MongoDB Inc

1. Organization and Description of Business

MongoDB, Inc. (“MongoDB” or the “Company”) was originally incorporated in the state of Delaware in November 2007 under the name 10Gen, Inc. In August 2013, the Company changed its name to MongoDB, Inc. The Company is headquartered in New York City. MongoDB is the developer data platform company. The foundation of the Company’s offering is the leading, modern general purpose database, which is built on a unique document-based architecture. Organizations can deploy the Company’s database at scale in the cloud, on-premises, or in a hybrid environment. The Company’s robust platform enables developers to build and modernize applications rapidly and cost-effectively across a broad range of use cases. In addition to selling subscriptions to its software, the Company provides post-contract support, training and consulting services for its offerings. The Company’s fiscal year ends on January 31.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) and include the accounts of the Company and all of its wholly owned subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and accounts have been eliminated.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. Such estimates include, but are not limited to, revenue recognition, allowances for doubtful accounts, the period of benefit for deferred contract acquisition costs, the incremental borrowing rate related to the Company’s lease liabilities, stock-based compensation, legal contingencies, fair value of acquired intangible assets and goodwill, useful lives and carrying values of acquired intangible assets and property and equipment, fair value of non-marketable securities and accounting for income taxes. The Company bases these estimates on historical and anticipated results, trends and various other assumptions that it believes are reasonable under the circumstances, including assumptions as to future events.

The global macroeconomic conditions, including slower economic growth, persistent inflation and high interest rate environment, continue to impact demand and supply for a broad variety of goods and services, including demand from the Company’s customers.

Estimates and assumptions about future events and their effects cannot be determined with certainty and therefore require the exercise of judgment. As of the date of issuance of these financial statements, the Company is not aware of any specific event or circumstance that would require the Company to update its estimates, assumptions and judgments or adjust the carrying value of its assets or liabilities. These estimates may change as new events occur and additional information is obtained and are recognized in the consolidated financial statements as soon as they become known. Actual results could differ from those estimates and any such differences may be material to the Company’s financial statements.

Foreign Currency

The functional currency of the Company’s international subsidiaries is either the U.S. dollar or the local currency in which the international subsidiary operates. For foreign subsidiaries where the U.S. dollar is the functional currency, foreign currency denominated monetary assets and liabilities are re-measured into U.S. dollars at current exchange rates and foreign currency denominated non-monetary assets and liabilities are re-measured into U.S. dollars at historical exchange rates. Transaction gains or losses from foreign currency re-measurement and settlements are included in other income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of operations. For foreign subsidiaries where the functional currency is the local currency, the Company uses the exchange rate as of the balance sheet date to translate assets and liabilities and the average exchange rate during the period to translate revenue and expenses into U.S. dollars. Translation gains or losses resulting from translating foreign local currency financial statements into U.S. dollars are included in accumulated other comprehensive loss as a component of stockholders' equity.

Comprehensive Loss

The Company’s comprehensive loss includes net loss, unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale debt securities and foreign currency translation adjustments.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less at the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. The Company maintains such investments primarily in money market funds, which have readily determinable fair values. Money market funds are measured using quoted prices in active markets with changes recorded in other income (expense), net on the consolidated statements of operations.

Marketable Securities

The Company’s short-term investments consist of U.S. government treasury securities. The Company determines the appropriate classification of its short-term investments at the time of purchase and reevaluates such designation at each balance sheet date. The Company has classified and accounted for its short-term investments as available-for-sale debt securities as the Company may sell these securities at any time for use in its current operations or for other purposes, even prior to maturity. As a result, the Company classifies its short-term investments within current assets on the consolidated balance sheets.

Available-for-sale debt securities are recorded at fair value each reporting period. Realized gains and losses are determined based on the individual security level and are reported in other income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of operations. Unrealized gains and losses, net of taxes, on these short-term investments are reported as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive loss on the consolidated balance sheets until realized.

If the estimated fair value of an available-for-sale debt security is below its amortized cost basis, then the Company evaluates for impairment. The Company considers its intent to sell the security or whether it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized basis. If either of these criteria are met, the debt security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through other income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of operations. If neither of these criteria are met, the Company evaluates whether unrealized losses have resulted from a credit loss or other factors. When a credit loss exists, the Company compares the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the debt security with the amortized cost basis of the security to determine what allowance amount, if any, should be recorded. An impairment relating to credit losses is recorded through an allowance for credit losses reported in other income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of operations. The allowance is limited by the amount that the fair value of the debt security is below its amortized cost basis.

For the years ended January 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Company didnot record any impairment charges for its marketable debt securities in its consolidated statements of operations.

Restricted Cash

The Company pledged $0.7 million of collateral as of January 31, 2024 for its lease related letters of credit, and $0.5 million of collateral as of January 31, 2023 for its available credit on corporate credit cards. Restricted cash balances have been excluded from the Company’s cash and cash equivalents balance and are included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets.

Non-marketable Securities

Non-marketable securities consist of debt and equity investments in privately-held companies, which are classified as other assets on the consolidated balance sheets. The Company’snon-marketable debt securities are measured at fair value at each reporting period. The Company’s non-marketable equity securities do not have readily determinable fair values. Under the measurement alternative election, the Company accounts for these non-marketable equity securities at cost and adjusts for observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or similar investment of the same issuer or upon impairment. These securities are not eligible for the net-asset-value practical expedient from fair value measurement. The measurement alternative election is reassessed each reporting period to determine whether the non-marketable securities continue to be eligible for this election.

The Company periodically evaluates its non-marketable equity securities for impairment when events and circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the investment may not be recovered. Impairment indicators may include, but are not limited to, a significant deterioration in earnings performance, credit rating, asset quality or business outlook or a significant adverse change in the regulatory, economic, or technological environment. If the non-marketable equity securities are considered impaired, the Company will record an impairment charge within other income (expense) on its consolidated statements of operations for the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value of the investment. For the years ended January 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Company did not record any material impairment charges related to its non-marketable equity securities in its consolidated statements of operations.

During the years ended January 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company invested $2.1 million and $3.1 million, respectively, of its cash in non-marketable securities of privately-held companies. The Company evaluated its ownership, contractual and other interests of its investments and determined that as of January 31, 2024, there were no variable interest entities required to be consolidated in the Company’s consolidated financial statements, as the Company was not the primary beneficiary and did not have the power to direct activities that most significantly impact the entities’ economic performance. The Company’s maximum loss exposure is limited to the carrying value of these investments.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The Company’s financial instruments consist of cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, accounts receivable, non-marketable securities, accounts payable and accrued liabilities. Cash equivalents are measured at fair value on a recurring basis. Short-term investments classified as available-for-sale debt securities are recorded at fair value. Non-marketable securities consist of debt and equity securities. Non-marketable debt securities are measured at fair value at each reporting period. Accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued liabilities are stated at their carrying value, which approximates fair value due to the short time to the expected receipt or payment date.

Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. The standard establishes a fair value hierarchy, which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The standard describes three levels of inputs, as described below, of which the first two are considered observable and the last unobservable, that may be used to measure fair value:

•Level 1: Observable inputs, such as quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities at the measurement date.

•Level 2: Observable inputs, other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices in active markets for similar assets and liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

•Level 3: Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

Concentration of Credit Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk are primarily cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, short-term investments and accounts receivable. The primary focus of the Company’s investment strategy is to preserve capital and meet liquidity requirements. The Company maintains its cash accounts with financial institutions where, at times, deposits exceed insurance coverage limits. The Company invests its excess cash in highly-rated money market funds and in short-term investments consisting of U.S. government treasury securities.

The Company extends credit to customers in the normal course of business. The Company performs credit analyses and monitors the financial health of its customers to reduce credit risk. The Company does not require collateral from customers to secure accounts receivable. Accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and do not bear interest. The Company records an allowance for doubtful accounts relating to certain trade accounts receivable based on various factors, including the review of credit profiles of its customers, contractual terms and conditions, current economic trends and historical customer payment experience.

As of January 31, 2024 and 2023, no customer represented 10% or more of net accounts receivable. For the years ended January 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, no customer represented 10% or more of revenue.

Software Development Costs

Software development costs for software to be sold, leased, or otherwise marketed are expensed as incurred until the establishment of technological feasibility, at which time those costs are capitalized until the product is available for general release to customers and amortized over the estimated life of the product. Technological feasibility is established upon the completion of a working prototype that has been certified as having no critical bugs and is a release candidate. To date, costs and time incurred between the establishment of technological feasibility and product release have not been material, resulting in software development costs qualifying for capitalization being immaterial. As a result, the Company has not capitalized any related software development costs in any of the periods presented.

Costs related to software acquired, developed, or modified solely to meet the Company’s internal requirements, with no substantive plans to market such software at the time of development, costs related to the development of web-based product, or implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract, are capitalized during the application development stage. Costs incurred during the preliminary planning and evaluation stage of the project and during post implementation operational stage are expensed as incurred. There were no material qualifying costs incurred during the application development stage and the Company did not capitalize any qualifying costs related to computer software developed for internal use, or implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract in the years ended January 31, 2024 and 2023.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are recorded at cost and depreciated using the straight-line method over the following estimated useful lives:

Depreciation commences once the asset is ready for its intended use. Upon retirement or sale, the cost of assets disposed of and the related accumulated depreciation, is removed from the accounts and any resulting gain or loss is reflected in the consolidated statements of operations. There was no material gain or loss incurred as a result of retirement or sale in the periods presented. Repair and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred.

Business Combinations

The Company uses its best estimates and assumptions to assign fair value to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date. The excess of the fair value of purchase consideration over the fair values of the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed is recorded as goodwill. These estimates are inherently uncertain and subject to refinement. During the measurement period, which may be up to one year from the acquisition date, the Company may record adjustments to the fair value of these tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed, with the corresponding offset to goodwill. In addition, uncertain tax positions and tax-related valuation allowances are initially established in connection with a business combination as of the acquisition date. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period or final determination of the fair value of assets acquired or liabilities assumed, whichever comes first, any subsequent adjustments are recorded to the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. Acquisition-related expenses are recognized separately from the business combination and are expensed as incurred.

Leases

The Company determines if an arrangement is, or contains, a lease at inception. An arrangement is or contains a lease if the arrangement conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration.

The Company measures lease liabilities based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term at the lease commencement date. As the Company’s leases generally do not provide an implicit discount rate, the net present value of future minimum lease payments is determined using the Company’s incremental borrowing rate. Options in the lease terms to extend or terminate the lease are not reflected in the lease liabilities unless it is reasonably certain that any such option will be exercised.

The Company measures right-of-use assets at the lease commencement date based on the corresponding lease liabilities adjusted for (i) prepayments made to the lessor at or before the commencement date, (ii) initial direct costs incurred and (iii) certain tenant incentives under the lease. The Company evaluates the recoverability of the right-of-use assets for possible impairment in accordance with the long-lived assets policy.

The Company accounts for lease and non-lease components as a single lease component for all leases. The Company has elected not to recognize right-of-use assets or lease liabilities for leases with an initial lease term of twelve months or less, and instead recognize the associated lease payments for these short-term leases in the consolidated statements of operations on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Lease expenses for minimum lease payments for operating leases are recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Amortization expense of the right-of-use assets for finance leases is generally recognized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the lease term or the useful life of the asset. Interest expense for finance leases is recognized based on the incremental borrowing rate used to determine the finance lease liability. Variable lease payments are expensed as incurred and are not included within the lease liability and right-of-use assets calculation.

Operating leases are reflected in operating lease right-of-use assets, operating lease liabilities and operating lease liabilities, non-current on the consolidated balance sheets. Finance leases are included in property and equipment, net, other accrued liabilities, and other liabilities, non-current on the consolidated balance sheets. Within the consolidated statements of cash flows, the Company classifies all cash payments associated with operating leases within operating activities and for finance leases, repayments of principal are presented within financing activities and interest payments are presented within operating activities.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

The Company evaluates the recoverability of its long-lived assets for possible impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. Recoverability of these assets is measured by a comparison of the carrying amounts to the future undiscounted cash flows the assets are expected to generate. If such review indicates that the carrying amount is not recoverable, the carrying amount of such assets is reduced to fair value. The Company did not record impairment charges related to long-lived assets during the years presented.

In addition to the recoverability assessment, the Company periodically reviews the remaining estimated useful lives of long-lived assets. If the estimated useful life assumption for any asset is changed due to new information, the remaining unamortized balance would be depreciated or amortized over the revised estimated useful life, on a prospective basis.

Goodwill and Other Acquired Intangible Assets

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of net assets acquired in business combinations. Other acquired intangible assets are stated at the fair value acquired as determined by a valuation technique commensurate with the intended use of the related asset. Definite-lived intangible assets are considered long-lived assets and are amortized on a straight-line basis over the periods that expected economic benefits will be provided. Goodwill and any indefinite-lived intangible assets are not amortized; rather, they are evaluated for impairment annually and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the value of the asset may be impaired.

The Company performs its annual impairment analysis in the fourth quarter of each fiscal year. The Company first assesses the qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the Company’s single operating segment is less than its carrying amount as a basis for determining whether it is necessary to perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test. If the Company determines that it is more likely than not that its fair value is less than its carrying amount, then the quantitative goodwill impairment test will be performed. The quantitative goodwill impairment test identifies goodwill impairment and measures the amount of goodwill impairment loss to be recognized by comparing the fair value of the Company’s single operating segment with its carrying amount. If the carrying amount exceeds its fair value, no further analysis is required; otherwise, any excess of the carrying amount over the implied fair value is recognized as an impairment loss and the carrying value of goodwill is written down to fair value. No indicators of impairment of goodwill were identified during the years ended January 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, and accordingly, the Company has not recorded any impairment of goodwill during those periods.

Revenue Recognition

The Company derives its revenue fromtwo sources: (1) the sales of subscriptions, which includes the usage-based database-as-a-service offering and the term license and post-contract customer support (“PCS”); and (2) services revenue comprised of consulting and training arrangements. The Company recognizes revenue when its customer obtains control of promised goods or services in an amount that reflects the consideration that the Company expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. In determining the appropriate amount of revenue to be recognized as it fulfills its obligations under each of its agreements, the Company performs the following steps:

i. Identification of the contract, or contracts, with a customer - The Company contracts with its customers through order forms, which are governed by master sales agreements. The Company determines it has a contract with a customer when the contract is approved, each party’s rights regarding the products or services to be transferred is identified, the payment terms for the services can be identified, the Company has determined the customer has the ability and intent to pay and the contract has commercial substance. The Company applies judgment in determining the customer’s ability and intent to pay, which is based on a variety of factors, including the customer’s historical payment experience or, in the case of a new customer, credit, reputation and financial or other information pertaining to the customer. At contract inception, the Company evaluates whether two or more contracts should be combined and accounted for as a single contract and whether the combined or single contract includes more than one performance obligation. The Company has concluded that its contracts with customers do not contain warranties that give rise to a separate performance obligation.

ii. Identification of the performance obligations in the contract - Performance obligations promised in a contract are identified based on the services or products that will be transferred to the customer that are both (1) capable of being distinct, whereby the customer can benefit from the service or product either on its own or together with other resources that are readily available from third parties or from the Company and (2) distinct in the context of the contract, whereby the transfer of the services or products is separately identifiable from other promises in the contract. To the extent a contract includes multiple promised services or products, the Company applies judgment to determine whether promised services or products are capable of being distinct and distinct in the context of the contract. If these criteria are not met, the promised services or products are combined and accounted for as a single performance obligation.

iii. Determination of the transaction price - The transaction price is determined based on the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring services and products to the customer. Variable consideration is included in the transaction price if, in the Company’s judgment, it is probable that a significant future reversal of cumulative revenue recognized under the contract will not occur. None of the Company’s contracts contain a significant financing component.

iv. Allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract - If the contract contains a single performance obligation, the entire transaction price is allocated to the single performance obligation. For contracts that contain multiple performance obligations, the Company allocates the transaction price to each performance obligation based on a relative standalone selling price (“SSP”) basis. The Company also considers if there are any additional material rights inherent in a contract and if so, the Company allocates a portion of the transaction price to such rights based on SSP. The Company determines each SSP based on multiple factors, including past history of selling such performance obligations as standalone products. The Company estimates SSP for performance obligations with no observable evidence using adjusted market, cost plus and residual methods to establish the SSPs. In cases where directly observable standalone sales are not available, the Company considers observable data points including competitor pricing for a similar or identical product, market and industry data points and the Company’s pricing practices to establish the SSP.

v. Recognition of revenue when, or as, the Company satisfies a performance obligation - The Company recognizes revenue at the time the related performance obligation is satisfied when control of the services or products are transferred to the customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for those services or products. The Company records its revenue net of any value added or sales tax.

Subscription Revenue

The Company sells subscriptions directly through its field and inside sales teams and indirectly through channel partners, as well as through its self-serve channel. The majority of the Company’s subscription contracts are one year in duration and are invoiced upfront or invoiced monthly in arrears. When the Company enters into multi-year subscription contracts, the customer is typically invoiced on an annual basis or pays upfront. The Company’s subscription contracts are generally non-cancelable and non-refundable.

The Company derives subscription revenue from providing its software to customers with its database-as-a-service offering that include comprehensive infrastructure and management of the Company’s database and can also be purchased with additional enterprise features. Performance obligations related to database-as-a-service solutions are recognized on a usage-basis, as the use of this service represents a direct measurement of the value to the customer of the goods or services transferred to date relative to the remaining goods or services promised under the contract.

The Company’s subscription revenue also includes time-based software licenses sold in conjunction with PCS. These subscription offerings are generally priced on a per server basis, subject to a per server random access memory (“RAM”) limit. Performance obligations related to subscription revenue for time-based software licenses include a license portion, which represents functional intellectual property under which a customer has the legal right to the license. The license provides significant standalone functionality and is therefore deemed a distinct performance obligation. License revenue is recognized at a point in time, upon delivery and transfer of control of the underlying license to the customer, which is typically the subscription start date.

Performance obligations related to PCS include unspecified updates, as well as support and maintenance. While separate performance obligations are identified within PCS, the underlying performance obligations generally have a consistent continuous pattern of transfer to a customer during the term of a contract. Revenue from PCS is recognized ratably over the contract duration.

Services Revenue

The Company’s services contracts are generally provisioned on a time-and-materials basis. Revenue is recognized on a proportional performance basis as the services are delivered to the customers.

Contracts with Multiple Performance Obligations

Certain of the Company’s contracts with customers contain multiple performance obligations, including those described above such as time-based software licenses, PCS, database-as-a-service offering and services. For these contracts, the Company accounts for individual performance obligations separately if they are distinct. The transaction price is allocated to each separate performance obligation based on its relative SSP basis.

Cost of Revenue

Cost of Subscription Revenue

Cost of subscription revenue primarily includes third-party cloud infrastructure expenses for the Company’s database- as-a-service offering. Cost of subscription revenue also includes personnel costs, including salaries, bonuses and benefits and stock-based compensation, for employees associated with the Company’s subscription arrangements principally related to technical support and allocated shared costs, as well as depreciation and amortization.

Cost of Services Revenue

Cost of services revenue primarily includes personnel costs, including salaries and benefits and stock-based compensation for employees associated with the Company’s professional service contracts, as well as, travel costs, allocated shared costs and depreciation and amortization.

Deferred Commissions

The Company capitalizes its incremental costs of obtaining subscription contracts with customers, which generally consist of sales commissions paid to the Company’s sales force and related payroll taxes, as well as fees paid to marketplace vendors. Incremental costs that are expected to be amortized during the succeeding twelve months are recorded on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as deferred commissions with the remaining, non-current, portion recorded under other assets. Deferred commissions are amortized over a period of benefit that the Company has determined to be generally five years. The Company determined the period of benefit by taking into consideration the length of its customer contracts, its technology and other factors. Deferred commissions also include all other sales commissions and related payroll taxes for subscription contracts, which are amortized based on the pattern of the associated revenue recognition over the related contractual subscription period. Sales commissions are generally paid up front and one month in arrears, however, the timing of payment is based on contractual terms of the underlying subscription contract and is subject to an evaluation of customer credit-worthiness. The deferred commission amounts are recoverable through the future revenue under the non-cancelable customer contracts. Amortization of deferred commissions is included in sales and marketing expense in the consolidated statements of operations. The Company adopted the practical expedient that permits an entity to expense the costs to obtain a contract as incurred when the expected amortization period is one year or less. Deferred commissions are reviewed periodically for impairment. Refer to Note 9, Revenue for more information.

Deferred Revenue

Deferred revenue primarily consists of customer billings or payments received in advance of the Company satisfying the performance obligations on its subscription and services contracts. The Company generally invoices its customers annually in advance for its subscription services. Typical payment terms provide that customers pay the amount due within 30 days of the invoice date. Deferred revenue that is anticipated to be recognized during the succeeding twelve-month period is recorded as current deferred revenue and the remaining portion is recorded as non-current. The Company’s contract liabilities are classified as deferred revenue upon the right to invoice or when payments have been received for undelivered products or services. Deferred revenue does not necessarily represent the total contract value of annual or multi-year, non-cancelable subscription agreements.

Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

The Company records a receivable when an unconditional right to consideration exists, such that only the passage of time is required before payment of consideration is due. Timing of revenue recognition may differ from the timing of invoicing to customers. If revenue recognized on a contract exceeds the billings, then the Company records an unbilled receivable for that excess amount, which is included as part of accounts receivable, net in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.

The Company is exposed to credit losses primarily through the sales of subscriptions and services, which are recorded as accounts receivable, inclusive of unbilled receivables. The Company performs initial and ongoing evaluations of its customers' financial position and generally extends credit without collateral. Accounts receivable are recorded at amortized cost, net of an allowance for doubtful accounts, and do not bear interest.

The allowance for doubtful accounts represents the best estimate of lifetime expected credit losses against the existing accounts receivable, inclusive of unbilled receivables, based on certain factors including past collection experience, credit quality of the customer, current aging of the receivable balance, current economic conditions, reasonable and supportable forecasts, as well as specific circumstances arising with individual customers. Extensive judgment is required in assessing these factors. Due to the short-term nature of the Company’s accounts receivable, forecasts have limited relevance to the Company’s expected credit loss estimates. Accounts receivable are written off against the allowance for doubtful accounts when management determines a balance is uncollectible and the Company no longer actively pursues collection of the receivable. The Company’s estimates of the allowance for credit losses may not be indicative of the Company’s actual credit losses requiring additional charges to be incurred to reflect the actual amount collected. See also Note 9, Revenue for more information on allowance for doubtful accounts and unbilled receivables.

Convertible Senior Notes

The Company early adopted Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2020-06—Debt—Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40): Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity (“ASU 2020-06”) as of February 1, 2021 using the modified retrospective transition method.

Prior to the adoption of ASU 2020-06, in accounting for the issuance of the Company’s convertible senior notes (the “Notes”), the Notes were separated into liability and equity components. The carrying amounts of the liability component was calculated by measuring the fair value of similar liabilities that do not have associated convertible features. The carrying amount of the equity component representing the conversion option was determined by deducting the fair value of the liability component from the par value of the respective Notes. This difference represented the debt discount that was amortized to interest expense over the respective terms of the Notes using the effective interest rate method. The equity component was recorded in additional paid-in capital and was not remeasured as long as it continued to meet the conditions for equity classification.

In accounting for the debt issuance costs related to the Notes, the Company allocated the total amount incurred to the liability and equity components of the Notes based on their relative fair values. Issuance costs attributable to the liability component were being amortized to interest expense over the contractual term of the Notes. The issuance costs attributable to the equity component were netted against the equity component representing the conversion option in additional paid-in capital.

Transactions involving contemporaneous exchanges of cash between the same debtor and creditor in connection with the issuance of a new debt obligation and satisfaction of an existing debt obligation by the debtor are evaluated as a modification or an exchange transaction depending on whether the exchange is determined to have substantially different terms. For exchange transactions that are considered an extinguishment of debt, the total consideration for such an exchange is separated into liability and equity components by estimating the fair value of a similar liability without a conversion option and assigning the residual value to the equity component. The gain or loss on extinguishment of the debt is subsequently determined by comparing repurchase consideration allocated to the liability component to the sum of the carrying value of the liability component, net of the proportionate amounts of unamortized debt discount and remaining unamortized debt issuance costs.

The liability component of the Notes was classified as non-current until the reporting period date was within one year of maturity of the Notes or when the Company has received a redemption request, but settlement would occur after the reporting period date. Under these circumstances, the net carrying amount of the Notes was classified as a current liability and a portion of the equity component representing the conversion option was reclassified to temporary equity in the consolidated balance sheets. The portion of the equity component classified as temporary equity was measured as the difference between the principal and net carrying amount of the Notes, excluding debt issuance costs.

Upon adoption of ASU 2020-06, the Company no longer records the conversion feature of its convertible senior notes in equity. Instead, the Company combined the previously separated equity component with the liability component, which together is now classified as debt, thereby eliminating the subsequent amortization of the debt discount as interest expense. Similarly, the portion of issuance costs previously allocated to equity was reclassified to debt and amortized as interest expense. Accordingly, the Company recorded a decrease to accumulated deficit of $52.6 million, a decrease to additional paid-in capital of $309.4 million, a decrease to temporary equity of $4.7 million and an increase to convertible senior notes, net, of $261.5 million. There was an immaterial benefit from the reversal of the deferred tax liability associated with the convertible senior notes upon the adoption of ASU 2020-06. Prior period financial statements were not restated.

Also upon adoption, the Company is no longer utilizing the treasury stock method for earnings per share purposes. Instead, the Company is applying the if-converted method when reporting the number of potentially dilutive shares of common stock. Although the required use of the if-converted method will not impact the diluted net loss per share as long as the Company is in a net loss position, the Company is required to include disclosures of all the underlying shares regardless of the average stock price for the reporting period.

The Company’s convertible senior notes are classified as non-current liabilities until the reporting period date is within one year of maturity of the convertible senior notes or when the Company has received a redemption request, but settlement will occur after the reporting period date. Under such circumstances, the carrying amount of the convertible senior notes, net of the associated unamortized debt issuance costs, is classified as a current liability.

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred and consist primarily of personnel costs, including salaries, bonuses and benefits and stock-based compensation. Research and development costs also include amortization associated with acquired finite-lived intangible assets and allocated overhead.

Advertising

Advertising costs are expensed as incurred, or the first time the advertising takes place, based on the nature of the advertising. Advertising costs were $29.7 million, $18.7 million and $18.0 million for the years ended January 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Advertising costs are recorded in sales and marketing expenses in the consolidated statements of operations.

Stock-Based Compensation

Compensation expense related to stock-based awards granted to employees and non-employees is calculated based on the fair value of stock-based awards on the date of grant. For restricted stock units, fair value is based on the closing price of the Company’s common stock on the grant date.

For stock options and purchase rights issued to employees under the 2017 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“2017 ESPP”), the Company determines the grant date fair value using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. This option-pricing model requires the use of assumptions, which are subjective and generally requires significant judgment to determine. The assumptions for the option-pricing model were determined as follows:

i. Expected Term. The expected term represents the period that stock-based awards are expected to be outstanding. For option grants that are considered to be “plain vanilla,” the Company determines the expected term using the simplified method. The simplified method deems the term to be the average of the time-to-vesting and the contractual life of the options. For purchase rights granted under the 2017 ESPP, the expected term represents the offering period.

ii. Expected Volatility. Since the Company had limited trading history of its common stock, the expected volatility for its stock option grants was derived from the average historical stock volatilities of several unrelated public companies within the Company’s industry that the Company considered to be comparable to its own business over a period equivalent to the expected term of the stock option grants. For purchase rights granted under the 2017 ESPP, the volatility is derived from the historical volatility of the Company’s common stock.

iii. Risk-Free Interest Rate. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant for zero-coupon U.S. Treasury notes with maturities approximately equal to the option’s expected term and 2017 ESPP offering period.

iv. Dividend Rate. The expected dividend is assumed to be zero as the Company has never paid dividends and has no current plans to do so.

The Company’s stock price volatility and expected option life involve management's best estimates, both of which impact the fair value estimated under the Black-Scholes option-pricing model and, ultimately, the expense that will be recognized.

The Company recognizes the related stock-based compensation expense for restricted stock units and stock options on a straight-line basis over the employee’s requisite service period, which is generally four years. The Company has elected to account for forfeitures as they occur. The Company recognizes the stock-based compensation expense related to the 2017 Employee Stock Purchase Plan on a straight-line basis over the offering period.

Net Loss Per Share

The Company calculates basic net loss per share by dividing the net loss by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period, less shares subject to repurchase. Diluted net loss per share is computed by giving effect to all potentially dilutive securities outstanding for the period, including stock options, restricted stock units and convertible senior notes. Refer to Note 11. Net Loss Per Share for more information.

Segment Information

The Company hasone operating and reportable segment as the Company’s chief operating decision maker, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”), reviews financial information on an aggregate and consolidated basis for purposes of allocating resources and evaluating financial performance. Accordingly, all required segment information can be found in these consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes.

Income Taxes

The Company follows the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. This method requires recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the carrying amounts and the tax basis of assets and liabilities. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce the deferred tax assets to the amount the Company believes is more likely than not to be realized.

The Company recognizes the tax benefit from uncertain tax positions only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the tax authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefit is measured based on the largest benefit that is more likely than not of being realized upon ultimate settlement. The Company recognizes interest and penalties on amounts due to taxing authorities as a component of other income (expense), net.

Related Party Transactions

All contracts with related parties are executed in the ordinary course of business. There were no material related party transactions in the years ended January 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022. As of January 31, 2024 and 2023, there were no material amounts payable to or amounts receivable from related parties.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which requires companies to provide disclosures of significant segment expenses and other segment items. The guidance requires companies to provide in interim periods all disclosures about a reportable segment’s profit or loss and assets that are currently required annually. The guidance is applied retrospectively and is effective for the Company for fiscal year ending January 31, 2025, and for interim periods beginning February 1, 2025. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of ASU 2023-07 on its consolidated financial statements.

Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which requires companies to disclose additional information about income taxes, primarily their rate reconciliation information and income taxes paid. The new guidance requires companies to disclose in their rate reconciliation table additional categories of information about federal, state and foreign income taxes and to provide more details about the reconciling items in some categories if the items meet a quantitative threshold. Additionally companies will be required to disclose annually income taxes paid (net of refunds received) disaggregated by federal (national), state and foreign taxes and to disaggregate the information by jurisdiction based on a quantitative threshold. The guidance is effective for the Company for the fiscal year ending January 31, 2026, and early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of ASU 2023-09 on its consolidated financial statements.

3. Fair Value Measurements

The following tables present information about the Company’s financial assets that have been measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of January 31, 2024 and 2023 and indicate the fair value hierarchy of the valuation inputs utilized to determine such fair value (in thousands):

The Company utilized the market approach and Level 1 valuation inputs to value its money market mutual funds and U.S. government treasury securities because published net asset values were readily available.

The following table summarizes the amortized cost and fair value of the Company’s short-term investments by remaining contractual maturity as of January 31, 2024 and January 31, 2023 (in thousands):

As of January 31, 2024, unrealized gain on the Company’s U.S. government treasury securities were approximately $2.2 million. As of January 31, 2023, unrealized losses on the Company’s U.S. government treasury securities were approximately $2.4 million. These unrealized gains and losses were caused by fluctuations in interest rates, which results in changes to the market value of these securities. Because the decline in fair value is due to changes in interest rates and not credit quality, and because the Company does not intend to sell the investments and it is not more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the investments before recovery of their amortized cost bases, which may be at maturity, the Company concluded that an allowance for credit losses was unnecessary for short-term investments as of January 31, 2024 and 2023. Gross realized gains and losses were not material for each of the for each of the years ended January 31, 2024 and 2023. There were no short-term investments in a continuous loss position for greater than twelve months.

Convertible Senior Notes

The Company measures the fair value of its outstanding convertible senior notes on a quarterly basis for disclosure purposes. The Company considers the fair value of its convertible senior notes at January 31, 2024 to be a Level 2 measurement due to limited trading activity of the convertible senior notes. Refer to Note 6, Convertible Senior Notes, to the consolidated financial statements for further details.

Non-marketable Securities

As of January 31, 2024 and 2023, the total amount of non-marketable equity and debt securities included in other assets on the Company’s balance sheets were $12.9 million and $9.8 million, respectively. During the years ended January 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company invested an additional $2.1 million and $3.1 million, respectively, of its cash in non-marketable equity securities. The Company recognized net unrealized gains on certain of these non-marketable securities of $1.0 million and $1.9 million during the years ended January 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Refer to Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, for further details. The Company considers these assets as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy when an impairment or observable price changes in orderly transactions are recognized on these non-marketable securities during the period. The estimation of fair value for these investments is inherently complex due to the lack of readily available market data and inherent lack of liquidity and requires the Company’s judgment and the use of significant unobservable inputs in an inactive market. In addition, the determination of whether an orderly transaction is for the identical or a similar investment requires significant management judgment, including understanding the differences in the rights and obligations of the investments, the extent to which those differences would affect the fair values of those investments and the stage of operational development of the entities.

4. Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment, net consists of the following (in thousands):

Depreciation and amortization expense related to property and equipment was $8.0 million, $6.9 million and $4.5 million for the years ended January 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Depreciation and amortization expense excludes amortization with respect to the finance lease right-of-use asset, which is described further in Note 7, Leases.

5. Goodwill and Acquired Intangible Assets, Net

The following table summarizes the changes in the carrying amount of goodwill during the periods presented (in thousands):

On September 27, 2023, the Company acquired the assets of Grainite, Inc. (“Grainite”), for total cash consideration of $15.0 million. Grainite is a stream processing application company and the transaction is intended to accelerate the development of the Company’s stream processing offering. The Company accounted for the transaction as a business combination, after determining that the acquired set of assets, the fair value of which was not concentrated in a single asset, or group of similar assets, and included (a) an assembled workforce and (b) intangible asset, met the definition of a business. As a result, the Company allocated the estimated fair value of $3.1 million of the identifiable asset acquired to the developed technology intangible asset. The fair value assigned to the intangible asset was determined through the use of a third-party valuation firm using replacement cost approach methodology, and includes the expected profit margin of a hypothetical third-party developer and a market participant’s opportunity cost. Judgment was applied for a number of assumptions used in the valuation of the identified intangible asset. The excess of the cash consideration over the identifiable intangible assets in the amount of $11.9 million was allocated to goodwill. This transaction is accounted for as an asset acquisition for tax purposes, and therefore both the goodwill and acquired intangible asset are deductible for tax purposes. Tax impacts were not material. Acquisition-related transaction costs were not material and have been expensed as incurred and included in general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations. The business combination did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements for the year ended January 31, 2024.

In April 2021, the Company made an acquisition for total cash consideration of $9.0 million, of which $4.5 million was the purchase price to be allocated and $4.5 million will be recognized as post-combination compensation expense. For accounting purposes, this business combination was deemed immaterial. The Company allocated $3.4 million to the acquired developed technology intangible asset based on fair value to be amortized over its economic useful life offive years. The Company also recorded $1.9 million of goodwill, which included a tax benefit associated with the acquisition due to the release of the valuation allowance of $0.8 million.

The gross carrying amount and accumulated amortization of the Company’s intangible assets are as follows (in thousands):

Acquired intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis. Amortization expense of intangible assets was $10.6 million, $9.2 million and $9.1 million for the years ended January 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Amortization expense for developed technology was included as research and development expense in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. Amortization expense for customer relationships was included as sales and marketing expense in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

As of January 31, 2024, future amortization expense related to the intangible assets is as follows (in thousands):

6. Convertible Senior Notes

The net carrying amounts of the Company’s 2026 Notes (as defined herein) were as follows for the periods presented (in thousands):

As of January 31, 2024, the total estimated fair value (Level 2) of the outstanding 2026 Notes, which is utilized solely for disclosure purposes, was approximately $2.2 billion. The fair value was determined based on the closing trading price per $100 of the 2026 Notes as of the last day of trading for the period. The fair value of the 2026 Notes is primarily affected by the trading price of the Company’s common stock and market interest rates.

The following table sets forth the interest expense related to the 2024 Notes (as defined herein) and 2026 Notes for the periods presented (in thousands):

(1) The aggregate principal amount outstanding of the 2024 Notes was redeemed by the Company in December 2021.

In June 2018, the Company issued $250.0 million aggregate principal amount of 0.75% convertible senior notes due 2024 in a private placement and, in July 2018, the Company issued an additional $50.0 million aggregate principal amount of convertible senior notes pursuant to the exercise in full of the initial purchasers’ option to purchase additional convertible senior notes (collectively, the “2024 Notes”). The 2024 Notes were senior unsecured obligations of the Company with interest payable semiannually in arrears on June 15 and December 15 of each year, beginning on December 15, 2018, at a rate of 0.75% per year. The 2024 Notes had a maturity date of June 15, 2024, unless earlier converted, redeemed or repurchased. The total net proceeds from the offering, after deducting initial purchase discounts and debt issuance costs, were approximately $291.1 million.

In January 2020, the Company issued $1.0 billion aggregate principal amount of 0.25% convertible senior notes due 2026 in a private placement and, also in January 2020, the Company issued an additional $150.0 million aggregate principal amount of convertible senior notes pursuant to the exercise in full of the initial purchasers’ option to purchase additional convertible senior notes (collectively, the “2026 Notes”). The 2026 Notes are senior unsecured obligations of the Company and interest is payable semiannually in arrears on July 15 and January 15 of each year, beginning on July 15, 2020, at a rate of 0.25% per year. The 2026 Notes will mature on January 15, 2026, unless earlier converted, redeemed or repurchased. The total net proceeds from the offering, after deducting initial purchase discounts and estimated debt issuance costs, were approximately $1.13 billion.

On January 14, 2020, in connection with the issuance of the 2026 Notes, the Company used a portion of the net proceeds to repurchase $210.0 million aggregate principal amount of the 2024 Notes (the “2024 Notes Partial Repurchase”) leaving $90.0 million aggregate principal outstanding on the 2024 Notes immediately after the exchange. The 2024 Notes Partial Repurchase were individually privately negotiated transactions conducted not pursuant to a redemption notice. The 2024 Notes Partial Repurchase and issuance of the 2026 Notes were deemed to have substantially different terms due to the significant difference between the value of the conversion option immediately prior to and after the exchange, and accordingly, the 2024 Notes Partial Repurchase was accounted for as a debt extinguishment.

On October 1, 2021, the Company issued a notice of redemption (the “Redemption Notice”) for the aggregate principal amount outstanding of its 2024 Notes. Pursuant to the Redemption Notice, the Company redeemed the outstanding principal of the 2024 Notes that were not converted prior to such date at a redemption price in cash equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2024 Notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest. The extinguishment of the 2024 Notes on December 3, 2021 was immaterial to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Terms of the 2026 Notes

For the 2026 Notes, the initial conversion rate is 4.7349 shares of the Company’s common stock per $1,000 principal amount of the 2026 Notes, which is equal to an initial conversion price of approximately $211.20 per share of common stock, subject to adjustment upon the occurrence of specified events.

The 2026 Notes will be convertible at the option of the holders at any time prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding October 15, 2025, only under the following circumstances:

(1)during any fiscal quarter commencing after the fiscal quarter ending on April 30, 2020 (and only during such fiscal quarter), if the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during a period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on and including, the last trading day of the immediately preceding fiscal quarter is greater than or equal to 130% of the conversion price of the 2026 Notes on each applicable trading day;

(2)during thefive-business day period after anyfive consecutive trading day period (the “measurement period”) in which the trading price per $1,000 principal amount of the 2026 Notes for each trading day of the measurement period was less than 98% of the product of the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock and the conversion rate of the 2026 Notes on each such trading day;

(3)if the Company calls any or all of the 2026 Notes for redemption, at any time prior to the close of business on the scheduled trading day immediately preceding the redemption date; or

(4)upon the occurrence of specified corporate events (as set forth in the indenture governing the 2026 Notes).

On or after October 15, 2025, until the close of business on the scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date, holders may convert all or any portion of their 2026 Notes, in multiples of $1,000 principal amount, at the option of the holder, regardless of the foregoing circumstances. Upon conversion, the Company will satisfy its conversion obligation by paying or delivering, as the case may be, cash, shares of the Company’s common stock or a combination of cash and shares of the Company’s common stock, at the Company’s election. If a fundamental change (as defined in the indenture governing the 2026 Notes) occurs prior to the maturity date, holders of the 2026 Notes will have the right to require the Company to repurchase for cash all or any portion of their 2026 Notes at a repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2026 Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the fundamental change repurchase date. In addition, if specific corporate events occur prior to the applicable maturity date, or if the Company elects to redeem the 2026 Notes, the Company will increase the conversion rate for a holder who elects to convert their notes in connection with such a corporate event or redemption in certain circumstances. It is the Company’s current intent to settle the principal amount of the 2026 Notes in cash.

During the three months ended January 31, 2024, the conditional conversion feature of the 2026 Notes was triggered as the last reported sale price of the Company's common stock was more than or equal to 130% of the conversion price for at least 20 trading days in the period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on January 31, 2024 (the last trading day of the fiscal quarter) and therefore the 2026 Notes are currently convertible, in whole or in part, at the option of the holders from February 1, 2024, through April 30, 2024. Whether the 2026 Notes will be convertible following such period will depend on the continued satisfaction of this condition or another conversion condition in the future. Since the Company has the election of repaying the 2026 Notes in cash, shares of the Company’s common stock, or a combination of both, the Company continued to classify the 2026 Notes as long-term debt on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet as of January 31, 2024.

Beginning on January 20, 2023, the Company may redeem for cash all or any portion of the 2026 Notes, at its option, if the last reported sale price of its common stock was at least 130% of the conversion price then in effect for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during any 30 consecutive trading day period (including the last trading day of such period) ending on and including, the trading day immediately preceding the date on which the Company provides a notice of redemption at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 2026 Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the redemption date.

Capped Calls

In connection with the pricing of the 2024 Notes and 2026 Notes, the Company entered into privately negotiated capped call transactions with certain counterparties (the “Capped Calls”). The Capped Calls associated with the 2024 Notes each had an initial strike price of approximately $68.15 per share, subject to certain adjustments, which corresponded to the initial conversion price of the 2024 Notes. These Capped Calls had initial cap prices of $106.90 per share, subject to certain adjustments.

The Capped Calls associated with the 2026 Notes each have an initial strike price of approximately $211.20 per share, subject to certain adjustments, which corresponds to the initial conversion price of the 2026 Notes. These Capped Calls have initial cap prices of $296.42 per share, subject to certain adjustments.

The Capped Calls are expected to partially offset the potential dilution to the Company’s common stock upon any conversion of the 2024 Notes or 2026 Notes, with such offset subject to a cap based on the cap price. The Capped Calls associated with the 2024 Notes and 2026 Notes cover, subject to anti-dilution adjustments, approximately 4.4 million shares and 5.4 million shares of the Company’s common stock, respectively. The Capped Calls are subject to adjustment upon the occurrence of specified extraordinary events affecting the Company, including merger events, tender offers and the announcement of such events. In addition, the Capped Calls are subject to certain specified additional disruption events that may give rise to a termination of the Capped Calls, including nationalization, insolvency or delisting, changes in law, failures to deliver, insolvency filings and hedging disruptions. For accounting purposes, the Capped Calls are separate transactions and not part of the terms of the 2024 Notes and 2026 Notes. As these transactions meet certain accounting criteria, the Capped Calls are recorded in stockholders' equity and are not accounted for as derivatives. The cost of $37.1 million and $93.8 million incurred to purchase the Capped Calls associated with the 2024 Notes and 2026 Notes, respectively, was recorded as a reduction to additional paid-in capital and will not be remeasured. The Company did not unwind any of its Capped Calls through January 31, 2024.

7. Leases

The Company has entered into non-cancelable operating and finance lease agreements, principally real estate for office space globally. The Company may receive renewal or expansion options, leasehold improvement allowances or other incentives on certain lease agreements. Lease terms range fromone to 12 years and may include renewal options, which the company deems reasonably certain to be renewed. The exercise of the lease renewal option is at the Company's discretion.

Lease Costs

The components of the Company’s lease costs included in its consolidated statements of operations were as follows (in thousands):

Balance Sheet Components

The balances of the Company’s finance and operating leases were recorded on the consolidated balance sheets as follows (in thousands):

Supplemental Information

The following table presents supplemental information related to the Company’s finance and operating leases (in thousands, except weighted-average information):

Maturities of Lease Liabilities

Future minimum lease payments under non-cancelable finance and operating leases on an annual undiscounted cash flow basis as of January 31, 2024 were as follows (in thousands):

8. Commitments and Contingencies

The following table includes certain non-cancelable agreements primarily for subscription, marketing services and cloud infrastructure capacity commitments entered into by the Company (in thousands):

Refer to Note 7, Leases, for further details on obligations under non-cancelable finance and operating leases, including future minimum lease payments.

Non-cancelable Material Commitments

Other than certain non-cancelable operating leases described in Note 7, Leases, during the year ended January 31, 2024, there have been no material changes outside the ordinary course of business to the Company’s contractual obligations and commitments.

Other Commitments

The Company has entered into irrevocable, standby letters of credit, which serve as security deposits for certain of the Company’s leases and expire through June 2026. The maximum amount that can be drawn under these letters of credit is $1.3 million. As of January 31, 2024, no amounts have been drawn under the letters of credit.

Legal Matters

From time to time, the Company has become involved in claims, litigation and other legal matters arising in the ordinary course of business, including intellectual property, labor and employment and breach of contract claims. For example, on March 12, 2019, Realtime Data LLC (“Realtime”) filed a lawsuit against the Company in the United States District Court for the District of Delaware alleging that the Company is infringing three U.S. patents that it holds. On May 4, 2021, the District Court granted certain defendants' motion to dismiss without prejudice. Realtime filed an amended complaint on May 18, 2021, which the District Court dismissed on August 23, 2021. On August 25, 2021, Realtime filed a notice of appeal of the Delaware District Court’s order. The oral argument took place before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit on February 10, 2023. On August 2, 2023, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit issued an opinion affirming the District Court's order in favor of the Company. On October 31, 2023, Realtime filed a Petition for a Writ of Certiorari in the U.S. Supreme Court requesting the U.S. Supreme Court to review the lower court's decision. On January 8, 2024, the U.S. Supreme Court denied Realtime’s Writ of Certiorari, leaving the decision by the U.S.Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, invalidating the at-issue patents, intact. We consider this matter closed.

The Company investigates all claims, litigation and other legal matters as they arise. Although claims and litigation are inherently unpredictable, as of January 31, 2024, the Company is currently not aware of any matters that, if determined adversely to the Company, would individually or taken together have a material adverse effect on its business, financial position, results of operations or cash flows. The Company accrues estimates for resolution of legal and other contingencies when losses are probable and estimable. Regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on the Company because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors.

Indemnification

The Company enters into indemnification provisions under its agreements with other companies in the ordinary course of business, including business partners, landlords, contractors and parties performing its research and development. Pursuant to these arrangements, the Company agrees to indemnify, hold harmless and reimburse the indemnified party for certain losses suffered or incurred by the indemnified party as a result of the Company’s activities. The terms of these indemnification agreements are generally perpetual. The maximum potential amount of future payments the Company could be required to make under these agreements is not determinable. To date, the Company has not incurred material costs as a result of such commitments. The Company maintains commercial general liability insurance and product liability insurance to offset certain of the Company’s potential liabilities under these indemnification provisions.

The Company has entered into indemnification agreements with each of its directors and executive officers. These agreements require the Company to indemnify such individuals, to the fullest extent permitted by Delaware law, for certain liabilities to which they may become subject as a result of their affiliation with the Company.

9. Revenue

Disaggregation of Revenue

Based on the information provided to and reviewed by the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, its Chief Operating Decision Maker, the Company believes that the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of its revenue and cash flows and how they are affected by economic factors is most appropriately depicted through the Company’s primary geographical markets and subscription product categories. The Company’s primary geographical markets are North and South America (“Americas”); Europe, Middle East and Africa (“EMEA”); and Asia Pacific. The Company also disaggregates its subscription products between its MongoDB Atlas-related offerings and other subscription products, which include MongoDB Enterprise Advanced.

The following table presents the Company’s revenues disaggregated by primary geographical markets, subscription product categories and services (in thousands):

Customers located in the United States accounted for 54%,55% and 54% of total revenue for the years ended January 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. No other country accounted for 10% or more of revenue for the periods presented.

As of January 31, 2024 and 2023, the majority of the Company’s long-lived assets were located in the United States and Ireland.

Contract Liabilities

The Company’s contract liabilities are recorded as deferred revenue in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets and consist of customer invoices issued or payments received in advance of revenues being recognized from the Company’s subscription and services contracts. Deferred revenue, including current and non-current balances as of January 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $377.4 million, $460.3 million and $375.2 million, respectively. Approximately 25% and 27% of the total revenue recognized in the years ended January 31, 2024 and 2023 was from deferred revenue at the beginning of each respective period.

Remaining Performance Obligations

Remaining performance obligations represent the aggregate amount of the transaction price in contracts allocated to performance obligations not delivered, or partially undelivered, as of the end of the reporting period. Remaining performance obligations include unearned revenue, multi-year contracts with future installment payments and certain unfulfilled orders against accepted customer contracts at the end of any given period. As of January 31, 2024, the aggregate transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations was $591.4 million. Approximately 53% is expected to be recognized as revenue over the next 12 months and the remainder thereafter. The Company applies the practical expedient to omit disclosure with respect to the amount of the transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations if the related contract has a total duration of 12 months or less.

Unbilled Receivables

Revenue recognized in excess of invoiced amounts creates an unbilled receivable, which represents the Company’s unconditional right to consideration in exchange for goods or services that the Company has transferred to the customer. Unbilled receivables are recorded as part of accounts receivable, net in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. As of January 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, unbilled receivables were $22.7 million, $9.7 million and $6.1 million, respectively.

Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

The Company considers expectations of forward-looking losses, in addition to historical loss rates, to estimate its allowance for doubtful accounts on its accounts receivable. The following is a summary of the changes in the Company’s allowance for doubtful accounts (in thousands):

The increase in allowance for doubtful accounts at January 31, 2024 was primarily driven by the increase in sales of our products and services.

Costs Capitalized to Obtain Contracts with Customers

Deferred commissions were $294.2 million and $252.4 million as of January 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, of which $201.7 million and $168.9 million comprised the non-current portion and was included in other assets on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as of January 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Amortization expense with respect to deferred commissions, which is included in sales and marketing expense in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations, was $99.5 million, $79.6 million and $49.1 million for years ended January 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. There wasno impairment loss in relation to the costs capitalized for the periods presented.

10. Equity Incentive Plans and Employee Stock Purchase Plan

2008 Stock Incentive Plan and 2016 Equity Incentive Plan

The Company adopted the 2008 Stock Incentive Plan (as amended, the “2008 Plan”) and the 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (as amended, the “2016 Plan”), primarily for the purpose of granting stock-based awards to employees, directors and consultants, including stock options, restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and other stock-based awards. With the establishment of the 2016 Plan in December 2016, all shares available for grant under the 2008 Plan were transferred to the 2016 Plan. The Company no longer grants any stock-based awards under the 2008 Plan and any shares underlying stock options canceled under the 2008 Plan will be automatically transferred to the 2016 Plan. Stock options granted under the stock option plans may be either incentive stock options (“ISOs”) or nonstatutory stock options (“NSOs”). ISOs may be granted to employees and NSOs may be granted to employees, directors, or consultants. All outstanding stock options as of January 31, 2024 were granted as NSOs with the exception of one ISO award. The exercise prices of the stock option grants must be no less than 100% of the fair value of the common stock on the grant date as determined by the Board of Directors. If, at the date of grant, the optionee owns more than 10% of the total combined voting power of all classes of outstanding stock (a “10% stockholder”), the exercise price must be at least 110% of the fair value of the common stock on the date of grant as determined by the Board of Directors. Options granted are exercisable over a maximum term of 10 years from the date of grant orfive years from the date of grant for ISOs granted to any 10% stockholder. The Board of Directors or a committee thereof determines the vesting schedule for all equity awards. Stock option awards generally vest over a period offour years with 25% vesting on theone year anniversary of the award and the remainder vesting monthly over the next 36 months of the grantee’s service to the Company. RSU awards granted to new employees generally vest over a period offour years with 25% vesting on the one year anniversary of the award and the remainder vesting quarterly over the next 12 quarters, subject to the grantee’s continued service to the Company. RSUs granted to existing employees generally vest quarterly over a period offour years, subject to the grantee’s continued service to the Company.

Pursuant to the terms of the 2016 Plan, the shares of the Company’s common stock reserved for issuance was increased by 3.5 million shares in February 2023. As of January 31, 2024, the Company has approximately 13.7 million shares of common stock available for future grants.

Stock Options

The following table summarizes stock option activity for the periods presented (in thousands, except share and per share data and years):

There wereno options granted during the years ended January 31, 2024 and 2023. The intrinsic value of options exercised for the years ended January 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was determined to be $308.0 million, $211.1 million and $469.1 million, respectively.

There wereno options vested during the years ended January 31, 2024 and 2023. The aggregate grant date fair value of stock options vested during the year ended January 31, 2022, was $1.3 million. As of January 31, 2024, there wasno unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to outstanding stock options.

Restricted Stock Units

The following table summarizes RSU activity for the years ended January 31, 2024 and 2023:

As of January 31, 2024, there was $967.5 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to outstanding RSUs that is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.73 years.

Executive Performance Share Awards

During three months ended April 30, 2022, the Company created a long-term performance-based equity award program and granted performance share units (“PSUs”) to the Company’s CEO and certain other executives. The vesting of PSUs is conditioned upon the achievement of certain targets.The PSUs vest annually over a period ofthree years from the date of grant, subject to the executive’s continued employment with the Company. Each vested PSU entitles the executive to one share of common stock. A PSU performance factor of 100 will result in the targeted number of PSUs being vested. The minimum percentage of PSUs that can vest iszero, with a maximum percentage of 200. On each date of grant, the Company assumes a performance factor of 100.

The following table summarizes PSU activity for the years ended January 31, 2024 and 2023:

The grant date fair value of PSUs was determined by using the market price of the Company’s common stock on the date of the grant. Compensation expense is recognized over the requisite service period based on the probability of the performance conditions being satisfied using the accelerated attribution method. Following the completion of the performance year, the achieved PSU performance factor was 151.0 and 98.5 for the years ended January 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company recognized $24.1 million and $11.5 million of compensation expense related to these PSUs for the years ended January 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. As of January 31, 2024, the Company had $21.0 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to these PSUs, which it expects to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.03 years.

2016 China Stock Appreciation Rights Plan

In April 2016, the Company adopted the 2016 China Stock Appreciation Rights Plan (as amended, the “China SAR Plan”) for its employees in China. These awards, which are granted to new employees, generally vest over four years with 25% vesting on theone year anniversary of the award and the remainder vesting monthly over the next 36 months of the grantee’s service to the Company. Awards granted to existing employees generally vest quarterly over a period offour years, subject to the grantee’s continued service to the Company. The China SAR Plan units are cash settled upon exercise and will be paid as a cash bonus equal to the difference between the strike price of the vested plan units and the fair market value of common stock at the end of each reporting period.

As of November 1, 2021, the Company does not expect to grant stock appreciation rights in the future and will instead grant RSUs to its employees in China. Therefore, no China SAR Plan units were granted for the years ended January 31, 2024 and 2023.

For the year ended January 31, 2022 the Company granted 5,532 units of the China SAR Plan at a weighted average strike price of $386.23 per share.

During the years ended January 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, upon the vesting of 619,1,141 and 1,296 units, respectively, the total expense recognized related to China SAR was $3.3 million, $2.5 million and $1.6 million, respectively. As of January 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company’s liability balance related to the China SAR Plan was $5.8 million and $3.3 million, respectively. These amounts were recorded as part of the accrued compensation and benefits on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets and recognized as bonus expense in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. During the year ended January 31, 2024, the Company paid $0.6 million in cash upon the exercise of 1,890 units. As of January 31, 2024, there were 15,098 China SAR Plan units outstanding of which 60 units remained unvested.

2017 Employee Stock Purchase Plan

In October 2017, the Company’s Board of Directors adopted and stockholders approved, the 2017 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “2017 ESPP”). Subject to any plan limitations, the 2017 ESPP allows eligible employees to contribute, normally through payroll deductions, up to 15% of their earnings for the purchase of the Company’s common stock at a discounted price per share. Except for the initial offering period, the ESPP provides for separatesix-month offering periods.

Unless otherwise determined by the Board of Directors, the Company’s common stock will be purchased for the accounts of employees participating in the ESPP at a price per share that is the lesser of (1)85% of the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the first trading day of the offering period, or (2)85% of the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the last trading day of the offering period.

Pursuant to the terms of the 2017 ESPP, the shares of the Company’s common stock reserved for issuance was increased by 699,066 shares in February 2023. As of January 31, 2024, there were 3,533,472 shares of the Company’s common stock available for future issuance under the 2017 ESPP.

During the years ended January 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 there were 167,574,149,352 and 85,401 shares, respectively, of common stock purchased under the ESPP. The total expense related to the ESPP for years ended January 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $16.4 million, $13.7 million and $9.4 million, respectively. As of January 31, 2024, there was $5.9 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to the ESPP offering period expected to end in June 2024.

The fair value of the purchase rights granted under the 2017 ESPP was estimated on the first day of the offering period using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following assumptions:

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

Total stock-based compensation expense recognized in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations is as follows (in thousands):

11. Net Loss Per Share

The Company calculates basic net loss per share by dividing the net loss by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the year, less shares subject to repurchase. Diluted net loss per share is computed by giving effect to all potentially dilutive common shares outstanding for the period, including stock options and restricted stock units. Refer to Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, for further details on the Company’s methodology for calculating net loss per share.

Basic and diluted net loss per share was the same for each year presented, as the inclusion of all potential common shares outstanding would have been anti-dilutive due to the net loss reported for each year presented.

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net loss per share (in thousands, except share and per share data):

Prior to the adoption of ASU 2020-06, the Company calculated the potential dilutive effect of its 2024 Notes and 2026 Notes under the treasury stock method. As a result, only the amount by which the conversion value exceeded the aggregate principal amount of the 2024 Notes and 2026 Notes (the “conversion spread”) was considered in the diluted earnings per share computation. The conversion spread only had a dilutive impact on diluted net income per share when the average market price of the Company’s common stock for a given period exceeded the initial conversion price of $68.15 per share for the 2024 Notes and $211.20 per share for the 2026 Notes.

Upon the adoption of ASU 2020-06 on February 1, 2021, the Company calculates the potential dilutive effect of its 2024 Notes and 2026 Notes under the if-converted method. Under this method, diluted earnings per share is determined by assuming that all of the 2024 Notes and 2026 Notes were converted into shares of the Company’s common stock at the beginning of the reporting period.

In connection with the issuance of the 2024 Notes and 2026 Notes, the Company entered into Capped Calls, which were not included for purposes of calculating the number of diluted shares outstanding, as their effect would have been anti-dilutive. The Capped Calls are expected to partially offset the potential dilution to the Company’s common stock upon any conversion of the 2024 Notes and 2026 Notes.

The following weighted-average outstanding potentially dilutive shares of common stock were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share for the periods presented because the impact of including them would have been anti-dilutive:

12. Income Taxes

The components of loss before provision for income taxes were as follows (in thousands):

The components of the provision for income taxes were as follows (in thousands):

The items accounting for the difference between income taxes computed at the federal statutory income tax rate and the provision for income taxes consisted of the following (in thousands):

The increase in the provision for income taxes during the years ended January 31, 2024 and January 31, 2023 was primarily due to an increase in foreign taxes as the Company continued its global expansion. In addition, the overall provision for income taxes for the year ended January 31, 2022 was lower due to a reduction in the valuation allowance as a result of goodwill from an immaterial business combination and the impact from the adoption of ASU 2020-06.

Deferred Income Taxes

Deferred income taxes arise from temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting and the amounts used for income tax reporting purposes, as well as operating losses and tax credit carryforwards.

Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets are shown in the following table as of January 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively (in thousands):

Deferred tax assets are recognized when management believes it more likely than not that they will be realized. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if, based on available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The valuation allowance for deferred tax assets as of January 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $903.7 million, $809.0 million and $677.3 million, respectively. The valuation allowance increased by $94.7 million and $131.7 million during the years ended January 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. Management considers the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities (including the impact of available carryback and carryforward periods), projected future taxable income and tax planning strategies in making this assessment.

As of January 31, 2024 the Company had net operating loss carryforwards for U.S. federal, state, Irish and U.K. income tax purposes of $2.1 billion, $2.0 billion, $781.5 million and $64.6 million, respectively, which begin to expire in the year ending January 31, 2028 for U.S. federal purposes and January 31, 2025 for state purposes. Ireland, U.K. and the U.S. federal losses for years after January 31, 2019 allows for operating losses to be carried forward indefinitely. The Company also has U.S. federal and state research credit carryforwards of $133.4 million and $11.8 million, respectively, which begin to expire in the year ending January 31, 2029 for federal purposes and January 31, 2025 for state purposes. Furthermore, the Company has U.S. foreign tax credit carryforwards of $9.9 million and U.S. charitable contribution carryforwards of $0.6 million, which will begin to expire in the year ending January 31, 2030 and January 31, 2025, respectively. Utilization of the federal net operating loss carryforwards and credits may be subject to a substantial annual limitation due to the ownership change limitations provided by the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended and similar state provisions. The annual limitation, should the Company undergo an ownership change, may result in the expiration of federal or state net operating losses and credits before utilization, however the Company does not expect any such limitation to be material.

Uncertain Tax Positions

The calculation of the Company’s tax obligations involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex tax laws and regulations. A tax benefit from an uncertain tax position may be recognized when it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination, including resolutions of any related appeals or litigation processes, on the basis of the technical merits. The Company has assessed its income tax positions and recorded tax benefits for all years subject to examination, based upon the Company’s evaluation of the facts, circumstances and information available at each period end. For those tax positions where the Company has determined there is a greater than 50% likelihood that a tax benefit will be sustained, the Company has recorded the largest amount of tax benefit that may potentially be realized upon ultimate settlement with a taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. For those income tax positions where it is determined there is less than 50% likelihood that a tax benefit will be sustained, no tax benefit has been recognized.

Although the Company believes that it has adequately reserved for its uncertain tax positions, the Company can provide no assurance that the final tax outcome of these matters will not be materially different. As the Company expands internationally, it will face increased complexity and the Company’s unrecognized tax benefits may increase in the future. The Company makes adjustments to its reserves when facts and circumstances change, such as the closing of a tax audit or the refinement of an estimate. To the extent that the final tax outcome of these matters is different than the amounts recorded, such differences will affect the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination is made.

The following table summarizes the changes in the Company’s unrecognized gross tax benefits during the periods presented (in thousands):

In FY24, the Company recorded an addition in reserves for tax positions in prior years related to U.S. research and development tax credits. Additionally, the Company recorded additional intangible development costs for the current and historical years. As of January 31, 2024, $0.7 million of these total unrecognized tax benefits would have an impact on the Company’s effective tax rate if recognized.

We intend to invest substantially all of our foreign subsidiary earnings, as well as our capital in our foreign subsidiaries, indefinitely outside of the U.S. in those jurisdictions in which we would incur significant, additional costs upon repatriation of such amounts.

The Company is not currently under Internal Revenue Service, state, or foreign income tax examination with the exception of an audit in France for which the Company does not expect a material outcome. The Company doesnot anticipate any significant increases or decreases in its uncertain tax positions within the next twelve months. The Company files tax returns in the United States for federal and certain states. All tax years remain open to examination for both federal and state purposes as a result of the net operating loss and credit carryforwards. The Company files foreign tax returns in various locations. These foreign returns are open to examination for the fiscal years ending January 31, 2015 through January 31, 2023.