HOME BANCORP INC

1. Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements of the Company were prepared in accordance with instructions for Form 10-Q and Regulation S-X and do not include information or footnotes necessary for a complete presentation of financial condition, results of operations, comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity and cash flows in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. However, in the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments) necessary for a fair presentation of the financial statements have been included. Certain reclassifications have been made to prior period balances to conform to the current period presentation. The results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results which may be expected for the entire fiscal year. These statements should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Critical accounting policies are defined as those that are reflective of significant judgments and uncertainties and could reflect materially different results under different assumptions and conditions. Methodologies the Company uses when applying critical accounting policies and developing critical accounting estimates are included in its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

There have been no material changes from the critical accounting policies previously disclosed in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023. In preparing its financial statements, the Company is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Reclassifications

Certain reclassifications have been made to prior period balances to conform to the current period presentation.

2. Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Accounting Standards Adopted in 2024

Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”) ASU 2022-03, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions ("ASU 2022-03"). ASU 2022-03 clarifies that a contractual restriction on the sale of an equity security is not considered part of the unit of account of the equity security and, therefore, is not considered in measuring fair value. ASU 2022-03 also clarifies that an entity cannot, as a separate unit of account, recognize and measure a contractual sale restriction and requires certain new disclosures for equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions. ASU 2022-03 is effective for fiscal years and interim periods after December, 15, 2023, though early adoption is permitted. The adoption of ASU 2022-03 did not have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements.

ASU 2023-01, Leases (Topic 842): Common Control Arrangements: (“ASU 2023-01”) clarifies the accounting for leasehold improvements associated with common control leases to public business entities. This update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The adoption of ASU 2023-01 did not have a significant impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements.

ASU 2023-02, Investments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method (“ASU 2023-02”) permits reporting entities to elect to account for their tax equity investments, regardless of the tax credit program from which the income tax credits are received, using the proportional amortization method if certain conditions are met. This update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The adoption of ASU 2023-02 did not have a significant impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements.

Issued but Not Yet Adopted Accounting Standards

ASU 2023-06, "Disclosure Improvements: Codification Amendments in Response to the SEC’s Disclosure Update and Simplification Initiative" ("ASU 2023-06") related to disclosure or presentation requirements for various subtopics in the

FASB’s Accounting Standards Codification (“Codification”). The amendments in the update are intended to align the requirements in the Codification with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission's (“SEC”) regulations and facilitate the application of GAAP for all entities. The effective date for each amendment is the date on which the SEC removal of the related disclosure requirement from Regulation S-X or Regulation S-K becomes effective, or if the SEC has not removed the requirements by June 30, 2027, this amendment will be removed from the Codification and will not become effective for any entity. Early adoption is prohibited. We do not expect this update to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

ASU No. 2023-07, "Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures" ("ASU 2023-07") primarily will require enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The amendments in ASU 2023-07 are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted, and are to be applied on a retrospective basis. We do not expect this update to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

ASU No. 2023-09, "Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures" ("ASU 2023-09") is intended to enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures primarily through changes to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information. This update is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, though early adoption is permitted. We do not expect it to have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.

3. Investment Securities

The following tables summarize the Company’s available for sale and held to maturity investment securities at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

The estimated fair value and amortized cost by contractual maturity of the Company’s investment securities as of March 31, 2024 are shown in the following tables. Securities are classified according to their contractual maturities without consideration of principal amortization, potential prepayments or call options. The expected maturity of a security may differ from its contractual maturity because of prepayments or the exercise of call options. Accordingly, actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities. The Company’s investment securities portfolio had an effective duration of 4.2 years at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Management evaluates securities for impairment from credit losses at least quarterly, and more frequently when economic and market conditions warrant such evaluations. Consideration is given to numerous factors including, but not limited to, the extent to which the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis; adverse conditions causing changes in the financial condition of the issuer of the security or underlying loan guarantors; changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency; and the Company’s intent to sell a security or whether it is more likely than not the Company will be required to sell the security before the recovery of its amortized cost, which may extend to maturity.

The Company performs a process to determine whether the decline in the fair value of securities has resulted from credit losses or other factors. This process involves evaluating each security for impairment by monitoring credit performance, collateral type, collateral geography, bond credit support, loan-to-value ratios, credit scores, loss severity levels, pricing levels, downgrades by rating agencies, cash flow projections and other factors as indicators of potential credit issues. If this evaluation indicates the existence of credit losses, the Company compares the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security with the amortized cost basis. If the present value of expected cash flows is less than the amortized cost basis, an ACL is recorded, limited by the amount that the fair value of the security is less than its amortized cost.

The Company's investment securities with unrealized losses, aggregated by type and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous loss position, are summarized in the following tables.

At March 31, 2024,291 of the Company’s debt securities had unrealized losses totaling 10.0% of the individual securities’ amortized cost basis and 9.9% of the Company’s total amortized cost basis of the investment securities portfolio. At such date,280 of the 291 securities had been in a continuous loss position for over 12 months. Management has determined that the declines in the fair value of these securities were not attributable to credit losses. As a result, no ACL was recorded for available for sale investment securities at March 31, 2024.

At March 31, 2024, it was determined thatno ACL was required for the Company's held-to-maturity investment securities. The Company monitors credit quality of debt securities held-to-maturity through the use of credit ratings. The following tables present the amortized cost of the Company's held-to-maturity securities by credit quality rating at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

For the three months ended March 31, 2024, there wereno gross gains or losses related to the sale of investment securities. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company recorded gross gains of $98,000 and gross losses of $347,000 related to the sale of investment securities.

Accrued interest receivable on the Company's investment securities was $1,311,000 and $1,563,000 at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. These amounts are recorded in accrued interest receivable and other assets on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.

At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had $135,483,000 and $127,172,000, respectively, of securities pledged to secure public deposits. In addition at March 31, 2024, the Company had $135,000,000 of securities pledged to BTFP borrowings. There wereno securities pledged to BTFP borrowings at December 31, 2023,

4. Earnings Per Share

Earnings per common share was computed based on the following:

Options for 58,392 and 63,558 shares of common stock were not included in the computation of diluted EPS for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, because the effect of those shares was anti-dilutive.

5. Credit Quality and Allowance for Credit Losses

The Company’s loans, net of unearned income, consisted of the following as of the dates indicated.

The net discount on the Company’s acquired loans was $3,820,000 and $4,340,000 at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. In addition, loan balances as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 are reported net of unearned income of $5,227,000 and $5,321,000, respectively.

Accrued interest receivable on the Company's loans was $12,748,000 and $11,986,000 at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, and is excluded from the estimate of the ACL. Those amounts are recorded in accrued interest receivable and other assets on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.

The ACL, which includes the ALL and the ACL on unfunded lending commitments, and recorded investment in loans as of the dates indicated are as follows.

(1)The ACL on unfunded lending commitments is recorded within accrued interest payable and other liabilities on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.

(2)One PCD loan was individually evaluated at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

A summary of activity in the ACL for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023 follows.

Credit Quality

The following tables present the Company’s loan portfolio by credit quality classification and origination year as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

The above classifications follow regulatory guidelines and can generally be described as follows:

•Pass loans are of satisfactory quality.

•Special mention loans have an existing weakness that could cause future impairment, including the deterioration of financial ratios, past due status, questionable management capabilities and possible reduction in the collateral values.

•Substandard loans have an existing specific and well-defined weakness that may include poor liquidity and deterioration of financial performance. Such loans may be past due and related deposit accounts experiencing overdrafts. Immediate corrective action is necessary.

•Doubtful loans have specific weaknesses that are severe enough to make collection or liquidation in full highly questionable and improbable.

In addition, residential loans are classified using an inter-agency regulatory methodology that incorporates, among other factors, the extent of delinquencies and loan-to-value ratios. These classifications were the most current available as of the dates indicated and were generally updated within the quarter.

Age analysis of past due loans as of the dates indicated are as follows.

There were $4,978,000 and $0 of loans greater than 90 days past due and accruing at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

The following tables summarize information pertaining to nonaccrual loans as of dates indicated.

(1)Nonaccrual acquired loans include PCD loans of $1,368,000 and $1,410,000 at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

All interest accrued but not received for loans placed on nonaccrual status is reversed against interest income. All payments received while on nonaccrual status are applied against the principal balance of nonaccrual loans. The Company does not recognize interest income while loans are on nonaccrual status.

Collateral Dependent Loans

The Company held loans that were individually evaluated for credit losses at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 for which the repayment, on the basis of our assessment at the reporting date, is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral and the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. The ACL for these collateral-dependent loans is primarily based on the fair value of the underlying collateral at the reporting date. The following describes the types of collateral that secure collateral dependent loans:

•One- to four-family first mortgages are primarily secured by first liens on residential real estate.

•Home equity loans and lines are primarily secured by first and junior liens on residential real estate.

•Commercial real estate loans are primarily secured by office and industrial buildings, warehouses, retail shopping facilities and various special purpose properties, including hotels and restaurants.

•Construction and land loans are primarily secured by residential and commercial properties, which are under construction and/or redevelopment, and by raw land.

•Commercial and industrial loans considered collateral dependent are primarily secured by accounts receivable, inventory and equipment.

The tables below summarize collateral dependent loans and the related ACL at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Loan Modifications Made to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty

Occasionally, the Company modifies loans to borrowers in financial distress by providing certain concessions, such as principal forgiveness, term extension, an other-than-insignificant payment delay, interest only for a specified period of time, an interest rate reduction, or a combination of such concessions. When principal forgiveness is provided, the amount of forgiveness is charged-off against the allowance for credit losses. Upon the Company's determination that a modified loan (or portion of a loan) has subsequently been deemed uncollectible, the loan (or portion of the loan) is charged-off. The balance of loan modifications, segregated by type of modification, to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty are set forth in the table below for the periods indicated.

During the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, no loan experienced a default subsequent to being granted a payment deferral or term extension. Default is defined as movement to past due 90 days, foreclosure or charge-off, whichever occurs first.

The following table details the financial impacts of loan modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty for the periods presented.

The table below reflects the performance of loans that have been modified in the last 12 months.

The loan modifications reported in the table above did not significantly impact the Company's allowance for loan losses during 2024.

Foreclosed Assets and ORE

Foreclosed assets and ORE include real property and other assets that have been acquired as a result of foreclosure, and real property no longer used in the Bank's business. Foreclosed assets and ORE totaled $1,601,000 and $1,575,000 at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. These amounts are recorded in accrued interest receivable and other assets on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.

The carrying amount of foreclosed residential real estate properties held at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 totaled $141,000 and $115,000, respectively. Loans secured by single family residential real estate that were in the process of foreclosure at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 totaled $809,000 and $517,000, respectively.

6. Derivatives and Hedging Activities

Risk Management Objective of Using Derivatives

The Company is exposed to certain risk arising from both its business operations and economic conditions. The Company principally manages its exposures to a wide variety of business and operational risks through management of its core business activities. The Company manages economic risks, including interest rate, liquidity, and credit risk primarily by managing the amount, sources, and duration of its assets and liabilities and the use of derivative financial instruments. Specifically, the Company enters into derivative financial instruments to manage exposures that arise from business activities that result in the receipt or payment of future known and uncertain cash amounts, the value of which are determined by interest rates.

The Company’s existing credit derivatives result from loan participation arrangements, therefore, are not used to manage interest rate risk in the Company’s assets or liabilities. The Company occasionally enters into credit risk participation agreements with counterparty banks to accept a portion of the credit risk related to interest rate swaps. The agreements, which are typically executed in conjunction with a participation in a loan with the same customer, allow customers to execute an interest rate swap with one bank while allowing for the distribution of the credit risk among participating members. Collateral used to support the credit risk for the underlying lending relationship is also available to offset the risk of credit risk participations and customer derivative positions.

Cash Flow Hedges of Interest Rate Risk

The Company’s objectives in using interest rate derivatives are to add stability to interest expense and to manage its exposure to interest rate movements. As part of its efforts to accomplish this objective, the Company entered into certain interest rate swap agreements as part of its interest rate risk management strategy. Interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges involve the receipt of variable amounts from a counterparty in exchange for the Company making fixed-rate payments over the life of the agreements without exchange of the underlying notional amount. Such derivatives were used to hedge the variable cash flows associated with existing variable rate liabilities.

For derivatives designated and that qualify as cash flow hedges of interest rate risk, the gain or loss on the derivative is recorded in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income and subsequently reclassified into interest expense in the same period(s) during which the hedged transaction affects earnings. Amounts reported in accumulated other comprehensive income related to derivatives will be reclassified to interest expense as interest payments are made on the Company’s variable rate liabilities. During the next twelve months, the Company estimates that an additional $2,086,000 will be reclassified as additional interest expense.

Non-designated Hedges

The Company’s existing credit derivatives result from participations in interest rate swaps provided by external lenders as part of loan participation arrangements, therefore, are not used to manage interest rate risk in the Company’s assets or liabilities. Derivatives not designated as hedges are not speculative and result from a service the Company provides to certain lenders which participate in loans. For derivative instruments that are not designated as hedging instruments, changes in the fair value of the derivatives are recognized in earnings immediately.

Fair Values of Derivative Instruments

The tables below present the fair value of the Company’s derivative financial instruments as well as their classification on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

(1)Derivative assets and liabilities are reported at fair value in accrued interest receivable and other assets and accrued interest payable and other liabilities, respectively, in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.

At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, accumulated unrealized gains, net of taxes, on derivative instruments totaled $3,306,000 and $2,928,000, respectively.

Effect of Cash Flow Hedge Accounting on Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income and the Consolidated Statements of Income

The tables below present the effect of cash flow hedge accounting on Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income and the Consolidated Statements of Income as of March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023.

Effect of Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments on the Consolidated Statements of Income

The table below presents the effect of the Company’s derivative financial instruments that are not designated as hedging instruments on the Consolidated Statements of Income as of March 31, 2024 and March 31, 2023.

Credit-risk-related Contingent Features

The Company has agreements with each of its derivative counterparties that contain a provision to the effect that, if the Company (either) defaults (or is capable of being declared in default) on any of its indebtedness, then the Company could also be declared in default on its derivative obligations.

The Company has agreements with certain of its derivative counterparties that contain a provision to the effect that, if the Company fails to maintain its status as a well or adequately capitalized institution, then the Company could be required to post additional collateral.

As of March 31, 2024, there wereno derivatives with credit-risk-related contingent features in a net liability position. Such derivatives are measured at fair value, which includes accrued interest but excludes any adjustment for nonperformance risk. If the Company had breached any provisions at March 31, 2024, it would not have been required to settle any obligations under the agreements since the termination value was $0.

7. Long-term Debt and Borrowings

Subordinated Debt

On June 30, 2022, the Company issued $55,000,000 in aggregate principal amount of its 5.75% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Subordinated Notes (the "Notes") due 2032. The Notes were issued at a price equal to 100% of the aggregate principal amount. The Notes have a stated maturity date of June 30, 2032 and bear interest at a fixed rate of 5.75% per year from and including the issue date to but excluding June 30, 2027. From June 30, 2027, the Notes will bear interest at a floating rate equal to the then current three-month term secured overnight financing rate (“SOFR”), plus 282 basis points. The Notes may be redeemed by the Company, in whole or in part, on or after June 30, 2027. The Notes are intended to qualify as Tier 2 capital for regulatory purposes.

The carrying value of subordinated debt was $54,294,000 and $54,241,000 at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. The subordinated debt was recorded net of issuance costs which is being amortized using the straight-line method over five years.

Other Borrowings

On March 12, 2023, the Federal Reserve Board created the BTFP, which offers loans to banks with a term up to one year with no prepayment penalty. The loans are secured by pledging qualifying securities and are valued at par for collateral. In 2024, the Bank participated in the BTFP and had an outstanding debt of $135.0 million at March 31, 2024. The average balance of other borrowings, which included the BTFP loan was $126.0 million for the first quarter of 2024, up $120.4 million compared to the first quarter of 2023.

Federal Home Loan Bank Advances

The average balance of total FHLB advances was $71.7 million for the first quarter of 2024, down $143.8 million compared to the first quarter of 2023.

The Company hadno short-term FHLB advances as of March 31, 2024 compared to $150.0 million as of December 31, 2023. At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had $38.6 million and $42.7 million in long-term FHLB advances, respectively, and $1.1 billion and $1.0 billion in additional FHLB advances available, respectively.

8. Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures

The Company utilizes fair value measurements to record fair value adjustments to certain assets and liabilities and to determine fair value disclosures. The Company groups assets and liabilities measured or disclosed at fair value in three levels as required by ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures. Under this guidance, fair value should be based on the assumptions market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability and establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used to develop those assumptions and measure fair value. The hierarchy requires companies to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The three levels used to measure fair value are as follows:

•Level 1 – Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

•Level 2 – Observable inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1, such as quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.

•Level 3 – Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. This includes certain pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies and similar techniques that use significant unobservable inputs.

An asset’s or liability’s categorization within the fair value hierarchy is based upon the lowest level that is significant to the fair value measurement. Management reviews and updates the fair value hierarchy classifications of the Company’s assets and liabilities quarterly.

Recurring Basis

Investment Securities Available for Sale

Fair values of investment securities available for sale are primarily measured using information from a third-party pricing service. This pricing service provides pricing information by utilizing pricing models supported with market data information. Standard inputs include benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, benchmark securities bids, offers and other reference data from market research publications. If quoted prices are available in an active market, investment securities are classified as Level 1 measurements. If quoted prices are not available in an active market, fair values are estimated primarily by the use of pricing models. Level 2 investment securities are primarily comprised of mortgage-backed securities issued by government agencies and U.S. government-sponsored enterprises. In certain cases, where there is limited or less transparent information provided by the Company’s third-party pricing service, fair value is estimated by the use of secondary pricing services or through the use of non-binding third-party broker quotes. Investment securities are classified within Level 3 when little or no market activity supports the fair value.

Management primarily identifies investment securities which may have traded in illiquid or inactive markets, by identifying instances of a significant decrease in the volume and frequency of trades, relative to historical levels, as well as instances of a significant widening of the bid-ask spread in the brokered markets. Investment securities that are deemed to have been trading in illiquid or inactive markets may require the use of significant unobservable inputs. For example, management may use quoted prices for similar investment securities in the absence of a liquid and active market for the investment securities being valued. As of March 31, 2024, management did not make adjustments to prices provided by the third-party pricing service as a result of illiquid or inactive markets.

Derivative Assets and Liabilities

Derivative assets and liabilities are reported at fair value in accrued interest receivable and other assets and accrued interest payable and other liabilities, respectively, in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. The fair value of these derivative financial instruments is obtained from a third-party pricing service that uses widely accepted valuation techniques including discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows of each derivative. The analysis reflects the contractual terms of the derivatives, including the period to maturity, and uses observable market-based inputs, including interest rate curves and implied volatilities. The fair values of interest rate swaps are determined using the market standard methodology of netting the discounted future fixed cash receipts (or payments) and the discounted expected variable cash payments (or receipts). The variable cash payments (or receipts) are based on an expectation of future interest rates (forward curves) derived from observable market interest rate curves. The Company has determined that its derivative valuations are classified in Level 2 of the fair vale hierarchy.

The following tables present the balances of assets measured for fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Nonrecurring Basis

The Company records loans individually evaluated for credit losses at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. Fair value is measured at the fair value of the collateral for collateral-dependent loans. For non-collateral-dependent loans, fair value is measured by present valuing expected future cash flows. Loans individually evaluated are classified as Level 3 assets when measured using appraisals from third parties of the collateral less any prior liens and when there is no observable market price.

Foreclosed assets and ORE are also recorded at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. Foreclosed assets are initially recorded at fair value less estimated costs to sell. ORE is recorded at the lower of its net book value or fair value at the date of transfer to ORE. The fair value of foreclosed assets and ORE is based on property appraisals and an analysis of similar properties available. As such, the Company classifies foreclosed and ORE assets as Level 3 assets.

The Company has segregated all financial assets that are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis into the most appropriate level within the fair value hierarchy based on the inputs used to determine the fair value at the measurement date as reflected in the table below.

The following table shows significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of Level 3 assets.

ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, requires the disclosure of each class of financial instruments for which it is practicable to estimate. The fair value of a financial instrument is the current amount that would be exchanged between willing parties, other than in a forced liquidation. Fair value is best determined based upon quoted market prices. However, in many instances, there are no quoted market prices for the Company’s various financial instruments. In cases where quoted market prices are not available, fair values are based on estimates using present value or other valuation techniques. Those techniques are significantly affected by the assumptions used, including the discount rate and estimates of future cash flows. Accordingly, the fair value estimates may not be realized in an immediate settlement of the instrument. ASC 820 excludes certain financial instruments and all non-financial instruments from its disclosure requirements. Accordingly, the aggregate fair value amounts presented may not necessarily represent the underlying fair value of the Company.

Fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time, based on relevant market information and information about the financial statements. These estimates are subjective in nature, involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment and therefore cannot be determined with precision. Changes in assumptions could significantly affect the estimates.

Fair value estimates included herein are based on existing on- and off-balance-sheet financial instruments without attempting to estimate the value of anticipated future business and the fair value of assets and liabilities that are not required to be recorded or disclosed at fair value like premises and equipment. In addition, the tax ramifications related to the realization of the unrealized gains and losses can have a significant effect on fair value estimates and have not been considered in the estimates.

Methods and assumptions used to estimate fair value of each class of financial instruments for which it is practicable to estimate fair value are described in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023. The fair value of subordinated debt is estimated based on current market rates on similar debt in the market. The Company classifies this debt in Level 2 of the fair value table. There have been no other material changes from the fair value estimate methods and assumptions previously disclosed in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

The following table presents estimated fair values of the Company’s financial instruments as of the dates indicated.

(1)Derivative assets and liabilities are reported at fair value in accrued interest receivable and other assets and accrued interest payable and other liabilities, respectively, in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.