CALIX, INC

(Unaudited)

1. Company and Basis of Presentation

Company

Calix, Inc. (together with its subsidiaries, “Calix” or the “Company”) was incorporated in August 1999 and is a Delaware corporation. The Company develops, markets and sells an appliance-based platform, cloud and managed services that focus on the subscriber-facing network, the portion of the network that governs available bandwidth and determines the range and quality of services that can be offered to subscribers. These platform, cloud and managed services enable broadband experience providers (“BXPs”) of all sizes to innovate and transform their businesses. The Company’s BXP customers are empowered to utilize real-time data and insights from the Calix platform to simplify their businesses and deliver experiences that excite their subscribers. These insights enable BXPs to grow their businesses through increased subscriber acquisition, loyalty and revenue, thereby increasing the value of their businesses and contributions to their communities.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, including the accounts of Calix, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, have been prepared in accordance with the requirements of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) for interim reporting. As permitted under those rules, certain footnotes or other financial information that are normally required by U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) can be condensed or omitted. In the opinion of management, the financial statements include all normal and recurring adjustments that are considered necessary for the fair presentation of the Company’s financial position and operating results. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2024 has been derived from the audited financial statements at that date.

The results of the Company’s operations can vary during each quarter of the year. Therefore, the results and trends in these interim financial statements may not be the same as those for the full year or any future periods. The information included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

The Company’s fiscal year begins on January 1 st and ends on December 31 st. Quarterly periods are based on a 4-4-5 calendar with the first quarter ending on the Saturday closest to March 31 st. As a result, the Company had one less day in the three months ended March 29, 2025 than for the three months ended March 30, 2024. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP for interim financial reporting requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

2. Significant Accounting Policies

The Company’s significant accounting policies are disclosed in its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024. The Company’s significant accounting policies did not change during the three months ended March 29, 2025.

Newly Adopted Accounting Standard

The Company did not adopt any new accounting standards during the three months ended March 29, 2025 that were significant to the Company.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

There have been no additional accounting pronouncements or changes in accounting pronouncements during the three months ended March 29, 2025 as compared with the recent accounting pronouncements described in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, that are significant or expected to be significant to the Company.

3. Cash, Cash Equivalents and Marketable Securities

The Company has invested its excess cash primarily in money market funds and highly liquid marketable securities such as U.S. treasury securities, corporate debt instruments, commercial paper and U.S. government securities. The Company considers all investments with maturities of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. Marketable securities represent highly liquid U.S. treasury securities, corporate debt instruments, commercial paper and U.S. government securities with maturities greater than 90 days at date of purchase. Cash equivalents are stated at amounts that approximate fair value based on quoted market prices. Marketable securities are recorded at their fair values.

Marketable securities with maturities greater than one year are classified as current because management considers all marketable securities to be available for current operations.

The Company’s investments have been classified and accounted for as available-for-sale. Such investments are recorded at fair value and unrealized holding gains and losses are reported as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive loss in stockholders’ equity until realized. Realized gains and losses on sales of marketable securities, if any, are determined on the specific identification method and are reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss to results of operations as other expense, net. Realized gains and losses were not significant for the three months ended March 29, 2025 and March 30, 2024.

Cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities consisted of the following (in thousands):

The carrying amounts of the Company’s money market funds approximate their fair values due to their nature, duration and short maturities. The amortized cost and fair value of marketable securities were as follows (in thousands):

4. Fair Value Measurements

The Company measures its cash equivalents and marketable securities at fair value on a recurring basis. Fair value is an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. The Company utilizes the following three-tier value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value:

Level 1 – Observable inputs that reflect quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.

Level 2 – Observable inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, and model-driven valuations in which all significant inputs and significant value drivers are observable in active markets.

Level 3 – Unobservable inputs to the valuation derived from fair valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs or significant value drivers are unobservable. The fair value hierarchy also requires the Company to maximize the use of observable inputs, when available, and to minimize the use of unobservable inputs when determining inputs and determining fair value.

The following tables sets forth the Company’s financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis based on the three-tier fair value hierarchy (in thousands):

5. Balance Sheet Details

Accounts receivable, net consisted of the following (in thousands):

Inventory consisted of the following (in thousands):

Prepaid expenses and other current assets consisted of the following (in thousands):

Property and equipment, net consisted of the following (in thousands):

Accrued liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):

Changes in the Company’s accrued warranty liability were as follows (in thousands):

6. Commitments and Contingencies

Lease Commitments

The Company leases office space under non-cancelable operating leases. Certain of the Company’s operating leases contain renewal options and rent acceleration clauses. Future minimum payments under the non-cancelable operating leases consisted of the following as of March 29, 2025 (in thousands):

As of March 29, 2025, the operating lease liability consisted of the following (in thousands):

The Company leases its headquarters office space in San Jose, California under a lease agreement that expires in December 2025. The future minimum lease payments under the lease are $1.9 million and are included in the table above. In December 2024, the Company entered into a new headquarters office lease agreement for 23,000 square feet in San Jose, California. The lease is expected to commence in August 2025 for a term of 90 months. The future minimum lease payments of $8.9 million are not included in the table above.

The weighted average discount rate for the Company’s operating leases as of March 29, 2025 was 4.7%. The weighted average remaining lease term as of March 29, 2025 was 2.6 years.

For the three months ended March 30, 2024 and March 29, 2025, rent expense was $1.1 million for each respective period. Cash paid within operating cash flows for operating leases was $1.2 million and $1.1 million for the three months ended March 29, 2025 and March 30, 2024, respectively.

Purchase Commitments

The Company’s contract manufacturers (“CMs”) and original design manufacturers (“ODMs”) place orders for component inventory based upon the Company’s build forecasts and pursuant to stated component lead times to ensure adequate component supply. The components are used by the CMs and ODMs to build the products included in the build forecasts. The Company generally does not take ownership of the components held by CMs and ODMs. The Company places purchase orders with its CMs and ODMs in order to fulfill its monthly finished product inventory requirements. The Company incurs a liability when the CMs and ODMs convert the component inventory to a finished product and takes ownership of the finished goods inventory.

The Company has from time to time, and subject to certain conditions, reimbursed certain suppliers for component inventory purchases when this inventory has been rendered excess or obsolete, for example due to manufacturing and engineering change orders resulting from design changes, manufacturing discontinuation of products by its suppliers, or in cases where the Company has committed inventory levels that exceed projected demand. In the event of termination of services with a manufacturing partner, the Company has purchased, and may be required to purchase in the future, certain of the remaining components inventory held by the CM or ODM as well as any outstanding orders pursuant to the contractual provisions with such CM or ODM. The estimated excess and obsolete component liabilities related to manufacturing and engineering change orders, termination of manufacturing partners and other factors are recorded against Supplier Deposits in “Prepaid expenses and other current assets” or included in “Accrued liabilities” in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, because the corresponding component parts have not been received or paid for by the Company. The Company records the related charges in “Cost of revenue” in its Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

As of March 29, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had approximately $153.3 million and $138.8 million, respectively, of outstanding purchase commitments for inventories to be delivered by its suppliers, including CMs and ODMs.

Litigation

From time to time, the Company is involved in various legal proceedings arising from the normal course of business activities. The Company is not currently a party to any legal proceeding that, if determined adversely to the Company, in management’s opinion, is currently expected to individually or in the aggregate have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, operating results or financial condition taken as a whole.

7. Stockholders’ Equity

2019 Equity Incentive Award Plan

Employees and consultants of the Company, its subsidiaries and affiliates, as well as members of the Company’s Board of Directors, are eligible to receive awards under the 2019 Equity Incentive Award Plan (the “2019 Plan”). The 2019 Plan provides for the grant of stock options, including incentive stock options and nonqualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, other stock or cash-based awards and dividend equivalents to eligible individuals. As of March 29, 2025, there were 0.6 million shares available for issuance under the 2019 Plan.

In February 2025, stock option awards exercisable for up to an aggregate of 3.1 million shares of common stock were granted to certain members of the Company’s leadership team with a grant date exercise price of $39.68 per share. The actual number of shares earned is contingent upon achievement of annual corporate financial targets for bookings and non-GAAP net operating income for 2025 (collectively, the “2025 Performance Targets”) during theone-year performance period. The stock option awards will vest, subject to certification by the Compensation Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors upon the achievement of the 2025 Performance Targets, as to 25% of the shares of common stock earned on theone year anniversary of the date of grant, and as to the remaining 75% of the shares of common stock earned, in substantially equal quarterly installments over the subsequent 36 months, subject to the executive’s continuous service with the Company through the respective vesting dates. If the combined non-GAAP net operating income target and the bookings target are achieved below 50% of target,50% of the shares would be awarded, and the balance would be forfeited. If the combined target is achieved at the minimum threshold of 50% of target, then 75% of the shares would be awarded, with an increasing percentage of shares awarded above the minimum thresholds up to 100% of the granted shares for each target. Each target result is then weighted by 50% and the combined total determines the percent of target shares. The maximum combined award is 100%. The probability of meeting the performance conditions was assessed to be probable as of March 29, 2025, and stock-based compensation expense of $4.1 million was recognized for the three months ended March 29, 2025.

In March 2025, stock option awards exercisable for up to an aggregate of 0.2 million shares of common stock were granted with a grant date weighted-average exercise price of $39.30 per share. These stock option awards vest 25% on the first anniversary of the vesting commencement date and on a quarterly basis thereafter over an additional three years.

During the three months ended March 29, 2025,46,000 shares of common stock were issued pursuant to the exercise of stock options at a weighted-average exercise price of $31.47 per share. As of March 29, 2025, unrecognized stock-based compensation expense of $106.7 million related to stock options, net of estimated forfeitures, is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.4 years.

Employee Stock Purchase Plans

The Company maintainstwo employee stock purchase plans - the Amended and Restated Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”) and the Amended and Restated 2017 Nonqualified Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “NQ ESPP”).

The ESPP allows eligible employees to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock through payroll deductions of up to 15% of their eligible compensation subject to certain Internal Revenue Code limitations.

The offering periods under the ESPP aretwo six-month offering periods from August 15 th through February 14 th and February 15 th through August 14 th of each year. The price of common stock purchased under the ESPP is 85% of the lower of the fair market value of the common stock on the commencement date and the end date of eachsix-month offering period. As of March 29, 2025, there were 4.1 million shares available for issuance under the ESPP. During the three months ended March 29, 2025,0.2 million shares were purchased under the ESPP. As of March 29, 2025, unrecognized stock-based compensation expense of $0.9 million related to the ESPP is expected to be recognized over a remaining service period of 0.4 years.

The NQ ESPP allows eligible employees to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock through payroll deductions of up to 25% of their eligible recurring compensation. Eligible employees have the right to (a) purchase the maximum number of whole shares of common stock that can be purchased with the elected payroll deductions during each offering period for which the employee is enrolled at a purchase price equal to the closing price of the Company’s common stock on the last day of such offering period and (b) receive an equal number of shares of the Company’s common stock that are subject to a risk of forfeiture in the event the employee terminates employment within theone year period immediately following the purchase date. The NQ ESPP provides quarterly offering periods from February 8 th through May 7 th, May 8 th through August 7 th, August 8 th through November 7 thand November 8 th through February 7 thof each year, with a maximum of 0.35 million shares allocated per purchase period. The maximum number of shares of common stock currently authorized for issuance under the NQ ESPP is 7.5 million shares. As of March 29, 2025, there were 2.0 million shares available for issuance under the NQ ESPP. During the three months ended March 29, 2025,0.2 million shares were purchased and issued. As of March 29, 2025, unrecognized stock-based compensation expense of $12.0 million related to the NQ ESPP is expected to be recognized over a remaining weighted-average service period of 0.8 years.

Stock-Based Compensation

The following table summarizes stock-based compensation expense (in thousands):

Stock Repurchase Program

The Company maintains a common stock repurchase program. Under the repurchase program, repurchases can be made from time to time using a variety of methods, which may include open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions or otherwise, all in accordance with the rules of the SEC and other applicable legal requirements. The specific timing, price and size of the purchases depends on prevailing stock prices, general economic and market conditions and other considerations consistent with the Company’s capital allocation strategy. The repurchase program does not obligate the Company to acquire a particular amount of common stock, and the repurchase program may be suspended or discontinued at any time at the Company’s discretion. During the three months ended March 29, 2025, the Company purchased 1.2 million shares of common stock for $40.0 million at an average price per share of $34.56. As of March 29, 2025, the remaining authorized balance under this program was $62.9 million. In April 2025, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized a $100.0 million increase to this program.

8. Revenue from Contracts with Customers

Contract Asset

Contract assets include amounts recognized as revenue prior to the Company’s contractual right to bill the customer. Amounts are billed in accordance with the agreed-upon contractual terms. Contract assets were $3.2 million as of March 29, 2025 as compared to $2.8 million as of December 31, 2024, and are included in prepaid expenses and other current assets on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company expects to bill 36% of the March 29, 2025 balance during 2025.

Contract Liability

Deferred revenue was $50.8 million and $47.6 million as of March 29, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The increase in the deferred revenue balance for the three months ended March 29, 2025 was driven by cash payments received or due in advance of satisfying the Company’s performance obligations offset by $11.0 million of revenue recognized that was included in the deferred revenue balance at the beginning of the period.

Revenue allocated to remaining performance obligations (“RPOs”) represents contract revenue that has not yet been recognized, which includes deferred revenue and amounts that will be invoiced and recognized as revenue in future periods but excludes variable consideration where the monthly invoicing is based on usage or where actual usage exceeds the minimum commitment. RPOs were $340.4 million as of March 29, 2025, and the Company expects to recognize as revenue 38% of this amount over the next 12 months and nearly all of the remainder over thetwo years thereafter.

Contract Costs

The Company capitalizes certain sales commissions related primarily to multi-year subscriptions and extended warranty support for which the expected amortization period is greater than one year. As of March 29, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the unamortized balance of deferred commissions was $17.6 million and $17.9 million, respectively. For the three months ended March 29, 2025 and March 30, 2024, the amount of amortization was $2.7 million and $2.0 million, respectively. There wasno impairment loss in relation to the costs capitalized for these periods.

Concentration of Customer Risk

No customer accounted for more than 10% of the Company’s revenue for the three months ended March 29, 2025 and March 30, 2024.

Two customers represented 13% and 12% of the Company’s total receivables as of March 29, 2025 and one customer represented 11% and 21% of the Company’s total receivables as of March 29, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

9. Segment Information

The Company develops, markets and sells an appliance-based broadband platform, cloud and managed services, and there are no segment managers who are held accountable for operations, operating results and plans for levels or components below the Company unit level. Accordingly, the Company is considered to be in a single reporting segment and operating unit structure. The Company’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) is the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, who reviews financial information presented on a Company-wide basis, for purposes of allocating resources and evaluating financial performance. The CODM assesses the performance of the single segment and allocates resources based on revenue and measures derived from gross margin and operating income (loss) that is reported in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). In addition, the CODM uses a measure derived from operating expenses in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) to monitor budget versus actual results to determine the Company’s and management’s performance. The Company does not have intra-entity sales or transfers. The measure of the single segment assets is the consolidated assets in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. The accounting policies of the single segment are the same as described in the significant accounting policies.

Geographic Information:

A summary of revenue disaggregated by geographic region based upon the location of the customers was as follows (in thousands):

The Company’s property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation, were located in the following geographical areas (in thousands):

Selected Financial Information:

The following table presents selected financial information with respect to the Company’s single operating segment (in thousands):

(1) GAAP cost of revenue adjusted for stock-based compensation and intangible asset amortization.

(2) GAAP sales and marketing operating expenses adjusted for stock-based compensation.

(3) GAAP research and development operating expenses adjusted for stock-based compensation.

(4) GAAP general and administrative operating expenses adjusted for stock-based compensation.

(5) Other segment items consisted of stock-based compensation expense and intangible asset amortization.

10. Income Taxes

The following table presents income taxes and the effective tax rates for the periods indicated (in thousands, except percentages):

The Company has historically recorded its interim period provision for income taxes by applying a forecasted annual effective tax rate to year-to-date earnings and adjusting for discrete items. However, due to the level of forecasted provision for income taxes relative to the forecasted pre-tax income used in computing the effective tax rate, the effective tax rate is highly sensitive to fluctuations in pre-tax income and does not provide a reasonable estimate for income taxes in the interim period. As such, the Company has computed its provision for income taxes for the three months ended March 29, 2025 and March 30, 2024 using an actual year-to-date tax calculation. The Company plans to revert to applying a forecasted annual effective tax rate to year-to-date earnings and adjusting for discrete items once that method produces more reasonable results.

The Company’s effective tax rate for the three months ended March 29, 2025 differed from the statutory federal corporate tax rate of 21% primarily due to state taxes, the effect of non-deductible stock-based compensation for executive officers, excess tax expense from stock-based compensation offset by the favorable impact of U.S. federal research tax credits and the U.S. tax impact of foreign operations. The Company’s effective tax rate for the three months ended March 30, 2024 differed from the statutory federal corporate tax rate of 21% primarily due to state taxes and the effect of non-deductible stock-based compensation for executive officers offset by the favorable impact of U.S. federal research tax credits, excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation and the U.S. tax impact of foreign operations.

The Company maintained a valuation allowance of $30.6 million for the three months ended March 29, 2025, compared to $29.9 million for the three months ended March 30, 2024, on certain U.S. federal and state deferred tax assets that the Company believes are not more likely than not to be realized in future periods.

The Company considered scheduled reversals of deferred tax liabilities, historic profitability, projected future taxable income, ongoing tax planning strategies and other matters, including the period over which its deferred tax assets will be recoverable, in assessing the need for and the amount of the valuation allowance. In the event that actual results differ from these estimates, or if the Company decides to adjust these estimates in the future periods, further adjustments to its valuation allowance may be recorded, which could materially impact the Company’s financial position and net income in the period of the adjustment.

In December 2021, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development enacted model rules for a new global minimum tax framework (“Pillar Two”), and certain governments in countries which the Company operates have enacted local Pillar Two legislation, with an effective date from January 1, 2024. The Company currently does not expect Pillar Two to have a material impact on its financial statements.

11. Net Income (Loss) Per Common Share

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net income (loss) per common share for the periods indicated (in thousands, except per share data):

Potentially dilutive shares have been excluded from the computation of diluted net income (loss) per common share when their effect is antidilutive. These antidilutive shares were primarily from stock options.