FutureFuel Corp

(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

FutureFuel Corp. (the “Company”) is a Delaware corporation with its wholly owned subsidiaries, FutureFuel Chemical Company; FFC Grain, L.L.C.; FutureFuel Warehouse Company, L.L.C.; and Legacy Regional Transport, L.L.C.

The Company’s sole operating facility is FutureFuel Chemical Company located in Batesville, Arkansas, a manufacturer of specialty and performance chemicals and biofuels.

Financial Presentation

The consolidated financial statements of FutureFuel Corp. and subsidiaries are prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted (“GAAP”) in the United States and include amounts that are based upon management estimates and judgments which could differ from actual future results. Intercompany transactions and balances are eliminated in consolidation. Certain reclassifications were made to prior year amounts to conform to the2023 presentation.

Cash and cash equivalents

Cash equivalents consist of highly liquid investments with original maturities ofthree months or less and are carried at cost, which approximates market. The Company places its temporary cash investments with high credit quality financial institutions. At times, bank deposits* may*be in excess of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insurance limit, however,no loss has occurred.

Accounts receivable and allowance for credit losses

Accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and only bear interest if outstanding beyond the agreed upon payment terms. The Company has established procedures to monitor credit risk and hasnot experienced significant credit losses in prior years. Accounts receivable have been reduced by an allowance for amounts that* may*be uncollectible in the future. This estimated allowance is based upon management’s evaluation of the collectability of individual invoices and is based upon management’s evaluation of the financial condition of its customers and historical bad debt experience. Write-offs are recorded at the time a customer receivable is deemed uncollectible.

In accordance with Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”)2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses, Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments the Company recognizes expected credit losses based on a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform credit loss estimates.

Customer concentrations

For the year ended* December 31, 2023,2022 and2021, significant portions of the Company’s sales were made to a relatively small number of customers. Sales totwo biodiesel customers totaled $127,763 (35% of revenue) in2023. Sales totwo biodiesel customers totaled $107,898 (27% of total revenue) in2022 and sales tothree customers totaled $133,231 (41% of revenue) in2021. Receivables for the significant customers at December 31, 2023and2022*, were 0.2% and 2% of total receivables, respectively.

No chemical customer represented a greater than10% of total sales revenue in2023,2022, or2021.

52

Inventory

Inventories are valued at the lower of cost or market. The Company determines the cost of raw materials, work in process, and finished goods inventories by the last-in,first-out (“LIFO”) method. The cost of all other inventories is determined by the average cost method, which approximates thefirst-in,first-out (“FIFO”) method. The Company writes-down its inventories for estimated obsolescence or unmarketable inventory equal to the difference between the carrying value of inventory and the estimated market value based upon assumptions about future demand and market conditions.

Derivative instruments

The Company records all derivative instruments at fair value. Fair value is determined by using the closing prices of the derivative instruments on the New York Mercantile Exchange at the end of an accounting period. Changes in the fair value of derivative instruments are recognized at the end of each accounting period and recorded in the statement of income as a component of cost of goods sold.

In order to manage commodity price risk caused by market fluctuations in biofuel prices, future purchases of feedstock used in biodiesel production, physical feedstock, finished product inventories attributed to the process, and other petroleum products purchased or sold, the Company* mayenter into exchange-traded commodity futures and options contracts. The Company accounts for these derivative instruments in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”)815-20-25, Derivatives and Hedging. Under this standard, the accounting for changes in the fair value of a derivative instrument depends upon whether it has been designated as an accounting hedging relationship and, further, on the type of hedging relationship. To qualify for designation as an accounting hedging relationship, specific criteria must be met and appropriate documentation maintained. The Company hadno* derivative instruments that qualified under these rules as designated accounting hedges in2023 or2022. The Company has elected the normal purchase and normal sales exception for certain feedstock purchase contracts and supply agreements and for certain biodiesel sales contracts.

Marketable securities

Investments consist of marketable equity and debt securities stated at fair value. The debt securities are designated as available-for-sale securities at the time of purchase based upon the intended holding period. Gains and losses from the sale of marketable securities and the changes in the fair value of equity securities are recognized as “gains (losses) on marketable securities” as a component of other income (expense) in the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income. The cost basis used for all marketable securities is specific identification. Changes in the fair value of debt securities are recognized in “accumulated other comprehensive income” on the consolidated balance sheets, unless the Company determines that an unrealized loss willnot be recovered before it is sold, in which case, the Company will recognize the loss as a component of other income (expense).

See Notes7 and8 for further information on marketable securities and fair value measurements.

53

Fair value measurements

The Company records recurring and non-recurring financial assets and liabilities as well as all non-financial assets and liabilities subject to fair value measurement at the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. These fair value principles prioritize valuation inputs acrossthree broad levels. Level1 inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level2 inputs are quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets or inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly through market corroboration, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument. Level3 inputs are unobservable inputs based on the Company’s assumptions used to measure assets and liabilities at fair value. An asset or liability's classification within the various levels is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

Property, plant,and equipment

Property, plant, and equipment is carried at cost. Maintenance and repairs are charged to earnings; replacements and betterments are capitalized. When the Company retires or otherwise disposes of an asset, it removes the cost of such asset and related accumulated depreciation from the accounts. The Company records any profit and loss on retirement or other disposition in earnings.

Depreciation expense is calculated based on historical cost and the estimated useful lives of the assets, generally using the straight-line method with the following useful lives:

Impairment of assets

The Company evaluates the carrying value of long-lived tangible assets when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value* may**not* be recoverable. Such events and circumstances include, but arenot limited to, significant decreases in the market value of the asset, adverse changes in the extent or manner in which the asset is being used, significant changes in business climate, or current or projected cash flow losses associated with the use of the assets. The carrying value of a long-lived asset is considered impaired when the total projected undiscounted cash flows from such assets are separately identifiable and are less than its carrying value. In that event, a loss is recognized based on the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value of the long-lived asset. For long-lived assets to be held for use in future operations and for tangible assets, fair value is determined primarily using either the projected cash flows discounted at a rate commensurate with the risk involved or an appraisal. For long-lived assets to be disposed of by sale or other than sale, fair value is determined in a similar manner, except those fair values are reduced for disposal costs.

54

Asset retirement obligations and environmental costs

The Company establishes reserves for closure/post-closure costs associated with the environmental and other assets it maintains, which include, but arenot limited to, waste management units, such as a chemical waste destructor, storage tanks, and boilers. When these types of assets are constructed or installed, a liability is established with a corresponding asset for the future costs anticipated to be associated with the closure of the site based on an expected life of the environmental assets, the applicable regulatory closure requirements, and the Company’s environmental policies and practices. These expenses are charged into earnings over the estimated useful life of the assets. Currently, the Company estimates the useful life of each individual asset up to 27 years. Changes made in estimates of the asset retirement obligation costs or the estimate of the useful lives of these assets are reflected in earnings as an increase or decrease in the period such changes are made.

Environmental costs are capitalized if they extend the life of the related property, increase its capacity, and/or mitigate or prevent future contamination. The cost of operating and maintaining environmental control facilities is charged to expense.

Litigation

The Company and its operations from time to time* may*be parties to or targets of lawsuits, claims, investigations, and proceedings including product liability, personal injury, patent and intellectual property, commercial, contract, environmental, health and safety, and environmental matters, which are handled and defended in the ordinary course of business. The Company accrues a liability for such matters when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. When a single amount cannot be reasonably estimated but the cost can be estimated within a range, the Company accrues the minimum amount.

55

Revenue recognition

In accordance with ASC Topic606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, the Company recognizes revenue when performance obligations of the customer contract are satisfied. The Company sells to customers through master sales agreements or standalone purchase orders. The majority of the Company’s revenue is from short-term contracts with revenue recognized when a single performance obligation to transfer product under the terms of a contract with a customer is satisfied. Accordingly, the Company recognizes revenue when control is transferred to the customer, which is when products are considered to meet customer specification per the customer contract and title and risk of loss are transferred. This typically occurs at the time of shipment or delivery; or for certain contracts, this occurs upon delivery of the material to a Company storage location, ready for customer pickup and separated from other Company inventory. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for transferring products and is generally based upon a negotiated price. The Company sells its products directly to customers generally under agreements with payment terms of30 to75 days for chemical segment customers and2 to10 days for biofuels segment customers.

The Company applies the practical expedient and excludes the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for (i) contracts with an original expected length ofone year or less; and (ii) contracts for which the Company recognizes revenue at the amount to which the Company has the right to invoice for services performed.

Revenue within the biofuel segment includes revenue from biodiesel RINs. RINs are renewable identification numbers under the Renewable Fuel Standard (“RFS2”) used to incent the use of renewable fuels domestically. RINs are generated at1.5 RINs per gallon of biodiesel produced and sold. Revenue is recognized from RINs when transferred to the buyer in the government provided tracking system.No cost is incurred in the generation of a RIN.

Taxes collected from customers remitted to governmental authorities are excluded from revenue. Shipping and handling fees related to sales transactions are billed to customers and recorded as sales revenue.

Cost of goods sold and distribution

Cost of goods sold consists of raw and packaging materials, direct manufacturing costs, depreciation, analytical lab costs, inbound freight, purchasing, and other indirect costs necessary to manufacture products. Biodiesel cost of goods sold also includes a credit for theone dollar per gallon Blenders’ Tax Credit (“BTC”) for blending biodiesel with petroleum diesel when in law. The BTC was in law during2021, 2022, and2023 and is in effect until* December 31, 2024.See Note3* for further discussion.

Distribution expense includes outbound freight costs, depreciation of distribution equipment, and other indirect costs necessary to distribute product.

Selling, general, and administrative expenses

Selling, general, and administrative expenses include personnel costs associated with sales, marketing, and administration; legal and related costs; consulting and professional service fees; advertising expenses; and other similar costs.

56

Research and development expenses

Research and development expenses include direct salaries, depreciation of equipment, material expenditures, contractor fees, and other indirect costs. All costs identified as research and development costs are charged to expense when incurred.

Comprehensive income

Comprehensive income is comprised of net income and other comprehensive income (loss) (“OCI”). Comprehensive income comprises all changes in stockholders’ equity from transactions and other events and circumstances from non-owner sources. The Company’s OCI comprises unrealized gains and losses resulting from its investments in marketable debt securities classified as available-for-sale (see Note7).

Unrealized gains and losses were determined using the specific identification method and are classified in OCI.

Income taxes

The income tax (benefit) provision is determined using the asset and liability approach of accounting for income taxes. Under this approach, deferred taxes represent the future tax consequences expected to occur when the reported amounts of assets and liabilities are recovered or paid. The provision for (benefit from) income taxes represent income taxes paid or payable for the current year plus the change in deferred taxes during the year. Deferred taxes result from differences between the financial and tax bases of the Company’s assets and liabilities and are adjusted for changes in tax rates and tax laws when changes are enacted.

A tax valuation allowance is recognized if it is more likely thannot that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets willnot be realized. In assessing the recoverability of its deferred tax assets, the Company evaluates available positive and negative evidence to estimate whether it is more likely thannot that sufficient future taxable income will be generated to permit use of the existing deferred tax assets in each taxpaying jurisdiction. In making this determination, the Company considers positive evidence in the form of projections of future taxable income, reversing temporary differences, and tax planning strategies. In years in which the Company has experienced objective negative evidence in the form ofthree cumulative years of tax losses, the Companyno longer uses taxable income projections to overcome the presumption of losses and deferred tax asset valuations are computed using only the reversing net deferred tax liability from temporary differences as a source of income.

Issued accounting standardsnot* yet adopted*

In* December**2023,* the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU)No. 2023-09 Income Taxes (Topic740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which aims to address requests for improved income tax disclosures from investors that use the financial statements to make capital allocation decisions. The amendments in this ASU address the investor requests for more transparency of income tax information and apply to all entities that are subject to income taxes. The ASU is effective for years beginning after* December 15, 2024,*but early adoption is permitted. This ASU should be applied on a prospective basis, although retrospective application is permitted. Management is currently evaluating the impact of the changes required by the new standard on the Company's financial statements and related disclosures.

.

In* November 2023,the FASB issued Accounting Standard Update (ASU)No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic280*): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which aims to improve disclosures about a public entity’s reportable segments. This update addresses requests from investors for more detailed information about a reportable segment’s expenses in order to improve understanding of a public entity’s business activities, overall performance, and potential future cash flows. The amendments in this ASU include a requirement for public business entities to disclose, on an annual and interim basis, significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker (CODM) and are included within each reported measure of segment profit or loss. This update is effective for fiscal years beginning after* December 15, 2023,and interim periods within those fiscal years starting after December 15, 2024.*This ASU must be applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented. Management is currently evaluating the impact of the changes required by the new standard on the Company's financial statements and related disclosures.

57

Proposed accounting standards

In* July 2023,the FASB issued Proposed Accounting Standards Update (ASU)No. 2023-ED500 Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income-Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic220*-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses, which aims to provide investors with more useful information about an entity’s expenses by improving disclosures on income statement expenses. The amendments in this Proposed ASU would require public business entities to disclose disaggregated information about specific categories underlying certain income statement expense line items. The Company is evaluating this proposed accounting standard.

Recently adopted accounting standards

None.

BTC and Small Agri-Biodiesel Producer Tax Credit and Clean Fuel Production Tax Credit

The BTC provides aone dollar per gallon tax credit to the blender of biomass-based diesel with at least0.1% petroleum-based diesel fuel. The Company recorded this credit as a reduction to cost of goods sold as applicable sales were made.

The Further Consolidated Appropriations Act of2020 was passed by Congress and signed into law on* December 20, 2019,retroactively reinstating the BTC for2018* and2019 and extending it through* December 31, 2022.With the passage of the Inflation Reduction Act (“IRA”) in August 2022,the BTC was extended through December 31, 2024.*

As part of each law from which the BTC mentioned above was reinstated, small agri-biodiesel producers with production capacitynot in excess of60 million gallons were eligible for an additional income tax credit of*$0.10* per gallon on thefirst 15 million gallons of agri-biodiesel sold (the “Small Agri-biodiesel Producer Tax Credit”). The Company was eligible for this credit and recognized $1,500 for2023,2022, and2021 in the same accounting period as the benefit from the BTC as described above. The benefit of this credit is recognized as a component of income tax (benefit) provision.

The Inflation Reduction Act (IRA), created the clean fuel production credit (“CFPC”) for qualifying transportation fuel produced after2024 and sold on or before* December 31, 2027.The CFPC consolidates and replaces several fuel related credits set to expire December 31, 2024*including the BTC and the Small Agri-biodiesel Producer Tax Credit.

The CFPC is an income tax credit structured on a sliding scale so that producers become eligible for larger credits as the GHG emissions of the fuels they produce approach zero. For producers meeting the prevailing wage and registered apprenticeship requirements, the maximum credit is*$1.00* per gallon of nonaviation fuel. For producersnot meeting the prevailing wage and registered apprenticeship requirements, the maximum credit is20 cents per nonaviation fuel gallon.

CARES ACT – EMPLOYEE RETENTION TAX CREDIT

The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”), was enacted on* March 27, 2020,to encourage eligible employers to retain employees on their payroll. The Consolidated Appropriations Act, effective January 1, 2021,*broadened the eligibility of the credit. The Company applied for this credit and will recognize the benefit of the credit once reasonable assurance can be made as to the retention of the credit.

58

The majority of revenue is from short term contracts with revenue recognized when a single performance obligation to transfer product under the terms of a contract with a customer are satisfied.

Certain of the Company’s custom chemical contracts within the chemical segment contain a material right, as defined by ASC Topic606, from the provision of a customer option to purchase future goods or services at a discounted price as a result of upfront payments provided by customers. Each contract also has a performance obligation to transfer products with30-day payment terms. The Company recognizes revenue when the customer takes control of the inventory, either upon shipment or when the material is made available for pick up. If the customer is deemed to take control of the inventory prior to pick up, the Company recognizes the revenue as a bill-and-hold transaction in accordance with ASC Topic606. The Company applies the renewal option approach in allocating the transaction price to these material rights and transfer of product. As a basis for allocating the transaction price to the material right and transfer of product, the Company estimates the expected life of the contract, the expected contractual volumes to be sold over that life, and the most likely expected sales price. Each estimate is updated quarterly on a prospective basis.

Contract Assets and Liabilities:

Contract assets consist of unbilled amounts resulting from revenue recognized through bill-and-hold arrangements. The contract assets for2023 and2022 consist of unbilled revenue from onlyone customer and are recorded as accounts receivable in the consolidated balance sheets. Contract liabilities consist of advance payments related to material rights recorded as deferred revenue in the consolidated balance sheets. Increases to contract liabilities from cash received for a performance obligation of chemical segment plant expansions were $538 and $1,983 in2023 and2022, respectively. Contract liabilities are reduced as the Company transfers product to the customer under the renewal option approach. Revenue recognized in the chemical segment from the contract liability reductions were $2,734 and $5,816 in2023 and2022, respectively. These contract asset and liability balances are reported on the consolidated balance sheets on a contract-by-contract basis at the end of each reporting period.

The following table provides the balances of receivables, contract assets, and contract liabilities from contracts with customers.

Contract balances

Contract Assets and Liabilities

*Exclusive of the BTC of $11,381 and $8,970, respectively, and net of allowances for bad debt of $55 and $48, respectively, as of the dates noted.

59

Transaction price allocated to the remaining performance obligations

As of* December 31, 2023*, approximately $12,974 of revenue is expected to be recognized in the future from remaining performance obligations. The Company expects to recognize this revenue ratably based upon the expected sales over the expected term of its long-term contracts which range fromone tofour years. Approximately 28% of this revenue is expected to be recognized over the next 12 months, and 72% is expected to be recognized betweenone andthree years. These amounts are subject to change based upon changes in the estimated contract life, estimated quantities, and most-likely expected sales price over the contract life. See Note2 for further information.

Disaggregation of revenue - contractual and non-contractual

Timing of revenue

Bill-and-hold transactions consisted offive specialty chemical customers in2023, andfour in each of2022 and2021, whereby revenue was recognized in accordance with contractual agreements based on product produced, readied for use and loaded into customer provided containers. These sales were subject to written monthly purchase orders with revenue recognized upon production and loading into customer provided containers. The inventory was segregated from other Company inventory as it was custom manufactured and stored at the customer’s request and couldnot be sold to another buyer. Credit and payment terms for bill-and-hold transactions are similar to other specialty chemical customers. Sales revenue under bill-and-hold arrangements totaled $43,766, $36,805, and $34,695, for the years ended* December 31, 2023,2022, and2021, respectively. Of the bill-and-hold sales revenue recognized, $4,317, $4,473, and $3,154 hadnot been shipped for the years ended December 31, 2023,*2022, and2021, respectively. These balances donot include contract assets that havenot been billed or shipped as described above.

The Company’s revenues for the years ended* December 31, 2023,*2022 and2021 attributable to the United States and foreign countries (based upon the billing addresses of its customers) were as follows.

For the years ended* December 31, 2023,*2022 and2021,no revenues from a single foreign country were greater than1% of total revenues.

60

The carrying values of inventory were as follows as of* December 31:*

In2022, a LIFO liquidation resulted in a decrease of $2,124 to “Cost of goods sold”. There wasno LIFO liquidation in2023.

Realized and unrealized gains and losses on derivative instruments and changes in fair value of the derivative instruments are recorded in the consolidated statements of income as a component of cost of goods sold and amounted to a net gain of $2,571 for the year ended* December**31,2023* and a net loss of $24,360 and $10,377 for the years ended* December 31,*2022 and2021, respectively.

The volumes and carrying values of the Company’s derivative instruments were as follows at* December 31:*

The margin account maintained with a broker to collateralize these derivative instruments carried an account balance of $745 and $2,088 at* December 31, 2023and2022*, respectively, and is classified as other current assets in the consolidated balance sheet.

61

At* December 31, 2023,the Company heldno* marketable equity or trust preferred (debt) securities. The previous sale of these securities was recorded as a component of net income with a gain of $575 in the year ended* December 31, 2023.At December 31, 2022,*the Company had investments in certain marketable equity and debt securities which had a fair market value of $37,126. These investments were classified as current assets in the consolidated balance sheets.

The Company had designated the trust preferred securities as being available-for-sale. Accordingly, these securities were recorded at fair value of $3,675 at* December 31,*2022, with the unrealized loss of $1 and an unrealized gain of $226, net of taxes, as a component of stockholders' equity.

For the years ended* December 31,*2022 and2021, in accordance with ASC321, the change in the fair value of equity securities (preferred and other equity instruments) was reported as a loss on marketable securities as a component of net income in the amount of $8,297 and $904, respectively.

In2023, 2022, and2021, the Company hadno recategorized net gain or loss to report from accumulated other comprehensive income.

Fair value is defined as the exit price, or the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability, in an orderly transaction between market participants as of the measurement date. Fair value accounting pronouncements also include a hierarchy for inputs used in measuring fair value that maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that the most observable inputs be used when available. Observable inputs are inputs market participants would use in valuing the asset or liability developed based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect the Company’s assumptions about the factors market participants would use in valuing the asset or liability developed based upon the best information available in the circumstances. The hierarchy is broken down intothree levels. Level1 inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level2 inputs include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that arenot active, and inputs (other than quoted prices) that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. Level3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability. Categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

Marketable securities and derivative instruments were fair value measurements using inputs considered as Level1 holdings in the year ended* December 31, 2023.The Company hadno* Level2 or Level3 securities.

62

Property, plant, and equipment consisted of the following at* December 31:*

Depreciation expense totaled $10,348, $10,454, and $10,452 for the years ended* December 31, 2023,*2022 and2021, respectively.

Other assets primarily comprise supplies and parts which arenot expected to be used in thetwelve-month period subsequent to the consolidated balance sheet date. The balance related to these items totaled $3,409 and $4,114 at* December 31, 2023and2022*, respectively.

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consisted of the following at* December 31:*

63

On* March 30, 2020,the Company, with FutureFuel Chemical Company as the borrower and certain of the Company’s other subsidiaries as guarantors, amended and restated its credit agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) originally entered into on April 16, 2015 (as amended, the “Prior Credit Agreement”) with the lenders party, Regions Bank as administrative agent and collateral agent, and PNC Bank, N.A., as syndication agent. The Credit Agreement consists of afive-year revolving credit facility in a dollar amount of up to$100,000, which includes a sublimit of $30,000 for letters of credit and $15,000 for swingline loans (collectively, the “Credit Facility”). The Credit Facility expires on March 30, 2025.*

On* March 1, 2023,the Company entered into a First Amendment to the Credit Agreement (the “First Amendment”). The First Amendment primarily amends the Credit Agreement to transition the Credit Facility from LIBOR to the Secured overnight financing rate (“SOFR”) and other conforming changes, in each case as more specifically set forth in the First Amendment. The First Amendment doesnot* modify the aggregate amount, or expiration date, of the Credit Facility. We donot expect the transition from LIBOR to have a material impact on the Credit Facility. Pursuant to the First Amendment, the interest rate floats at the following margins over SOFR or base rate based upon our leverage ratio.

The terms of the Credit Facility contain certain negative covenants and conditions including a maximum consolidated leverage ratio and a minimum consolidated interest coverage ratio.

There wereno borrowings under the Credit Agreement at* December 31, 2023or2022.*

At* December 31, 2023and2022*, the Company had $7 and $46 outstanding with a domestic financing company for computer technology under athree-year financing agreement.

The Batesville plant generates hazardous and non-hazardous wastes, the treatment, storage, transportation, and disposal of which are regulated by various governmental agencies. In addition, the Batesville plant* maybe required to incur costs for environmental and closure and post-closure costs under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. The Company’s liability for asset retirement obligations and environmental contingencies was $1,431 and $1,396 as of December 31, 2023and2022*, respectively. These amounts are recorded in other noncurrent liabilities in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet. The accretion expense for2023,2022, and2021 was $35, $32, and $32, respectively. The periodic review of the asset retirement obligation calculations resulted in an addition to the reserve of $0 in2023,2022, and2021.

64

The Company leases railcars under multi-year arrangements primarily for delivery of feedstock and biodiesel within its biofuels segment. The lease fees are fixed withno option to purchase andno upfront fees or residual value guarantees. All railcar leases are direct, andno subleases exist. The Company determines lease existence and classification at inception when an agreement conveys the right to control the identified property for a period of time in exchange for consideration. These leases expire by the end of* December 31, 2024.As operating leases donot* provide a readily determinable implicit interest rate, the Company uses an incremental borrowing rate based on information available at the commencement date in determining present value of the lease payments.

Following are supplemental income statement and cash flow information related to leases.

On* December 31, 2023and2022*, a right of use asset was reported as other noncurrent assets of $389 and $1,019, other current liabilities of $389 and $630, and other noncurrent liabilities of $0 and $389, respectively.

The imputed interest of the other noncurrent asset at* December**31,2023* was $9.

Purchase obligations

The Company has entered into contracts for the purchase of goods and services including contracts for feedstocks for biodiesel, expansion of the Company’s specialty chemicals segment, and related infrastructure with less thanone-year terms.

The Company holdsone non-cancelable obligation for software maintenance with payment obligations presented as follows.

65

The following table summarizes the income tax provision (benefit) for the years ended:

Differences between the income tax provision (benefit) computed using the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate were as follows:

The income tax provision in2023 was $1 or an effective tax rate of 0.0% as compared to an income tax benefit of $1,473 or an effective tax rate of 10.7% in2022 and an income tax benefit of $10,325 or an effective tax rate of 64.8% in2021.

The Company’s effective tax rates for the years2023,2022, and2021 reflect the positive effect of the BTC and Small Agri-biodiesel Producer Tax Credit. Based on technical guidance from the Internal Revenue Service, the Company excludes the portion of the BTCnot used to satisfy excise tax liabilities from income. Both incentives are currently due to expire in* December 2024.*

The Company’s2022 and2021 effective tax rate provisions reflect the negative impact to the Company’s overall state income tax position of its2021 decision to phase out its shipments on the petroleum products common carrier pipelines and the termination of these operations in2022. This operational change shifts the Company’s business among various states such that its net deferred tax liabilities will be realized at higher rates. Additionally, the Company’s2023 and2021 state deferred tax provision reflects aone-time benefit from state legislation enacted during the year which applies a lower tax rate to future reversals of deferred tax liabilities.

In2023 and2022, the Company determined that its deferred tax assets are realizable only to the extent of its deferred tax liabilities and recorded a valuation allowance that reduces its net deferred tax asset to*$0.*

66

The significant components of deferred tax assets and liabilities were as follows as of* December 31:*

The Company’s federal net operating loss carryforwards at* December 31, 2023donot* expire and can be carried forward indefinitely. Utilization of these carryforwards is limited to 80% of taxable income in any given year. State net operating loss carryforwards at* December 31, 2023reflect losses generated in2019* through2023 and, if unused, will expire in years2024 through2033. Federal and state tax losses are primarily a function of the nontaxable nature of the BTC.

Federal tax credit carryforwards at* December 31, 2023include the Small Agri-biodiesel Producer Credit and Credit for Increasing Research generated in years2019* through2023 and expiring in2039 through2043. State credit carryforwards comprise Arkansas In-house Research Credits generated in2019 through2020 and expiring in2028 through2029.

Capital loss carryforwards were generated in2019 through2023 and will expire in2024 through2028.

A tax valuation allowance is recognized if it is more likely thannot that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets willnot be realized. In assessing the recoverability of its deferred tax assets, the Company evaluates available positive and negative evidence to estimate whether it is more likely thannot that sufficient future taxable income will be generated to permit use of the existing deferred tax assets in each taxing jurisdiction. In making this determination, the Company considers positive evidence in the form of projections of future taxable income, reversing temporary differences, and tax planning strategies. In years in which the Company has experienced objective negative evidence in the form ofthree cumulative years of tax losses, the Companyno longer uses taxable income projections to overcome the presumption of losses and deferred tax asset valuations are computed taking into account tax planning strategies and the reversing net deferred tax liability from temporary differences as sources of income.

As of* December 31, 2023and2022,* the Company recorded valuation allowances of $14,216 and $7,392, respectively, after determining that its total deferred tax assets are more likely thannot realizable only to the extent of its deferred tax liabilities.

There areno unrecognized tax positions as of* December 31,*2023,2022, or2021, and the Company doesnot anticipate any change over the nexttwelve months.

The Company records interest expense (income) and penalties, net, as a component of income tax (benefit) provision and had accrued interest and penalties of $0, ($95), and ($60) for* December 31, 2023,2022 and2021, respectively. Liabilities for accrued interest and tax penalties on unrecognized tax benefits were $0 at both December 31, 2023and2022*, respectively.

The Company and its subsidiaries file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and with various state jurisdictions. In general, the Company is subject to U.S., state, and local examinations by tax authorities from2020 forward.

67

In the year ended* December 31, 2023,*2022 and2021, the Company used the treasury method in computing earnings per share as all shares with participating security holders had vested.

There wereno outstanding restricted stock units for the year ended* December 31, 2023,*2022 and2021.

Basic and diluted earnings per common share were computed as follows:

Certain options to purchase the Company’s common stock werenot included in the computation of diluted earnings per share for the years ended* December 31,*2023,2022, and2021 because they were anti-dilutive in the period. The weighted number of options excluded on this basis was 40,060,33,754, and 28,953, respectively.

68

The Board of Directors of the Company adopted an omnibus incentive plan which was approved by the shareholders of the Company at its2017 annual shareholder meeting (the “Incentive Plan”). The purpose of the plan is to:

The Incentive Plan authorizes the Company to issue stock options (including incentive stock options and nonqualified stock options), common stock awards, and stock appreciation rights. Eligible participants in the plan include: (i) members of the Company’s board of directors and its executive officers; (ii) regular, active employees of the Company and any of its subsidiaries; and (iii) persons engaged by the Company or any of its subsidiaries to render services to the Company or its subsidiaries as an advisor or consultant.

Awards under the Incentive Plan are limited to shares of the Company’s common stock, which* may*be shares acquired by the Company, including shares purchased in the open market, or authorized but un-issued shares. Awards are limited to 10% of the issued and outstanding shares of the Company’s common stock in the aggregate.

The Incentive Plan became effective upon its approval by the Company’s shareholders on* September 7, 2017*and continues in effect for a term often years thereafter unless amended and extended by the Company or unless otherwise terminated.

The Company recognizes compensation expense in its financial statements for common stock-based options based upon the grant-date fair value over the requisite service period.

No common stock awards were issued in2023,2022, or2021.

No stock options were granted under the Incentive Plan in2023 or2021. In* August 2022,the Company granted a total of 20,000 stock options, respectively, totwo* new members of the Board of Directors and to the Chief Operating Officer. The options awarded have an exercise price equal to the mean between the highest and lowest quoted sales prices for the Company’s common stock as of the grant date as reported by the New York Stock Exchange. All options awarded in2022 vested immediately and expire in* August 2027.The Company has used the Black Scholes Merton option pricing model, which relies on certain assumptions, to estimate the fair value of the options it granted. The weighted average fair value of options granted was $2.30 per option in2022.*

69

There wereno stock options exercised in2023 or2022. All of the options exercised in2021 were exercised on a cash basis.

The assumptions used in the determination of the fair value of the options granted are provided in the following table:

The volatility rate for the options granted in2022 were derived from the historical stock price volatility of the Company’s common stock over the same time period as the expected term of each stock option award. The volatility rate is derived by a mathematical formula using the daily closing stock price data over the expected term.

The expected dividend yield is calculated using the Company’s expected dividend amount at the date of the option grant over the expected term divided by the fair market value of the Company’s common stock.

For the years ended* December 31, 2023,2022 and2021, total share-based compensation expense (before tax) totaled$0, $46, and$0, respectively. In the year ended December 31, 2022,this balance was recorded as an element of selling, general, and administrative expenses. As of December 31, 2023and2022*, there wasno unrecognized compensation expense related to stock options.

A summary of the activity of the Company’s stock options and awards for the period beginning* January 1, 2021and ending December 31, 2023*is presented below.

70

There were 4,310,167 options available for grant under the Incentive Plan. The following table provides the remaining contractual term and weighted average exercise prices of stock options outstanding and exercisable from the Incentive Plan at* December 31, 2023*.

The aggregate intrinsic values of total options outstanding and exercisable at* December 31, 2023and2022* were $0 and $19, respectively. Intrinsic value is the amount by which the last trade price of the common stock closest to* December 31, 2023and2022*, respectively, exceeded the exercise price of the options granted.

St. Albans Global Management, LLC (“St. Albans”), an entity affiliated with Mr. P. A. Novelly II, a member of the board, is entitled to demand that the Company register under the Securities Act of1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), the resale of all shares of the Company’s common stock beneficially owned by it. If St. Albans exercises its registration rights with respect to all 17,085,100 shares of the Company’s common stock currently owned by it, there will be an additional 6,637,600 registered shares of common stock available for trading in the public market.

71

Defined contribution savings plan

The Company currently offers its employees a company401(k) matching savings plan, which covers substantially all employees. Under this plan, the Company matches the amount of eligible employees’ contributions, subject to specified limits, up to 6% of earnings. Company contributions totaled $1,923, $1,719, and $1,770 for the years ended* December 31, 2023,*2022 and2021, respectively.

The Company enters into transactions with companies affiliated with or controlled by a director or significant stockholder. Revenues, expenses, accounts receivable, prepaid amounts, and unpaid amounts related to these transactions are captured on the consolidated financial statements as related party line items. These related party transactions are summarized in the following table and further described below.

Related party balance sheet accounts

Related party income statement accounts

72

Biodiesel, petrodiesel, blends, and other petroleum products

The Company enters into agreements to buy and sell biofuels (biodiesel, petrodiesel, biodiesel/petrodiesel blends, RINs, and biodiesel production byproducts) and other petroleum products, such as gasoline, with an affiliate from time to time. Such agreements are priced at the then-current market price of the product as determined from bids from other customers and/or market pricing services. Cost of goods sold related to these sales includes variable costs and allocated fixed costs. The revenue amounts presented in the table above result when the Company sells biodiesel, petrodiesel, blends, and other petroleum products to a related party regardless of who the material was purchased from. Likewise, cost of goods sold amounts result when biodiesel, petrodiesel, blends, and other petroleum products are purchased from a related party regardless of who the material was sold to.

Natural gas purchases

The Company uses natural gas to generate steam for its manufacturing process and to support certain of its air and waste treatment utilities. During2021, natural gas was purchased through an affiliate provider of natural gas marketing services. Expenses related to these purchases include the cost of the natural gas only; transportation charges were paid to an independentthird party. The natural gas matter as discussed in Note23, Legal proceedings, is in reference to the natural gas supplier,not the related party. The amount shown in2023 reflects the settlement on the legal matter.

Distribution and related services

The Company leases oil storage capacity from an affiliate under a storage and throughput agreement. This agreement provides for the storage of biodiesel, diesel or biodiesel/petrodiesel blends, methanol, and biodiesel feedstocks in above-ground storage tankage at designated facilities of the affiliate. Expenses related to this agreement include monthly lease charges, generally on a per-barrel basis, and associated heating, throughput, and other customary terminalling charges.

Commodity trading advisory fees

The Company entered into a commodity trading advisory agreement with an affiliate. Pursuant to the terms of this agreement, the affiliate provides advice to the Company concerning the purchase, sale, exchange, conversion, and/or hedging of commodities as requested from time to time.

Travel and administrative services

The Company reimburses an affiliate for legal, trading, travel and other administrative services incurred on its behalf. Such reimbursement is performed at cost with the affiliate realizingno profit on the transaction.

Income tax and consulting services

An affiliate provides professional services to the Company, primarily in the area of income tax preparation and consulting. The Company also receives certain finance and accounting expertise from this affiliate as requested. Expenses related to these services comprise an agreed quarterly fee plus reimbursement of expense, at cost and are reported as selling, general, and administrative expenses.

73

The Company hastwo reportable segments organized along similar product lines – chemicals and biofuels. The accounting policies of the segments are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies in Note2.

Chemicals

The Company’s chemicals segment manufactures diversified chemical products that are sold tothird party customers. This segment comprisestwo product groups: “custom manufacturing” (manufacturing chemicals for specific customers) and “performance chemicals” (multi-customer specialty chemicals).

Biofuels

The Company’s biofuels segment manufactures and markets biodiesel. Biodiesel revenues are generated through the sale of biodiesel to customers through the Company’s distribution network at the Batesville plant, through distribution facilities available at leased oil storage facilities, and through a network of remotely located tanks. Results of the biofuels business segment also reflect the sale of biodiesel blends with petrodiesel, petrodiesel withno biodiesel added, RINs, and biodiesel production byproducts.

Summary of business by segment

Depreciation is allocated to segment cost of goods sold based on plant usage. The total assets and capital expenditures of the Company havenot been allocated to individual segments as large portions of these assets are shared to varying degrees by each segment, causing such an allocation to be of little value.

74

Earnings per share is computed independently for each of the quarters presented. Therefore, the sum of the quarterly amounts willnot necessarily equal the total for the year.

The Company isnot a party to, nor is any of its property subject to, any material pending legal proceedings, other than ordinary routine litigation incidental to its business. However, from time to time, the Company* maybe a party to, or a target of, lawsuits, claims, investigations, and proceedings, including product liability, personal injury, asbestos, patent and intellectual property, commercial, contract, environmental, antitrust, health and safety, and employment matters, which the Company expects to be handled and defended in the ordinary course of business. While the Company is unable to predict the outcome of any matters currently pending, the Company doesnot* believe that the ultimate resolution of any such pending matters will have a material adverse effect on its overall financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows. However, adverse developments could negatively impact earnings or cash flows in future periods.

The Company entered into a settlement agreement to resolve the previously reported dispute regarding its* February 2021*natural gas bill.

The natural gas settlement was a reduction to Cost of goods sold-related parties in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income in the period ended* December 31, 2023*in the amount of $882. This settlement reduced Cost of goods sold for each segment equally.

As discussed in Note21, Related Party Transactions, the “ultimate” natural gas supplier wasnot a related party of the Company.

On* March 12, 2024,the Company’s board of directors authorized the repurchase of up to $25.0 million of Company common stock through a stock repurchase program expiring March 12, 2026.*The program could be suspended or discontinued at any time, based on market, economic, or business conditions. The timing and amount of repurchase transactions will be determined by management based on its evaluation of market conditions, share price, and other factors.

The Company's board of directors also authorized on* March 12, 2024 a special cash dividend of $2.50 per share on our common stock payable on April 9, 2024,to the holders of record of all the issued and outstanding shares of common stock as of the close of business on March 26, 2024.*

75