ALPHA & OMEGA SEMICONDUCTOR Ltd

1. The Company and Significant Accounting Policies

The Company

Alpha and Omega Semiconductor Limited and its subsidiaries (the “Company”, “AOS”, “we” or “us”) design, develop and supply a broad range of power semiconductors. The Company's portfolio of products targets high-volume applications, including personal and portable computers, graphic cards, flat panel TVs, home appliances, smart phones, battery packs, quick chargers, home appliances, consumer and industrial motor controls and power supplies for TVs, computers, servers and telecommunications equipment. The Company conducts its operations primarily in the United States of America (“USA”), Hong Kong, China, and South Korea.

Basis of Preparation

The accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions to Article 10 of Securities and Exchange Commission Regulation S-X, as amended. They do not include all information and footnotes necessary for a fair presentation of financial position, results of operations and cash flows in conformity with U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. These Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes contained in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2023. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments and accruals) considered necessary for a fair presentation of the results of operations for the periods presented have been included in the interim periods. Operating results for the nine months ended March 31, 2024 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the fiscal year ending June 30, 2024 or any other interim period. The consolidated balance sheet at June 30, 2023 is derived from the audited financial statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2023.

Joint Venture

On March 29, 2016, the Company entered into a joint venture contract (the “JV Agreement”) with two investment funds owned by the Municipality of Chongqing (the “Chongqing Funds”), pursuant to which the Company and the Chongqing Funds formed a joint venture, (the “JV Company”), for the purpose of constructing and operating a power semiconductor packaging, testing and 12-inch wafer fabrication facility in the Liangjiang New Area of Chongqing, China (the “JV Transaction”). Prior to December 1, 2021, the JV Company was accounted for under the provisions of the consolidation guidance since the Company had controlling financial interest. As of December 2, 2021, the Company ceased having control over the JV Company. Therefore, the Company deconsolidated the JV Company as of that date. Subsequently, the Company has accounted for its investment in the JV Company using the equity method of accounting. As of June 30, 2023, the percentage of outstanding JV equity interest beneficially owned by the Company was reduced to 42.2%. In February 2024, the JV Company repurchased certain shares that were previously issued to employees under the employee equity incentive plan for $5.4 million, which

increased the Company’s percentage of equity ownership in the JV Company by 0.54%. As of March 31, 2024, the percentage of outstanding JV equity interest beneficially owned by the Company was 42.8%.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires the Company to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses. To the extent there are material differences between these estimates and actual results, the Company's consolidated financial statements will be affected. On an ongoing basis, the Company evaluates the estimates, judgments and assumptions including those related to stock rotation returns, price adjustments, allowance for doubtful accounts, inventory reserves, warranty accrual, income taxes, leases, share-based compensation, recoverability of and useful lives for property, plant and equipment and intangible assets.

Leases

The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Operating leases are included in operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets, current operating lease liabilities and long-term operating lease liabilities on the Company's consolidated balance sheets. Finance leases are included in property, plant and equipment, finance lease liabilities and long-term finance leases liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.

Operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term at commencement date. The Company determined its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the lease commencement date. The operating lease ROU assets also include any lease payments made and exclude lease incentives. Lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise such options. Operating lease expense is generally recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Variable lease payments are expensed as incurred and are not included within the operating lease ROU asset and lease liability calculation. The Company does not record leases on the consolidated balance sheet with a term of one year or less. The Company elected to combine its lease and non-lease components as a single lease component for all asset classes.

Revenue recognition

The Company determines revenue recognition through the following steps: (1) identification of the contract with a customer; (2) identification of the performance obligations in the contract; (3) determination of the transaction price; (4) allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (5) recognition of revenue when, or as, a performance obligation is satisfied. The Company recognizes product revenue at a point in time when product is shipped to the customer, as determined by the agreed upon shipping terms, net of estimated stock rotation returns and price adjustments that it expects to provide to certain distributors. The Company presents revenue net of sales taxes and any similar assessments. Our standard payment terms range from 30 to 60 days.

The Company sells its products primarily to distributors, who in turn sell the products globally to various end customers. The Company allows stock rotation returns from certain distributors. Stock rotation returns are governed by contract and are limited to a specified percentage of the monetary value of products purchased by distributors during a specified period. The Company records an allowance for stock rotation returns based on historical returns, current expectations, and individual distributor agreements. The Company also provides special pricing to certain distributors, primarily based on volume, to encourage resale of the Company's products. Allowance for price adjustments is recorded against accounts receivable and the provision for stock rotation rights is included in accrued liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.

The Company's performance obligations relate to contracts with a duration of less than one year. The Company elected to apply the practical expedient provided in ASC 606, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers”. Therefore, the Company is not required to disclose the aggregate amount of transaction price allocated to performance obligations that are unsatisfied or partially unsatisfied at the end of the reporting period.

The Company recognizes the incremental direct costs of obtaining a contract, which consist of sales commissions, when control over the products they relate to transfers to the customer. Applying the practical expedient, the Company recognizes commissions as expense when incurred, as the amortization period of the commission asset the Company would have otherwise recognized is less than one year.

Packaging and testing services revenue is recognized at a point in time upon shipment of serviced products to the customer.

License and Development Revenue Recognition

In February 2023, the Company entered into a license agreement with a customer, pursuant to which the Company agreed to license its proprietary Silicon Carbide (SiC) technology to the customer and engineering and development services for 24 months for a total fee of $45.0 million, consisting of fees of $18.0 million, $6.8 million and $9.0 million paid to the Company in March 2023, July 2023 and February 2024, respectively, with the remaining amount to be paid upon the achievement of specified engineering services and product milestones. The license and development fee is determined to be one performance obligation and is recognized over the 24 months during which the Company performs the engineering and development services. The Company uses the input method to measure progress, which method represents a faithful depiction of the transfer of services. During the three and nine months ended March 31, 2024, the Company recorded license and development revenue of $5.1 million and $16.2 million, respectively. During the three and nine months ended March 31, 2023, the Company recorded $3.6 million of license and development revenue. The amount of contract liability is recorded as deferred revenue on the consolidated balance sheets. As of March 31, 2024, the Company had recorded a total of $26.1 million of license and development revenue. In addition, the Company also entered an accompanying supply agreement to provide limited wafer supply to the customer.

Share-based Compensation Expense

The Company maintains an equity-settled, share-based compensation plan to grant restricted share units and stock options. The Company recognizes expense related to share-based compensation awards that are ultimately expected to vest based on estimated fair values on the date of grant. The fair value of restricted share units is based on the fair value of the Company's common share on the date of grant. For restricted stock awards subject to market conditions, the fair value of each restricted stock award is estimated at the date of grant using the Monte-Carlo pricing model. The fair value of stock options is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option valuation model. Share-based compensation expense is recognized on the accelerated attribution basis over the requisite service period of the award, which generally equals the vesting period. The Employee Share Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”) is accounted for at fair value on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option valuation model.

Restricted Cash

The Company maintains restricted cash in connection with cash balances temporarily restricted for regular business operations. These balances have been excluded from the Company’s cash and cash equivalents balance and are classified as restricted cash in the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of March 31, 2024 and June 30, 2023, the amount of restricted cash was $0.2 million and $0.4 million, respectively.

Equity method investment

The Company uses the equity method of accounting when it has the ability to exercise significant influence, but not control, as determined in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, over the operating and financial policies of the investee. Effective December 1, 2021, the Company reduced its equity interest in the JV Company and no longer controls the JV Company. As a result, beginning December 2, 2021, the Company records its investment under the equity method of accounting. Since the Company is unable to obtain accurate financial information from the JV Company in a timely manner, the Company records its share of earnings or losses of such affiliate on a one quarter lag. The Company discloses and recognizes intervening events at the JV Company in the lag period that could materially affect its consolidated financial statements, if applicable.

The Company records its interest in the net earnings of the equity method investee, along with adjustments for unrealized profits or losses on intra-entity transactions and amortization of basis differences, within earnings or loss from equity interests in the Consolidated Statements of Income (loss). Profits or losses related to intra-entity sales with the equity method investee are eliminated until realized by the investor and investee. Basis differences represent differences between the cost of the investment and the underlying equity in net assets of the investment and are generally amortized over the lives of the related assets that gave rise to them. Equity method goodwill is not amortized or tested for impairment; instead the equity method investment is tested for impairment. The Company reviews for impairment whenever factors indicate that the carrying amount of the investment might not be recoverable. In such a case, the decrease in value is recognized in the period the impairment occurs in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income (loss).

Valuation of inventories

The Company carries inventories at the lower of cost (determined on a first-in, first-out basis) or net realizable value. Cost primarily consists of semiconductor wafers and raw materials, labor, depreciation expenses and other manufacturing expenses and overhead, and packaging and testing fees paid to third parties if subcontractors are used. Valuation of inventories is based on its periodic review of inventory quantities on hand as compared with its sales forecasts, historical usage, aging of inventories, production yield levels and current product selling prices. If actual market conditions are less favorable than those forecasted by the Company, additional future inventory write-downs may be required that could adversely affect its operating results. Adjustments to inventory, once established are not reversed until the related inventory has been sold or scrapped. If actual market conditions are more favorable than expected and the products that have previously been written down are sold, our gross margin would be favorably impacted.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The fair value of cash equivalents is categorized in Level 1 in the fair value hierarchy. Cash equivalents consist primarily of short-term bank deposits. The carrying values of financial instruments such as cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and accounts payable approximate their carrying values due to their short-term maturities. The carrying value of the Company's debt is considered a reasonable estimate of fair value which is estimated by considering the current rates available to the Company for debt of the same remaining maturities, structure, credit risk and terms of the debts.

Government Grants

The Company occasionally receives government grants that provide financial assistance for certain eligible expenditures in China. These grants include reimbursements on interest expense on bank borrowings, payroll tax credits, credit for property, plant and equipment in a particular geographical location, employment credits, as well as business expansion credits. Government grants are not recognized until there is reasonable assurance that the Company will comply with the conditions attaching to it, and that the grant will be received. The Company records such grants either as a reduction of the related expense, a reduction of the cost of the related asset, or as other income depending upon the nature of the grant. As a result of such grants, during the three and nine months ended March 31, 2024, the Company reduced property, plant and equipment by $0.4 million and $0.8 million, respectively. During the three and nine months ended March 31, 2023, the Company reduced property, plant and equipment bynil and $0.6 million, and operating expenses by $0.0 million and $0.1 million, respectively.

Accounting for income taxes

Income tax expense or benefit is based on income or loss before income taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized principally for the expected tax consequences of temporary differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts.

The Company is subject to income taxes in a number of jurisdictions. Significant judgment is required in determining the worldwide provision for income taxes. There are many transactions and calculations for which the ultimate tax determination is uncertain during the ordinary course of business. The Company establishes accruals for certain tax contingencies based on estimates of whether additional taxes may be due. While the final tax outcome of these matters may differ from the amounts that were initially recorded, such differences will impact the income tax and deferred tax provisions in the period in which such determination is made.

The Company is subject to income tax expense or benefit based upon pre-tax income or loss reported in the consolidated statements of income (loss) and the provisions of currently enacted tax laws. The parent company is incorporated under the laws of Bermuda and is subject to Bermuda law with respect to taxation. Under current Bermuda law, the Company is not subject to any income or capital gains taxes in Bermuda. As we have previously disclosed, the Government of Bermuda announced in December 2023 that it enacted the Corporate Income Tax Act 2023, potentially imposing a 15% corporate income tax (CIT) on Bermuda companies that are within the scope of the CIT, that will be effective for tax years beginning on or after January 1, 2025. In particular, the CIT applies to multinational companies with annual revenue of 750 million euros or more in the consolidated financial statements of the ultimate parent entity for at least two of the four fiscal years immediately preceding the fiscal year when the CIT may apply.

The Company is not in a position to determine whether the annual revenues may meet and/or cross the 750 million Euro threshold for at least two of the four fiscal years immediately preceding the fiscal year when CIT may apply. The Company continues to monitor and assess if and when it may be within the scope of the CIT. If we become subject to the Bermuda CIT, we may be subject to additional income taxes, which may adversely affect our financial position, results of operations and our overall business.

Significant management judgment is also required in determining whether deferred tax assets will be realized in full or in part. When it is more likely than not that all or some portion of specific deferred tax assets such as net operating losses or research and development tax credit carryforwards will not be realized, a valuation allowance must be established for the amount of the deferred tax assets that cannot be realized. The Company considers all available positive and negative evidence on a jurisdiction-by-jurisdiction basis when assessing whether it is more likely than not that deferred tax assets are recoverable. The Company considers evidence such as our past operating results, the existence of cumulative losses in recent years and our forecast of future taxable income.

The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), issued guidance which clarifies the accounting for income taxes by prescribing a minimum probability threshold that a tax position must meet before a financial statement benefit is recognized. The minimum threshold is defined as a tax position that is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by the applicable taxing authority, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefit to be recognized is measured as the largest amount of benefit that is greater than fifty percent likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement. Although the guidance on the accounting for uncertainty in income taxes prescribes the use of a recognition and measurement model, the determination of whether an uncertain tax position has met those thresholds will continue to require significant judgment by management. If the ultimate resolution of tax uncertainties is different from what is currently estimated, a material impact on income tax expense could result.

The Company's provision for income taxes is subject to volatility and could be adversely impacted by changes in earnings or tax laws and regulations in various jurisdictions. The Company is subject to the continuous examination of our income tax returns by the Internal Revenue Service and other tax authorities. The Company regularly assesses the likelihood of adverse outcomes resulting from these examinations to determine the adequacy of our provision for income taxes. To the extent that the final tax outcome of these matters is different from the amounts recorded, such differences will impact the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination is made. The provision for income taxes includes the impact of changes to reserves, as well as the related net interest and penalties.

Long-lived Assets

The Company reviews all long-lived assets whenever events or changes in circumstance indicate that these assets may not be recoverable. When evaluating long-lived assets, if the Company concludes that the estimated undiscounted cash flows attributable to the assets are less than their carrying value, the Company recognizes an impairment loss based on the excess of the carrying amount of the assets over their respective fair values, which could adversely affect its results of operations.

Comprehensive Income

Comprehensive income is defined as the change in equity of a business enterprise during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances from non-owner sources. The Company's accumulated other comprehensive income consists of cumulative foreign currency translation adjustments. Total comprehensive income is presented in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Adopted Accounting Standards

None

Recently Issued Accounting Standards not yet adopted

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07, “Segment Reporting (Topic 280) – Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures”, which improves reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. This ASU also expands disclosure requirements to enable users of financial statements to better understand the entity’s measurement and assessment of segment performance and resource allocation. This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the ASU on its disclosures within the Consolidated Financial Statements.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740) – Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures”, which enhances the transparency, effectiveness and comparability of income tax disclosures by requiring consistent categories and greater disaggregation of information related to income tax rate reconciliations and the jurisdictions in which income taxes are paid. This guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024 with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the ASU on its income tax disclosures within the Consolidated Financial Statements.

2. Equity Method Investment in Equity Investee

On December 1, 2021 (the “Effective Date”), Alpha & Omega Semiconductor (Shanghai) Ltd. (“AOS SH”) and Agape Package Manufacturing (Shanghai) Limited (“APM SH” and, together with AOS SH, the “Sellers”), each a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, entered into a share transfer agreement ("STA") with a third-party investor to sell a portion of the Company's equity interest in the JV Company which consists of a power semiconductor packaging, testing and 12-inch wafer fabrication facility in Chongqing, China (the “Transaction”). The Transaction closed on December 2, 2021 (the “Closing Date”), which reduced the Company’s equity interest in the JV Company from 50.9% to 48.8%. Also, the Company’s right to designate directors on the board of JV Company was reduced tothree (3) out ofseven (7) directors, from four (4) directors prior to the Transaction. As a result of the Transaction and other factors, the Company no longer has a controlling financial interest in the JV Company and has determined that the JV Company was deconsolidated from the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements effective as of the Closing Date.

On December 24, 2021, the Company entered into a share transfer agreement with another third-party investor, pursuant to which the Company sold to this investor 1.1% of outstanding equity interest held by the Company in the JV Company. In addition, the JV Company adopted an employee equity incentive plan and issued an equity interest equivalent to 3.99% of the JV Company in exchange to cash. As a result of these two transactions, the Company owned 45.8% of the equity interest in the JV Company as of December 31, 2021.

On January 26, 2022, the JV Company completed a financing transaction pursuant to a corporate investment agreement (the “Investment Agreement”) between the JV Company and certain third-party investors (the “New Investors”). Under the Investment Agreement, the New Investors purchased newly issued equity interest of the JV Company, representing approximately 7.82% of post-transaction outstanding equity interests of the JV Company, for a total purchase price of RMB 509 million (or approximately USD 80 million based on the currency exchange rate as of January 26, 2022) (the “Investment”). Following the closing of the Investment and as of June 30, 2022, the percentage of outstanding JV equity interest beneficially owned by the Company was reduced to 42.2%.

In February 2024, the JV Company repurchased certain shares that were previously issued to employees under the employee equity incentive plan for $5.4 million, which increased the Company’s percentage of equity ownership in the JV Company by 0.54%. As of March 31, 2024, the percentage of outstanding JV equity interest beneficially owned by the Company was 42.8%.

The Company accounts for its investment in the JV Company as an equity method investment and reports its equity in earnings or loss of the JV Company on a three-month lag due to an inability to timely obtain financial information of the JV Company. During the three and nine months ended March 31, 2024, the Company recorded a $0.7 million loss and $4.1 million loss of its equity share of the JV Company, respectively, using lag reporting. During the three and nine months ended March 31, 2023, the Company recorded $1.5 million in loss and a $1.5 million income of its equity in income of the JV Company, respectively, using lag reporting.

3. Related Party Transactions

As of March 31, 2024, the Company owned a 42.8% equity interest in the JV Company, which, by definition, is a related party to the Company. The JV Company supplies 12-inch wafers and provides assembly and testing services to AOS. AOS previously sold 8-inch wafers to the JV Company for further assembly and testing services until January 1, 2023, when it changed to consign the 8-inch wafers to the JV Company. Due to the right of offset of receivables and payables with the JV Company, as of March 31, 2024, AOS recorded the net amount of $14.3 million as payable related to equity investee, net, in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. The purchases by AOS for the three and nine months ended March 31, 2024 were $22.4 million and $80.8 million, respectively, and the sales by AOS for the three and nine months ended March 31, 2024 were $2.6 million and $6.3 million, respectively. The purchases by AOS for the three and nine months ended March 31, 2023 were $20.2 million and $106.1 million, respectively, and the sales by AOS for the three and nine months ended March 31, 2023 were $4.0 million and $34.4 million, respectively.

4. Net Income (Loss) Per Common Share

The following table presents the calculation of basic and diluted net income (loss) per share attributable to common shareholders:

The following potential dilutive securities were excluded from the computation of diluted net income (loss) per share as their effect would have been anti-dilutive:

5. Concentration of Credit Risk and Significant Customers

The Company manages its credit risk associated with exposure to distributors and direct customers on outstanding accounts receivable through the application and review of credit approvals, credit ratings and other monitoring procedures. In some instances, the Company also obtains letters of credit from certain customers.

Credit sales, which are mainly on credit terms of 30 to 60 days, are only made to customers who meet the Company's credit requirements, while sales to new customers or customers with low credit ratings are usually made on an advance payment basis. The Company considers its trade accounts receivable to be of good credit quality because its key distributors and direct customers have long-standing business relationships with the Company and the Company has not experienced any significant bad debt write-offs of accounts receivable in the past. The Company closely monitors the aging of accounts receivable from its distributors and direct customers, and regularly reviews their financial positions, where available.

Summarized below are individual customers whose revenue or accounts receivable balances were 10% or higher than the respective total consolidated amounts:

• Less than 10%

6. Balance Sheet Components

Accounts receivable, net:

Inventories:

Other current assets:

Property, plant and equipment, net:

Intangible assets, net:

Estimated future minimum amortization expense of intangible assets is as follows (in thousands):

Other long-term assets:

Accrued liabilities:

Short-term customer deposits are payments received from customers for securing future product shipments. As of March 31, 2024, $10.0 million were from Customer A, $8.9 million were from Customer B, and $14.2 million were from other customers. As of June 30, 2023, $13.5 million were from Customer A, $9.2 million were from Customer B, and $15.4 million were from other customers.

The activities in the warranty accrual, included in accrued liabilities, are as follows:

The activities in the stock rotation accrual, included in accrued liabilities, are as follows:

Other long-term liabilities:

Customer deposits are payments received from customers for securing future product shipments. As of March 31, 2024, $12.0 million were from Customer A, $3.0 million were from Customer B, and $7.4 million were from other customers. As of June 30, 2023, $21.0 million were from Customer A, $11.7 million were from Customer B, and $13.7 million were from other customers.

7. Bank Borrowings

Short-term borrowings

In March 2024, one of the Company's subsidiaries in China entered into a line of credit facility with Bank of Communications Limited in China. The purpose of the credit facility is to provide working capital borrowings. The Company could borrow up to approximately RMB 140 million or $19.4 million based on currency exchange rate between RMB and U.S. Dollar on March 31, 2024 with a maturity date of March 15, 2025. As of March 31, 2024, there wasno outstanding balance for this loan.

In December 2023, one of the Company's subsidiaries in China entered into a line of credit facility with Industrial and Commercial Bank of China. The purpose of the credit facility was to provide working capital borrowings. The Company could borrow up to approximately RMB 72.0 million, or $10.2 million based on currency exchange rate between RMB and U.S. Dollar on December 31, 2023, with a maturity date of December 31, 2024. As of March 31, 2024, there wasno outstanding balance for this loan.

In September 2023, one of the Company's subsidiaries in China entered into a line of credit facility with China Construction Bank. The purpose of the credit facility is to provide working capital borrowings. The Company could borrow up to approximately RMB 50 million or $6.8 million based on currency exchange rate between RMB and U.S. Dollar on September 30, 2023 with a maturity date of September 8, 2025. As of March 31, 2024, there wasno outstanding balance for this loan.

Accounts Receivable Factoring Agreement

On August 9, 2019, one of the Company's wholly-owned subsidiaries (the “Borrower”) entered into a factoring agreement with the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited (“HSBC”), whereby the Borrower assigns certain of its accounts receivable with recourse. This factoring agreement allows the Borrower to borrow up to 70% of the net amount of its eligible accounts receivable of the Borrower with a maximum amount of $30.0 million. The interest rate is based on the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR)", plus 2.01% per annum. The Company is the guarantor for this agreement. The Company is accounting for this transaction as a secured borrowing. In addition, any cash held in the restricted bank account controlled by HSBC has a legal right of offset against the borrowing. This agreement, with certain financial covenants required, has no expiration date. On August 11, 2021, the Borrower signed an agreement with HSBC to reduce the borrowing maximum amount to $8.0 million with certain financial covenants required. Other terms remain the same. As of March 31, 2024, the Borrower was in compliance with these covenants. As of March 31, 2024, there wasno outstanding balance and the Company had unused credit of approximately $8.0 million.

Debt financing

In September 2021, Jireh Semiconductor Incorporated (“Jireh”), one of the wholly-owned subsidiaries, entered into a financing arrangement agreement with a company (“Lender”) for the lease and purchase of a machinery equipment manufactured by a supplier. This agreement has a 5 years term, after which Jireh has the option to purchase the equipment for $1. The implied interest rate was 4.75% per annum which was adjustable based on every five basis point increase in 60-month U.S. Treasury Notes, until the final installation and acceptance of the equipment. The total purchase price of this equipment was euro 12.0 million. In April 2021, Jireh made a down payment of euro 6.0 million, representing 50% of the total purchase price of the equipment, to the supplier. In June 2022, the equipment was delivered to Jireh after Lender paid 40% of the total purchase price, for euro 4.8 million, to the supplier on behalf of Jireh. In September 2022, Lender paid the remaining 10% payment for the total purchase price and reimbursed Jireh for the 50% down payment, after the installation and configuration of the equipment. The title of the equipment was transferred to Lender following such payment. The agreement was amended with fixed implied interest rate of 7.51% and monthly payment of principal and interest effective in October 2022. Other terms remain the same. In addition, Jireh purchased hardware for the machine under this financing arrangement. The purchase price of this hardware was $0.2 million. The financing arrangement is secured by this equipment and other equipment which had the net book value of $14.0 million as of March 31, 2024. As of March 31, 2024, the outstanding balance of this debt financing was $9.8 million.

Long-term bank borrowings

On August 18, 2021, Jireh entered into a term loan agreement with a financial institution (the "Bank") in an amount up to $45.0 million for the purpose of expanding and upgrading the Company’s fabrication facility located in Oregon. The obligation under the loan agreement is secured by substantially all assets of Jireh and guaranteed by the Company. The agreement has a

5.5 year term and matures on February 16, 2027. Jireh is required to make consecutive quarterly payments of principal and interest. The loan accrues interest based on adjusted SOFR plus the applicable margin based on the outstanding balance of the loan. This agreement contains customary restrictive covenants and includes certain financial covenants that the Company is required to maintain. Jireh drew down $45.0 million on February 16, 2022 with the first payment of principal beginning in October 2022. As of March 31, 2024, Jireh was in compliance with these covenants andthe outstanding balance of this loan was $31.5 million.

Maturities of short-term debt and long-term debt were as follows (in thousands):

8. Leases

The Company evaluates contracts for lease accounting at contract inception and assesses lease classification at the lease commencement date. Operating leases are included in operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets, operating lease liabilities and operating lease liabilities - long-term on the Company's Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. Finance leases are included in property, plant and equipment, finance lease liabilities and finance lease liabilities-long-term on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company recognizes a ROU asset and corresponding lease obligation liability at the lease commencement date where the lease obligation liability is measured at the present value of the minimum lease payments. As most of the leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate at lease commencement. The Company uses an interest rate commensurate with the interest rate to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term with an amount equal to the lease payments. Operating leases are primarily related to offices, research and development facilities, sales and marketing facilities, and manufacturing facilities. In addition, long-term supply agreements to lease gas tank equipment and purchase industrial gases are accounted for as operating leases. Lease agreements frequently include renewal provisions and require the Company to pay real estate taxes, insurance and maintenance costs. For operating leases, the amortization of the ROU asset and the accretion of its lease obligation liability result in a single straight-line expense recognized over the lease term. The finance lease is related to the $5.1 million of a machinery lease financing with a vendor. In September 2022, the lease was amended to make a monthly payment of principal and interest as a fixed amount effective in October 2022. Other terms remain the same. The amendment was accounted for as a debt modification and no gain or loss was recognized. The Company does not record leases on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets with a term of one year or less.

The components of the Company’s operating and finance lease expenses are as follows for the periods presented (in thousands):

Supplemental balance sheet information related to the Company’s operating and finance leases is as follows (in thousands, except lease term and discount rate):

Supplemental cash flow information related to the Company’s operating and finance leases is as follows (in thousands):

Future minimum lease payments are as follows as of March 31, 2024 (in thousands):

9. Shareholders' Equity and Share-based Compensation

Share Repurchase

In September 2017, the Board of Directors approved a repurchase program (the “Repurchase Program”) that allowed the Company to repurchase its common shares from the open market pursuant to a pre-established Rule 10b5-1 trading plan or through privately negotiated transactions up to an aggregate of $30.0 million. The amount and timing of any repurchases under the Repurchase Program depend on a number of factors, including but not limited to, the trading price, volume and availability of the Company’s common shares. Shares repurchased under this program are accounted for as treasury shares and the total cost of shares repurchased is recorded as a reduction of shareholders' equity. From time to time, treasury shares may be reissued as part of the Company’s share-based compensation programs. Gains on re-issuance of treasury stock are credited to additional paid-in capital; losses are charged to additional paid-in capital to offset the net gains, if any, from previous sales or re-issuance of treasury stock. Any remaining balance of the losses is charged to retained earnings. As of March 31, 2024, no remaining amount was available under the share repurchase program.

Time-based Restricted Stock Units (“TRSU”)

The following table summarizes the Company's TRSU activities for the nine months ended March 31, 2024:

Market-based Restricted Stock Units (“MSU”)

In December 2021, the Company granted 1.0 million market-based restricted stock units ("MSUs") to certain personnel. The number of shares to be earned at the end of performance period was determined based on the Company’s achievement of specified stock prices and revenue thresholds during the performance period from January 1, 2022 to December 31, 2024 as well as the recipients remaining in continuous service with the Company through such period. The MSU vests in four equal annual installments after the end of performance period. The Company estimated the grant date fair values of its MSUs using a Monte-Carlo simulation model. On September 19, 2023, the Compensation Committee of the Board approved a modification of the terms of MSUs to extend the performance period through December 31, 2025, changed the commencement date for thefour-year time-based service period January 1, 2025, and reduced the achievement of specified stock prices and revenue thresholds. The fair value of these MSUs was revalued to reflect the change using a Monte-Carlo simulation model with the following assumptions: risk-free interest rate of 4.94%, expected term of 2.28 years, expected volatility of 61.38% and dividend yield of 0%. The Company recognizes the total compensation cost of the modified MSUs beginning on the modification date over the remaining requisite service periods. The Company recorded $1.1 million of expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2024, and a negative $4.0 million of expenses for the nine months ended March 31, 2024 due to a $6.4 million of reversal of the prior recognized expenses. The Company recorded $2.1 million and $6.2 million of expenses for the three and nine months ended March 31, 2023, respectively.

During the quarter ended September 30, 2018, the Company granted 1.3 million MSUs to certain personnel. The number of shares to be earned at the end of performance period is determined based on the Company’s achievement of specified stock prices and revenue thresholds during the performance period from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2021 as well as the recipients remaining in continuous service with the Company through such period. The MSUs vest in four equal annual installments after the end of the performance period. The Company estimated the grant date fair values of its MSUs using a Monte-Carlo simulation model. On August 31, 2020, the Compensation Committee of the Board approved a modification of the terms of MSU to (i) extend the performance period through December 31, 2022 and (ii) change the commencement date for the four-year time-based service period to January 1, 2023. The fair value of these MSUs was recalculated to reflect the change as of August 31, 2020 and the unrecognized compensation amount was adjusted to reflect the increase in fair value. The Company recorded $0.2 million and $0.8 million of expenses for MSUs during the three and nine months ended March 31, 2024, respectively, and $0.3 million and $3.6 million of expenses for MSUs during the three and nine months ended March 31, 2023.

The following table summarizes the Company's MSUs activities for the nine months ended March 31, 2024:

Performance-based Restricted Stock Units (“PRSUs”)

In March each year since year 2017, the Company granted PRSUs to certain personnel. The number of shares to be earned under the PRSUs is determined based on the level of attainment of predetermined financial goals. The PRSUs vest in four equal annual installments from the first anniversary date after the grant date if certain predetermined financial goals were met. The Company recorded approximately $0.8 million and $2.0 million of expense for these PRSUs during the three and nine months ended March 31, 2024, respectively, and $1.4 million and $4.1 million and for the three and nine months ended March 31, 2023, respectively.

The following table summarizes the Company’s PRSUs activities for the nine months ended March 31, 2024:

Stock Options

The Company didnot grant any stock options during the nine months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023. The following table summarizes the Company's stock option activities for the nine months ended March 31, 2024:

Employee Share Purchase Plan (“ESPP”)

The assumptions used to estimate the fair values of common shares issued under the ESPP were as follows:

Share-based Compensation Expense

The total share-based compensation expense recognized in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income for the periods presented was as follows:

As of March 31, 2024, total unrecognized compensation cost under the Company's equity plans was $55.0 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.5 years.

10. Income Taxes

The Company recognized income tax expense of approximately $0.6 million and $2.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The income tax expense of $0.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 included a $0.1 million discrete tax expense. The income tax expense of $2.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 included a $0.03 million discrete tax expense. Excluding the discrete income tax items, the income tax expense for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was $0.6 million and $2.5 million, respectively, and the effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was (5.3)% and (15.2)%, respectively. The changes in the tax expense and effective tax rate between the periods resulted primarily from changes in the mix of earnings in various geographic jurisdictions between the current year and the same period of last year as well as from reporting pretax book loss of $10.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 as compared to $16.4 million of pretax book loss for the three months ended March 31, 2023.

The Company recognized income tax expense of approximately $2.6 million and $5.6 million for the nine months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The income tax expense of $2.6 million for the nine months ended March 31, 2024 included a $0.2 million discrete tax expense. The income tax expense of $5.6 million for the nine months ended March 31, 2023 included a $0.1 million discrete tax expense. Excluding the discrete income tax items, income tax expense for the nine months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was $2.5 million and $5.4 million, respectively, and the effective tax rate for the nine months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 was (43.4)% and 28.4%, respectively. The changes in the tax expense and effective tax rate between the periods resulted primarily from changes in the mix of earnings in various geographic jurisdictions between the current year and the same period of last year as well as from reporting pretax book loss of $5.7 million for the the nine months ended March 31, 2024 as compared to $19.0 million of pretax book income for the nine months ended March 31, 2023.

The Company files its income tax returns in the United States and in various foreign jurisdictions. The tax years 2001 to 2023 remain open to examination by U.S. federal and state tax authorities. The tax years 2017 to 2023 remain open to examination by foreign tax authorities.

The Company's income tax returns are subject to examinations by the Internal Revenue Service and other tax authorities in various jurisdictions. In accordance with the guidance on the accounting for uncertainty in income taxes, the Company regularly assesses the likelihood of adverse outcomes resulting from these examinations to determine the adequacy of its provision for income taxes. These assessments can require considerable estimates and judgments. As of March 31, 2024, the gross amount of unrecognized tax benefits was approximately $9.5 million, of which $6.4 million, if recognized, would reduce the effective income tax rate in future periods. If the Company's estimate of income tax liabilities proves to be less than the ultimate assessment, then a further charge to expense would be required. If events occur and the payment of these amounts ultimately proves to be unnecessary, the reversal of the liabilities would result in tax benefits being recognized in the period when the Company determines the liabilities are no longer necessary. The Company does not anticipate any material changes to its uncertain tax positions during the next twelve months.

"U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act", Enacted December 22, 2017

On December 22, 2017, the United States enacted tax reform legislation through the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“the Tax Act”), which significantly changes the existing U.S. tax laws, including, but not limited to, (1) a reduction in the corporate tax rate from 35% to 21%, (2) a shift from a worldwide tax system to a territorial system, (3) eliminating the corporate alternative minimum tax (AMT) and changing how existing AMT credits can be realized, (4) bonus depreciation that will allow for full expensing of qualified property, (5) creating a new limitation on deductible interest expense and (6) changing rules related to uses and limitations of net operating loss carryforwards created in tax years beginning after December 31, 2017.

The Company is not currently subject to the Base Erosion and Anti-Abuse (BEAT) tax, which is a tax imposed on certain entities who make payments to their non U.S. affiliates, where such payments reduce the U.S. tax base. The BEAT tax is imposed at a rate of 10% on Adjusted Taxable Income, excluding certain payments to foreign related entities. It is an incremental tax over and above the corporate income tax and is recorded as a period cost. It is possible that this tax could be applicable in future periods, which would cause an increase to the effective tax rate and cash taxes.

“The Chip and Science Act of 2022”, Enacted August 2, 2022

In August 2022 the U.S. enacted the Chip and Science Act of 2022 (the Chips Act). The Chips Act provides incentives to semiconductor chip manufacturers in the United States, including providing a 25% manufacturing investment credits for investments in semiconductor manufacturing property placed in service after December 31, 2022, for which construction begins before January 1, 2027. Property investments qualify for the 25% credit if, among other requirements, the property is integral to the operation of an advanced manufacturing facility, defined as having a primary purpose of manufacturing semiconductors or semiconductor manufacturing equipment. Currently, we are evaluating the impact of the Chips Act to us.

“The Inflation Reduction Act”, Enacted August 16, 2022

In August 2022 the United States enacted tax legislation through the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA). The IRA introduces a 15% corporate alternative minimum tax (CAMT) for corporations whose average annual adjusted financial statement income (AFSI) for any consecutive three-tax-year period preceding the applicable tax year exceeds $1 billion. The CAMT is effective for tax years beginning after December 31, 2022. The CAMT is currently not applicable to the Company.

Bermuda Corporate Income Tax for Tax Years Beginning in 2025

The Company is subject to income tax expense or benefit based upon pre-tax income or loss reported in the consolidated statements of income (loss) and the provisions of currently enacted tax laws. The parent company is incorporated under the laws of Bermuda and is subject to Bermuda law with respect to taxation. Under current Bermuda law, the Company is not subject to any income or capital gains taxes in Bermuda. As we have previously disclosed, the Government of Bermuda announced in December 2023 that it enacted the Corporate Income Tax Act 2023, potentially imposing a 15% corporate income tax (CIT) on Bermuda companies that are within the scope of the CIT, that will be effective for tax years beginning on or after January 1, 2025. In particular, the CIT applies to multinational companies with annual revenue of 750 million euros or more in the consolidated financial statements of the ultimate parent entity for at least two of the four fiscal years immediately preceding the fiscal year when the CIT may apply.

The Company is not in a position to determine whether the annual revenues may meet and/or cross the 750 million Euro threshold for at least two of the four fiscal years immediately preceding the fiscal year when CIT may apply. The Company continues to monitor and assess if and when it may be within the scope of the CIT. If we become subject to the Bermuda CIT, we may be subject to additional income taxes, which may adversely affect our financial position, results of operations and our overall business.

11. Segment and Geographic Information

The Company is organized as, and operates in, one operating segment: the design, development and supply of power semiconductor products for computing, consumer electronics, communication and industrial applications. The chief operating decision-makers are the Executive Chairman and the Chief Executive Officer. The financial information presented to the Company’s Executive Chairman and Chief Executive Officer is on a consolidated basis, accompanied by information about revenue by customer and geographic region, for purposes of evaluating financial performance and allocating resources. The Company hasone business segment, and there are no segment managers who are held accountable for operations, operating results and plans for products or components below the consolidated unit level. Accordingly, the Company reports as a single operating segment.

The Company sells its products primarily to distributors in the Asia Pacific region, who in turn sell these products to end customers. Because the Company’s distributors sell their products to end customers which may have a global presence, revenue by geographical location is not necessarily representative of the geographical distribution of sales to end user markets.

In February 2023, the Company entered into a license agreement with a customer to license the Company’s proprietary SiC technology and to provide 24-month engineering and development services for a total fee of $45 million.

The revenue by geographical location in the following tables is based on the country or region in which the products were shipped to:

The following is a summary of revenue by product type:

Long-lived assets, net consisting of property, plant and equipment and operating lease right-of-use assets, net by geographical area are as follows:

12. Commitments and Contingencies

Purchase Commitments

As of March 31, 2024 and June 30, 2023, the Company had approximately $101.2 million and $127.5 million, respectively, of outstanding purchase commitments primarily for purchases of semiconductor raw materials, wafers, spare parts, packaging and testing services and others.

As of March 31, 2024 and June 30, 2023, the Company had approximately $10.5 million and $9.7 million, respectively, of capital commitments for the purchase of property and equipment.

Other Commitments

See Note 7 and Note 8 of the Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for descriptions of commitments including bank borrowings and leases.

Contingencies and Indemnities

The Company has in the past, and may from time to time in the future, become involved in legal proceedings arising from the normal course of business activities. The semiconductor industry is characterized by frequent claims and litigation, including claims regarding patent and other intellectual property rights as well as improper hiring practices. Irrespective of the validity of such claims, the Company could incur significant costs in the defense of such claims and suffer adverse effects on its operations.

In December 2019, the U.S. Department of Justice (“DOJ”) commenced an investigation into the Company's compliance with export control regulations relating to its business transactions with Huawei and its affiliates (“Huawei”), which were added to the “Entity List” maintained by the Department of Commerce (“DOC”) on May 16, 2019. The Company cooperated fully with federal authorities in the investigation, including responding to requests for documents, information and interviews from DOJ in connection with the investigation. In connection with this investigation, DOC requested the Company to suspend shipments of its products to Huawei, and the Company complied with such request. The Company has not shipped any product to Huawei after December 31, 2019. On January 19, 2024, DOJ informed the Company that it has closed such investigation without any charges. The Company continues to cooperate with the DOC in the ongoing civil investigation. DOC has not informed the Company of any specific timeline or schedule under which DOC will complete its review.

The Company is a party to a variety of agreements contracted with various third parties. Pursuant to these agreements, the Company may be obligated to indemnify another party to such an agreement with respect to certain matters. Typically, these obligations arise in the context of contracts entered into by the Company, under which the Company customarily agrees to hold the other party harmless against losses arising from a breach of representations and covenants related to such matters as title to assets sold, certain intellectual property rights, specified environmental matters and certain income taxes. In these circumstances, payment by the Company is customarily conditioned on the other party making a claim pursuant to the procedures specified in the particular contract, which procedures typically allow the Company to challenge the other party's claim. Further, the Company's obligations under these agreements may be limited in time and/or amount, and in some instances, the Company may have recourse against third parties for certain payments made by it under these agreements. The Company has not historically paid or recorded any material indemnifications, andno accrual was made at March 31, 2024 and June 30, 2023.

The Company has agreed to indemnify its directors and certain employees as permitted by law and pursuant to its Bye-laws, and has entered into indemnification agreements with its directors and executive officers. The Company has not recorded a liability associated with these indemnification arrangements, as it historically has not incurred any material costs associated with such indemnification obligations. Costs associated with such indemnification obligations may be mitigated by insurance coverage that the Company maintains. However, such insurance may not cover any, or may cover only a portion of, the amounts the Company may be required to pay. In addition, the Company may not be able to maintain such insurance coverage at a reasonable cost.