovery of amortized cost, none of the losses have been recognized in the Company’s Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income.

All mortgage-backed securities in the Company’s portfolio at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 were backed by U.S. government sponsored enterprises (“GSEs”).

The following is a summary of investment securities by maturity:

The table above reflects contractual maturities. Actual results will differ as the loans underlying the mortgage-backed securities may prepay sooner than scheduled.

There wereno investment securities pledged at September 30, 2024 or December 31, 2023.

Equity Investments

Equity investments, largely comprised of non-marketable equity investments, are generally accounted for under either the equity method or equity security accounting and are included in other assets in the accompanying Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The below tables provide additional information related to investments accounted for under these two methods.

Equity Method Accounting

The carrying amount and ownership percentage of each equity method investment at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 is reflected in the following table:

Equity Security Accounting

The carrying amount of the Company’s investments in non-marketable equity securities with no readily determinable fair value and amounts recognized in earnings on a cumulative basis as of September 30, 2024 and as of and for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 is reflected in the following table:

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company recognized unrealized gains (losses) on all equity securities held at the reporting date of $383 thousand and $114 thousand, respectively. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recognized unrealized losses on all equity securities held at the reporting date of $1.0 million.

Variable Interest Entities

Variable interests are defined as contractual ownership or other interests in an entity that change with fluctuations in the fair value of an entity's net asset value (a “VIE”). The primary beneficiary consolidates the VIE. The primary beneficiary is defined as the enterprise that has both the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the entity's economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could be significant to the VIE.

Solar Renewable Energy Tax Credit Investments

The Company has equity interests in several limited liability companies that own and operate solar renewable energy projects which are accounted for as equity method investments. Over the course of the investments, the Company will receive federal and state tax credits, tax-related benefits, and excess cash available for distribution, if any. The Company may be called to sell its interest in the limited partnerships through a call option once all investment tax credits have been recognized.

Affordable Housing

The Company has an equity investment in a limited liability company LIHTC that qualifies as an affordable housing project, managed by an unrelated general partner. The Company accounts for the investment under the proportional amortization method. Under this method, an entity amortizes the initial cost of the investment in proportion to the tax credits and other tax benefits received and recognizes the net investment performance as a component of income tax expense. The Company also has equity interests in two limited liability companies that invest in the acquisition, rehabilitation, or new construction of local qualified housing projects which are accounted for as equity method investments.

Canapi Funds

The Company’s limited partnership investments in the Canapi Funds focus on providing venture capital to new and emerging financial technology companies. After the initial commitment and over the course of the investment period, the Company will make capital contributions and receive profit and return of capital distributions as a result of fund performance until the funds wind down.

Non-marketable and Other Equity Investments

The Company also has limited interests in several non-marketable funds, including Small Business Investment Company (“SBIC”) and venture capital funds, which are generally accounted for as equity security investments. After the initial commitment and over the course of the investment period, the Company will make capital contributions and receive profit and return of capital distributions as a result of fund performance until the funds wind down. All investments are generally non-redeemable and distributions are expected to be received through the liquidation of the underlying investments throughout the life of the investment fund.

All above investments meet the criteria of a VIE, however, the Company is not the primary beneficiary of the entities, as it does not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the entities.

The Company’s investment in the unconsolidated VIEs are carried in other assets and the Company’s unfunded capital and other commitments related to the unconsolidated VIEs are carried in other liabilities on the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The Company’s maximum exposure to loss from unconsolidated VIEs includes the investment recorded on the Company’s Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. For solar tax credit investments, the balance sheet figures are net of any impairment recognized, and includes previously recorded tax credits which remain subject to recapture by taxing authorities based on compliance features required to be met at the project level. While the Company believes the potential for loss from these investments is remote, the maximum exposure for LIHTC and solar tax credit investments was determined by assuming a scenario where related tax credits were recaptured.

The following table provides a summary of the VIEs that the Company has not consolidated as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

Note 5. Loans and Leases Held for Investment and Credit Quality

The following tables present total loans and leases held for investment and an aging analysis for the Company’s portfolio segments. Loans and leases are considered past due if the required principal and interest payments have not been received as of the date such payments were due.

Credit Quality Indicators

The Bank uses internal loan and lease reviews to assess the performance of individual loans and leases. Each loan and lease is assigned a risk grade during the origination and closing process. Subsequent to origination, loans and lease risk grades are continually evaluated as information becomes available. The Bank performs an annual review of each borrower's financial performance to validate the accuracy of the assigned risk grade. Additionally, the loan and lease portfolio is subject to annual independent review by an external firm.

Pass: These loans and leases are not impaired and have no known issues that could significantly impact their quality. There are seven categories within the Pass classification depending on the strength of the borrower, including credits that warrant additional management attention but are not currently Special Mention.

Special Mention: These loans and leases show signs of weaknesses in either adequate sources of repayment or collateral. These loans and leases may contain underwriting guideline tolerances and/or exceptions with no mitigating factors; and/or instances where adverse economic conditions develop subsequent to origination that do not jeopardize liquidation of the debt but substantially increase the level of risk.

Substandard: Loans and leases graded Substandard are inadequately protected by current sound net worth, paying capacity of the obligor, or pledged collateral. Loans and leases classified as Substandard must have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt; are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Bank will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. These loans and leases are consistently not meeting the repayment schedule.

The following tables present asset quality indicators by portfolio class and origination year.

The following tables present guaranteed and unguaranteed loan and lease balances by asset quality indicator:

Nonaccrual Loans and Leases

As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 there wereno loans greater than 90 days past due and still accruing. There wasno interest income recognized on nonaccrual loans and leases during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023. Accrued interest receivable on loans totaled $74.7 million and $63.5 million at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, and is included in other assets in the accompanying Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Nonaccrual loans and leases held for investment as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 are as follows:

When a loan or lease is placed on nonaccrual status, any accrued interest is reversed from loan interest income. The following table summarizes the amount of accrued interest reversed during the periods presented:

The following table presents the amortized cost basis of collateral-dependent loans and leases, which are individually evaluated to determine expected credit losses, as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans and Leases

See Note 1. Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in the Company’s 2023 Form 10-K for a description of the methodologies used to estimate the ACL.

The following table details activity in the ACL by portfolio segment allowance for the periods presented:

During the three months ended September 30, 2024, the ACL increased primarily as a result of an increase in specific reserves on loans individually evaluated for impairment. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the ACL increased as a result of specific reserve changes on individually evaluated loans and continued growth of the loan and lease portfolio. Loss rates are adjusted for twelve month forecasted unemployment followed by a twelve-month straight-line reversion period.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the ACL increased as a result of continued loan growth, combined with specific reserve changes on individually evaluated loans and charge-off related impacts. Additionally, during the first quarter of 2023, certain assumptions were refined, drawing more heavily on internal data, in the calculations of PD, LGD, and prepayment rates. These refinements increased the ACL by $1.5 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2023. Loss rates are adjusted for twelve month forecasted unemployment followed by a twelve-month straight-line reversion period.

Loan Modifications for Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty

The Company may agree to modify the contractual terms of a loan to a borrower experiencing financial difficulty as a part of ongoing loss mitigation strategies. These modifications may result in an interest rate reduction, term extension, an other-than-insignificant payment delay, or a combination thereof. The Company typically does not offer principal forgiveness.

The following tables summarize the amortized cost basis of loans that were modified during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023, respectively:

As of September 30, 2024, the Company had $6.3 million in commitments to lend additional funds to these borrowers.

The following table presents an aging analysis of loans that were modified within the twelve months ended September 30, 2024 and September 30, 2023, respectively:

The following tables summarize the financial impacts of loan modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty during the periods presented:

Additionally, there were no loans that were modified within the twelve months ended September 30, 2024 that subsequently defaulted during the periods presented.

The Company’s ACL is estimated using lifetime historical loan performance adjusted to reflect current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Upon determination that a modified loan, or portion of a modified loan, has subsequently been deemed uncollectible, the uncollectible portion is written off. The amortized cost basis is reduced by the uncollectible amount and the ACL is adjusted by the same amount. As a result, the impact of loss mitigation strategies is captured in the estimates of PD and LGD.

Note 6. Leases

Lessor Equipment Leasing

The Company may purchase new equipment for the purpose of leasing such equipment to customers within its verticals. Equipment purchased to fulfill commitments to commercial renewable energy projects is rented out under operating leases while leases of equipment outside of the renewable energy vertical are generally direct financing leases. Accordingly, leased assets under operating leases are included in premises and equipment, net while leased assets under direct financing leases are included in loans and leases held for investment in the accompanying Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Direct Financing Leases

Interest income on direct financing leases is recognized when earned. Unearned interest is recognized over the lease term on a basis which results in a constant rate of return on the unrecovered lease investment. The term of each lease is generally 3 to 7 years which is consistent with the useful life of the equipment with no residual value. The net investment in direct finance leases included in loans and leases held for investment are as follows:

Future minimum lease payments to be received under finance leases are as follows:

Interest income of $29 thousand and $72 thousand was recognized in the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Interest income of $95 thousand and $211 thousand was recognized in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Operating Leases

The term of each operating lease is generally 10 to 15 years. The Company retains ownership of the equipment and associated tax benefits such as investment tax credits and accelerated depreciation. At the end of the lease term, the lessee has the option to renew the lease fortwo additional terms or purchase the equipment at the then-current fair market value.

Rental revenue from operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. Rental equipment is recorded at cost and depreciated to an estimated residual value on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life. The useful lives generally range from 20 to 25 years and residual values generally range from 20% to 50%, however, they are subject to periodic evaluation. Changes in useful lives or residual values will impact depreciation expense and any gain or loss from the sale of used equipment. The estimated useful lives and residual values of the Company's leasing equipment are based on industry disposal experience and the Company's expectations for future sale prices.

If the Company decides to sell or otherwise dispose of rental equipment, it is carried at the lower of cost or fair value less costs to sell or dispose. Repair and maintenance costs that do not extend the lives of the rental equipment are charged to equipment expense at the time the costs are incurred.

As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had a net investment of $96.0 million and $104.0 million, respectively, in assets included in premises and equipment, net that are subject to operating leases. Of the net investment, the gross balance of the assets was $160.7 million and $162.3 million as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Accumulated depreciation was $64.7 million and $58.3 million as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Depreciation expense recognized on these assets was $2.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023. Depreciation expense recognized on these assets was $7.1 million and $7.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Lease income of $2.3 million and $2.4 million was recognized in the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Lease income of $7.1 million was recognized in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

A maturity analysis of future minimum lease payments to be received under non-cancelable operating leases is as follows:

Note 7. Servicing Assets

Loans serviced for others are not included in the accompanying Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The unpaid principal balance of loans serviced for others requiring recognition of a servicing asset was $3.38 billion and $3.09 billion at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The unpaid principal balance for all loans serviced for others was $4.45 billion and $4.24 billion at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

The following table summarizes the activity pertaining to servicing rights measured at fair value:

See Note 9. Fair Value of Financial Instruments for further details about servicing assets measured at fair value.

The fair value of servicing rights was determined using a weighted average discount rate of 14.5% on September 30, 2024 and 15.0% on September 30, 2023. The fair value of servicing rights was determined using a weighted average prepayment speed of 15.7% on September 30, 2024 and 15.3% on September 30, 2023, with the actual rate depending on the stratification of the specific right. Changes to fair value are reported in loan servicing asset revaluation within the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income.

As of September 30, 2024, the Company had servicing assets related to conventional commercial loans carried at amortized cost of $258 thousand.

Note 8. Borrowings

Total outstanding borrowings consisted of the following:

(1) Includes finance leases.

As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company’s unused borrowing capacity was $3.69 billion and $3.68 billion, respectively, based upon securities and loans identified as available for collateral. Unused borrowing capacity consists of access through the Federal Reserve Bank's discount window, available lines of credit with the Federal Home Loan Bank and other correspondent banks, access to a repurchase agreement, and the Federal Reserve Bank's Bank Term Funding Program which ended March 11, 2024. If additional collateral is available, the Company's aggregate borrowing capacity with all of the above sources is $6.37 billion and $6.28 billion as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Note 9. Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair Value Hierarchy

There are three levels of inputs in the fair value hierarchy that may be used to measure fair value. Financial instruments are considered Level 1 when valuation can be based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2 financial instruments are valued using quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or models using inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data of substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. Financial instruments are considered Level 3 when their values are determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies or similar techniques and at least one significant model assumption or input is unobservable and when determination of the fair value requires significant management judgment or estimation.

Recurring Fair Value

The table below provides a rollforward of the Level 3 equity warrant asset fair values:

The tables below present the recorded amount of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis.

For additional information on the valuation techniques and significant inputs for Level 2 and Level 3 assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis, see Note 10. Fair Value of Financial Instruments in the Company’s 2023 Form 10-K. Additionally, see Note 1. Basis of Presentation of the accompanying Notes to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information related to changes in valuation techniques for the Company's loan servicing assets and loans accounted for under the fair value option.

Fair Value Option

Until the first quarter of 2021, the Company had historically elected to account for retained participating interests of all government guaranteed loans under the fair value option in order to align the accounting presentation with the Company’s viewpoint of the economics of the loans. Interest income is recognized in the same manner on loans reported at fair value as on non-fair value loans, except in regard to origination fees and costs which are recognized immediately upon fair value election. Not electing fair value generally results in a larger discount being recorded on the date of the sale. This discount is subsequently accreted into interest income over the underlying loan’s remaining term using the effective interest method. Management made this change of election in alignment with its ongoing effort to reduce volatility and drive more predictable revenue. In accordance with GAAP, any loans for which fair value was previously elected continue to be measured as such.

There wereno loans accounted for under the fair value option that were 90 days or more past due and still accruing interest at September 30, 2024 or December 31, 2023. The unpaid principal balance of unguaranteed exposure for nonaccruals was $9.5 million and $9.1 million at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

The following tables provide more information about the fair value carrying amount and the unpaid principal outstanding of loans accounted for under the fair value option at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

The following table presents the net gains (losses) from changes in fair value.

Gains and (losses) related to borrower-specific credit risk were $0 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, and $0 and $3.5 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively.

Thefollowing tables summarize the activity pertaining to loans accounted for under the fair value option:

Non-Recurring Fair Value

The tables below present the recorded amount of assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis. The Company has no liabilities recorded at fair value on a non-recurring basis.

For additional information on the valuation techniques and significant inputs for Level 2 and Level 3 assets that are measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis, see Note 10. Fair Value of Financial Instruments in the Company’s 2023 Form 10-K.

Level 3 Analysis

For Level 3 assets measured at fair value on a recurring or non-recurring basis as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurements were as follows:

Estimated Fair Value of Other Financial Instruments

GAAP also requires disclosure of the fair value of financial instruments carried at book value on the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The carrying amounts and estimated fair values of the Company’s financial instruments not measured at fair value on a recurring or non-recurring basis are as follows:

Note 10. Commitments and Contingencies

Litigation

In the normal course of business, the Company is involved in various legal proceedings. Management believes that the outcome of such proceedings will not materially affect the financial position, results of operations or cash flows of the Company.

Financial Instruments with Off-Balance-Sheet Risk

The Company is party to financial instruments with off-balance-sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit. These instruments involve, to varying degrees, credit risk in excess of the amount recognized in the balance sheet.

The Company’s exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to the financial instrument for commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit is represented by the contractual amount of those instruments. The Company uses the same credit policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as for on-balance-sheet instruments. A summary of the Company’s commitments is as follows:

Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Since many of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. The Company evaluates each customer’s creditworthiness on a case-by-case basis. The amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary by the Company upon extension of credit, is based on management’s credit evaluation of the party. Collateral held varies, but may include accounts receivable, inventory, property and equipment, residential real estate and income-producing commercial properties. Commitment letters are issued after approval of the loan by the Credit Department and generally expire ninety days after issuance.

Standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued by the Company to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. Those guarantees are primarily issued to support public and private borrowing arrangements. The credit risk involved in issuing letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved in extending loan facilities to customers. Collateral held varies as specified above and is required in instances which the Company deems necessary.

The allowance for off-balance-sheet credit exposures was $12.4 million and $4.8 million at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company recorded $1.9 million and $7.5 million, respectively, in expense related to the allowance for off-balance sheet credit exposures. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recorded a $161 thousand expense reversal and $3.1 million in expense, respectively, related to the allowance for off-balance sheet credit exposures. Beginning in the second quarter of 2024, this expense was presented in the provision for credit losses. This expense has historically been presented in other expense and that classification remains unchanged for prior periods.

Other Commitments

As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company recorded unfunded commitments to provide capital contributions for on-balance-sheet investments in the amount of $26.4 million and $29.0 million, respectively.

Concentrations of Credit Risk

The distribution of commitments to extend credit approximates the distribution of loans outstanding. The Company generally does not have a significant number of credits to any single borrower or group of related borrowers whereby their retained unguaranteed exposure exceeds $20.0 million, except forforty-four relationships that have a retained unguaranteed exposure of $1.71 billion of which $1.12 billion of the unguaranteed exposure has been disbursed.

Additionally, the Company has future minimum lease payments receivable under non-cancelable operating leases totaling $42.5 million, of which no relationships exceed $20.0 million.

The Company from time-to-time may have cash and cash equivalents on deposit with other financial institutions that exceed federally-insured limits.

Geographic Concentrations

The following table presents the geographic concentration of the Company's loan and lease portfolio at September 30, 2024:

Note 11. Segments

The Company's management reporting process measures the performance of its operating segments based on internal operating structure, which is subject to change from time-to-time. Accordingly, the Company operatestwo reportable segments for management reporting purposes as discussed below:

Banking - This segment specializes in providing financing services to small businesses nationwide in targeted industries and deposit-related services to small businesses, consumers and other customers nationwide. The primary source of revenue for this segment is net interest income and secondarily the origination and sale of government guaranteed loans.

Fintech - This segment is involved in making strategic investments into emerging financial technology companies. The primary sources of revenue for this segment are principally gains and losses on equity method and equity security investments and management fees. The Fintech segment is comprised of the Company's direct wholly owned subsidiaries Live Oak Ventures and Canapi Advisors, and the investments held by those entities, as well as the Bank's investment in Apiture.

The following tables provide financial information for the Company's segments. The information provided under the caption “Other” represents operations not considered to be reportable segments and/or general operating expenses of the Company, and includes the parent company, other non-bank subsidiaries and elimination adjustments to reconcile the results of the operating segments to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements prepared in conformity with GAAP.