ENERGY FUELS INC

FORM 10-Q

For the Quarter Ended June 30, 2025

INDEX

CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and the exhibits attached hereto (the “Quarterly Report”) contain “forward-looking statements” and “forward-looking information” within the meaning of applicable United States (“U.S.”) and Canadian securities laws (collectively, “forward-looking statements”), which may include, but are not limited to, statements with respect to Energy Fuels Inc.’s (the “Company’s” or “Energy Fuels’”): anticipated results and progress of our operations in future periods; planned exploration; development of our properties; plans related to our business, such as the ramp-up of our uranium projects and the expansion of our rare earth element (“REE”) and our heavy mineral sands (“HMS”) initiatives, including work on our planned continued development of capabilities for the commercial separation of REEs at our White Mesa Mill (the “White Mesa Mill” or the “Mill”) in Utah, work on our South Bahia HMS/REE project in Brazil (the “Bahia Project”), and our plans related to our recently acquired HMS properties, including the Kwale HMS project in Kenya (the “Kwale Project”) and the Toliara REE and HMS project in Madagascar (the “Toliara Project”) through the Company’s acquisition of Base Resources Limited (“Base Resources” or “Base”), which closed on October 2, 2024, and the potential earn-in of up to a 49% joint venture interest in the Donald REE and HMS project in Australia (the “Donald Project”); plans related to our potential recovery of radioisotopes at the Mill for use in the production of targeted alpha therapy (“TAT”) medical treatments; any plans related to the acquisition of additional uranium or uranium/vanadium mineral properties; any plans relating to the ramp-up of production or ongoing operations at any of our uranium, uranium/vanadium and/or REE and HMS properties; historic estimated resources and reserves; production estimates; maintenance and renewal of permits; expectations that the Company will be successful in formalizing with the Government of Madagascar fiscal and other terms applicable to the Toliara Project through an investment agreement, amendments to existing laws and/or other mechanisms as appropriate; any expectation that positive final investment decisions (“FIDs”) will be made for the Toliara Project, Donald Project and/or Bahia Project and that any of those projects will be developed; and expectations for the outcome(s) of any pending litigation. These statements relate to analyses and other information that are based on forecasts of future results, estimates of amounts not yet determinable and assumptions of management.

Any statements that express or involve discussions with respect to predictions, expectations, beliefs, plans, projections, objectives, schedules, assumptions, future events or performance (often, but not always, using words or phrases such as “expects” or “does not expect,” “is expected,” “is likely,” “budgets,” “scheduled,” “forecasts,” “intends,” “anticipates” or “does not anticipate,” “continues,” “plans,” “estimates,” or “believes,” and similar expressions or variations of such words and phrases or statements stating that certain actions, events or results “may,” “could,” “would,” “might,” or “will” be taken, occur or be achieved) are not statements of historical fact and may be forward-looking statements.

Forward-looking statements are based on the opinions and estimates of management as of the date such statements are made. We believe that the expectations reflected in these forward-looking statements are reasonable, but no assurance can be given that these expectations will prove to be correct, and such forward-looking statements included in, or incorporated by reference into, this Quarterly Report should not be unduly relied upon.

Readers are cautioned that it would be unreasonable to rely on any such forward-looking statements as creating any legal rights, as forward-looking statements are not guarantees and may involve known and unknown risks and uncertainties. Readers are further cautioned that actual results are likely to differ (and may differ materially), and objectives and strategies may differ or change, from those expressed or implied in the forward-looking statements as a result of various factors. Such risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to: global economic risks, such as the occurrence of a pandemic, political unrest or wars, or the imposition of tariffs that affect global markets; cybersecurity risks associated with critical and other highly sensitive minerals of international interest, which are key to national security; litigation risks; risks associated with the restart and subsequent operation of any of our uranium, uranium/vanadium and REE and HMS mines; risks associated with our commercial production of an REE carbonate (“RE Carbonate”) or separated REE oxides and the planned expansion of such production; risks associated with the exploration and development of our Toliara Project, Donald Project and/or Bahia Project; risks associated with the reclamation and closure of our Kwale Project; risks associated with the potential recovery of radioisotopes for use in the Company’s TAT initiatives; risks associated with successfully closing and integrating potential business and mineral acquisitions into Company operations; risks associated with our joint ventures; international risks, including geopolitical and country risks; risks associated with negotiating and maintaining satisfactory fiscal and stability arrangements and obtaining foreign country government approvals on a timely basis or at all; expropriation risks; risks associated with the failure of the Government of Madagascar to formalize fiscal and other terms applicable to the Toliara Project through an investment agreement, amendments to existing laws or other mechanisms as appropriate; risks associated with increased regulatory requirements applicable to our operations in response to pressure from special interest groups or otherwise; and risks generally encountered in the exploration, development, operation, closure and reclamation of mineral properties and processing and recovery facilities. Forward-looking statements are subject to a variety of known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors which could cause actual events or results to differ from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements, including, without limitation the following risks:

•global economic risks, including the occurrence of unforeseen or catastrophic events, such as political unrest, wars or the emergence of a widespread health emergency, which could create operational, economic and financial disruptions for an indeterminate period of time that could materially impact our business, operations, personnel and financial condition;

•global economic risks, including the imposition of tariffs and/or reciprocal tariffs that affect global markets, including: risks to the salability of our RE Carbonate, separated NdPr, REE oxides, and potentially other REE and REE-related value-added products (collectively, “REE products”), uranium, vanadium, heavy mineral concentrate (“HMC”), HMS products including ilmenite, rutile and zircon (collectively, “HMS products”) and (if relevant) copper (collectively, our “Goods”) internationally; risks associated with the prices and availability of materials needed in the production of our Goods (our “Supply Chain Needs”); risks associated with the application of tariffs, and the severity of tariff rates, imposed on our Goods and Supply Chain Needs; risks of inflation; risks of escalation in global trade conflicts in jurisdictions where we operate; and risks associated with political uncertainty, any of which could materially impact our business, operations, personnel and financial condition;

•risks associated with Mineral Reserve and Mineral Resource estimates, including the risk of errors in assumptions or methodologies and changes to estimate disclosure rules and regulations;

•risks associated with estimating mineral extraction and recovery, forecasting future price levels necessary to support mineral extraction and recovery, and our ability to increase mineral extraction and recovery in response to any increases in commodity prices or other market conditions;

•uncertainties and liabilities inherent to conventional mineral extraction and recovery and/or in situ recovery (“ISR”);

•risks associated with our commercial production of our REE products at the Mill or elsewhere, including risks: that we may not be able to produce REE products that meet commercial specifications at commercial levels or at all, or at acceptable cost levels; of not being able to secure adequate supplies of uranium and REE-bearing ores in the future at satisfactory costs; of not being able to increase our sources of uranium and REE-bearing ores to meet future planned production goals; of not being able to sell our REE products at acceptable prices; of not being able to successfully construct and operate potential other downstream REE activities, including metal-making and alloying, if pursued in the future; of legal and regulatory challenges and delays; and the risk of technological or market changes or government initiatives that could impact the REE industry or our competitive position;

•risks that: the Company has not successfully developed, or is not able to successfully develop, the technology it believes is required to produce samarium, gadolinium, dysprosium, terbium, lutetium and/or yttrium, at scale at the Mill; or that it does not have, or is not able to develop, the technical knowhow to design, construct, and commission the expansion of its existing infrastructure, including an expansion of its Phase 1 REE separation circuit, to produce such REEs from monazite relatively quickly with supportive market conditions; or that supportive market conditions will not prevail;

•risks associated with changes to federal, state and/or local administrations that could negatively impact our business;

•risks associated with mining and processing generally, including: geological, technical and processing problems, including unanticipated metallurgical difficulties; less than expected recoveries; ground control problems; process upsets and equipment malfunctions; tailings, dam or other facility instability or failure; and other mining, processing, and/or reclamation upsets;

•risks associated with the high grades mined and the increased mining rate experienced during the second quarter of 2025 at the Company’s Pinyon Plain mine not persisting for the remainder of 2025 or at all;

•risks that the initial results from the Company’s 2024-2025 drilling program at the Juniper Zone of the Pinyon Plain mine will not significantly increase the mineable uranium resources at the mine, and/or confirm that the Juniper Zone is another high-grade zone of uranium mineralization at the mine, and/or result in a lower mining and milling cost per pound at the mine;

•risks associated with the depletion of existing Mineral Resources through extraction without comparable replacements;

•risks associated with labor costs, labor disturbances and unavailability of skilled labor;

•risks associated with availability and/or fluctuations in the costs of raw materials and consumables used in our production;

•risks and costs associated with environmental compliance and permitting, including those created by changes in environmental legislation and regulation, changes in regulatory attitudes and approaches, and delays in obtaining permits and licenses;

•risks associated with increased regulatory requirements applicable to our operations;

•risks associated with our dependence on third parties in the provision of transportation and other critical services;

•risks associated with defects to title of our mineral properties, or our ability to obtain, extend or renew land tenure, including mineral leases and surface use agreements, and to negotiate access rights on certain properties, on favorable terms or at all;

•risks associated with potential information security incidents, including cybersecurity breaches;

•risks that we may compromise or lose our proprietary technology or intellectual property in certain circumstances, which could result in a loss in our competitive position and/or the value of our intangible assets;

•risks associated with our ongoing ability to successfully develop, attract and retain qualified management, Board members and other key personnel critical to the success of our business, given limited significant experience in our key industries;

•competition for, among other things, capital, mineral properties and skilled personnel;

•the adequacy and costs of retaining, our insurance coverage, and uncertainty as to reclamation and decommissioning liabilities;

•the ability of our bonding companies to require increases in the collateral required to secure reclamation obligations;

•the potential for, and outcome of, litigation and other legal proceedings, including potential injunctions pending resolution;

•our ability to meet our obligations to our creditors and to access credit facilities on favorable terms;

•failure to complete proposed mergers and acquisitions (“M&A”), to successfully integrate after M&A transactions, and/or incorrectly assess the value or risks associated with M&A;

•risks associated with the Toliara Project, including: risks associated with the failure of the Government of Madagascar to formalize fiscal and other terms applicable to the Toliara Project through an investment agreement, amendments to existing laws and/or other mechanisms as appropriate; risks associated with adding monazite to the Toliara Project’s mining permit on a timely basis, or at all; risks associated with the ability of the Company to maintain suitable fiscal terms with the Government of Madagascar over time; risks associated with potential community unrest at or near the Toliara Project site; country risks, including the risk of government instability and expropriation risks; risks of challenges by special interest groups and other parties; and risks associated with reclamation of the Kwale Project, including the long-term stability of reclamation activities and reclaimed structures;

•risks associated with the conduct of business in foreign countries, including human rights-related risks associated with potential occurrences of forced labor, child labor and sex trafficking, and foreign corrupt practices-related risks associated with fraud, bribery and political corruption, that the Company may not be able to identify and address;

•risks associated with a Brazilian federal or state government taking actions or inactions with respect to permitting of future exploration or production at the Bahia Project or enacting additional conservation units or environmental protection areas or implementing management plans in connection therewith that could impact planned exploration or production at the Bahia Project;

•risks associated with fluctuations in price levels for HMS products, including the prices for ilmenite, rutile, titanium and zircon, which could impact planned production levels or the feasibility of production;

•risks posed by fluctuations in share prices, exchange rates, interest rates, general economic conditions and lack of dividends;

•risks inherent in our and industry analysts’ forecasts/predictions of future uranium, vanadium, copper (if and when produced), REE and HMS product price levels, including prices for REE products;

•market prices of uranium, vanadium, REEs, HMC, HMS products and, if relevant, copper, which are cyclical and substantially variable;

•risks associated with future uranium sales, if any, being required to be made at spot prices, unless we are able to continue to enter into new long-term contracts at satisfactory prices in the future;

•risks associated with our vanadium and REE product sales, generally being required to be made at spot prices;

•risks associated with HMC and its component sales, if any, being tied to ilmenite, rutile, leucoxene and zircon spot prices as well as derived-product titanium and zirconium spot prices;

•failure to obtain suitable uranium sales terms at satisfactory prices in the future, including spot and term sale contracts;

•failure to obtain suitable vanadium, copper (if and when produced), REE Product or HMS and its components sales terms;

•risks that we may not be able to fulfill all our sales commitments out of inventories or production and may be required to fulfill deliveries through spot purchases at a loss or through other negotiated means that are unfavorable to the Company, and risks associated with any future uranium or other commodity purchases to meet our sales commitments;

•risks associated with any expectation that we will successfully help in the cleanup of historic abandoned uranium mines (“AUMs”);

•risks associated with potential asset impairment due to market conditions, lack of access to markets and the ability to access capital;

•risks associated with our ability to raise debt financing, international and/or domestic, as may be required or desirable;

•risks associated with public and/or political resistance to nuclear energy or uranium extraction and recovery;

•uranium industry competition, international trade restrictions and the impacts they have on world commodity prices of foreign state-subsidized production, and wars or other conflicts influencing international demand and commercial relations;

•risks associated with foreign government actions, policies and laws and foreign state-subsidized enterprises with respect to REE production and sales, which could impact REE prices, access to global and domestic markets for the supply of REE-bearing ores, and our sale of RE Carbonate, REE oxides or other REE Products and services globally and domestically;

•risks associated with governmental or regulatory agency actions, policies, laws, regulations and interpretations with respect to nuclear energy or uranium extraction and recovery, and to REE, HMS and other mineral extraction and recovery activities;

•risks related to potentially higher than expected costs related to any of our projects or facilities;

•risks related to stock price, volume volatility and market events and our ability to maintain listings in various stock indices;

•risks related to our ability to maintain our listings on the NYSE American and the Toronto Stock Exchange (“TSX”);

•risks related to dilution of currently outstanding shares from additional share issuances, and/or depletion of assets;

•risks related to our issuance of additional freely tradeable common shares of the Company (“Common Shares”) under our At-the-Market program (“ATM”) or otherwise to provide adequate liquidity in depressed commodity market situations;

•risks related to our method of accounting for equity investments in other companies potentially resulting in material changes to our financial results that are not fully within our control;

•risks related to conducting business operations in foreign countries including heightened risks of expropriation of assets, business interruption, increased taxation, import/export controls, or unilateral modification of concessions and contracts;

•risks related to any material weaknesses that may be identified in our internal controls over financial reporting. If we are unable to implement/maintain effective internal controls over financial reporting, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, negatively affecting the market price of our common shares;

•risks of amendment to mining laws, including the imposition of any royalties on minerals extracted from federal lands, the designation of national monuments, mineral withdrawals or similar actions, which could adversely impact our affected properties or our ability to operate our affected properties;

•risks of land exchanges between federal and state agencies that may impact our unpatented mining claims and other rights;

•risks related to our potential recovery of radioisotopes at the Mill for use in our TAT initiatives, including the risk of: technological or market changes that could impact the industry or our competitive position; such potential recovery not being feasible or that the radioisotopes will not be able to be sold on a commercial basis; all required licenses, permits and regulatory approvals not being obtained on a timely basis or at all; and the cancer treatment therapeutics not receiving the required approvals or not being commercially successful; and

•risks that we will not acquire our planned joint venture interest in the Donald Project, or that the Bahia Project, Toliara Project and/or Donald Project will not reach a positive FID or be developed.

Such statements are based on a number of assumptions which may prove to be incorrect, including, but not limited to, the following assumptions: that there is no material deterioration in general business and economic conditions; that there is no unanticipated fluctuation in interest rates and foreign exchange rates; that the supply and demand for, deliveries of, and the level and volatility of prices of uranium, vanadium, REE Products, HMC, HMS Products and our other primary metals, radioisotopes and minerals develop as expected; that uranium, vanadium, REE Product, REE, HMC and HMS Product prices required to reach, sustain or increase expected or forecasted production levels are realized as expected; that our RE Carbonate production, production of separated REE oxides or any other proposed REE activities, our HMS production, our proposed radioisotope program, or other potential production activities will be technically or commercially successful; that there are no material mining, processing and/or reclamation upsets, including geological, technical and processing problems, unanticipated metallurgical difficulties, community unrest, less than expected recoveries, ground control problems, process upsets and/or equipment malfunctions, and/or tailings dam or facility instability or failure; that we receive regulatory and governmental approvals for our development projects and other operations on a timely basis; that we are able to operate our mineral properties and processing facilities as expected; that we are able to implement new process technologies and operations as expected; that existing licenses and permits are renewed as required; that we are able to obtain financing for our development projects on reasonable terms; that we are able to procure mining equipment and operating supplies in sufficient quantities and on a timely basis; that engineering and construction timetables and capital costs for our development and expansion projects and restarting projects on standby are not incorrectly estimated or affected by unforeseen circumstances; that costs of closure of various operations are accurately estimated; that there are no unanticipated changes in collateral requirements for surety bonds; that there are no unanticipated changes to market competition; that our Mineral Reserve and Mineral Resource estimates are within reasonable bounds of accuracy (including with respect to size, grade and recoverability) and that the geological, operational and price assumptions on which these are based are reasonable; that environmental and other administrative and legal proceedings or disputes are satisfactorily resolved; that there are no significant changes to regulatory programs and requirements or interpretations that would materially increase regulatory compliance costs, bonding costs or licensing/permitting requirements; that there are no significant amendments to mining laws, including the imposition of any royalties on minerals extracted from federal lands; that there are no designations of national monuments, mineral withdrawals, land exchanges or similar actions, which could adversely impact any of our material properties or our ability to operate any of our material properties; that there are no additional conservation units or environmental protection areas or management plans or unanticipated restrictions that could impact planned exploration or production at or restrict the Company’s ability to or prevent the Company from exploring or mining significant portions of the Company’s Bahia Project or its other projects; that the Company is able to receive all required approvals, fiscal terms and permits from foreign governments; that there is no instability in foreign countries that would be expected to materially impact any of the Company's existing or potential projects; and that we maintain ongoing relations with our employees and with our business and joint venture partners.

This list is not exhaustive of the factors that may affect our forward-looking statements. Some of the important risks and uncertainties that could affect forward-looking statements are described further under the section heading: Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of this Quarterly Report. Although we have attempted to identify important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those described in forward-looking statements, there may be other factors that cause results not to be as anticipated, estimated or intended. Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or should underlying assumptions prove incorrect, actual results may vary materially from those anticipated, believed, estimated or expected. We caution readers not to place undue reliance on any such forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date made. Except as required by applicable law, we disclaim any obligation to subsequently revise any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of such statements or to reflect the occurrence of anticipated or unanticipated events. Statements relating to “Mineral Reserves” or “Mineral Resources” are deemed to be forward-looking statements, as they involve the implied assessment, based on certain estimates and assumptions, that the Mineral Reserves and Mineral Resources described may be profitably extracted in the future.

Market, Industry and Other Data

This Quarterly Report contains estimates, projections and other information concerning our industry, our business and the markets for our products. Information that is based on estimates, forecasts, projections, market research or similar methodologies is inherently subject to uncertainties, and actual events or circumstances may differ materially from events and circumstances that are assumed in this information. Unless otherwise expressly stated, we obtained this industry, business, market and other data from our own internal estimates and research, as well as from reports, research surveys, studies and similar data prepared by market research firms and other third parties, industry and general publications, government data and similar sources.

We qualify all forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report by the foregoing cautionary statements.

CAUTIONARY NOTE TO INVESTORS CONCERNING

DISCLOSURE OF MINERAL RESOURCES AND RESERVES

We are a U.S. domestic issuer for United States Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) reporting purposes, a majority of our outstanding voting securities are held by U.S. residents, we are required to report our financial results in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the U.S. (“U.S. GAAP”) and our primary trading market is the NYSE American. However, because we are also listed on the TSX and are a reporting issuer in Canada, this Quarterly Report also contains or incorporates by reference certain disclosure that satisfies the additional requirements of Canadian securities laws that differ from the requirements of U.S. securities laws.

All mineral estimates constituting mining operations that are material to our business or financial condition included in this Quarterly Report, and in the documents incorporated by reference herein, have been prepared in accordance with both 17 CFR Subparts 220.1300 and 229.601(b)(96) (collectively, “S-K 1300”), the SEC’s mining disclosure framework, and Canadian National Instrument 43-101 -Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects (“NI 43-101”), a rule developed by the Canadian Securities Administrators that establishes standards for all public disclosure an issuer makes of scientific and technical information concerning mineral projects. Furthermore, all mineral estimates constituting mining operations that are material to our business or financial condition included in this Quarterly Report are supported by pre-feasibility studies and/or initial assessments prepared in accordance with both the requirements of S-K 1300 and NI 43-101. S-K 1300 and NI 43-101 both provide for the disclosure of: (i) “Inferred Mineral Resources,” which investors should understand have the lowest level of geological confidence of all mineral resources and thus may not be considered when assessing the economic viability of a mining project and may not be converted to a Mineral Reserve; (ii) “Indicated Mineral Resources,” which investors should understand have a lower level of confidence than that of a “Measured Mineral Resource” and thus may be converted only to a “Probable Mineral Reserve”; and (iii) “Measured Mineral Resources,” which investors should understand have sufficient geological certainty to be converted to a “Proven Mineral Reserve” or to a “Probable Mineral Reserve.”Investors are cautioned not to assume that all or any part of Measured or Indicated Mineral Resources will ever be converted into Mineral Reserves as defined by S-K 1300 or NI 43-101. Investors are cautioned not to assume that all or any part of an Inferred Mineral Resource exists or is economically or legally mineable, or that an Inferred Mineral Resource will ever be upgraded to a higher category.

For purposes of S-K 1300 and NI 43-101, as of June 30, 2025, the Company is classified as a production stage issuer because it is engaged in the material extraction of mineral reserves on at least one material property. In late 2023, the Company commenced uranium production at three of its material properties, namely the Pinyon Plain Project and the La Sal and Pandora mines (each of the La Sal and Pandora mines constitutes a portion of the La Sal Project). The Pinyon Plain Project includes a Mineral Reserve and is considered by the Company to have reached viable commercial production as of April 1, 2024.

All mineral disclosure reported in this Quarterly Report has been prepared in accordance with the definitions of both S-K 1300 and NI 43-101.

PART I