ORMAT TECHNOLOGIES INC

Overview

We are a leading vertically integrated company that is primarily engaged in the geothermal energy power business. We leverage our core capabilities and global presence to expand our activity in recovered energy generation and into different energy storage services and solar PV (including hybrid geothermal and solar PV as well as Solar plus Energy Storage). Our objective is to become a leading global provider of renewable energy and help to mitigate climate change by providing a replacement to carbon-intensive energy sources. We have adopted a strategic plan to focus on several key initiatives to expand our business.

We currently conduct our business activities in three business segments:

The following chart sets forth a breakdown of our revenues for each of the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023:

The following chart sets forth the geographical breakdown of revenues attributable to our Electricity and Product segments for each of the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023:

The revenues attributable to our Energy Storage segment for each of the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023 were 100% generated in the United States.

Our Power Generation Business (Electricity Segment)

Our Company-owned power plants include both power plants that we have built and power plants that we have acquired. The substantial majority of the power plants that we currently own or operate produce electricity from geothermal energy sources. Geothermal energy is a clean, renewable and generally sustainable form of energy derived from the natural heat of the earth. Unlike electricity produced by burning fossil fuels, electricity produced from geothermal energy sources is produced without emissions of certain pollutants such as nitrogen oxide, and with far lower emissions of other pollutants such as carbon dioxide. As a result, electricity produced from geothermal energy sources contributes significantly less to climate change and local and regional incidences of acid rain than energy produced by burning fossil fuels. In addition, compared to power plants that utilize other renewable energy sources, such as wind or solar, geothermal power plants are generally available all year-long and all day-long and can therefore provide base-load electricity services. Geothermal power plants can also be custom built to provide a range of electricity services such as baseload, voltage regulation, reserve and flexible capacity.

We own and operate geothermal and solar PV hybrid projects and have similar projects currently under construction, in which the electricity generated from a solar PV power plant is used to offset the equipment’s energy use at the geothermal facility, thus increasing the geothermal energy delivered by the project to the grid.

We also construct, own, and operate 53MW of recovered energy-based power plants. We have built all of the recovered energy-based plants that we operate. Recovered energy comes from residual heat that is generated as a by-product of gas turbine-driven compressor stations, solar thermal units and a variety of industrial processes, such as cement manufacturing. Such residual heat, which would otherwise be wasted, may be captured in the recovery process and used by recovered energy power plants to generate electricity without burning additional fuel and without additional emissions.

Each of our current geothermal power plants sells substantially all of its output pursuant to long-term, and in most of the cases, fixed price PPAs to various counterparties denominated in or linked to the U.S. dollar or Euro. These contracts had a total weighted average remaining term, based on contributions to segment revenue, of approximately 15 years at December 31, 2023. In addition, the counterparties to our PPAs in the United States had a credit rating of between Aa1 to B1 (Stable) by Moody's and AA+ to B- by S&P. The purchasers of electricity from our foreign power plants are mainly state-owned entities in countries with below investment grade rating.

Power Plants in Operation

We own and operate 32 power plant complexes globally with an aggregate generating capacity of 1,215 MW. They include geothermal, REG and solar sites. Geothermal comprised 92% of our generating capacity. In 2023, our geothermal and REG power plants generated at a capacity factor of 84% and 38%, respectively, which is higher than the 20%-30% capacity factor typically generated in wind and solar projects.

The table below summarizes certain key non-financial information relating to our power plants and complexes as of February 23, 2024. The generating capacity of certain of our power plants and complexes listed below has been updated from our 2021 disclosure to reflect changes in the resource temperature and other factors that impact resource capabilities:

We own a 63.75% equity interest in the Bouillante power plant, a 60% equity interest in the Neal Hot Spring power plant and a 63.25% direct equity interest in the Puna plant. We list 100% of the generating capacity of the Bouillante power plant, the Neal Hot Springs power plant and the Puna power plant in the table above because we control their operations. We list our 12.75% share of the generating capacity of the Sarulla complex as we own a 12.75% minority interest. Revenues from the Sarulla complex are not consolidated and are presented under “Equity in earnings (losses) of investees, net” in our consolidated financial statements.

New Power Plants

We are currently in various stages of construction of new power plants and expansion of existing power plants. We have released for construction projects with generating capacity of 162 MW from geothermal and solar PV worldwide. In addition, we have several geothermal and solar PV projects in various stages of development. These projects are primarily located in the United States.

We hold substantial land positions across 33 prospects in the United States and 9 prospects in Ethiopia, Guatemala, Honduras and Indonesia that we expect will support future geothermal development. These land positions are comprised of various leases, exploration concessions for geothermal resources, and options to enter into leases. We have started or plan to start exploration activity on many of these prospects.

We expect to add between 335 MW to 355 MW between 2024 and 2026 and to reach by the end of 2026 a total generating capacity of approximately 1.5 GW in the Electricity Segment by that time.

Our Product Segment

We design, manufacture and sell products for electricity generation and provide the related services described below. In addition, we provide cementing services for well drilling to third parties. We primarily manufacture products to fill customer orders, but in some situations, we manufacture products as inventory for future projects that we will own or for future third party projects.

Power Units for Geothermal Power Plants

We design, manufacture and sell power units for geothermal electricity generation, which we refer to as OECs. In geothermal power plants using OECs, geothermal fluid (either hot water/brine, steam, or both) is extracted from the underground reservoir and flows from the wellhead to a vaporizer that heats a secondary working fluid, which is vaporized and used to drive the turbine. The secondary fluid is then condensed in a condenser, which may be cooled directly by air through an air cooling system or by water from a cooling tower and sent back to the vaporizer. The cooled geothermal fluid is then reinjected back into the reservoir. Our customers include contractors, geothermal power plant developers, owners and operators.

Power Units for Recovered Energy-Based Power Generation

We design, manufacture and sell power units used to generate electricity from recovered energy, or so-called “waste heat”. This heat is generated as a residual by-product of gas turbine-driven compressor stations, solar thermal units, biomass facilities and a variety of industrial processes, such as cement manufacturing, and is not otherwise used for any purpose. Our existing and target customers include interstate natural gas pipeline owners and operators, gas processing plant owners and operators, cement plant owners and operators, and other companies engaged in other energy-intensive industrial processes.

EPC of Power Plants

We serve as an EPC contractor for geothermal and recovered energy power plants on a turnkey basis, using power units we design and manufacture. Our customers are geothermal power plant owners as well as our target customers for the sale of our recovered energy-based power units. Unlike many other companies that provide EPC services, we believe our competitive advantage is in using equipment that we manufacture, which allows us better quality in and control over the timing and delivery of required equipment and its related costs.

Our Energy Storage Segment

Our Energy Storage segment has grown consistently since 2019 and we expect strong growth in the coming years. We have targeted the Energy Storage segment as one of our major segments for investment and growth.

In 2023, we successfully brought on line five new Ormat-owned BESS projects; the 20 MW/20 MWh Andover project and the 7 MW/7 MWh Howell project, both located in New Jersey; the 12 MW/12 MWh Bowling Green project in Ohio; the 23 MW/23 MWh Upton project in Texas; and the 20 MW/40 MWh Pomona 2 project in California. These new additions to the portfolio have increased our operating portfolio to 170 MW / 298 MWh at the end of 2023. Our portfolio of projects are regionally diversified, with footprints across 4 different RTOs or ISOs; CAISO, PJM Interconnect, ERCOT and ISONE.

We are currently in the process of constructing 7 additional energy storage projects with a total capacity of 355 MW / 1,060 MWh in California, Texas and New Jersey.

In addition, we have an approximate 3.6GW/13.1GWh pipeline of potential projects, in different stages of development across the United States that will support our target to reach an energy storage portfolio of between 700 to 800 MW/ 1,900-2,300 MWh by the end of 2026. The development of such projects is dependent, inter alia, on site permitting, interconnection agreement, supply of Lithium- Ion batteries and economic viability, which are not certain. We plan to continue leveraging our experience in project development and finance, our engineering, procurement and construction know-how and our relationships with utilities and other market participants, to develop additional BESS projects.

Business Strategy

Our business strategy reiterates and supports our position that climate change is among the most important issues of our time. A large part of our business involves bringing low-carbon baseload energy to parts of the world that lack access to affordable baseload renewable energy. Our Company recognizes the importance of the fight against climate change and the imperative of lowering global greenhouse gas emissions, and our core business actively works to counteract these existential threats. We are focused on helping to create a sustainable energy infrastructure, and further an alternative energy future, where greenhouse gas emissions are reduced and the ability to access and store renewable sourced power will enable electricity grids to become more responsive, more stable, and more environmentally friendly.

Business Goals

Our goals include continuing our leading position in the geothermal energy market and becoming a leading global provider of renewable energy. Our strategy focuses on three main elements:

We intend to implement this strategy through:

The map below shows our worldwide portfolio of operating geothermal, solar PV and recovered energy power plants as of February 21, 2024.

• In the Sarulla complex, we include our 12.75% share only.

The map below shows our portfolio of operating storage facilities as of February 21, 2024.

Sustainability Strategy

We are committed to engaging with stakeholders on, and strengthening our commitment to, sustainability issues, including environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) matters. We endorse external initiatives and partner with national and international associations that we believe assist us in adhering to our ESG values, in particular, relating to geothermal, energy, health and safety issues and human rights issues. We strive to provide up-to-date, credible and comparable data to ESG agencies while engaging institutional investors and investor advocacy organizations around ESG issues.

As a renewable energy solution provider, we are motivated to identify opportunities and risks with respect to climate change and take efforts to reduce our GHG emissions and improve our energy efficiency. In addition to meeting our regulatory requirements, we report our annual GHG emissions to several organizations, including the Carbon Disclosure Project and the Israeli Ministry of Environmental Protection’s voluntary business reporting initiative.

We report our progress on environmental goals and commitments annually in our sustainability reports, including, but not limited to, our climate change mitigation measures, biodiversity conservation, and water management efforts. A copy of our most recent Sustainability Report is accessible, free-of-charge, on our website at https://www.ormat.com/en/company/engagement. The contents of our website, including the sustainability reports, are not part of or otherwise incorporated by reference into this Form 10-K.

Our Proprietary Technology

Our proprietary technology involves original designs of turbines, pumps, and heat exchangers, as well as formulation of organic motive fluids (all of which are non-ozone-depleting substances) and may be used either in power plants operating according to the ORC alone or in combination with various other commonly used thermodynamic technologies that convert heat to mechanical power, such as gas and steam turbines. It can be used with a variety of thermal energy sources, such as geothermal, recovered energy, biomass, solar energy and fossil fuels. By using advanced computational fluid dynamics techniques and other computer aided design software as well as our test facilities, we continuously seek to improve power plant components, reduce operations and maintenance costs, and increase the range of our equipment and applications. We examine ways to increase the output of our plants by utilizing evaporative cooling, cold reinjection, configuration optimization, and topping turbines.

We also developed, patented and constructed GCCU power plants in which the steam first produces power in a backpressure steam turbine and is subsequently condensed in a vaporizer of a binary plant, which produces additional power. Our Geothermal Combined Cycle technology, that we have deployed in previous years, is depicted in the diagram below.

In the conversion of geothermal energy into electricity, our technology has a number of advantages over conventional geothermal steam turbine plants. A conventional geothermal steam turbine plant consumes significant quantities of water, causing depletion of the aquifer and requiring cooling water treatment with chemicals and consequently a need for the disposal of such chemicals. A conventional geothermal steam turbine plant also creates a visual impact in the form of an emitted plume from the cooling towers, especially during cold weather. By contrast, our binary and combined cycle geothermal power plants have a low profile with minimal visual impact and do not emit a plume when they use air-cooled condensers. Our binary and combined cycle geothermal power plants reinject all of the geothermal fluids utilized in the respective processes into the geothermal reservoir. Consequently, such processes generally have no emissions.

Other advantages of our technology include simplicity of operation and maintenance and higher yearly availability. For instance, the OEC employs a low speed and high efficiency organic vapor turbine directly coupled to the generator, eliminating the need for reduction gear. In addition, with our binary design, there is no contact between the turbine blade and geothermal fluids, which can often be very erosive and corrosive. Instead, the geothermal fluids pass through a heat exchanger, which is less susceptible to erosion and can adapt much better to corrosive fluids. In addition, with the organic vapor condensed above atmospheric pressure, no vacuum system is required.

We use the same elements of our technology in our recovered energy products. The heat source may be exhaust gases from a Brayton cycle gas turbine, low-pressure steam, or medium temperature liquid found in the process industries such as oil refining and cement manufacturing. In most cases, we attach an additional heat exchanger in which we circulate thermal oil or water to transfer the heat into the OEC’s own vaporizer in order to provide greater operational flexibility and control. Once this stage of each recovery is completed, the rest of the operation is identical to that of the OECs used in our geothermal power plants and enjoys the same advantages of using the ORC. In addition, our technology allows for better load following than conventional steam turbines, requires no water treatment (since it is air cooled and organic fluid motivated), and does not require the continuous presence of a licensed steam boiler operator on site.

Our REG technology is depicted in the diagram below.

Patents

As of December 31, 2023, we have 192 patents and patent applications worldwide, including 58 patents issued in the U.S. and 39 pending U.S. patent applications. These patents and patent applications cover our products (mainly power units based on the ORC) and systems (mainly geothermal power plants and industrial waste heat recovery plants for electricity production). The product-related patents cover components that include turbines, heat exchangers, air coolers, seals and controls as well as control of operation of geothermal production well pumps. The system-related patents cover not only particular components but also the overall energy conversion system from the “fuel supply” (e.g., geothermal fluid, waste heat, biomass or solar) to electricity production.

The system-related patents also cover subjects such as waste heat recovery related to gas pipeline compressors and industrial waste heat, solar power systems, disposal of non-condensable gases present in geothermal fluids, reinjection of other geothermal fluids ensuring geothermal resource sustainability, power plants for very high-pressure geothermal resources, two-phase fluids, low temperature geothermal brine as well as processes related to EGS. Fifty-five of our patents cover combined cycle geothermal power plants, in which the steam first produces power in a backpressure steam turbine and is subsequently condensed in a vaporizer of a binary plant, which produces additional power. The remaining terms of our issued patents range from one year to 16 years. The loss of any single patent would not have a material effect on our business or results of operations.

Research and Development

We conduct research and development activities intended to improve plant performance, reduce costs, and increase the breadth of our product offerings. The primary focus of our research and development efforts is targeting power plant conceptual thermodynamic cycle and major equipment including continued performance, cost and land usage improvements to our condensing equipment, and development of new higher efficiency and higher power output turbines and brine production pumps. New realms for innovation include implementation of predictive maintenance software and automation of power plants performance analysis.

As part of our continuous development, we developed and patented the extraction ORC, developed extraction and injection turbines that allow bleed or injection of motive fluid between stages from or to the organic turbine. As the ACC is a significant piece of equipment involved in the ORC process, we focus our efforts on improving ACC performance, such as the wind guiding vanes (WGV), inclined ACC and more.

We also devote resources to research and development related to our energy storage segment. Our engineering and R&D teams are working to optimize the dispatch strategy of a BESS, develop and deploy capabilities to self-integrate BESS and test different battery cell and inverter technologies under simulated operating criteria of various energy markets to allow us to bring to market cost-effective BESS more rapidly and more optimized to the specific use cases and target revenue streams. Additionally, we hold patents in other energy storage solutions, including a mechanical energy storage system. A preliminary trial of this system in a small-scale unit is scheduled for 2024. We continue to evaluate investment opportunities in companies with innovative technology or product offerings for renewable energy and energy storage solutions.

Market Opportunities

Geothermal Market Opportunities

Renewable energy offers a sustainable solution to two major global issues: climate change and unpredictable commodity costs. Due to its environmental benefits, many countries are now prioritizing the development of clean, decarbonized baseload renewable sources. There is also a particular interest in geothermal energy production.

At the end of 2023, the total installed geothermal power generation capacity stood at 16,335 MW, an increase of 207MW since 2022. The United States, Indonesia, the Philippines, Turkey, Mexico, and New Zealand are the leading countries in geothermal power generation. The U.S. saw the largest growth in 2023, adding 106 MW.

Many governments have recognized the need for alternatives to fossil fuels. As a result, they have implemented or are preparing regulatory frameworks and policies that are necessary to achieve emission reduction targets. These policies also provide growth incentives and aim to maximize the use of renewable energy resources. This creates job opportunities and improves energy security.

United States

Federal

Interest in geothermal energy in the United States continues to grow based on supportive legislation and regulation at the local, state, and federal levels. Policymakers and regulators are increasingly aware of the comparatively high value of geothermal energy in contrast to intermittent renewable technology. Renewable portfolio standards (RPS) are now accounting for more baseload energy than ever before, as coal, natural gas, and nuclear power plants are being retired.

Geothermal power is currently generated in several states across the U.S., including California, Nevada, Hawaii, Idaho, Oregon, and Utah. Ormat believes there are opportunities for geothermal expansion in other western states, such as New Mexico and Colorado. New Mexico recently passed legislation increasing its renewable energy goals to 100% by 2045 for investor-owned utilities, and Colorado is introducing regulation for streamlined geothermal permitting.

The IRA offers several tax incentives to promote climate change mitigation. This spurred interest and growth in clean energy, electric vehicles, and battery and energy storage manufacturing and purchase. Some highlights of the IRA include PTCs or ITCs for wind and solar projects (including geothermal and hydropower) starting construction before January 1, 2025. It also made eligible for ITCs BESS projects placed in service after December 31, 2022. The PTCs and ITCs, as amended by the IRA, apply to facilities placed in service after December 31, 2022, and enables Ormat to transfer credits earned to unrelated third parties or enter tax equity transactions to fund a higher percentage of its investment. This should reduce capital needs and increase project economics.

Geothermal energy provides numerous benefits to the U.S. grid and economy. Geothermal development and operation can produce economic benefits by providing tax incentives and long-term high-paying jobs, and according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration - EIA - Independent Statistics and Analysis, it currently has one of the lowest LCOE of all power sources in the United States. Additionally, improvements in geothermal production make it possible to provide ancillary and on-demand services. This helps load-serving entities avoid additional costs from purchasing by balancing intermittent resources with storage or new transmission.

State legislation

Many state governments have implemented a Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) program, which requires utilities to incorporate renewable energy sources into their energy generation portfolio. The participating states set targets for generating energy from renewable sources within specific deadlines. Renewable energy generation under the RPS program is monitored through the production of Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs). Load-serving entities track these RECs to ensure that they are meeting RPS mandates.

Currently, in the United States, 42 states plus the District of Colombia and four territories have enacted an RPS, renewable portfolio goals, or similar laws or incentives (such as clean energy standards or goals) requiring or encouraging load-serving entities in such states to generate or buy a certain percentage of their electricity from renewable energy or recovered heat sources. The vast majority of Ormat’s geothermal projects are in California, Nevada, and Hawaii, all of which have the most stringent RPS programs in the country. Ormat sees the impact of RPS and climate legislation as a significant driver to expanding existing power plants and building new renewable projects.

States also provide incentives to geothermal energy producers. Nevada provides a property tax abatement of up to 55% for real and tangible personal property used to generate electricity from geothermal sources. This abatement may extend up to twenty years if job creation requirements are met. In Idaho, geothermal energy producers are exempt from property tax and, in lieu, pay a 3% tax on gross energy earnings. The California Energy Commission provides favorable grants and loans to promote the development of new or existing geothermal resources and technologies within the state. Also, in California, the CPUC has required Electric Load Service Entities (LSEs) to procure 11.5 GW of new clean electricity by 2028, 1 GW of this procurement must deliver firm power with an 80% capacity factor, produce zero on-site emissions, and be weather independent. In 2023, the CPUC ordered utilities to procure 4GW of clean electricity in addition to the 11.5GW required under the original bill. With a high-capacity factor and firm and flexible generation, geothermal energy addresses these requirements and is the natural replacement for baseload fossil fuels and nuclear generation.

Global

We believe the global markets continue to present growth and expansion opportunities in both established and emerging markets.

We believe several global Climate Change initiatives are likely to create business expansion opportunities for us and support the global growth of the renewable sector, such as the Paris Agreement approved by the Twenty-first Conference of the Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (2015) and subsequent UN Climate Change Conferences which reaffirmed the commitments of the Paris Agreement.

Outside of the United States, the majority of power generating capacity has historically been owned and controlled by governments. Since the early 1990s, however, many foreign governments have privatized their power generation industries through sales to third parties encouraging new capacity development and/or refurbishment of existing assets by independent power developers. These foreign governments have taken a variety of approaches to encourage the development of competitive power markets, including awarding long-term contracts for energy and capacity to independent power generators and creating competitive wholesale markets for selling and trading energy, capacity, and related products. Some foreign regions and countries have also adopted active government programs designed to encourage clean renewable energy power generation such as the following countries in which we operate, sell products and/or are conducting business development activities:

Europe

Europe has the fourth largest geothermal power capacity, the majority of which stems from Italy and Turkey and recently small-scale projects in Germany. A significant part of our European operations is in Turkey. We are looking for opportunities to expand in Europe, primarily in our Product segment.

A significant part of our European operations is in Turkey, and since 2004, we have established strong business relationships in the Turkish geothermal market and provided our wide range of solutions including our binary systems, to over 40 geothermal power plants with a total capacity of over 900 MW. We believe the potential for geothermal growth in Turkey is high, specifically in center-south and east areas of the country, however, due to the ongoing economic crisis in Turkey, new projects and investments are at a standstill.

We are also experiencing growing interest and believe there are opportunities in Greece, Croatia and Hungary.

Latin America

Several Latin American countries have renewable energy programs and have pursued development in the geothermal market.

In Guatemala, where our Zunil and Amatitlan power plants are located, the government approved and adopted the Energy Policy 2013-2027 that secures, among other things, a supply of electricity at competitive prices by diversifying the energy mix with an 80% renewable energy share target for 2027.

In Honduras, where we operate our Platanares power plant, the government set a target to reach at least 80% renewable energy production by 2034.

New Zealand

In New Zealand, where we have been actively providing geothermal power plant solutions since 1988, the government’s policies to fight climate change include a net zero GHG emissions reduction target by 2050 and a renewable electricity generation target of 90% of New Zealand’s total electricity generation by 2035. We continue selling power plants and products to our New Zealand customers and cooperate with other potential customers for adding geothermal power generation capacity within the coming years. In 2023, we signed an EPC contract to build the Ngatamariki 58 MW following the 59MW Tehuka 3 geothermal project contract signed in 2022. In 2023, we have also announced the development of TOPP2 a 50 MW geothermal power plant.

Asia

Indonesia

Indonesia has 23 GW of geothermal potential, the largest in the world and has just utilized about 2.4 GW (10% of the potential). The Government of Indonesia (“GOI”) has made a Nationally Determined Contribution of 43.2% GHG emission reduction and achieve net zero emission by 2060. To meet this target, GOI has planned to increase renewable energy utilization, with geothermal energy planned to have a 3 GW increase by 2030. To further accelerate renewable energy development, Presidential Regulation No 112 was established in 2022, outlining renewable energy investment incentives and setting more lucrative electricity tariffs for renewables. We are currently constructing the 34 MW Ijen Power Plant (joint development with Medco Power Indonesia) and we are making intensive efforts to extend our power plant portfolio in Indonesia, adding more megawatts to the already operating 330 MW Sarulla power plant.

In the product segment, we are seeing an increase in market demand for our binary technology. Several operating geothermal companies have announced the development plan of binary power plants for low-medium enthalpy resources, either by utilizing existing drilled wells or by utilizing unused brine from existing power plants.

East Africa

In East Africa the geothermal potential along the Rift Valley is estimated at several thousand MW. The countries along the Rift Valley are at different stages of development of their respective geothermal potential.

In Kenya, there are already several geothermal power plants, including our 150 MW Olkaria III complex. The Kenyan government has identified the country's untapped geothermal potential as the most suitable indigenous source of electricity.

The Kenyan government is aiming to reach 10 GW of power generating capacity by 2037, pursuant to the Least-Cost Power Development Plan 2017-37, which had a target of 62% of such capacity generated from renewable energy sources (including large hydro and solar).

Energy Storage

Energy storage systems utilize surplus, available electricity that enables utilities and grid operators to optimize the operation of the grid, run generators closer to full capacity for longer periods, and operate the grid more efficiently and effectively. As penetration of wind and solar resources increases, so does the need for services that energy storage systems can provide to “balance the grid”, such as local capacity, frequency regulation, ramping, reactive power, and movement of energy from times of excess supply to times of high demand. Common applications for energy storage systems include ancillary services, wind/solar smoothing, energy trading, peaker replacement, and transmission and distribution deferral.

We beleive that the impacts from the war in Ukraine and the instability in the Middle East continue bolstering demand for renewable energy as a way of reaching energy security. These and other factors, are currently outweighing headwinds that renewable energy is currently facing, in the form of a high interest rate environment and declining fossil fuel prices. The IEA estimates, in its 2023 World Energy Outlook 2023, that global additional Solar PV deployment between 2023 and 2030 will be 500GW. This and other renewable energy additions to the grid will place a strain on the electric grid as adding intermittent renewables such as wind and solar can create situations where a significant amount of capacity must be available to ramp up and down to accommodate these resource’s daily output cycles and variations due to weather conditions. Furthermore, the output from wind and solar PV power plants can change significantly over short periods of time due to environmental conditions like cloud movement and fog burn off and can cause instability on the electric grid. As a result, the IEA estimates that 100 GW of energy storage will be added by 2030. If a more aggressive Net Zero scenario occurs, the IEA estimates that 800 GW of solar and 180 GW of energy storage will be deployed by 2030.

In general, the energy storage market is impacted by battery prices that are linked to volatile lithium prices. In the U.S., the Energy Storage Market and our Energy Storage segment currently enjoy tail winds as a result of declining Lithium prices and the fact that the IRA provides large Investment Tax Credits to Energy Storage facilities. Also, various battery suppliers are preparing to manufacture batteries in the U.S., which is expected to result in additional tax benefits for our projects in the U.S. that will use local batteries. We also expect to see our Energy Storage segment benefit from the incentives available to other renewable energy technologies, which we believe will increase the need for energy storage.

According to Wood Mackenzie's Energy Storage Monitor for Q4 2023, the U.S. energy storage market added 2,354 MW and 7,322 MWh across all segments in Q3, a new quarterly record. Most of these additions - 2,158 MW/6,848 MWh - were grid-scale storage facilities which our energy storage segment focuses on. This segment’s installation capacity rose by 37% quarter over quarter, Wood Mackenzie is forecasting that cumulative energy storage deployments will grow to 63GW by 2027, of which the lions share is expected to be grid-scale installations.

We own and operate several grid-scale BESS facilities, where revenues are derived from selling energy, capacity and/or ancillary services in merchant markets like PJM Interconnect, ISO New England, ERCOT and CAISO. We are pursuing the development of additional grid-connected BESS projects in multiple regions, with expected revenues coming from providing energy, capacity and/or ancillary services on a merchant basis, or through long term bilateral contracts with load serving entities, e.g. investor owned utilities, publicly owned utilities and community choice aggregators. We are also pursuing the development and in construction of storage plus Solar PV facilities.

Solar PV

The solar PV market continues to grow, and is benefited by the IRA as well as the general desire to replace conventional generation with renewable resources. We are monitoring market drivers with the potential to develop solar PV power plants in locations where we can offer competitively priced power generation. Our current focus is in adding solar PV systems in some of our operating geothermal power plants to reduce internal consumption loads, as well as developing solar PV and BESS projects in targeted regions where economics are favorable. Since 2019, we successfully placed in service one 20MW stand-alone Solar PV project and an additional 30MW of solar PV augmentation systems adjacent to operating geothermal power plants in Nevada. In addition we recently acquired one 20MW stand alone project and 40MW of solar PV augmentation systems adjacent to operating geothermal power plants in Nevada. We are also currently constructing and developing similar projects totaling 72MW.

Other Opportunities

Recovered Energy Generation

In addition to geothermal power generation, we are pursuing Recovered Energy Generation (REG) opportunities in the United States and worldwide. To date, we have built 23 power plants in North America which generate electricity from waste heat from gas turbine-driven compressor stations located along interstate natural gas pipelines, from midstream and gas processing facilities, and from other industrial applications.

The passage of the IRA extended ITC for waste energy projects in the United States started before December 31, 2024. As such, twenty states and the federal government recognize the environmental benefits of REG power.

The EU aims to become the world’s first climate-neutral continent by 2050, and the European Commission set targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 55% by 2030 when compared with 1990 IPCC levels. To meet this goal, it is imperative to decarbonize the energy sector and increase renewables in the energy portfolio. We believe this requires diversifying the energy mix and localizing enhanced energy efficiency via integrated energy systems.

We believe these policies, incentives, and ambitious targets will encourage development of renewable energy technologies, including REG, throughout the U.S. and EU and across global markets.

In summary, the REG sector exists where available electricity is expensive or where the regulatory environment facilitates construction and marketing of power from recovered waste heat. However, these projects generally produce less than 9 MW so we expect growth to be relatively slow and geographically dispersed.

Operations of our Electricity Segment

How We Own Our Power Plants

We customarily establish a separate subsidiary to own interests in each of our power plants. This ensures that the power plant, and the revenues generated by it, will be the only source for repaying indebtedness, if any, incurred to finance the construction or the acquisition (or to refinance the construction or acquisition) of the relevant power plant. If we do not own all of the interest in a power plant, we enter into a shareholders’ agreement or a partnership agreement that governs the management of the specific subsidiary and our relationship with our partner in connection with the specific power plant. Our ability to transfer or sell our interests in certain power plants may be restricted by certain purchase options or rights of first refusal in favor of our power plant partners or the power plant’s power purchasers and/or certain change of control and assignment restrictions in the underlying power plant and financing documents. With certain limited exceptions most of our domestic geothermal and REG power plants are Qualifying Facilities under the PURPA and are eligible for regulatory exemptions from most provisions of the FPA and certain state laws and regulations.

How We Explore and Evaluate Geothermal Resources

We conduct exploration activities globally. It generally takes two to five years from the time we start active exploration of a particular geothermal resource to the time we have resource confirmation through drilling and testing. This timeframe assumes the resource is commercially viable and there is an intention to pursue its development. Exploration activities generally involve the phases described below.

Initial Evaluation

We identify and evaluate potential geothermal resources through field investigations using a robust geoscience program identified through both public and private data sources.

Our initial evaluation is usually conducted by our internal exploration team, although we might engage outside service providers for some tasks from time to time. The costs associated with an initial evaluation vary from site to site, based on various factors, including the acreage involved and the costs, if any, of obtaining information from private databases or other sources. On average, our expenses for an initial evaluation range from approximately $10,000 (mainly in the U.S.) to $50,000 (mainly in the international prospects) including travel, chemical analyses, and data acquisition.

If we conclude, based on the information considered in the initial evaluation, that the geothermal resource has potential to support a commercially viable power plant, considering various factors described below, we proceed to land rights acquisition.

Land Acquisition

We acquire land rights to any geothermal resources our initial evaluation indicates could potentially support a commercially viable power plant. For domestic power plants, we either lease or own the sites on which our power plants are located. For our foreign power plants, our lease rights for the power plant site are generally contained in the terms of a concession agreement or other contract with the host government or an agency thereof. In certain cases, we also enter into one or more geothermal resource leases (or subleases), a concession, an option agreement or other agreement granting us the exclusive right to extract geothermal resources from specified areas of land, with the owners (or sublessors) of such land.

For most of our current exploration sites in the United States, we acquire rights to use the geothermal resource through land leases with the BLM (which regulates leasehold interests in U.S. federal land), with various states, or through private leases. A summary of our typical lease terms is provided below under “Description of our Leases and Lands”. The up-front bonus and royalty payments vary from site to site and are based on, among other things, current market conditions.

Surveys

We conduct geological, geochemical, and/or geophysical surveys on the sites we acquire. These surveys are conducted incrementally considering relative value and cost, and the geologic model is updated from progressively.

We make a further determination of the commercial viability of the potential geothermal resource based on the results of this process, particularly the results of the geochemical surveys estimating temperature and the overall geologic model, including potential resource size. If the results from the geochemical surveys are poor (i.e., low derived resource temperatures or poor permeability) or the geologic model indicates small or unlikely chance of finding a hydrothermal system, we re-evaluate the commercial viability of the geothermal resource and may not proceed to exploratory drilling. We generally only move forward with those sites that we believe have a moderate to high probability of successful development.

Exploratory Drilling & Testing

We drill exploratory wells on the high priority, relatively low risk sites to confirm and/or define a geothermal resource. Each year we determine and approve an exploration budget for the entire exploration activity in such year. We prioritize budget allocation between the various geothermal sites based on commercial, business, and portfolio management factors. The costs we incur for exploratory drilling vary from site to site based on various factors, including the accessibility of the drill site, the exploration strategy, and conceptual model of the resource. The type of exploratory drilling performed varies and can range from shallow temperature gradient wells to medium depth core drilling to full-size exploration wells. The exploration program typically focuses on the lowest cost option to de-risk the prospect such as temperature gradient wells to delineate a thermal anomaly and further de-risk targets with larger diameter wells. However, on average, exploration costs, prior to drilling of a full-size well, are approximately $1.0 million to $5.0 million for each site, not including land acquisition, and depending on the success we see in the early stages of exploration. Outside the U.S. exploration costs can be higher.

Pending successful results, a full-size drilling campaign is recommended. Larger diameter wells are required to produce and inject at rates that can evaluate commercial viability of individual wells and the resource. The goal of a full-size exploration campaign is to confirm commercial production and injection zones and allow for a long-term test of the resource.

At various points during our exploration activities, we re-assess whether the geothermal resource involved will support a commercially viable power plant based on information available at that time. For example, once we have successful exploration wells, we then test the resource for up to several months to study long-term viability with temporary surface equipment. Well testing data informs the resource numerical model and supports decisions such as power plant capacity and specifications.

If we conclude that a geothermal resource will support a commercially viable power plant, we move to the phase of constructing a power plant at the site. Additional wells may be drilled during the plant construction phase to meet the design point criteria.

How We Construct Our Power Plants.

The principal phases involved in constructing one of our geothermal power plants are as follows:

In recent years, it has taken approximately two to three years from the time we drill a production well until a power plant becomes operational. During 2023, in the Electricity segment, we focused on the commencement of operations at North Valley, Dixie Valley upgrade and Steamboat 2-3 Repowering in Nevada, as well as Heber-1 Repowering and Mammoth G2 upgrade in California. In addition, we commenced operations at Brady Solar and Steamboat 2-3 Solar in Nevada. We also focused on construction of the Beowawe repower as well as with enhancement work in some other of our operating power plants worldwide. We also commenced construction of the Guadeloupe enhancement, Beowawe and the North Valley Solar PV projects to supply power to the auxiliary loads of our power plants.

When deciding whether to continue holding lease rights and/or to pursue exploration activity, we diligently prioritize our prospective investments, taking into account resource and probability assessments in order to make informed decisions about whether a particular project will support commercial operation.

We may conclude that a prospective geothermal resource will not support commercial operations. In such case, costs associated with exploration activities will be expensed accordingly under the Write-off of Unsuccessful Exploration Activities line item in the consolidated statements of operations in our financial statements.

How We Operate and Maintain Our Power Plants

Our operations and maintenance practices are designed to minimize operating costs without compromising safety or environmental standards while maximizing plant flexibility and maintaining high reliability. Our operations and maintenance practices for geothermal power plants seek to preserve the sustainable characteristics of the geothermal resources we use to produce electricity and maintain steady-state operations within the constraints of those resources reflected in our relevant geologic and hydrologic studies. Our approach to plant management emphasizes the operational autonomy of our individual plant or complex managers and staff to identify and resolve operations and maintenance issues at their respective power plants; however, each power plant or complex draws upon our available collective resources and experience, and that of our subsidiaries. We have organized our operations such that inventories, maintenance, backup, and other operational functions are pooled within each power plant complex and provided by one operation and maintenance provider. This approach enables us to realize cost savings and enhances our ability to meet our power plant availability goals.

Safety is a key area of concern to us. We believe that the most efficient and profitable performance of our power plants can only be accomplished within a safe working environment for our employees. Our compensation and incentive program includes safety as a factor in evaluating our employees, and we have a well-developed reporting system to track safety and environmental incidents, if any, at our power plants*.*

How We Sell Electricity

In the United States, our purchasers are typically investor-owned electric utility companies or electric cooperatives including public owned utilities, and more recently, CCAs. Outside of the United States, our purchasers are either state-owned utilities or privately-owned-entities. We typically operate our facilities under rights granted to us by a governmental agency pursuant to a concession agreement. In each case, we enter into long-term contracts (typically, PPAs) for the sale of electricity or the conversion of geothermal resources into electricity. Although previously our power plants’ revenues under a PPA generally consisted of two payments, energy payments and capacity payments, our recent PPAs provide for energy payments only. Energy payments are normally based on a power plant’s electrical output actually delivered to the purchaser measured in kWh, with payment rates either fixed or indexed to the power purchaser’s “avoided” power costs (i.e., the costs the power purchaser would have incurred itself had it produced the power it is purchasing from third parties) or rates that escalate at a predetermined percentage each year. Capacity payments are normally calculated based on the generating capacity or the declared capacity of a power plant available for delivery to the purchaser, regardless of the amount of electrical output actually produced or delivered. In addition, we have one domestic power plants located in Hawaii that is eligible for capacity payments under the respective PPAs upon reaching certain levels of generation, or subject to a capacity payment reduction if certain levels of generation are not reached.

How We Finance Our Power Plants

We have funded our power plants with different sources of liquidity such as a non-recourse or limited recourse debt, lease financing, tax monetization transactions, internally generated cash, which includes funds from operations, as well as proceeds from loans under corporate credit facilities, green convertibles corporate bonds public debt and equity offerings, senior unsecured corporate bonds, project financing and the sale of equity interests and other securities. Our debt financing permits the development of power plants with a limited amount of equity contributions, but also increases the risk that a reduction in cashflow could adversely affect a particular power plant’s ability to meet its debt obligations. Leveraged financing also means that distributions of dividends or other distributions by our subsidiaries to us are contingent on compliance with financial and other covenants contained in the applicable finance documents.

In 2023, we raised several corporate and project finance loans, we raised equity, commercial papers and expanded and renewed our revolving credit facilities to support our geothermal and storage growth. In addition, we have used financing structures to monetize PTCs and tax depreciation for the North Valley power plant and we sold ITCs and PTCs that can be transferred for the first time.

How We Mitigate International Political Risk.

We generally, but not always, purchase insurance policies to cover our portion of our book equity exposure to certain political risks involved in operating in developing countries, as described below under “Insurance”. However, insurance may not cover all political risks or coverage amounts may not be sufficient.

Description of Our Leases and Lands

We have domestic leases on approximately 377,780 acres of federal, state, and private land in California, Hawaii, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, Idaho and Oregon. The approximate breakdown between federal, state and private leases and owned land is as follows:

Each lease has standard terms and requirements, as summarized below. Internationally, our land position includes approximately 59,154 acres.

BLM Geothermal Leases

Certain of our domestic project subsidiaries have entered into geothermal resource leases with the U.S. government, pursuant to which they have obtained the right to conduct their geothermal development and operations on federally-owned land. These leases are made pursuant to the Geothermal Steam Act. The lessor under such leases is the U.S. government, acting through the BLM.

BLM geothermal leases grant the geothermal lessee the right and privilege to drill for, extract, produce, remove, utilize, sell, and dispose of geothermal resources on certain lands, together with the right to build and maintain necessary improvements thereon. The actual ownership of the geothermal resources and other minerals beneath the land is retained in the federal mineral estate. The geothermal lease does not grant to the geothermal lessee the exclusive right to develop the lands, although the geothermal lessee does hold the exclusive right to develop geothermal resources within the lands. Since BLM leases do not grant to the geothermal lessee the exclusive right to use the surface of the land, BLM may grant rights to others for activities that do not unreasonably interfere with the geothermal lessee’s uses of the same land, including use, off-road vehicles, and/or wind or solar energy developments.

Typical BLM leases issued to geothermal lessees before August 8, 2005 have a primary term of ten years and will renew so long as geothermal resources are being produced or utilized in commercial quantities but cannot exceed a period of forty years after the end of the primary term. If at the end of the forty-year period geothermal steam is still being produced or utilized in commercial quantities and the lands are not needed for other purposes, the geothermal lessee will have a preferential right to renew the lease for a second forty-year term, under terms and conditions as the BLM deems appropriate.

BLM leases issued after August 8, 2005 have a primary term of ten years. If the geothermal lessee does not reach commercial production within the primary term, the BLM may grant two five-year extensions. If the lessee is drilling a well for the purposes of commercial production, the lease may be extended for five years and thereafter, as long as steam is being produced and used in commercial quantities, the lease may be extended for up to thirty-five years. If, at the end of the extended thirty-five-year term, geothermal steam is still being produced or utilized in commercial quantities and the lands are not needed for other purposes, the geothermal lessee will have a preferential right to renew the lease under terms and conditions as the BLM deems appropriate.

For BLM leases issued before August 8, 2005, the geothermal lessee is required to pay an annual rental fee (on a per acre basis), which escalates according to a schedule described therein, until production of geothermal steam in commercial quantities has commenced. After such production has commenced, the geothermal lessee is required to pay royalties (on a monthly basis) on the amount or value of (i) steam, (ii) by-products derived from production, and (iii) commercially de-mineralized water sold or utilized by the project (or reasonably susceptible to such sale or use).

For BLM leases issued after August 8, 2005, (i) a geothermal lessee who has obtained a lease through a non-competitive bidding process will pay an annual rental fee equal to $1.00 per acre for the first ten years and $5.00 per acre each year thereafter; and (ii) a geothermal lessee who has obtained a lease through a competitive process will pay a rental equal to $2.00 per acre for the first year, $3.00 per acre for the second through tenth year and $5.00 per acre each year thereafter. Rental fees paid before the first day of the year for which the rental is owed will be credited towards royalty payments for that year. For BLM leases issued, effective, or pending on August 5, 2005 or thereafter, royalty rates are fixed between 1.0-2.5% of the gross proceeds from the sale of electricity during the first ten years of production under the lease. The royalty rate set by the BLM for geothermal resources produced for the commercial generation of electricity but not sold in an arm’s length transaction is 1.75% for the first ten years of production and 3.5% thereafter. The royalty rate for geothermal resources sold by the geothermal lessee or an affiliate in an arm’s length transaction is 10.0% of the gross proceeds from the arm’s length sale.

In the event of a default under any BLM lease, or the failure to comply with any of the provisions of the Geothermal Steam Act or regulations issued under the Geothermal Steam Act or the terms or stipulations of the lease, the BLM may, 30 days after notice of default is provided to the relevant project, (i) suspend operations until the requested action is taken, or (ii) cancel the lease.

Private Geothermal Leases

Certain of our domestic project subsidiaries have entered into geothermal resources leases with private parties, pursuant to which they have obtained the right to conduct their geothermal development and operations on privately owned land. In many cases, the lessor under these private geothermal leases owns only the geothermal resource and not the surface of the land.

Typically, the leases grant our project subsidiaries the exclusive right and privilege to drill for, produce, extract, take and remove from the leased land water, brine, steam, steam power, minerals (other than oil), salts, chemicals, gases (other than gases associated with oil), and other products produced or extracted by such project subsidiary. The project subsidiaries are also granted certain non-exclusive rights pertaining to the construction and operation of plants, structures, and facilities on the leased land. Additionally, the project subsidiaries are granted the right to dispose geothermal fluid as well as the right to re-inject into the leased land water, brine, steam, and gases in a well or wells for the purpose of maintaining or restoring pressure in the productive zones beneath the leased land or other land in the vicinity. Because the private geothermal leases do not grant to the lessee the exclusive right to use the surface of the land, the lessor reserves the right to conduct other activities on the leased land in a manner that does not unreasonably interfere with the geothermal lessee’s uses of the same land, which other activities may include agricultural use (farming or grazing), recreational use and hunting, and/or wind or solar energy developments.

The leases provide for a term consisting of a primary term in the range of five to 30 years, depending on the lease, and so long thereafter as lease products are being produced or the project subsidiary is engaged in drilling, extraction, processing, or reworking operations on the leased land.

As consideration under most of our project subsidiaries’ private leases, the project subsidiary must pay to the lessor a certain specified percentage of the value “at the well” (which is not attributable to the enhanced value of electricity generation), gross proceeds, or gross revenues of all lease products produced, saved, and sold on a monthly basis. In certain of our project subsidiaries’ private leases, royalties payable to the lessor by the project subsidiary are based on the gross revenues received by the lessee from the sale or use of the geothermal substances, either from electricity production or the value of the geothermal resource “at the well”.

In addition, pursuant to the leases, the project subsidiary typically agrees to commence drilling, extraction or processing operations on the leased land within the primary term, and to conduct such operations with reasonable diligence until lease products have been found, extracted and processed in quantities deemed “paying quantities” by the project subsidiary, or until further operations would, in such project subsidiary’s judgment, be unprofitable or impracticable. The project subsidiary has the right at any time within the primary term to terminate the lease and surrender the relevant land. If the project subsidiary has not commenced any such operations on said land (or on the unit area, if the lease has been unitized), or terminated the lease within the primary term, the project subsidiary must pay to the lessor, in order to maintain its lease position, annually in advance, a rental fee until operations are commenced on the leased land.

If the project subsidiary fails to pay any installment of royalty or rental when due and if such default continues for a period of fifteen days specified in the lease, for example, after its receipt of written notice thereof from the lessor, then at the option of the lessor, the lease will terminate as to the portion or portions thereof as to which the project subsidiary is in default. If the project subsidiary defaults in the performance of any obligations under the lease, other than a payment default, and if, for a period of 90 days after written notice is given to it by the lessor of such default, the project subsidiary fails to commence and thereafter diligently and in good faith take remedial measures to remedy such default, the lessor may terminate the lease.

We do not regard any property that we lease as material unless and until we begin construction of a power plant on the property.

Description of Our Power Plants

Domestic Operating Power Plants

The following descriptions summarize certain industry metrics for our domestic operating power plants:

Power plants in the United States

Foreign Power plants

(1)Don A. Campbell is experiencing cooling since mid-2016, with 4°F to 5°F in the last year, which is reducing its generating capacity. Temperature mitigation program is ongoing. New and hotter production well was added in late 2023 and we expect to begin using new injection wells in 2024.

(2)36.75% indirectly owned by Northleaf.

(3)We completed the enhancement of the Heber complex and generating capacity increased by 10 MW.

(5) 40% owned by Enbridge Inc.

(6)On May 3, 2018, the Kilauea volcano located in close proximity to our Puna 38 MW geothermal power plant in the Puna district of Hawaii's Big Island erupted following a significant increase in seismic activity in the area. The Puna power plant resumed operations in November 2020 and in October 2023 reached at a level of 30 MW. In 2019, we reached an agreement with HELCO and recently, following a few amendments, received the final approval of the PUC. The new PPA extends the current PPA until 2052 and increases the current contract capacity by 8 MW to a 46MW maximum with 30MW minimum. In addition, the new PPA has a fixed price with no escalation, regardless of changes to fossil fuel pricing, which impacts the majority of our current pricing under the existing PPA. The existing PPA remains in effect until the new units will commence operation, expected to be three years from PUC approval (which was granted in January 2024).

(7)85% of the Bouillante power plant is jointly owned by Ormat and CDC, with 75% allocated to Ormat and 25% to CDC.

(8)The Olkaria complex experienced lower performance of the wellfield since 2021 and is currently generating 126 MW.

(9)We hold the Platanares assets, including the project’s wells, land, permits and a PPA, under a BOT structure for 15 years from the date the Platanares plant commenced commercial operation on September 26, 2017. A portion of the land on which the project is located is held by us through a lease from a local municipality.

(10)The Sarulla complex is experiencing a reduction in generation primarily due to wellfield issues at one of its power plants, as well as equipment failures which resulted in a decrease in profitability. In the second quarter of 2022, Sarulla agreed with its banks on a framework to perform remediation works that are aimed to restore the power plants' performance. The outcome of the first phase of the recovery plan is under evaluation after which we will make a decision regarding the implementation of the second phase. As we determined that the current situation and circumstances related to our equity method investment in Sarulla are temporary, no impairment testing was required for the period.

(11) The Tungsten, Brady Steamboat Solar and Still Water power plants generate energy that is used for the auxiliary power of the geothermal power plants

Future Projects

Projects Released for Construction

We have several projects in various stages of construction, including 11 projects that we have fully released for construction with a total capacity of 162 MW and one project with capacity of 10 MW to 15 MW that is in the early stages of construction.

These projects are expected to have a total geothermal generating capacity of between 104 MW (representing our interest) and solar PV projects with a total capacity of 58 MW

(1) Represents Ormat’s 49% equity share in the project

Projects under Various Stages of Development that were not Released for Construction

We also have projects under various stages of development in the United States that we estimate will increase the generating capacity of our geothermal projects by approximately 39 MW (representing our interest) and a Solar PV project with a total of 14 MW. We expect to continue to explore these and other opportunities for expansion so long as they continue to meet our business objectives and investment criteria. However, we prioritize our investments based on their readiness for continued construction and expected economics and therefore we are not planning to invest in all of such projects in 2024.

(1) The size of the project reflects Ormat's 49% interest share

Future Prospects

We have a substantial land position that is expected to support future development and on which we have started or plan to start exploration activity. When deciding whether to continue holding lease rights and/or to pursue exploration activity, we diligently prioritize our prospective investments, taking into account resource and probability assessments in order to make informed decisions about whether a particular project will support commercial operation.

Our current land position is comprised of various leases, concessions and private land for geothermal resources in42 prospects across the western United States, Latin America and Africa. In the United States we hold33 prospects:

Outside the U.S. we hold9 prospects:

Competition

Electricity Segment

Ormat’s Electricity Segment competes with geothermal power plant operators, other renewable energy providers, and other geothermal developers. The competition occurs both at the early stages of development and when obtaining a Power Purchase Agreement (PPA). In the development stage, the Company must acquire the rights to the resource or purchase a site that is already in the planning, permitting, or construction phase. Occasionally, other geothermal developers may become customers of Ormat in the Product Segment.

Our main competitors in the United States includes CalEnergy, Calpine Corporation, Cyrq Energy Inc., and other smaller pure-play developers. Internationally, our competitors are gaining experience from developing geothermal projects in their home countries, such as Mercury and Contact Energy in New Zealand, Energy Development Corporation in the Philippines, Storenergy and Meridian in France, and Enel Green Power in Italy. In Indonesia, Ormat experiences competition from Kaishan, PT Pertamina Geothermal Energy, PT Star Energy, and in a recent tender from Chevron (who teamed with Pertimina) to compete for land. Impex remains active in the Japanese geothermal sector, though Ormat has not experienced any direct competition yet. Turkish developers are also focusing on international market expansion. Additionally, Ormat faces competition from smaller pure-play geothermal developers and local providers.

When Ormat seeks to obtain a new Power Purchase Agreement (PPA), it mainly faces competition from other renewable energy sources such as wind, biomass, solar, and hydroelectric power. In the United States, Ormat primarily competes with solar power generation combined with energy storage. Ormat also competes with existing geothermal power plants as they are re-contracted.

As a geothermal company, Ormat focuses on niche markets where its vertical integration proves advantageous for the development of competitive baseload projects.

Product Segment

In our Product segment, we face competition from power plant equipment manufacturers and system integrators as well as engineering or project management companies.

Our competitors among power plant equipment suppliers are divided by technology, steam turbines and binary power plant manufacturers. Our main steam turbine competitors are industrial steam turbine manufacturers such as Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Fuji Electric Co., Ltd. and Toshiba Corporation of Japan, GE/Nuovo Pignone and Ansaldo Energia of Italy.

Our binary technology competitors are manufacturers using the ORC technology such as Mitsubishi Heavy Industries through Turboden, TICA, a Chinese air conditioning company that acquired Italian Exergy, Egesim, a Turkish electrical contractor who is collaborating with Atlas Copco mainly in the Turkish market and internationally, Kaishan, a compressor manufacturer from China who also develops its own projects and Fuji Electric Co., Ltd of Japan. While we believe that we have a distinct competitive advantage based on our accumulated experience, an increase in competition, which we are currently experiencing, has started to affect our ability to secure new purchase orders from potential customers. The increased competition led to a reduction in the operating margins, which in turn impacted our profitability.

In the REG business, our competitors are other ORC manufacturers, mainly Mitsubishi/Turboden and TICA/Exergy, which dominate binary waste heat recovery market installations. Other manufacturers are conventional steam turbines and small scale ORC suppliers.

In the case of proposed EPC projects we also compete with other service suppliers, such as project/engineering companies or EPC contractors.

Energy Storage Segment

In the Energy Storage segment, we face significant competition from companies that have already established businesses in the sector, companies that are seeking to acquire established businesses to gain a foothold in the sector, and new market entrants.

The energy storage space is comprised of a multitude of companies with different business strategies, such as project developers, independent power producers, system integrators, EPC contractors, component suppliers (e.g. batteries, inverters, control software, and balance of plant), and scheduling coordinators, among others. The energy storage space is experiencing consolidation as well as other dynamics in the supply chain (e.g. pure developers turning into IPPs). Thus, the number of IPPs in the market remains high and competition is intense.

We continue to develop greenfield projects with great emphasis on the quality of the location and other characteristics that will make for highly profitable projects as well as targeting strategic acquisitions of development assets or platforms. Additionally, we believe that our participation and expertise in various parts of the value chain, such as engineering, procurement, construction, project development, operation and maintenance, and asset management and market participation, together with our relatively long experience in commercial operations gives us a competitive advantage in the market of utility scale energy storage.

Customers

All of our revenues from the sale of Electricity in the year ended December 31, 2023 were derived from fully-contracted energy and/or capacity payments under long-term PPAs with governmental, public or private utility entities. The percentage of total revenues above 5% is detailed in the table below:

Based on publicly available information, as of December 31, 2023, the credit ratings of our rated electric utility customers are as set forth below:

The credit ratings of any power purchaser may change from time to time. There is no publicly available information with respect to the credit rating or stability of the power purchasers under the PPAs for our foreign power plants other than EDF (France).

Our revenues from the Product segment are derived from contractors, owners, or operators of power plants, process companies, and pipelines.

Our revenues from the Energy Storage segment are derived from selling energy, capacity services under long term capacity contracts and/or ancillary services in merchant markets like PJM, ISO New England, ERCOT and CAISO. We recently signed a long-term tolling agreement we believe that will secure fixed revenues for our Bottleneck 80MW/320MWh project in California. In addition, we are pursuing projects that will serve entities, such as investor owned utilities, publicly owned utilities and community choice aggregators.

Human Capital Resources

Our Team

As a global renewable energy company, we are proud to employ and work closely with the communities we serve, knowing we have the ability to contribute to local economies and social well-being. The promise of renewable energy that we deliver to our customers and stakeholders goes hand in hand with our commitment to local employment and skill development wherever we work.

Our success largely depends on our ability to recruit, train, develop and retain a productive and engaged workforce. Accordingly, investing in our employees, focusing on safety, offering competitive compensation and benefits, promoting a diverse workforce, adopting forward thinking human capital management practices and community outreach are critical elements of our corporate strategy.

As of December 31, 2023, we employed 1,576 employees, of whom 548 were in Israel, 763 were in the United States, and 265 were in other countries and 138 employees who are temporary or contracted. Any future material growth in our employee headcount will be attributable to purchasing or developing new power plants and energy storage facilities.

Workforce Health and Safety

The health and safety of our employees, subcontractors, the public, and the environment is our overarching priority. We manage risks by identifying, assessing and managing risks in the facilities and offices that we own and operate. In addition, we promote safety awareness and values. Our goal is to report, analyze, learn and improve performance to reduce the number of incidents. We seek to continuously improve our safety performance and instill a workplace safety culture. We also periodically conduct quality, environmental, health, and safety audits of our plants and facilities.

Ormat has an Integrated Quality, Environment, Health, and Safety Policy ("QEHS") that sets out our general commitments towards health and safety principles at our sites and for all our stakeholders. The policy is publicly available on Ormat's website and outlines our responsibilities to provide high quality products, conduct our business with care for the environment, and integrate our QEHS system into our business strategy and work processes. In addition, our Human Rights and Labor Policy, also available publicly on our website, outlines our commitments to ensuring that essential health and safety standards and practices are enforced in the workplace, developing risk awareness, and encouraging responsible health and safety behavior among employees.

In addition, we have an outreach plan to support communities where we do business such as addressing the reduced availability of food to vulnerable populations and providing medical and personal protective equipment to local healthcare workers across the globe.

Diversity Initiatives

We strive to provide a diverse and inclusive working environment where people are respected and feel a sense of belonging regardless of race, nationality, gender, age, religion or sexual orientation. Our offices, manufacturing plants and power plants are in multiple jurisdictions and our global workforce operates across many different beliefs. We are committed to local employment at all our operational and manufacturing locations. While our first and foremost consideration of a potential candidate is professional skills and overall qualifications for the position, we work with several organizations in the U.S. to help us present opportunities to ethnic minorities and veterans for open positions. Furthermore, we are committed to eliminating discrimination in our hiring and employment termination practices and ensuring that all employees are adequately accommodated and treated equally.

We actively seek opportunities to hire and promote female employees and managers across our Company, including our various operations worldwide.

Competitive Compensation and Benefits

We strive to ensure that all eligible employees receive fair and competitive compensation and benefits, including, paid maternity or paternity leave, sponsorship of learning opportunities, health care insurance, short-term and long-term disability, among others. Our global employees are entitled to retirement and pension benefits at or beyond the legally required level of employer contribution in the relevant country of operation, including access to 401(k) plans in the U.S. We fully cover retirement and pension plan liabilities in relevant countries of operation with our available resources. In addition, all our current employees in Israel are entitled to benefits in the event of termination or retirement following the Israeli Government’s sponsorship of programs that provide limited non-pension benefits.

Employee Investment

We focus on creating opportunities for employee education, development and training and we strive to ensure that employees are fulfilling their professional and personal goals. Our training opportunities include technical and soft skills to help our employees improve their performance and management training sessions to help employees expand their horizons. We have annual performance reviews for most of our employees. We also have a tuition reimbursement program and provide access to reskilling or upskilling training to employees transitioning to another position at the Company or another workforce. Our Human Resources department and various business units work together on initiatives to create a sense of community and togetherness. We offer employees options to improve their work-life balance, including community events, holiday and team milestone celebrations, volunteering opportunities and fitness support.

Collective Bargaining Agreements & Employee Unions

As of December 31, 2023, the only employees currently represented by a labor union are the employees of our acquired Bouillante power plant located in Guadeloupe. The employees in Guadeloupe are represented by the Confédération Générale du Travail de Guadeloupe.

In addition, in 2023, our battery storage operations and maintenance employees in Philadelphia voted for representation by the IBEW Local 777. We have objected to the outcome of the election and the matter is currently pending at the National Labor Relations Board in Washington, D.C. There is no threatened labor dispute at this time.

We have no collective bargaining agreements for our Israeli employees. However, by order of the Israeli Ministry of Economy and Industry, the provisions of a collective bargaining agreement between the Histadrut (the General Federation of Labor in Israel) and the Coordination Bureau of Economic Organizations (which includes the Industrialists Association) may apply to some of our Israeli non-managerial, finance and administrative, and sales and marketing personnel. This collective bargaining agreement principally concerns the cost of living pay increases, length of the workday, minimum wages and insurance for work-related accidents, annual and other vacation, sick pay, and determination of severance pay, pension contributions, and other conditions of employment. We currently provide such employees with benefits and working conditions, at least as favorable as the conditions specified in the collective bargaining agreement.

We maintain good relations with our employees and have not encountered any labor relations issues such as labor disputes, strikes, or work stoppages. We seek to continue to maximize a positive work environment for all our employees.

Insurance

We maintain partial physical damage and business interruption insurance, including the perils of flood, volcanic eruption, earthquake and windstorm, cyber coverage, general and excess liability, pollution legal liability, control of well, drilling rigs, construction risks, as well as customary worker’s compensation and automobile, marine transportation insurance and such other commercially available insurance as is generally carried by companies engaged in similar businesses and owning similar properties in the same general areas as us. Such insurance covering our properties extends to Ormat and/or our owned, controlled, direct or indirect affiliated or associated companies, subsidiary companies or corporations in amounts generally based upon the estimated replacement value and maximum foreseeable loss of our facilities (provided that certain perils including earthquake, volcanic eruption and flood coverage are subject to sublimit and/or annual aggregate limits depending on the type and location of the facility) and business interruption insurance coverage in an amount that also varies from location to location.

We purchase, when available, certain insurance policies to cover a portion of our book equity investment to specified political risks involved in operating in developing countries. We hold a global political risk insurance program covering the significant political risks at certain of our locations. This program is issued by the global insurers in the private sector. Such insurance policies generally cover, subject to the limitations and restrictions contained therein, losses derived from a specified governmental act, such as expropriation, political violence, and the inability to convert local currency into hard currency and, in certain cases, the breach of agreements with governmental entities, in approximately 70% of our book net equity investment.

Regulation of the Electric Utility Industry in the United States

The following is a summary overview of the electric utility industry and applicable federal and state regulations and should not be considered a full statement of the law or all issues pertaining thereto.

PURPA

PURPA and FERC's regulations thereunder exempt owners of small power production Qualifying Facilities that use geothermal resources as their primary source and other Qualifying Facilities that are 30 MW or under in size from regulation under the PUHCA 2005, from many provisions of the FPA and from state laws relating to the financial, organization and rate regulation of electric utilities.

PURPA provides the owners of power plants certain benefits described below if a power plant is a “Qualifying Facility.” A small power production facility is a Qualifying Facility if: (i) the facility does not exceed 80 MW; (ii) the primary energy source of the facility is biomass, waste, geothermal, or renewable resources, or any combination thereof, and at least 75% of the total energy input of the facility is from these sources, and fossil fuel input is limited to specified uses; and (iii) the facility, if larger than one megawatt, has filed with FERC a notice of self-certification of qualifying status, or has been certified as a Qualifying Facility by FERC. The 80 MW size limitation, however, does not apply to a facility if (i) it produces electric energy solely by the use, as a primary energy input, of solar, wind, waste or geothermal resources; and (ii) an application for certification or a notice of self-certification of qualifying status of the facility was submitted to not later than December 31, 1994, and construction of the facility commenced not later than December 31, 1999.

With respect to the FPA, FERC's regulations under PURPA do not exempt from the rate provisions of the FPA sales of energy or capacity from Qualifying Facilities larger than 20 MW in size that are made (a) pursuant to a contract executed after March 17, 2006 or (b) not pursuant to a state regulatory authority’s implementation of PURPA. The practical effect of these regulations is to require owners of Qualifying Facilities that are larger than 20 MW in size to obtain market-based rate authority from FERC if they seek to sell energy or capacity other than pursuant to a contract executed on or before March 17, 2006 or pursuant to a state regulatory authority’s implementation of PURPA. A sale to a public utility under PURPA at state approved avoided cost rates is generally exempt from FERC rate regulation.

In addition, provided that the purchasing electric utility has not been relieved from its mandatory purchase obligation, PURPA and FERC’s regulations under PURPA obligate electric utilities to purchase energy and capacity from Qualifying Facilities at either the electric utility’s avoided cost or a negotiated rate. FERC's regulations under PURPA allow FERC, upon request of a utility, to terminate a utility’s obligation to purchase energy from Qualifying Facilities upon a finding that Qualifying Facilities have nondiscriminatory access to: (i) independently administered, auction-based day ahead, and real time markets for electric energy and wholesale markets for long-term sales of capacity and electric energy; (ii) transmission and interconnection services provided by a FERC-approved regional transmission entity and administered under an open-access transmission tariff that affords nondiscriminatory treatment to all customers, and competitive wholesale markets that provide a meaningful opportunity to sell capacity, including long-term and short-term sales, and electric energy, including long-term, short-term, and real-time sales, to buyers other than the utility to which the Qualifying Facility is interconnected; or (iii) wholesale markets for the sale of capacity and electric energy that are at a minimum of comparable competitive quality as markets described in (i) and (ii) above. FERC regulations protect a Qualifying Facility’s rights under any contract or obligation involving purchases or sales that are entered into before FERC has determined that the contracting utility is entitled to relief from the mandatory purchase obligation. FERC has granted the request of California investor-owned utilities for a waiver of the mandatory purchase obligation for Qualifying Facilities larger than 20 MW in size. In addition, FERC recently amended its PURPA regulations to reduce the rebuttable presumption that small power production facilities in organized markets have nondiscriminatory access to markets from 20 MW to 5 MW. Therefore, the California investor-owned utilities may have a basis to further reduce their mandatory purchase obligation.

We expect that our power plants in the U.S will continue to meet all criteria required for Qualifying Facility status under PURPA. However, if any of our domestic power plants were to lose its Qualifying Facility status, such power plant could become subject to the full scope of the FPA and applicable state regulation. The application of the FPA and other applicable state regulation to our domestic power plants could require our operations to comply with an increasingly complex regulatory regime that may be costly and greatly reduce our operational flexibility.

PUHCA

Under PUHCA 2005, the books and records of a utility holding company, its affiliates, associate companies, and subsidiaries are subject to FERC and state commission review with respect to transactions that are subject to the jurisdiction of either FERC or the state commission or costs incurred by a jurisdictional utility in the same holding company system. However, if a company is a utility holding company solely with respect to Qualifying Facilities, exempt wholesale generators, or foreign utility companies, it will not be subject to review of books and records by FERC under PUHCA 2005. Qualifying Facilities or exempt wholesale generators that make only wholesale sales of electricity are not subject to state commissions’ rate regulations and, therefore, in all likelihood would not be subject to any review of their books and records by state commissions pursuant to PUHCA 2005 as long as the Qualifying Facility is not part of a holding company system that includes a utility subject to regulation in that state. Additionally, most or all of our power plants and storage projects qualify as exempt wholesale generators, exempting them from PUHCA requirements as well.

FPA

Pursuant to the FPA, FERC has exclusive jurisdiction over the rates for most wholesale sales of electricity and transmission of electricity in interstate commerce. These rates may be based on a cost of service approach or may be determined on a market basis through competitive bidding or negotiation. FERC can accept, reject or suspend rates. The rates can be suspended for up to five months, at which point the rates become effective subject to refund. FERC can order refunds for rates that are found to be “unjust and unreasonable” or “unduly discriminatory or preferential.”

Moreover, the loss of the Qualifying Facility status of any of our power plants might also permit the off-taker, pursuant to the terms of its PPA, to cease taking and paying for electricity from the relevant power plant and to seek refunds for past amounts paid and/or a reduction in future payments.

Additionally, FERC possesses civil penalty authority, up to approximately $1.5 million per violation of the FPA per day. FERC can also require the disgorgement of unjust profits earned in connection with such violations of the FPA and revoke the right of the power plants to make sales at market-based rates.

Under the Energy Policy Act of 2005, the FPA was supplemented to empower FERC to ensure the reliability of the bulk electric system. Such authority required that FERC assume both oversight and enforcement roles. Pursuant to its new directive, FERC certified the North American Electric Reliability Corporation as the nation’s Electric Reliability Organization (ERO) to develop and enforce mandatory reliability standards to address medium and long-term reliability concerns. Today, enforcement of the mandatory reliability standards, including the protection of critical energy infrastructure, is a substantial function of the ERO and of FERC, which may impose penalties of up to approximately $1.5 million a day for violating mandatory reliability standards. We examine our projects’ compliance with NERC standards on an ongoing basis and begin work on the process of NERC registration as new projects approach the threshold at which NERC standards become applicable.

Thus, if any of the power plants were to lose Qualifying Facility status, the application of the FPA and other applicable state regulations to such power plants could require compliance with an increasingly complex regulatory regime that may be costly and greatly reduce our operational flexibility. Even if a power plant does not lose Qualifying Facility status, the owner of a Qualifying Facility/power plant in excess of 20 MW will become subject to rate regulation under the FPA for sales of energy or capacity pursuant to a contract executed after March 17, 2006 or not pursuant to a state regulatory authority’s implementation of PURPA. A decrease in existing rates or being ordered by FERC to pay refunds for rates found to be “unjust and unreasonable” or “unduly discriminatory or preferential” would likely result in a decrease in our future revenues.

State Regulation

Our power plants in California, Nevada, Oregon, and Idaho, by virtue of being Qualifying Facilities that make only wholesale sales of electricity, are not subject to rate, financial and organizational regulations applicable to electric utilities in those states. The power plants each sell or will sell their electrical output under PPAs to electric utilities (Sierra Pacific Power Company, Nevada Power Company, Peninsula Clean Energy, SCPPA and Idaho Power Company). All of the utilities except SCPPA are regulated by their respective state public utilities commissions. Sierra Pacific Power Company and Nevada Power Company, which merged and are doing business as NV Energy, are regulated by the PUCN. Peninsula Clean Energy is regulated by the CPUC.

Under Hawaiian law, non-fossil generators are not subject to regulation as public utilities. Hawaiian law provides that a geothermal power producer is to negotiate the rate for its output with the public utility purchaser. If such rate cannot be determined by mutual accord, the PUCH will set a just and reasonable rate. If a non-fossil generator in Hawaii is a Qualifying Facility, federal law applies to such Qualifying Facility and the utility is required to purchase the energy and capacity at its avoided cost. The rates for our power plant in Hawaii are established under a long-term PPA with HELCO.

Environmental Permits

U.S. environmental permitting regimes with respect to geothermal projects center upon several general areas of focus. The first involves land use approvals. These may take the form of Special Use Permits or Conditional Use Permits from local planning authorities or a series of operation and utilization plan approvals and right of way approvals where the geothermal facility is entirely or partly on BLM or United States Forest Service lands. Certain federal approvals require a review of environmental impacts in conformance with the federal National Environmental Policy Act. In California, some local permit approvals require a similar review of environmental impacts under a state statute known as the California Environmental Quality Act. These federal and local land use approvals typically impose conditions and restrictions on the construction, scope and operation of geothermal projects.

The second category of permitting focuses on the installation and use of the geothermal wells themselves. Geothermal projects typically have four types of wells: (i) resource confirmation wells designed to define and verify the geothermal resource, (ii) production wells to extract the hot geothermal liquids (also known as brine) for the power plant, (iii) injection wells to inject the brine back into the subsurface resource, and (iv) monitoring wells to monitor the geothermal resource. For example, on BLM lands in Nevada, California, Oregon, Utah, and Idaho, the well permits take the form of geothermal drilling permits for well installation. Approvals are also required to modify wells, including for use as production or injection wells. For all wells drilled in Nevada, a geothermal drilling permit must also be obtained from the Nevada Division of Minerals. Those wells in Nevada to be used for injection will also require Underground Injection Control (UIC) permits from the Nevada Division of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Water Pollution Control. All geothermal wells drilled in Oregon (except on tribal lands) require a geothermal well drilling permit from the Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries. All geothermal wells drilled in Idaho require a well construction permit from the Idaho Department of Water Resources (IDWR) and injection wells also require UIC permitting through IDWR. Geothermal wells in Utah require permits from the Utah Division of Water Rights, and injection wells require a permit from the Utah Department of Environmental Quality. Geothermal wells on private lands in California require drilling permits from the California Department of Conservation’s Geologic Energy Management Division (CalGEM). The eventual designation of these installed wells as individual production or injection wells and the ultimate closure of any wells is also reviewed and approved by CalGEM.

A third category of permits involves the regulation of potential air emissions associated with the construction and operation of wells and power plants and surface water discharges associated with construction and operations activities. Generally, each well and plant requires a preconstruction air permit and storm water discharge permit before earthwork can commence. In addition, in some jurisdictions the wells that are to be used for production require, and those used for injection may require air emissions permits to operate. Internal combustion engines and other air pollutant emissions sources at the projects may also require air emissions permits, including managing fugitive dust emissions during construction. For our projects, these permits are typically issued at the state or county level. Permits are also required to manage storm water during project construction and to manage drilling mud from well construction, as well as to manage certain discharges to surface impoundment, if any.

A fourth category of permits, required in Nevada, California, Oregon, Utah, and Idaho, includes ministerial permits such as building permits, hazardous materials storage and management permits, and pressure vessel operating permits. We are also required to obtain water rights permits in Nevada if water cooling is being used at the power plant. In addition to permits, there are various regulatory plans and programs that are required, including risk management plans (federal and state programs) and hazardous materials management plans (in California).

In some cases, our projects may also require permits, issued by the applicable federal agencies or authorized state agencies, regarding threatened or endangered species, permits to impact wetlands or other waters and notices of construction of structures which may have an impact on airspace. Environmental laws and regulations may change in the future that may modify the time to receive such permits and associated costs of compliance.

Our Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) projects are subject to similar permitting and regulatory compliance requirements. All of our current BESS projects are located on privately owned land and may require ministerial permits from local agencies as described above or undergo a state environmental permitting process (e.g., under the California Environmental Quality Act) with the city or county as the lead permitting agency. Storage projects are also required to comply with all applicable federal, state, and local laws and regulations, and similar to geothermal projects, may require various regulatory plans and programs including emergency action plans and fire response plans.

As of the date of this report, all of the material environmental permits and approvals currently required for our operating power plants and BESS projects have been obtained. We sometimes experience regulatory delays in obtaining various environmental permits and approvals required for projects in development and construction. These delays may lead to increases in the time and cost to complete these projects. Our operations are designed and conducted to comply with applicable environmental permit and approval requirements. Non-compliance with any such requirements could result in fines and penalties and could also affect our ability to operate the affected project.

Environmental Laws and Regulations

Our facilities and operations are subject to a number of federal, state, local and foreign environmental laws and regulations relating to development, construction and operation. In the U.S, these may include the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act, the Endangered Species Act, the National Environmental Policy Act, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, and related state laws and regulations.

Our geothermal operations involve significant quantities of brine (substantially, all of which we reinject into the subsurface) and scale, both of which can contain materials (such as arsenic, antimony, lead, and naturally occurring radioactive materials) in concentrations that exceed regulatory limits used to define hazardous waste. We also use various substances, including isopentane and industrial lubricants that could become potential contaminants and are generally flammable. As a result, our projects are subject to domestic and foreign federal, state and local statutory and regulatory requirements regarding the generation, handling, transportation, use, storage, treatment, fugitive emissions, and disposal of hazardous substances. The cost of investigation and removal or remediation activities associated with a spill or release of such materials could be significant. Hazardous materials are also used in our equipment manufacturing operations in Israel.

Although we are not aware of any mismanagement of these materials, including any mismanagement prior to the acquisition of some of our power plants that has materially impaired any of the power plant sites, any disposal or release of these materials onto the power plant sites, other than by means of permitted injection wells, could lead to contamination of the environment and result in material cleanup requirements or other responsive obligations under applicable environmental laws.

Regulation Related to the Energy Storage Segment

Our participation in the energy storage space and in energy management requires us to obtain and maintain certain additional authorizations and approvals. These include (1) authorization from FERC to make wholesale sales of energy, capacity, and ancillary services at market-based rates, and (2) membership status with eligibility to serve designated contractual functions in the ISO/RTOs of PJM, NYISO, CAISO, ISO-NE, and ERCOT. Among other requirements, our market-based rate sellers are subject to certain market behavior and anti-market manipulation rules and, if any of our subsidiaries were deemed to have violated any one of those rules, such subsidiary could be subject to potential disgorgement of profits associated with the violation and/or suspension or revocation of market-based rate authority, as well as criminal and civil penalties. If the market-based rate authority for one (or more) of our subsidiaries was revoked or it was not able to obtain market-based rate authority when necessary, and it was required to sell energy on a cost-of-service basis, it could become subject to the full accounting, record keeping and reporting requirements of FERC. In the future, we may need to obtain and maintain similar membership and eligibility status with other ISO/RTOs in order to offer such services in their respective areas.

Regulation of the Electric Utility Industry in our Foreign Countries of Operation

The following is a summary overview of certain aspects of the electric industry in the foreign countries in which we have an operating geothermal power plant. As such, it should not be considered a full statement of the laws in such countries or all of the issues pertaining thereto.

Guatemala

The General Electricity Law of 1996, Decree 93-96, created a wholesale electricity market in Guatemala and established a new regulatory framework for the electricity sector. The law created a new regulatory commission, the CNEE, and a new Independent System Operator and wholesale power market administrator, the AMM, for the operation and administration of the sector. The AMM is a private not-for-profit entity. The CNEE functions as an independent agency under the Ministry of Energy and Mines and is in charge of regulating, supervising, and controlling compliance with the electricity law, overseeing the market and setting rates for transmission services, and distribution to medium and small customers. All distribution companies must supply electricity to such customers, and need power purchase agreements with independent power producers to cover that demand pursuant to long-term contracts with electricity generators. Large customers can contract directly with the distribution companies, electricity generators or power marketers, or buy energy in the spot market. Guatemala has approved a Law of Incentives for the Development of Renewable Energy Power plants, Decree 52-2003, in order to promote the development of renewable energy power plants in Guatemala. This law provides certain benefits to companies utilizing renewable energy, including a 10-year exemption from corporate income tax and VAT on imports and customs duties for new generation equipment. . On August 25,2, 20214 CNEE issued a resolution that approved the Technical Norms for the Connection, Operation, Control and Commercialization of the Renewable Distributed Generation and Self-producers Users with Exceeding Amounts of Energy. This Technical Norm was created to regulate all aspects of generation, connection, operation, control and commercialization of electric energy produced with renewable sources to promote and facilitate the installation of new generation plants, and to promote the connection of existing generation plants which have excess amounts of electric energy for commercialization, provided the capacity does not exceed 5 MW. At present, the General Electricity Law and the Law of Incentives for the Development or Renewable Energy Power Plants are still in force.

Kenya

The electric power sector in Kenya is regulated by the Kenyan Energy Act. Among other things, the Kenyan Energy Act provides for the licensing of electricity power producers and public electricity suppliers or distributors. KPLC is the major licensed public electricity supplier and has a virtual monopoly in the distribution of electricity in the country with the exception of a few off-grid, which have recently been licensed by the EPRA. The Kenyan Energy Act permits IPPs to install power generators and sell electricity to KPLC, which is owned by various private and government entities, and which currently purchases energy and capacity from other IPPs in addition to our Olkaria III complex. The electricity sector is regulated by the EPRA under the Kenyan Energy Act. KPLC’s retail electricity rates are subject to approval by the EPRA. The EPRA has an expanded mandate to regulate not just the electric power sector but the entire energy sector in Kenya. Transmission of electricity is now undertaken by KETRACO while another company, GDC, is responsible for geothermal assessment, drilling of wells and sale of steam for electricity operations to IPPs and KenGen. Both KETRACO and GDC are wholly owned by the government of Kenya. Renewable energy dominated by geothermal, wind and, presently at a lower level, solar is one of the key energy sub-sectors in Kenya contributing significantly to the overall energy mix as a result of the implementation of the feed-in- tariff policy by the Ministry of Energy. The implementation of the Renewable Energy Auctions Policy by the Ministry of Energy, which was expected to replace the feed-in-tariff policy with respect to solar, wind and other renewable energy projects exceeding 20MW, has yet to be implemented. Under the national constitution enacted in August 2010, formulation of energy policy (including electricity) and energy regulation are functions of the national government. However, the constitution lists the planning and development of electricity and energy regulation as a function of the county governments (i.e. the regional or local level where an individual power plant is or is intended to be located).

Indonesia

The Electricity Law No. 32 of 2009 (in conjunction with Government Regulation In Lieu of Law No. 2 of 2022 on Job Creation*/Omnibus Law) is the principal regulation for the electricity industry in Indonesia which divides the industry into two broad categories: (1) electrical power provision, covering electric power generation, transmission, distribution and sales, and (2) electrical power support such as services (consulting, construction, installation, operation & maintenance, certification & training, testing etc.) and manufacture (tools, power plant equipment, cables, electrical equipment, etc.). Electrical power provision business is dominated by PLN (a state-owned enterprise), which is the sole owner of transmission and distribution assets and 91%** of the power generation assets as per 2022. Private sector participation in power generation is allowed through an IPP scheme, mostly done through tenders or direct appointment for some power sources such as geothermal. Geothermal power is regulated by The Geothermal Law issued in 2014 (Law No 21 of 2014, as also amended by the Indonesian Omnibus Law in 2022), that endorses private participation as geothermal IPP. The Central government conducts tenders for geothermal fields, awarding Geothermal Business License for the winner. Geothermal Business License holders can conduct exploration and feasibility studies within five years and subject to two times one-year extensions, conduct well development and power plant construction and sell the electricity generated to PLN for a maximum of 30 years. Prior to the expiration of the Geothermal License, the IPP can propose to extend the license for an additional 20 years. In 2021, Presidential Regulation No. 112 was enacted with the aim of accelerating Renewable Energy. This regulation replaces the basis of the renewable energy tariff from the average electricity generation basic cost to ceiling price. In this scheme, the tariff is negotiated between IPP and PLN and must not be higher than the ceiling tariff set for a particular type of renewable energy power plant, which then is multiplied by a factor based on location.

• The Law No. 11 of 2020 on Job Creation is changed by the Government Regulation In Lieu of Law No. 2 of 2022 on Job Creation, thus the latter is the Omnibus Law

** Based on the Annual Report of PLN for 2022, it is stated that PLN operate 6,928 power generator units, of which 6,314 units belong to PLN (Page 62 and 174 of 2022 Annual Report. The Annual Report is made in bilingual format and available in https://web.pln.co.id/bki/laporan-tahunan)

Guadeloupe

EDF is the transmission and distribution utility in Guadeloupe and also operates a significant portion of Guadeloupe’s fossil fuel energy generation. There are also a number of IPPs in Guadeloupe, primarily producing renewable electricity. The electricity sector in Guadeloupe is regulated by the Commission Regulation of Energy (CRE), which also regulates the French electricity and gas markets in mainland France and its other overseas territories. The electricity sector in Guadeloupe is characterized by both enabling features and obstacles with respect to renewable energy. One of the most influential enabling features is a French law requiring the utility to purchase power from any interconnected renewable generator. The major obstacle preventing further uptake of renewable electricity generation is the cap on variable generation at 30% of instantaneous system load. According to the multi-annual energy program (PPE) for Guadeloupe, the island aims to reach total energy independence by 2030. The program outlines the development schedule with an emphasis on solar, wind and geothermal growth for the years 2023-2026. The PPE also predict a geothermal installed capacity of 78MW by 2028.

Honduras

In 2014, Honduras approved its new Law of Electrical Industry, which provides the legal framework for the electricity sector and replaces the previous Electricity Subsector Framework Law. The Law establishes technology-specific auctions for renewable energy. It creates the Regulatory Commission of Electric Power (CREE) as the entity in charge of supervising the bidding processes and the awarding of PPAs. The CREE is also responsible for granting study permits for the construction of generation projects that use renewable natural resources. Permits will have a maximum duration of two years, and will be revoked if no studies have been initiated within a period of six months and the reports required by the CREE have not been submitted. The new Law also establishes that all new capacity must be contracted through auctions and that the government can set a minimum quota for renewables in each auction. With respect to metering, after previous regulation applied legal incentives to renewable energy metering, the new law mandates utilities to buy excess power and credit it towards monthly bills and to install bi-directional meters.

Among others, the objectives of the law are to adapt the electricity sector’s legislation to the Framework Treaty for the Central American Electricity Market, which Honduras is a party to, and update the operating rules in the country’s electricity industry by incorporating structures and modern practices to increase the sector’s efficiency and competency in the production and marketing of electricity services.

With the passage of this new law, Honduras has moved into a new and open market. Under this legislation, all aspects of the market have been opened to private parties. This legislation is still being implemented within the market.

Honduras has also approved a Law of Incentives for Renewable Energy Projects, Decree 70-2007, further amended by Decree 138-2013, with additional incentives to solar PV projects, etc. The purpose, as in other countries of the region, is to promote the development of renewable energy power plants. Laws provide certain benefits to companies that generate power through renewable sources, including a 10-year exemption from corporate income tax and VAT on imports and customs duties, a fast track process for certain permits and a Sovereign Guaranty by the Central Government for the payments of the off-taker, the Public Utility Company, ENEE. At present, the Law of the Electrical Industry and the Laws of Incentives for Renewable Energy Projects are still in force.

Operations of our Product Segment

Power Units for Geothermal Power Plants

We design, manufacture, and sell power units for geothermal electricity generation, which we refer to as OECs. Our customers include contractors and geothermal plant owners and operators.

The power units are usually paid for in installments, in accordance with milestones set forth in the supply agreement. We also provide the purchaser with spare parts (either upon their request or our recommendation). We provide the purchaser with at least a 12-month warranty for such products. We provide the purchaser with performance guarantees (usually in the form of standby letters of credit), which partially terminates upon delivery of the equipment to the site and terminates in full at the end of the warranty period.

Power Units for Recovered Energy-Based Power Generation

We design, manufacture, and sell power units used to generate electricity from recovered energy or so-called “waste heat”. Our existing and target customers include interstate natural gas pipeline owners and operators, gas processing plant owners and operators, cement plant owners and operators, biomass facilities owners and operators and all other companies engaged in energy-intensive industrial processes such as glass, steel and other. We manufacture and sell the power units for recovered energy-based power generation to third parties for use in “inside-the-fence” installations or otherwise.

EPC of Power Plants

We engineer, procure and construct, as an EPC contractor, geothermal and recovered energy power plants on a turnkey basis, using power units we design and manufacture. Our customers are geothermal power plant owners as well as our target customers for the sale of our recovered-energy based power units described above. Unlike many other companies that provide EPC services, we believe that our advantage is in using our own manufactured equipment and thus have better quality and control over the quality, timing and delivery of equipment and related costs. The consideration for such services is usually paid in installments, in accordance with milestones set forth in the EPC contract and related documents. We provide performance guarantees securing our obligations under the contract.

In connection with the sale of our power units for geothermal power plants, power units for recovered energy-based power generation, we enter into agreements, from time to time, with sales representatives for the marketing and sale of such products pursuant to which we are obligated to pay commissions to such representatives upon the sale of our products in the relevant territory.

Our manufacturing operations and products are certified ISO 9001, ISO 14001, American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), Pressure Equipment Directive and TÜV, and we are an approved supplier to many electric utilities around the world.

Backlog

We have a product backlog of approximately $152.0 million as of February 21, 2024, which includes revenues for the period between January 1, 2024 and February 21, 2024, compared to $148.1 million as of February 22, 2023, which included revenues for the period between January 1, 2023 and February 16, 2023. The increase in the 2023 backlog is mainly related to the continued recovery and the signing of a new large EPC contract in New Zealand during 2023 and the Ijen project.

The following is a breakdown of the Product segment backlog amount (in $ millions) by countries as of February 22, 2024:** **

The following is a breakdown of the Product segment backlog by technology as of February 21, 2024:

Operations of our Energy Storage Segment

Storage Projects

In addition to our Geothermal activity, we own, operate and develop energy storage projects in the United States including the following:

Under operation

Under construction and development

Energy Storage Pipeline

For an energy storage prospect to move into the EPC phase, it requires site control, an executed interconnection agreement, permits from all authorities and a viable financial model. We have a substantial pipeline of approximately 2.9GW/9.9GWh of projects in different stages of development for future development in the United States that will support our target to reach an energy storage portfolio of between 700 to 800 MW/ 1,900-2,300 MWh by the end of 2026.