UNITED BANCORP INC /OH/

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Advertising expenses are expensed as incurred.

Note 2: Restriction on Cash and Due From Banks

The Company didnot have a reserve requirement at December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Note 3: Securities

The amortized cost and approximate fair values, together with gross unrealized gains and losses of securities are as follows:

There wereno allowance for credit losses as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

The Company recorded a loss of approximately $116,000 for the year ended December 31, 2024. The Company sold $27.4 million in securities for a loss of $228,000 and sold $7.2 million in securities for a gain of $112,000. The Company wanted to rebalance a portion of its security portfolio during the first half of 2024. There wereno sales of investment securities during 2023.

The amortized cost and fair value of available-for-sale securities at December 31, 2024, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

The carrying value of securities pledged as collateral, to secure public deposits and for other purposes, was $121.4 million and $72.8 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Certain investments in debt securities are reported in the financial statements at an amount less than their historical cost. The total fair value of these investments at December 31, 2024 and 2023, was $208.8 million and $123.1 million, which represented approximately 87% and approximately 51%, respectively, of the Company’s available-for-sale investment portfolio.

Based on evaluation of available evidence, including recent changes in market interest rates, credit rating information and information obtained from regulatory filings, management believes the declines in fair value for these securities are not credit related.

The following tables show the Company’s investments’ gross unrealized losses and fair value for which an allowance for credit losses has not been recorded,, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position at December 31, 2024 and 2023:

The unrealized losses on the Company’s investments in US government agencies, state and municipal obligations, and subordinated notes, which numbered 182, were caused by interest rate increases. Because the Company does not intend to sell the investments and it is not more likely than not the Company will be required to sell the investments before recovery of their amortized cost bases, which may be maturity, the Company does not consider those investments to require an allowance for credit losses to be recognized.

Note 4: Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses

Categories by purpose of loans at December 31, include:

The risk characteristics of each loan portfolio segment are as follows:

Commercial and Industrial

Commercial and industrial loans are primarily based on the identified cash flows of the borrower and secondarily on the underlying collateral provided by the borrower. The cash flows of borrowers, however, may not be as expected and the collateral securing these loans may fluctuate in value. Most commercial and industrial loans are secured by the assets being financed or other business assets, such as accounts receivable or inventory, and may include a personal guarantee. Short-term loans may be made on an unsecured basis. In the case of loans secured by accounts receivable, the availability of funds for the repayment of these loans may be substantially dependent on the ability of the borrower to collect amounts due from its customers.

Commercial Real Estate

Commercial real estate loans are viewed primarily as cash flow loans and secondarily as loans secured by real estate. Commercial real estate lending typically involves higher loan principal amounts and the repayment of these loans is generally dependent on the successful operation of the property securing the loan or the business conducted on the property securing the loan. Commercial real estate loans may be more adversely affected by conditions in the real estate markets or in the general economy. The characteristics of properties securing the Company’s commercial real estate portfolio are diverse, but with geographic location almost entirely in the Company’s market area. Management monitors and evaluates commercial real estate loans based on collateral, geography and risk grade criteria. In general, the Company avoids financing single purpose projects unless other underwriting factors are present to help mitigate risk. In addition, management tracks the level of owner-occupied commercial real estate versus nonowner-occupied loans.

Residential and Consumer

Residential and consumer loans consist of two segments - residential mortgage loans and personal loans. For residential mortgage loans that are secured by 1-4 family residences and are generally owner-occupied, the Company generally establishes a maximum loan-to-value ratio and requires private mortgage insurance if that ratio is exceeded. Home equity loans are typically secured by a subordinate interest in 1-4 family residences, and consumer personal loans are secured by consumer personal assets, such as automobiles or recreational vehicles. Some consumer personal loans are unsecured, such as small installment loans and certain lines of credit. Repayment of these loans is primarily dependent on the personal income of the borrowers, which can be impacted by economic conditions in their market areas, such as unemployment levels. Repayment can also be impacted by changes in property values on residential properties. Risk is mitigated by the fact that the loans are of smaller individual amounts and spread over a large number of borrowers.

The following tables present the balance in the allowance for credit losses by collateral type and the recorded investment in loans by purpose based on portfolio segment and impairment method as of December 31, 2024 and 2023:

The following tables show the portfolio quality indicators.

Based on the most recent analysis performed, the following table presents the recorded investment in non-homogeneous loans by internal risk rating system as of December 31, 2024 (in thousands):

The Company monitors the credit risk profile by payment activity for residential and consumer loan classes. Loans past due 90 days or more and loans on nonaccrual status are considered nonperforming. Nonperforming loans are reviewed quarterly. The following table presents the amortized cost in residential and consumer loans based on payment activity (in thousands):

Based on the most recent analysis performed, the following table presents the recorded investment in non - homogeneous loans by internal risk rating system as of December 31, 2023 (in thousands):

The Company monitors the credit risk profile by payment activity for residential and consumer loan classes. Loans past due 90 days or more and loans on nonaccrual status are considered nonperforming. Nonperforming loans are reviewed quarterly. The following table presents the amortized cost in residential and consumer loans based on payment activity (in thousands):

To facilitate the monitoring of credit quality within the loan portfolio, and for purposes of analyzing historical loss rates used in the determination of the allowance for credit loss estimate, the Company utilizes the following categories of credit grades: pass, special mention, substandard, and doubtful. The four categories, which are derived from standard regulatory rating definitions, are assigned upon initial approval of credit to borrowers and updated periodically thereafter. Pass ratings, which are assigned to those borrowers that do not have identified potential or well defined weaknesses and for which there is a high likelihood of orderly repayment, are updated periodically based on the size and credit characteristics of the borrower. All other categories are updated on at least a quarterly basis.

For the year ended December 31, 2024 the Company recorded a provision for credit losees of $429,000. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recorded a reversal of credit loss expense $454,000.

The Company assigns a special mention rating to loans that have potential weaknesses that deserve management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may, at some future date, result in the deterioration of the repayment prospects for the loan or the Company’s credit position.

The Company assigns a substandard rating to loans that are inadequately protected by the current sound worth and paying capacity of the borrower or of the collateral pledged. Substandard loans have well defined weaknesses or weaknesses that could jeopardize the orderly repayment of the debt. Loans and leases in this grade also are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Company will sustain some loss if the deficiencies noted are not addressed and corrected.

The Company assigns a doubtful rating to loans that have all the attributes of a substandard rating with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable. The possibility of loss is extremely high, but because of certain important and reasonable specific pending factors that may work to the advantage of and strengthen the credit quality of the loan or lease, its classification as an estimated loss is deferred until its more exact status may be determined. Pending factors may include a proposed merger or acquisition, liquidation proceeding, capital injection, perfecting liens on additional collateral or refinancing plans.

The following table shows the loan portfolio aging analysis of the recorded investment in loans as of December 31, 2024:

The following table shows the loan portfolio aging analysis of the recorded investment in loans as of December 31, 2023: