Employers Holdings Inc

MANAGEMENT'S ANNUAL REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING

Management of Employers Holdings, Inc. and its Subsidiaries (collectively, the Company) is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting and for the assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting. As defined by the Securities and Exchange Commission, internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the Company's principal executive officer and principal financial officer, and effected by the Company's Board, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP).

The Company's internal control over financial reporting includes policies and procedures that: (a) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the Company's assets; (b) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of its management and Board; and (c) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect all misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Management conducted an assessment of the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023 based on criteria established in Internal Control–Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework).

Based on this assessment, management did not identify any material weaknesses in the internal control over financial reporting and management has concluded that the Company's internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2023.

The Company's independent registered public accounting firm, Ernst & Young LLP, has independently assessed the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. A copy of their report is included in Item 8 of this report.

To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Employers Holdings, Inc.

Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

We have audited Employers Holdings, Inc. and Subsidiaries' internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, Employers Holdings, Inc. and Subsidiaries' (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on the COSO criteria.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of comprehensive (loss) income, stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes and financial statement schedules listed in the Index at Item 15 and our report dated February 26, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management's Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/Ernst & Young LLP

San Francisco, California

To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Employers Holdings, Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Employers Holdings, Inc. and Subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss), stockholders' equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes and financial statement schedules listed in the Index at Item 15 (collectively referred to as the "consolidated financial statements"). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), and our report dated February 26, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2002

San Francisco, California

(1) Beginning January 1, 2023, amount includes applicable excise tax as imposed by the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022.

The following table presents our cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash by category within the Consolidated Balance Sheets:

Employers Holdings, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2023

1. Basis of Presentation and Summary of Operations

Nature of Operations and Organization

Employers Holdings, Inc. (EHI) is a Nevada holding company. Through its wholly owned insurance subsidiaries, Employers Insurance Company of Nevada (EICN), Employers Compensation Insurance Company (ECIC), Employers Preferred Insurance Company (EPIC), Employers Assurance Company (EAC), and Cerity Insurance Company (CIC), EHI is engaged in the commercial property and casualty insurance industry, specializing in workers' compensation products and services. Unless otherwise indicated, all references to the "Company" refer to EHI, together with its subsidiaries.

In 1999, the Nevada State Industrial Insurance System (the Fund) entered into a retroactive 100% quota share reinsurance agreement (the LPT Agreement) through a loss portfolio transfer transaction with third party reinsurers. The LPT Agreement commenced on June 30, 1999 and will remain in effect until: (i) all claims under the covered policies have closed; (ii) the LPT Agreement is commuted or terminated upon the mutual agreement of the parties; or (iii) the reinsurers' aggregate maximum limit of liability is exhausted, whichever occurs first. The LPT Agreement does not provide for any additional termination terms. On January 1, 2000, EICN assumed all of the assets, liabilities and operations of the Fund, including the Fund's rights and obligations associated with the LPT Agreement. See Notes 2 and 10.

The Company accounts for the LPT Agreement as retroactive reinsurance. Upon entry into the LPT Agreement, an initial deferred reinsurance gain (the Deferred Gain) was recorded as a liability on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company is also entitled to receive a contingent profit commission under the LPT Agreement through June 30, 2024. The contingent profit commission is estimated based on both actual paid results to date and projections of expected paid losses under the LPT Agreement and is recorded as an asset on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Contingent Commission receivable at December 31, 2023 was $14.2 million.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

The Company operates as a single operating segment, Insurance Operations, through its wholly owned subsidiaries. The Company considers an operating segment to be any component of its business whose operating results are regularly reviewed by the Company's chief operating decision maker (CODM) to make decisions about resources to be allocated to the segment and assess its performance based on discrete financial information. Prior to December 31, 2023, the Company operated throughtwo reportable segments: Employers and Cerity. All periods prior to December 31, 2023 have been conformed to the current presentation. Detailed financial information about the Company's single operating segment is presented in Note 19.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. As a result, actual results could differ from these estimates. The most significant areas that require management judgment are the estimate of unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses (LAE), evaluation of reinsurance recoverables, recognition of premium revenue, recoverability of deferred income taxes, and valuation of investments.

Reclassifications

Certain prior period information has been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all liquid investments with maturities of less than three months, as measured from the date of purchase, to be cash equivalents.

Restricted Cash and Cash Equivalents

Restricted cash and cash equivalents represent cash and cash equivalents held in trust in order to secure certain of the Company's obligations and, accordingly, are restricted as to withdrawal or usage. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022 the

Company held $3.0 million and $2.7 million, respectively, in cash and investments in trust for reinsurance obligations, of which $0.2 million, represented restricted cash and cash equivalents for each year.

Short-Term Investments

The Company considers all liquid investments with maturities of between three and twelve months, as measured from the date of purchase, to be short-term investments.

Investment Securities

The Company's investments in fixed maturity securities and short-term investments are classified as available-for-sale (AFS) and are reported at fair value with unrealized gains and losses excluded from earnings and reported as a separate component of stockholders' equity, net of deferred taxes, in Accumulated other comprehensive loss on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The Company's investments in equity securities at fair value are not classified as AFS and changes in fair value are included in Net realized and unrealized gains and losses on investments on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). The Company's investment in FHLB stock is presented within Equity securities at cost on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The Company's investments in other invested assets are reported at net asset value and changes in the value of these investments are included in Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

The Company's investments in fixed maturity securities are presented net of an allowance for current expected credit losses (CECL). The Company first assesses whether it intends to sell, or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell, the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria is met, the security's amortized cost basis is written down to its fair value. For AFS debt securities that do not meet either criteria, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, management considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. The changes in the Company's allowance for CECL on investments are included in Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) (see Note 6).

Investment income consists primarily of interest and dividends generated by investment securities. Interest is recorded as earned on an accrual basis and dividends are recorded as earned at the ex-dividend date. Interest income on mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities is determined using the effective-yield method based on estimated principal repayments. Mortgage-backed securities are adjusted for the effects of changes in prepayment assumptions on the related accretion of discount or amortization of premium of such securities using the retrospective method.

Realized gains and losses on investments are determined on a specific-identification basis.

Recognition of Revenue and Expense

Revenue Recognition

Premiums written are recognized as revenues, net of any applicable underlying reinsurance coverage, and recognized as premiums earned, over the period of the contract in proportion to the amount of insurance protection provided. At the end of the policy term, payroll-based premium audits are performed on substantially all policyholder accounts to determine the actual amount of net premiums earned for that policy year. Earned but unbilled premiums include estimated future audit premiums based on the Company's historical experience. These estimates are subject to changes in policyholders' payrolls, economic conditions, and seasonality, and are continually reviewed and adjusted as experience develops or new information becomes known. Audit premium adjustments are included in premiums earned; however, these adjustments are partially offset by the resulting changes in losses and LAE, commission expenses, and premium taxes. The Company's premiums receivable on its Consolidated Balance Sheets included $42.9 million and $38.7 million of additional premiums expected to be received from policyholders for premium audits at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The Company establishes an allowance for CECL (see Note 6) on its premiums receivable through a charge included in underwriting and general and administrative expenses in its Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). This allowance for CECL is determined based on estimates (collectability and historical payment patterns) and assumptions to project future experience. After all collection efforts have been exhausted, the Company reduces the allowance for CECL for write-offs of premiums receivable that have been deemed uncollectible. The Company's allowance for CECL was $17.9 million and $12.8 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company had write offs of $3.9 million, $2.0 million, and $2.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs

Policy acquisition costs, those costs that relate directly to the successful acquisition of new or renewal insurance contracts, including underwriting, policy issuance and processing, medical and inspection, sales force contract selling and commissions are deferred and amortized as the related premiums are earned. Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, was $113.8 million, $106.4 million, and $92.2 million, respectively.

If the sum of a policy's expected losses and LAE and deferred policy acquisition costs exceeds the related unearned premiums and projected investment income, a premium deficiency is determined to exist. In this event, deferred policy acquisition costs are immediately expensed to the extent necessary to eliminate the premium deficiency. If the premium deficiency exceeds deferred acquisition costs, a liability is accrued for the excess deficiency. There wereno premium deficiency adjustments recognized during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021.

Unpaid Loss and LAE Reserves

Unpaid loss and LAE reserves represent management's best estimate of the ultimate net cost of all reported and unreported losses incurred for the applicable periods, less payments made. The estimated reserves for losses and LAE include the accumulation of estimates for all claims reported prior to the balance sheet date, estimates of claims incurred but not reported, and estimates of expenses for investigating and adjusting all incurred and unadjusted claims (based on projections of relevant historical data). Amounts reported are subject to the impact of future changes in economic, regulatory and social conditions. Management believes that, subject to the inherent variability in any such estimate, the reserves are within a reasonable and acceptable range of adequacy. Estimates for claims prior to the balance sheet date are continually monitored and reviewed, and as settlements are made or reserves adjusted, the differences are reported in current operations. Salvage and subrogation recoveries are estimated based on a review of the level of historical salvage and subrogation recoveries.

Reinsurance

In the ordinary course of business, the Company purchases excess of loss reinsurance in order to protect it against the impact of large and/or catastrophic losses. Additionally, the Company is a party to the LPT Agreement (see Note 10). These reinsurance arrangements reduce the Company's exposure to such losses since its reinsurers are liable to the Company to the extent of the reinsurance protection provided. However, the Company remains liable for all losses it incurs to the extent that any reinsurer is unable or unwilling to make timely payments under its reinsurance agreements.

Balances due from reinsurers on unpaid losses, including an estimate of such recoverables related to reserves for incurred but not reported losses, are reported as reinsurance recoverables on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets. Reinsurance recoverables on paid losses represent amounts currently due from reinsurers. Reinsurance recoverables on unpaid losses represent amounts that will be collectible from reinsurers once the losses are paid. Reinsurance recoverables on unpaid losses and LAE amounted to $427.5 million and $444.5 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The Company's reinsurance recoverables are presented net of an allowance for CECL. The changes in the Company's allowance for CECL are included in underwriting and general and administrative expenses on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) (see Note 6). This allowance for CECL is determined based on historical information, financial strength of reinsurers, collateralization amounts and ratings to determine the appropriateness of the allowance.

Ceded reinsurance premiums are accounted for on a basis consistent with those used in accounting for the underlying premiums, and are reported as reductions to arrive at net premiums written and earned.

Ceded losses and LAE are also accounted for on a basis consistent with those used in accounting for the original policies issued and the terms of the relevant reinsurance agreement, and are recorded as reductions to losses and LAE incurred.

Pursuant to the LPT Agreement, LAE is deemed to be 7% of total losses paid and is payable to the Company as compensation for management of the claims under the LPT Agreement. The Deferred Gain is amortized using the recovery method, whereby the amortization is determined by the proportion of actual reinsurance recoveries to total estimated recoveries through the life of the LPT Agreement, and is recorded in losses and LAE incurred in the Company's Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). Any adjustment to the estimated loss and LAE reserves ceded under the LPT Agreement results in a cumulative adjustment to the Deferred Gain, which is also recognized in losses and LAE incurred in the Company's Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss), such that the Deferred Gain reflects the balance that would have existed had the revised reserves been recognized at the inception of the LPT Agreement (LPT Reserve Adjustment).

Additionally, the Company is entitled to receive a contingent profit commission under the LPT Agreement. The contingent profit commission is equal to 30% of the favorable difference between actual paid losses and LAE and expected paid losses and LAE as established in the LPT Agreement based on losses paid through June 30, 2024. The contingent profit commission is payable every five years beginning June 30, 2004 and ending June 30, 2024. The Company could be required to return any previously received contingent profit commission, plus interest, in the event of unfavorable differences through June 30, 2024. The Company records an estimate of contingent profit commission on its Consolidated Balance Sheets as Contingent commission receivable–LPT Agreement and a corresponding liability is recorded as Deferred reinsurance gain–LPT Agreement. The Contingent commission receivable–LPT Agreement is reduced as amounts are received from participating reinsurers. The Deferred reinsurance gain–LPT Agreement is amortized using the recovery method. The amortization of the contingent profit commission is determined by the proportion of actual reinsurance recoveries to total estimated recoveries over the life of the contingent profit commission (through June 30, 2024), and is recorded in losses and LAE incurred in the Company's Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). Any adjustment to the contingent profit commission under the LPT Agreement results in a cumulative adjustment to the Deferred Gain, which is also recognized in losses and LAE incurred in the Company's Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss), such that the Deferred Gain reflects the balance that would have existed had the revised contingent profit commission been recognized at the inception of the LPT Agreement (LPT Contingent Commission Adjustment).

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation (see Note 7). Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are charged against operations as incurred.

Electronic data processing equipment, software, furniture and equipment, and automobiles are depreciated using the straight-line method over 3 to 7 years. Leasehold improvements are also carried at cost less accumulated amortization. The Company amortizes leasehold improvements using the straight-line method over the lesser of the useful life of the asset or the remaining original lease term, excluding options or renewal periods. Leasehold improvements are generally amortized over 3 to 8 years.

Cloud Computing Arrangements

The Company capitalizes software license fees and implementation costs associated with hosting arrangements that are service contracts. These amounts are included in Cloud computing arrangements on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets. Amortization of the software license fees is calculated using the straight-line method over the term of the service contract or based on the expected utilization of the asset. Amortization of the implementation costs are calculated using the straight-line method based on the term of the service contract and commence once the module or component is ready for its intended use, regardless of whether the hosted software has been placed into service, and will be recognized over the remaining life of the service contract.

Operating leases

The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at the inception of the transaction. Leased office property meets the definition of operating leases under ASC 842 and is presented as a right-of-use asset (ROU asset) and lease liability on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets. ROU assets represent the right to use an underlying asset for the lease payments arising from the lease transaction. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at the commencement date based on the present value of the lease payments over the lease term. The Company uses collateralized incremental borrowing rates to determine the present value of lease payments. The ROU assets also include lease payments less any lease incentives within a lease agreement. The Company's lease terms may include options to extend or terminate a lease. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. See Note 12 for additional disclosures related to operating leases.

Finance Leases

Leased property and equipment meeting finance lease criteria are capitalized at the lower of the present value of the related lease payments or the fair value of the leased asset at the inception of the lease. Financing leases for automobiles are included in property and equipment in other liabilities on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets. Amortization is calculated using the straight-line method based on the term of the lease and is included in the depreciation expense of property and equipment. See Note 12 for additional disclosures related to finance leases.

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the Company's financial statements. Under this method, the Company determines deferred tax assets and liabilities on the basis of the differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities by using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse.

The Company recognizes tax positions that are determined to be more likely than not of being sustained upon examination. Recognized income tax positions are measured at the largest amount that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized. Changes in recognition or measurement are reflected in the period in which the change in judgment occurs.

The Company recognizes deferred tax assets when it determines that such assets are more likely than not to be realized in future periods. In making such a determination, the Company considers all available positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, tax-planning strategies, projected future taxable income, projected future tax rates, and results of recent operations. If the Company determines that it is not more likely than not that it could realize its deferred tax assets in future periods, it would establish a deferred tax asset valuation allowance that would increase the Company's provision for income taxes. If the Company determines that it would be able to realize its deferred tax assets in the future in excess of its net recorded amount, the Company would make an adjustment to the deferred tax asset valuation allowance, which would reduce the provision for income taxes.

The Company recognizes accrued interest and penalties, if any, in income taxes. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company incurred no material interest and penalties.

Credit Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk are primarily cash and cash equivalents (including restricted cash equivalents), short-term investments, investment securities, premiums receivable, and reinsurance recoverable balances.

The Company's cash equivalents and short-term investments include investments in money market securities and securities backed by the U.S. government. The Company's investment securities are diversified throughout many industries and geographic regions and include investments in U.S. government and U.S. government-sponsored enterprises. The Company believes that it has no significant concentrations of credit risk from a single issue or issuer within its cash equivalents, short-term investments and investment securities other than concentrations in U.S. government and U.S. government-sponsored enterprises.

The Company's premiums receivable are generally diversified due to the large number of entities composing the Company's policyholder base and their dispersion across many different industries.

The Company monitors the financial condition of its reinsurers to minimize its exposure to significant losses from reinsurer insolvencies.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The fair values of the Company's financial instruments have been determined using available market information and other appropriate valuation methodologies. Judgment is required in developing fair value estimates where quoted market prices are not available. Accordingly, these estimates are not necessarily indicative of the amounts that could be realized in a current market exchange. The use of different market assumptions or estimating methodologies may have an effect on the estimated fair value amounts.

The following methods and assumptions were used by the Company in estimating the fair value of its financial instruments:

Cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, premiums receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses, and other liabilities. The carrying amounts for each of these financial instruments as reported in the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets approximate their fair values.

Investment securities. The Company's investment securities are predominantly valued on the basis of actual market transactions or observable inputs. A small portion of the Company's investment securities are valued on the basis of pricing models with significant unobservable inputs or nonbinding broker quotes (see Note 4).

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

The Company formally tests for impairment of goodwill and intangible assets around the fourth quarter of each year. At the end of each quarter, management considers the results of the previous analysis as well as any recent developments that may constitute triggering events requiring the impairment analysis of goodwill and other intangible assets to be updated. The Company assessed the effects of current economic conditions on the Company's financial condition and results of operations and changes in the Company's fair value and determined that there wereno impairments of these assets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Intangible assets related to state licenses are not subject to amortization. Intangibles related to insurance relationships were amortized in proportion to the expected period of benefit and were fully amortized as of December 31, 2023.

The gross carrying value, accumulated amortization, and net carrying value for the Company's intangible assets, by major class, as of December 31, were as follows:

There wasno amortization expense in 2023 or 2022. Amortization expenses are included in the Company's Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) in underwriting and general and administrative expenses.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company provides stock-based compensation to its directors and certain of its employees, which is recognized in its Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) based on estimated grant date fair values over the relevant service period (see Note 14).

3. New Accounting Standards

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280). The amendments in this update improve disclosures about reportable segments and provide more detailed information about a reportable segment's expenses. The amendments in this update include disclosures on an annual and interim basis, significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the CODM, an amount for other segment items by reportable segment and a description on their composition, all annual disclosures about a reportable segment's profit or loss and assets be required on an interim basis, identify the measures the CODM uses in assessing performance and allocating resources, and the title and position of the CODM. Additionally, a single reporting segment is subject to all disclosures in this amendment along with existing segment disclosures within Topic 280. This update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 and early adoption is permitted. The Company will adopt this standard when it becomes effective.

In October 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-06, Disclosure Improvements. The amendments in this update modify the disclosure or presentation requirements of a variety of topics within the Codification, including Statement of Cash Flows, Accounting Changes and Error Corrections, Earnings Per Share, Interim Reporting, Commitments, Debt, Equity, Derivatives and Hedging, Transfers and Servicing of Securities Borrowed or Repurchases, Oil and Gas activities, Investment Company activities and Real Estate Investment Trusts. Certain of the amendments represent clarifications to or technical corrections of the current requirements to allow users to more easily compare entities subject to existing SEC disclosures. For entities subject to the SEC's existing disclosure requirements and for entities required to file or furnish financial statements with or to the SEC in preparation for the sale of or for purposes of issuing securities that are not subject to contractual restrictions on transfer, the effective date for each amendment will be the date on which the SEC's removal of related disclosure from Regulation S-X or Regulation S-K becomes effective, with early adoption permitted. The Company will adopt any codification improvements as they become applicable and has determined that the impact of these improvements will not be material to its consolidated financial condition or results of operations.

Recently Adopted Accounting Standards

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740). This update requires public business entities to annually disclose specific categories within the income tax rate reconciliation, and provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a certain quantitative threshold. Additionally, the amendments in this update require entities to disclose certain information about income taxes paid, income tax disaggregation, disclosures around unrecognized tax benefits, and the removal of disclosures related to temporary differences surrounding deferred tax liabilities to enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures. This update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024 and early adoption is permitted for financial statements that have not been issued. The Company elected to early adopted this update as of December 31, 2023 and determined that the impact of this standard was not material to its consolidated financial condition or results of operations. See Note 8 regarding the additional disclosures of this adoption that were applicable to the Company.

In March 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update(ASU) 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848). This update provided optional transition guidance to ease the potential accounting burden associated with transitioning away from the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR), with optional expedients and exceptions related to the application of US GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions affected by reference rate reform. Companies can elect to adopt this ASU through December 31, 2024. The Company determined that there was no impact of LIBOR transitioning on its existing contracts and investments.

In October 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update(ASU) 2020-10, Codification Improvements. This update ensures all disclosure guidance that requires or provides an option for an entity to provide notes to the financial statements is included in the Disclosure Section (Section 50) of the Codification. This update also provides various codification improvements in which the original guidance was unclear. This update became effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2020 and early adoption was permitted for any annual or interim period for which financial statements have not been issued. The Company determined that the impact of this standard was not material to its consolidated financial condition and results of operations.

In October 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-08, Codification Improvements to Subtopic 310-20, Receivable-Nonrefundable fees and other costs. The amendments in that Update shortened the amortization period for certain purchased callable debt securities held at a premium by requiring that entities amortize the premium associated with those callable debt securities within the scope of paragraph 310-20-25-33 to the earliest call date. The amendments affect the guidance in Accounting Standards Update No. 2017-08, receivables—Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs (Subtopic 310-20): Premium Amortization on Purchased Callable Debt Securities. The amendments in this update became effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020. Early adoption was not permitted. The Company determined that the impact of this standard was not material to its consolidated financial condition and results of operations.

In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740). This update simplifies the accounting for income taxes within Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) topic 740 by removing certain exceptions and clarifies existing guidance. This update became effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2020. The Company determined that the impact of this standard was not material to its consolidated financial condition and results of operations.

4. Valuation of Financial Instruments

Financial Instruments Carried at Fair Value

The carrying value and the estimated fair value of the Company's financial instruments at fair value were as follows as of December 31:

Assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets are categorized based upon the levels of judgment associated with the inputs used to measure their fair value. Level inputs are defined as follows:

•Level 1 - Inputs are unadjusted quoted market prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets at the measurement date.

•Level 2 - Inputs other than Level 1 prices that are observable for similar assets or liabilities through corroboration with market data at the measurement date.

•Level 3 - Inputs that are unobservable that reflect management's best estimate of what willing market participants would use in pricing the assets or liabilities at the measurement date.

The Company uses third party pricing services to assist with its investment accounting function. The ultimate pricing source varies depending on the investment security and pricing service used, but investment securities valued on the basis of observable inputs (Levels 1 and 2) are generally assigned values on the basis of actual transactions. Securities valued on the basis of pricing models with significant unobservable inputs or non-binding broker quotes are classified as Level 3. The Company performs quarterly analyses on the prices it receives from third parties to determine whether the prices are reasonable estimates of fair value, including confirming the fair values of these securities through observable market prices using an alternative pricing source, as it is ultimately management's responsibility to ensure that the fair values reflected in the

Company's consolidated financial statements are appropriate. If differences are noted in these analyses, the Company may obtain additional information from other pricing services to validate the quoted price.

The Company bases all of its estimates of fair value for assets on the bid prices, when available, as they represent what a third-party market participant would be willing to pay in an arm's length transaction.

For securities not actively traded, third party pricing services may use quoted market prices of similar instruments or discounted cash flow analyses, incorporating inputs that are currently observable in the markets for similar securities. Inputs that are often used in the valuation methodologies include, but are not limited to, broker quotes, benchmark yields, credit spreads, default rates, and prepayment speed assumptions. There were no material adjustments to the valuation methodology utilized by third party pricing services as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

These methods of valuation only produce an estimate of fair value if there is objectively verifiable information to produce a valuation. If objectively verifiable information is not available, the Company would be required to produce an estimate of fair value using some of the same methodologies, making assumptions for market-based inputs that are unavailable.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company held $46.2 million of fixed maturity securities at fair value that were designated Level 3. These private placements securities, which were purchased in 2022 and 2023, were designated as Level 3 securities due to the limited amount of observable market information available.

The following table presents the Company's investments at fair value and the corresponding fair value measurements.

Financial Instruments Carried at Cost

All of the Company's insurance subsidiaries are members of the Federal Home Loan Bank of San Francisco (FHLB). Members are required to purchase stock in the FHLB in addition to maintaining collateral deposits that back any funds advanced and standby letters of credit issued. The Company's investment in FHLB stock is recorded at cost, which approximates fair value, as purchases and sales of these securities are at par value with the issuer. FHLB stock is considered a restricted security and is periodically evaluated by the Company for impairment based on the estimated ultimate recovery of par value.

Financial Instruments Carried at Net Asset Value (NAV)

The Company has investments in private equity limited partnership interests that are included in Other invested assets on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets. These investments do not have readily determinable fair values and are carried at NAV and therefore are excluded from the fair value hierarchy. The Company initially estimates the value of these investments using the transaction price. In subsequent periods, the Company measures these investments using NAV per share provided quarterly by the general partner, based on financial statements that are audited annually. These investments are generally not redeemable by the investees and cannot be sold without approval of the general partner. These investments have a fund term of 3 to 12 years, subject to two or threeone-year extensions at the general partner's discretion. The Company will receive distributions of proceeds from dividends and interest from fund investments, as well as from the disposition of a fund investment, or a portion thereof. The Company expects these distributions from time-to-time during the full course of the fund term. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had unfunded commitments to these private equity limited partnerships totaling $25.4 million and $55.2 million, respectively.

Additionally, certain cash equivalents, principally money market securities, are measured using NAV, which approximates fair value.

The following table presents cash and investments carried at NAV on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The following table provides a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances that are measured using Level 3 inputs.

5. Investments

The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains, gross unrealized losses, and estimated fair value of the Company's AFS investments were as follows:

(1)Other securities within fixed maturity securities consist of bank loans, which are classified as AFS and reported at fair value.

The cost and estimated fair value of the Company's equity securities recorded at fair value at December 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:

The Company had Other invested assets totaling $91.5 million and $59.7 million (initial cost of $82.5 million and $54.4 million) at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, consisting of private equity limited partnerships, which are carried at NAV based on information provided by the general partner. These investments are non-redeemable until conversion and are periodically evaluated by the Company for impairment based on the ultimate recovery of the investment. Changes in the value of these investments are recorded through Net realized and unrealized gains and losses on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of the Company's fixed maturity securities at December 31, 2023, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Expected maturities differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

The following is a summary of AFS investments that have been in a continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months and those that have been in a continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or greater in each case as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

The Company recorded CECL on AFS debt securities of $2.7 million and $4.5 million during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 (see Note 6). Those fixed maturity securities whose total fair value was less than amortized cost at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, were those in which the Company had no intent, need or requirement to sell at an amount less than their amortized cost.

Realized gains and losses on investments include the gain or loss on a security at the time of sale compared to its original or adjusted cost (equity securities and other invested assets) or amortized cost (fixed maturity securities). Realized losses on fixed maturity securities are also recognized when securities are written down as a result of an other-than-temporary impairment or for changes in CECL.

Net realized gains on investments and the change in unrealized gains (losses) on the Company's investments recorded at fair value are determined on a specific-identification basis and were as follows:

(1) AOCI means Accumulated other comprehensive income or loss

Proceeds from the sales of fixed maturity securities were $558.0 million, $313.8 million and $206.7 million for years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

Net investment income was as follows:

The Company is required by various state laws and regulations to support, through securities on deposit or otherwise, its outstanding loss reserves in certain states in which it does business. These laws and regulations govern not only the amount but also the types of securities that are eligible for deposit. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, securities having a fair value of $748.1 million and $745.9 million, respectively, were on deposit. Additionally, standby letters of credit from the FHLB were in place in lieu of $70.0 million of securities on deposit as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (see Note 11).

Certain reinsurance contracts require the Company's funds to be held in trust for the benefit of the ceding reinsurer to secure the outstanding liabilities assumed by the Company. The fair value of fixed maturity securities and restricted cash and cash equivalents held in trust for the benefit of ceding reinsurers at December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $3.0 million and $2.7 million, respectively.

6. Current Expected Credit Losses

Premiums Receivable

Premiums receivable balances are all due within one year. The Company currently determines the allowance for premiums receivable based on an internal aging schedule using collectability and historical payment patterns, as well as current and expected future market conditions to determine the appropriateness of the allowance. Historical payment patterns and future market conditions provide the basis for the estimation along with similar risk characteristics and the Company's business strategy, which have not changed significantly over time. Changes in the allowance for CECL are recorded through underwriting and general and administrative expenses.

The table below shows the changes in the allowance for CECL on premiums receivable.

Reinsurance Recoverable

In assessing an allowance for reinsurance assets, which includes reinsurance recoverables and contingent commission receivables, the Company considers historical information, financial strength of reinsurers, collateralization amounts, and ratings to determine the appropriateness of the allowance. Historically, the Company has not experienced a credit loss from reinsurance transactions. In assessing future default, the Company evaluated the CECL allowance under the ratings-based method using the A.M. Best's Average Cumulative Net Impairment Rates. Reinsurer ratings are also assessed through this process. Changes in the allowance for CECL are recorded through underwriting and general and administrative expenses.

The table below shows the changes in the allowance for CECL on reinsurance recoverables.

The Company assesses all AFS debt securities in an unrealized loss position for CECL. The Company first assesses whether it intends to sell, or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell, the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria is met, the security's amortized cost basis is written down to its fair value. For AFS debt securities that do not meet either criteria, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, management considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an allowance for credit losses is recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive loss on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets. Changes in the allowance for CECL are recorded through realized capital losses.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company established an aggregate allowance for CECL in the amount of $2.7 million. For the Company’s investments in fixed-income debt securities, the allowance for CECL was determined by: (i) observing the credit characteristics of those debt securities that may have demonstrated a credit loss as of that date and by comparing the present value of cash flows expected to be collected to its amortized cost basis; and (ii) observing the credit characteristics of those debt securities that are expected to demonstrate a credit loss in the future by comparing the present value of cash flows expected to be collected to its amortized cost basis. The expected present value of cash flows are calculated using scenario based credit loss models derived from the discounted cash flows under the Comprehensive Capital Analysis Review framework, which is adopted by the Federal Reserve.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company did not intend to sell any of its AFS debt securities in which its amortized cost exceeded its fair value.

Accrued interest receivable on AFS debt securities totaled $16.3 million at December 31, 2023 and is excluded from the estimate of credit losses based on historically timely payments.

The table below shows the changes in the allowance for CECL on AFS securities.

7. Property and Equipment

Property and equipment consists of the following:

Depreciation expenses related to property and equipment for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 were $4.8 million, $5.3 million, and $7.4 million, respectively. Internally developed software costs of $1.8 million and $1.2 million were capitalized during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Cloud Computing Arrangements

The Company's capitalized costs associated with cloud computing arrangements totaled $28.0 million and $42.9 million, which were comprised of service contract fees and implementation costs associated with hosting arrangements on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Total amortization for hosting arrangements for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $16.7 million and $16.4 million, respectively.

In 2023, the Company wrote-off $1.6 million of previously capitalized cloud computing costs associated with a policy management system as part of a continual evaluation of our ongoing technology initiatives, which is included in Other expenses on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Lease Exit and Disposal Cost

In 2023, the Company recorded a non-recurring charge in connection with the early termination of the lease associated with the Company's former corporate headquarters in Reno, Nevada. This charge included a lease payment of $7.6 million, a write-off related to remaining leasehold improvements and furniture and equipment of $2.6 million, and estimated miscellaneous expenses associated with exiting the property of $0.2 million. The Company also recognized a lease termination gain pertaining to the elimination of the lease liability net of the right-of-use asset of $1.0 million. These amounts are included in Other expenses on the Company's Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). The decision to terminate this operating lease was undertaken as part of an ongoing review of the Company's future facility needs.

8. Income Taxes

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740). The Company elected to early adopt this update as of December 31, 2023 and all prior periods presented have been conformed to the new additional disclosure requirements as applicable.

The Company files a consolidated federal income tax return. The insurance subsidiaries pay premium taxes on premiums in lieu of some states' income or franchise taxes. Tax years 2023 through 2020 remain open and are available for examination by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS).

The Company's provision for income taxes consisted of the following:

The differences in amounts and percentages between the statutory federal tax rate of 21% and the Company's effective tax rate on net income before income taxes as reflected in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) were as follows:

(1) Florida and Illinois make up the majority (greater than 50 percent) of the State income tax expense, net of federal income tax effect category.

The LPT Reserve Adjustments for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2021 decreased GAAP net income by $0.9 million, and increased net income by $2.6 million, respectively, but did not affect taxable income. The LPT Contingent Commission Adjustments increased net income by $0.3 million, and $0.5 million during 2023 and 2021, respectively, but did not increase taxable income.

The significant components of deferred income taxes, net, were as follows as of December 31:

Deferred tax assets are required to be reduced by a valuation allowance if it is more likely than not that all or some portion of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. Realization of the deferred income tax asset is dependent on the Company generating sufficient taxable income in future years as the deferred income tax charges become deductible for tax reporting purposes. Although realization is not assured, management believes that it is more likely than not that the net deferred income tax asset will be realized. Accordingly, as of December 31, 2023, the Company did not record a deferred tax asset valuation allowance.

The Company recognizes accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits, if any, in income taxes. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively, the Company incurredno material interest and penalties. All of the total amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits, if recognized, would impact the Company's effective tax rate. The changes in the balances of gross unrecognized tax benefits were as follows:

9. Liability for Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses

Accounting for workers' compensation insurance requires the Company to estimate the liability for the expected ultimate cost of unpaid losses and LAE (loss reserves) as of a balance sheet date. Loss reserve estimates are inherently uncertain because the ultimate amount the Company will pay for many of the claims it has incurred as of the balance sheet date will not be known for many years. The estimate of loss reserves is intended to equal the difference between the expected ultimate losses and LAE of all claims that have occurred as of a balance sheet date and amounts already paid. The Company establishes loss reserves based on its own analysis of emerging claims experience and environmental conditions in its markets and review of the results of various actuarial projections. The Company's aggregate carried reserve for unpaid losses and LAE is the sum of its reserves for each accident year and represents its best estimate of outstanding loss reserves.

The amount by which estimated losses in the aggregate differ from those previously estimated for a specific time period is known as reserve "development." Reserve development is unfavorable when losses ultimately settle for more than the amount estimated or subsequent estimates indicate a basis for reserve increases on open claims, causing the previously estimated loss reserves to be ''deficient.'' Reserve development is favorable when estimates of ultimate losses indicate a decrease in established reserves, causing the previously estimated loss reserves to be ''redundant.'' Development is reflected in the Company's operating results through an adjustment to incurred losses and LAE during the period in which it is recognized.

Although claims for which reserves are established may not be paid for several years or more, the Company does not discount loss reserves in its financial statements for the time value of money, in accordance with GAAP.

The three main components of reserves for unpaid losses and LAE are case reserves, incurred but not reported (IBNR) loss reserves, and LAE reserves.

When claims are reported, the Company establishes individual estimates of the ultimate cost of each claim (case reserves). These case reserves are continually monitored and revised in response to new information and for amounts paid.

In addition to case reserves, the Company establishes a provision for IBNR. IBNR is an actuarial estimate composed of the following: (a) future payments on claims that are incurred but have not yet been reported to the Company; (b) a reserve for the additional development on claims that have been reported to the Company; and (c) a provision for additional payments on closed claims that might reopen. IBNR reserves apply to the entire body of claims arising from a specific period, rather than a specific claim. Most of the Company's IBNR reserves relate to estimated future claim payments on recorded open claims.

LAE reserves are the Company's estimate of the future expense to manage, investigate, administer, and settle claims that have occurred, and include legal expenses. LAE reserves are established in the aggregate, rather than on a claim-by-claim basis. LAE reserves are categorized between defense and cost containment (DCC), and adjusting and other (AO).

A portion of the Company's obligations for losses and LAE are ceded to unaffiliated reinsurers. The amount of reinsurance that will be recoverable on losses and LAE reserves includes both the reinsurance recoverable from excess of loss reinsurance contracts, as well as reinsurance recoverable under the terms of the LPT Agreement.

The Company uses actuarial methods to analyze and estimate the aggregate amount of unpaid losses and LAE. Management considers the results of various actuarial methods and their underlying assumptions, among other factors, in establishing reserves for unpaid losses and LAE.

Judgment is required in the actuarial estimation of loss reserves, including the selection of various actuarial methodologies to project the ultimate cost of claims. Specifically, judgment is required in the following areas: the selection of parameters utilized in the various methodologies; the use of industry data and other benchmarks; and the weighting of differing reserve indications resulting from alternative methods and assumptions.

The Company prepares reserve estimates for all accident years using our own historical claims data, industry data and many of the generally accepted actuarial methodologies for estimating loss reserves, such as paid loss development methods, incurred loss development methods, and Bornhuetter-Ferguson methods. These methods vary in their responsiveness to different information, characteristics, and dynamics in the data, and the results assist the actuary in considering these characteristics and dynamics in the historical data. The methods employed for each segment of claims data, and the relative weight accorded to each method, vary depending on the nature of the claims segment and on the age of the claims.

Each actuarial methodology requires the selection and application of various parameters and assumptions. The key parameters and assumptions include the future payment and emergence patterns of our aggregate claims data; the magnitude and changes in claim settlement activity; the effects of legislative benefit changes and/or judicial decisions; and trends in the frequency and severity of claims.

The following table represents a reconciliation of changes in the liability for unpaid losses and LAE.

Total net losses and LAE included in the above table excludes the impact of the amortization of the Deferred Gain and LPT Reserve Adjustments (See Note 10).

In 2023, the Company had $44.9 million of net favorable prior accident year loss reserve development, which included $44.6 million of favorable loss reserve development on the Company's voluntary business and $0.3 million on its assigned risk business. The net favorable loss development recognized in 2023 was primarily the result of decreasing medical paid loss trends in California related to accident years 2020 and prior, partially offset by reserve strengthening related to accident year 2021. The rapid economic rebound following the COVID-19 pandemic led to large premium increases related to accident year 2021 that were recognized through policy audits in subsequent years. In response, the Company strengthened its reserves for accident year 2021 to reflect the potential for higher losses arising from the higher than expected premium.

In 2022, the Company had $33.5 million of net favorable prior accident year loss reserve development, which included $32.1 million of favorable loss reserve development on the Company's voluntary business and $1.4 million on its assigned risk business. The net favorable loss development recognized in 2022 was primarily the result of decreasing medical and indemnity paid loss trends related to accident years 2020 and prior.

In 2021, the Company had $39.8 million of net favorable prior accident year loss reserve development, which included $38.0 million of favorable development on its voluntary business and $1.8 million on its assigned risk business. The net favorable development recognized in 2021 was primarily the result of decreasing medical costs and defense and cost containment paid loss trends related to accident years 2017 and prior, partially offset by: (i) $10.0 million of unfavorable development related to accident year 2019, which is reflective of more weight being placed on now sufficiently seasoned loss trends and patterns originating in part from business written in our newer territories; and (ii) $8.0 million of unfavorable loss development associated with two catastrophic non-COVID-19 claims in accident year 2020.

The Company compiles and aggregates its claims data by grouping the claims according to the year in which the claim occurred ("accident year") when analyzing claim payment and emergence patterns and trends over time. Reported claims include any claim that has case reserves and/or loss and LAE payments associated with them.

The Company analyzed the usefulness of disaggregation of its results and determined the characteristics associated with the policies and the related unpaid loss reserves, incurred losses, and payment patterns are similar in nature. As such, the following tables show the Company's historical incurred and cumulative paid losses and LAE development, net of reinsurance, as well as IBNR loss reserves and the number of reported claims on an aggregated basis as of December 31, 2023 for each of the previous 10 accident years.

(1)Data presented for these calendar years is required supplementary information, which is unaudited.

The following table represents a reconciliation of claims development to the aggregate carrying amount of the liability for unpaid losses and LAE:

The following table presents the average annual percentage payout of incurred claims by age, net of reinsurance, as of December 31, 2023 and is presented as required supplementary information, which is unaudited:

10. Reinsurance

The Company purchases reinsurance from third parties in the normal course of its business in order to manage its exposures. The Company's reinsurance coverage is provided on both a quota share and excess of loss basis.

The effects of reinsurance on the Company's written and earned premiums and on its losses and LAE incurred were as follows:

Ceded losses and LAE incurred includes the amortization of the Deferred Gain, LPT Reserve Adjustments, and LPT Contingent Commission Adjustments.

Excess of Loss Reinsurance

The Company has consistently maintained excess of loss reinsurance coverage to protect it against the impact of large and/or catastrophic losses in its workers' compensation business. The Company currently maintains reinsurance for losses from a single occurrence or catastrophic event in excess of $10.0 million and up to $200.0 million, subject to certain exclusions. The current reinsurance program is effective July 1, 2023 through June 30, 2024, and is highly consistent with annual programs that ended on June 30, 2022 and 2021. The reinsurance coverage includes coverage for pandemics and, acts of terrorism, excluding nuclear, biological, chemical, and radiological events. Any liability outside the coverage limits of the reinsurance program is retained by the Company.

LPT Agreement

Recoverables from reinsurers on unpaid losses and LAE amounted to $427.5 million and $444.5 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. At each of December 31, 2023 and 2022, $291.7 million and $308.6 million, respectively, of those recoverables was related to the LPT Agreement that was entered into in 1999 by the Fund and assumed by EICN. Under the LPT Agreement, substantially all of the Fund's losses and LAE on claims incurred prior to July 1, 1995 have been ceded to three unaffiliated reinsurers on a 100% quota share basis. Under the LPT Agreement, initially $1.5 billion in liabilities for the incurred but unpaid losses and LAE related to claims incurred prior to July 1, 1995, were reinsured for consideration of $775.0 million. The LPT Agreement provides coverage up to $2.0 billion. Through December 31, 2023, the Company has paid losses and LAE claims totaling $877.6 million related to the LPT Agreement.

The Company amortized $6.9 million, $8.3 million, and $11.0 million of the Deferred Gain for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. Additionally, for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2021, the Company recognized $0.3 million and $0.5 million of favorable LPT Contingent Commission Adjustments, respectively (Note 2 –Reinsurance).

11. Financing Arrangements

Credit Agreement

On December 15, 2020, EHI entered into a Credit Agreement (the Credit Agreement) with a syndicate of financial institutions. The Credit Agreement provided for a $75.0 million three-year revolving credit facility and was guaranteed by EHI’s wholly owned subsidiaries, Employers Group, Inc. and Cerity Group, Inc. Borrowings under the Credit Agreement could be used for working capital and general corporate purposes of EHI and its subsidiaries. Pursuant to the Credit Agreement, EHI also had an option to request an increase of the credit available under the facility up to a maximum facility amount of $125.0 million, subject to the consent of lenders and the satisfaction of certain conditions.

On February 16, 2023, the Credit Agreement was amended (the Amended Credit Agreement) to: (i) formally replace the Eurodollar interest rate option with an Adjusted Term Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) option; (ii) amend the definition of "net worth", as referred to within the Amended Credit Agreement and (iii) amend the minimum consolidated net worth covenant for fiscal quarters ending after September 30, 2022.

The interest rates applicable to loans made under the Credit Agreement were generally based on, at EHI's option, a base rate plus a specified margin, ranging from 0.25% to 1.25%, or the Adjusted Term SOFR rate plus a specified margin, ranging from 1.25% to 2.25%. In addition, EHI paid a fee on each lender’s unused commitment, ranging from 0.20% to 0.50%. The applicable margin and the amount of such commitment fee varied based upon the financial strength rating of the EHI’s insurance subsidiaries as most recently announced by A.M. Best or EHI’s debt to total capitalization ratio if such financial strength rating was not available. Interest paid and/or fees incurred pursuant to the Amended Credit Agreement or Credit Agreement, as applicable, during the year ended December 31, 2023 was $0.5 million and during each of the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $0.3 million.

EHI incurred $0.7 million in debt issuance costs in connection with the Credit Agreement, which were being amortized over the three-year life of the facility in Interest and Financing expenses. The annual commitment and administrative fee on the unused portion of the facility was 0.30%, for a maximum of $225,000, and an annual agency fee of $25,000. Advances could be repaid at any time without prepayment penalties or additional fees.

The Amended Credit Agreement contained covenants that required EHI and its consolidated subsidiaries to maintain: (i)a minimum consolidated net worth of no less than $900.0 million and (ii)a debt to total capitalization ratio of no more than 35%, in each case as determined in accordance with the Amended Credit Agreement. EHI remained in compliance with all of the covenants associated with the Credit Agreement from its inception to its expiration on December 15, 2023.

The Company borrowed and subsequently repaid $10.0 million under the credit facility during the year ended December 31, 2022 and hadno borrowings during the year ended December 31, 2023.

FHLB Advances

All of the Company's insurance subsidiaries are members of the FHLB. Membership allows the insurance subsidiaries access to collateralized advances, which may be used to support and enhance liquidity management. The amount of advances that may be taken is dependent on statutory admitted assets on a per company basis.

During 2022, the Company's insurance subsidiaries, with the exception of CIC, had received aggregate advances of $182.5 million under the FHLB Standard Credit Program. These advances could be repaid at any time without penalty and were collateralized by eligible investment securities. The proceeds from these advances were used to purchase an equivalent amount of high-quality collateralized loan obligation securities. The Company's weighted average annual interest rate on these advances was 5.11% for 2023. Interest incurred and paid during the year ended December 31, 2023 each totaled $5.3 million, and in 2022 totaled $3.0 million and $2.3 million, respectively. In 2023, the Company's insurance subsidiaries repaid all of its advances under the FHLB Standard Credit Program.

In 2020, the FHLB launched its Recovery Advance Program. The Recovery Advance Program is a zero percent interest, six-month or one-year credit product that members could use to provide immediate relief to property owners, businesses, and other customers from the COVID-19 pandemic. Each FHLB member was allocated up to $10.0 million in advances under the Recovery Advance Program. On May 11, 2020, the Company's insurance subsidiaries, with the exception of CIC, received a total of $35.0 million of advances from the FHLB under the Recovery Advance Program. The advances were secured by collateral previously pledged to the FHLB by the Company's insurance subsidiaries in support of their existing collateralized advance facility, which was reduced by the amount of these outstanding advances. The Company repaid $15.0 million of such advances on November 4, 2020, $5.0 million on March 31, 2021, and the remaining $15.0 million on May 4, 2021. FHLB membership also allows the Company's insurance subsidiaries access to standby letters of credit (Letter of Credit Agreements).

On March 9, 2018, ECIC, EPIC, and EAC entered into standby Letter of Credit Agreements with the FHLB. On January 26, 2021, EPIC chose to amend its existing Letter of Credit Agreement to decrease its credit amount to $10.0 million. On August 13, 2021, EAC and ECIC chose to amend their existing Letter of Credit Agreements to decrease their respective credit amounts to $25.0 million and $35.0 million. The amended Letter of Credit Agreements currently in effect expire on March 31, 2024, and will remain evergreen with automatic one-year extensions unless the FHLB notifies the beneficiary at least 60 days prior to the then applicable expiration date of its election not to renew. The Letter of Credit Agreements may only be used to satisfy, in whole or in part, insurance deposit requirements with the State of California and are fully secured with eligible collateral at all times. The Letter of Credit Agreements are subject to annual maintenance charges and a fee of 15 basis points on issued amounts. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022 letters of credit totaling $70.0 million were issued in lieu of securities on deposit with the State of California under these Letter of Credit Agreements.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, investment securities having a fair value of $286.4 million and $321.2 million, respectively, were pledged to the FHLB by the Company's insurance subsidiaries in support of the collateralized advance facility and the Letter of Credit Agreements.

12. Commitments and Contingencies

Leases

At December 31, 2023, the Company's operating leases have remaining terms of 1 year to 5 years, with options to extend up to 5 years with no termination provision. The Company's finance leases have an option to terminate after 1 year.

As a result of the effectiveness of our work-from-home transition, in 2021 we reduced our real estate footprint by closing and vacating certain of our offices. Whereas we believe that our existing office space is adequate for our current needs, we will continue to evaluate our office needs and may further reduce our real estate footprint in the future.

Components of lease expense were as follows:

As of December 31, 2023, the weighted average remaining lease term for operating leases was 4.0 years and for finance leases was 1.9 years. The weighted average discount rate was 1.3% and 7.4% for operating and finance leases, respectively.

Maturities of lease liabilities were as follows:

Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases was as follows:

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows:

Lease Exit and Disposal Costs

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recorded a non-recurring charge in connection with the early termination of the lease associated with the Company's former corporate headquarters in Reno, Nevada. This charge included a one-time lease termination payment of $7.6 million, a write-off related to remaining leasehold improvements and furniture and equipment of $2.6 million, and estimated miscellaneous expenses associated with exiting the property of $0.2 million. The Company also recognized a lease termination gain pertaining to the elimination of the lease liability net of the right-of-use asset of $1.0 million, which amount is included in Other expenses on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss). The decision to terminate this operating lease was undertaken as part of an ongoing review of the Company's current and future facility needs.

Contingencies Surrounding Insurance Assessments

Each of the states where the Company's insurance subsidiaries are licensed to transact business require property and casualty insurers that write business within the respective state to pay various insurance assessments. The Company accrues a liability for estimated insurance assessments as direct premiums are written, losses are recorded, or as other events occur, depending on the relevant laws and regulations of a particular state. The Company defers such costs to the extent they are associated with unearned premium and recognizes them as an expense as such premiums are earned. The Company had an accrued liability for guaranty fund assessments, second injury funds assessments, and other insurance assessments totaling $13.0 million and $11.1 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. These liabilities are generally expected to be paid over periods from less thanone year to, in some instances, the duration of the outstanding claims, based on individual state's laws and regulations. The Company also recorded an asset of $12.5 million and $15.6 million, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, for remitted, estimated policy charges anticipated to be recouped from policyholders. This asset also includes state assessments that may be recovered through a reduction in future premium taxes. These assets are expected to be realized overone to ten year periods in accordance with their type and each individual state's laws and regulations.

Unfunded Investment Commitments

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had unfunded commitments to invest $25.4 million and $55.2 million, respectively, into private equity limited partnerships. See Note 4.

13. Stockholders' Equity

Stock Repurchase Programs

On July 26, 2023, the Board authorized a new stock repurchase authorization for repurchases up to $50.0 million of our common stock from July 31, 2023 through December 31, 2024 (the 2023 Program). The 2023 Program replaced its former program (the 2021 Program) that was set to expire on December 31, 2023, but the remaining authorization had been exhausted. The 2023 Program provides that shares may be purchased in the open market and/or in privately negotiated transactions from time to time, and that all purchases shall be made in compliance with all applicable provisions of the Nevada Revised Statutes and federal and state securities laws including, Rules 10b5-1 and 10b-18 of the Exchange Act, as amended. Through December 31, 2023, the Company has repurchased a total of 752,543 shares of common stock at an average price of $38.68 per share, including commissions, for a total of $29.1 million under the 2023 Program. Prior to the commencement of the 2023 Program, the Company repurchased a total of 2,535,782 shares of common stock at an average price of $39.39 per share, including commissions for a total of $99.9 million under the 2021 Program.

Since the Company's initial public offering in January 2007 through December 31, 2023, the Company has repurchased a total of 32,686,215 shares of common stock at an average cost per share of $21.54 through various stock repurchase programs, which is reported as treasury stock, at cost, on its Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 added a new IRC section, Section 4501, that imposes a 1% excise tax on stock repurchases on publicly traded companies that occurred after December 31, 2022. The Company's excise tax obligation is $0.7 million at December 31, 2023, which is included in treasury stock, on its Consolidated Balance Sheets.

14. Stock-Based Compensation

On May 28, 2020, the Company’s stockholders approved the Employers Holdings, Inc. Amended and Restated Equity and Incentive Plan (as amended and restated, the "Plan"). The Plan will expire on the tenth anniversary of April 1, 2020, which is also the effective date of the Plan. The Plan is administered by the Human Capital Management and Compensation Committee of the Board, which is authorized to grant, at its discretion, awards to officers, employees, non-employee directors, consultants, and independent contractors. The maximum number of common shares reserved for grants of awards under the Plan was 6,555,000 shares, prior to reductions for grants made. The Plan provides for the grant of stock options (both incentive stock options and nonqualified stock options), stock appreciation rights, shares of restricted stock, restricted stock units (RSUs), performance stock units (PSUs), and other stock-based awards.

Employees who were awarded RSUs and PSUs are entitled to receive dividend equivalents for eligible awards, payable in cash, when and if, the underlying award vests and becomes payable. If the underlying award does not vest or is forfeited, dividend equivalents with respect to the underlying award fail to become payable and are forfeited.

As of December 31, 2023, the only stock based incentive awards outstanding under the Plan were RSUs and PSUs.

Compensation costs are recognized based on expected performance, if applicable, net of any estimated forfeitures on a straight-line basis over the requisite employee service periods. Forfeiture rates are based on historical experience and are adjusted in subsequent periods for differences in actual forfeitures from those estimated. The Company’s forfeiture assumptions serve to reduce the unamortized grant date fair value of outstanding awards as well as the associated stock-based compensation expense. As awards are actually forfeited, the number of awards outstanding is reduced and the remaining unamortized grant date fair value is compared to assumed forfeiture levels. True-up adjustments are made as deemed necessary. For the years presented, the Company assumed azero to 15% forfeiture rate on RSU and PSU awards. Net stock-based compensation expense recognized in the Company's Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) was as follows:

Stock Options

No stock options were granted in 2023, 2022 or 2021, and no stock options were outstanding at December 31, 2023.

Changes in outstanding stock options for the year ended December 31, 2023 were as follows:

The fair value of stock options vested and the intrinsic value of outstanding and exercisable stock options as of December 31, were as follows:

The intrinsic value of stock options exercised was $0.4 million, $0.7 million, and $0.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

RSUs

The Company has awarded RSUs to non-employee members of the Board and certain employees of the Company.

The RSUs awarded to non-employee members of the Board generally vest on the first anniversary of the award date. RSU grants allow each non-employee Director to decide whether to defer settlement of the RSUs until six months after termination of Board service or settle the RSUs at vesting. Dividend equivalents are granted to Directors who elected to defer settlement of the RSUs after the grants vested.

The RSUs awarded to employees of the Company typically have a service vesting period of approximately four years from the date awarded andvest 25% on or after each of the subsequent four anniversaries of such date. All RSUs are subject to accelerated vesting in certain limited circumstances, such as: retirement, death or disability of the holder, or in connection with a change of control of the Company.

Changes in outstanding RSUs for the year ended December 31, 2023 were as follows:

At December 31, 2023, the Company had yet to recognize $5.5 million of expense related to outstanding RSUs and expects to recognize the remaining expense on a straight-line basis over the next 39 months. The grant date fair value of RSUs vested and the intrinsic value of vested RSUs for the years ended December 31, were as follows:

The intrinsic value of outstanding RSUs was $9.1 million, $11.1 million, and $8.2 million at December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021.

PSUs

The Company has awarded PSUs to certain employees of the Company as follows:

(1)The PSUs awarded in March 2021, April 2021, and August 2021 have a performance period of two years followed by an additional one year vesting period. The PSU awards are subject to certain performance goals with payouts that range from 0% to 200% of the target awards. The values shown in the table represent the aggregate number of PSUs awarded at the target level.

(2)The PSUs awarded in March 2022, have a performance period of two years followed by an additional one year vesting period. The PSU awards are subject to certain performance goals with payouts that range from 0% to 250% of the target awards. The values shown in the table represent the aggregate number of PSUs awarded at the target level.

(3)The PSUs awarded in March 2023 and April 2023 have a performance period of three years. The PSU awards are subject to certain performance goals with payouts that range from 0% to 250% of the target awards. The values shown in the table represent the aggregate number of PSUs awarded at the target level.

At December 31, 2023, the Company had yet to recognize $3.4 million of expense related to PSU grants and expects to recognize the remaining expense on a straight-line basis over the next 24 months. This is based on the expectation of the Company achieving a 59% of target rate for the 2022 PSUs, and a 100% of target rate for the 2023 PSUs.

15. Statutory Matters

Statutory Financial Data

The combined capital stock, surplus, and net income of the Company's insurance subsidiaries (EICN, ECIC, EPIC, EAC, and CIC), prepared in accordance with the statutory accounting practices (SAP) of the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) as well as SAP permitted by the states of California, Florida, Nevada, and New York were as follows:

Net income provided from the Company's insurance subsidiaries prepared in accordance with SAP was $96.2 million, $105.1 million, and $94.9 million, for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

Treatment of the LPT Agreement, deferred policy acquisition costs, fair value of financial instruments, and the surplus notes (see Notes 4, 10, and 11) are the primary differences in the SAP-basis capital stock and total surplus of the insurance subsidiaries of $982.9 million and $939.9 million, and the GAAP-basis equity of the Company of $1,013.9 million and $944.2 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Under SAP accounting, the retroactive reinsurance gain resulting from the LPT Agreement is recorded as a special component of surplus (special surplus funds) in the initial year of the contract, and not reported as unassigned surplus until the Company has recovered amounts in excess of the original consideration paid. The special surplus funds are also reduced by the amount of extraordinary dividends as approved by the Nevada Division of Insurance. Under SAP, the surplus notes are recorded as a separate component of surplus. Under SAP, changes to the estimated contingent profit commission under the LPT Agreement are reflected in commission expense in the period that the estimate is revised.

Insurance Company Dividends and Regulatory Requirements and Restrictions

The ability of EHI to pay dividends on the Company's common stock and to pay other expenses will be dependent to a significant extent upon the ability of the Nevada domiciled insurance company, EICN, the California domiciled insurance company, ECIC, the Florida domiciled insurance companies, EPIC and EAC, to pay dividends to their immediate holding company, Employers Group, Inc. (EGI) and the New York domiciled insurance company, CIC, to pay dividends to its immediate holding company Cerity Group, Inc. (CGI), and in turn, the ability of EGI and CGI to pay dividends to EHI. The amount of dividends each of the Company's insurance subsidiaries may pay to their immediate parent is limited by the laws of its respective state of domicile.

Nevada law limits the payment of cash dividends by EICN to its parent by providing that payments cannot be made except from available and accumulated surplus, otherwise unrestricted (unassigned), and derived from realized net operating profits and realized and unrealized capital gains. A stock dividend may be paid out of any available surplus. A cash or stock dividend prohibited by these restrictions may only be declared and distributed as an extraordinary dividend upon the prior approval of the Nevada Commissioner of Insurance (Nevada Commissioner). EICN may not pay such an extraordinary dividend or make an extraordinary distribution until the Nevada Commissioner either approves or does not disapprove the payment within 30 days after receiving notice of its declaration. An extraordinary dividend or distribution is defined by statute to include any dividend or distribution of cash or property whose fair market value, together with that of other dividends or distributions made within the preceding 12 months, exceeds the lesser of: (a)10% of EICN's statutory surplus as regards to policyholders at the next preceding December 31; or (b) EICN's statutory net income, not including realized capital gains, for the 12-month period ending at the next preceding December 31. As of December 31, 2023, EICN had positive unassigned surplus of $247.5 million. During 2023, EICN paid an ordinary dividend in the amount of $9.8 million to its parent company, EGI. As a result of that payment, EICN cannot pay any dividends through March 27, 2024, and can pay $13.7 million of dividends thereafter, without regulatory approval.

Under Florida law, without regulatory approval, EPIC and EAC may pay dividends if they do not exceed the greater of: the lesser of 10% of surplus or net income, not including realized capital gains, plus a 2-year carry forward;10% of surplus, with dividends payable limited to unassigned funds minus 25% of unrealized capital gains; or, the lesser of 10% of surplus or net investment income plus a 3-year carry forward with dividends payable limited to unassigned funds minus 25% of unrealized capital gains. During 2023, EAC paid an ordinary dividend in the amount of $21.0 million to its parent company, EGI. As a result of that payment, EAC cannot pay any dividends through July 14, 2024 and $22.4 million thereafter, without regulatory approval from the Florida Office of Insurance Regulation (FOIR), provided that no dividends are paid prior to July 14, 2024. During 2023, EPIC paid an ordinary dividend in the amount of $22.9 million to its parent company, EGI. As a result of that payment, EPIC cannot pay any dividends through July 14, 2024 and can pay $23.2 million of dividends thereafter, without regulatory approval from the FOIR.

EPIC and EAC are subject to regulation by the Florida Department of Financial Services (FDFS). Florida statute Section 624.408 requires EPIC and EAC to maintain minimum capital and surplus of the greater of $4.0 million or 10% of total liabilities. Florida statutes require EPIC and EAC to maintain a ratio of written premiums, defined as 1.25 times written premiums, to surplus of no greater than 10-to-1 for gross written premiums and 4-to-1 for net written premiums. During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, EPIC and EAC were in compliance with these statutes.

ECIC is subject to regulation by the California Department of Insurance (California DOI). Additionally, the California Insurance Holding Company System Regulatory Act limits the ability of ECIC to pay dividends to its parent. California law provides that, absent prior approval of the California Insurance Commissioner, dividends may only be declared from earned surplus. For purpose of this statute, earned surplus excludes amounts derived from net appreciation in the value of assets not yet realized, or derived from an exchange of assets, unless the assets received are currently realizable in cash. In addition, California law provides that the appropriate insurance regulatory authorities in the state of California must approve (or, within a 30-day notice period, not disapprove) any dividend that, together with all other such dividends paid during the preceding 12 months, exceeds the greater of: (a)10% of the paying company's statutory surplus as regards to policyholders at the preceding December 31; or (b)100% of net income for the preceding year. During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, ECIC was in compliance with these requirements.

During 2023, ECIC paid an ordinary dividend in the amount of $21.0 million to its parent company, EGI. As a result of that payment, ECIC cannot pay any dividends until March 15, 2024 and can pay $23.3 million thereafter without prior regulatory approval.

Under New York law, without regulatory approval, CIC may pay dividends if they do not exceed the lesser of 10% of surplus or 100% of net investment income for the previous year increased by the excess, if any, of net investment income over dividends declared or distributed during the period commencing 36 months prior to the declaration or distribution of the current dividend and ending 12 months prior thereto. The New York state law also provides that any distribution may only be paid out of earned surplus. During 2023, CIC paid an ordinary dividend in the amount of $4.0 million to its parent company, CSI. As a result of that payment, CIC cannot pay any dividends through September 20, 2024, and can pay $5.7 million of dividends thereafter, without regulatory approval.

Additionally, EICN, ECIC, EPIC, EAC, and CIC are required to comply with RBC requirements. RBC is a method of measuring the amount of capital appropriate for an insurance company to support its overall business operations in light of its size and risk profile. NAIC RBC standards are used by regulators to determine appropriate regulatory actions relating to insurers that show signs of weak or deteriorating conditions. As of December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, EICN, ECIC, EPIC, EAC, and CIC each had total adjusted capital above all regulatory action levels.

16. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss

Accumulated other comprehensive loss is comprised of unrealized gains on investments classified as available-for-sale, net of deferred tax expense. The following table summarizes the components of Accumulated other comprehensive loss:

17. Employee Benefit and Retirement Plans

The Company maintains a 401(k) defined contribution plan covering all eligible Company employees (the Employers 401(k) Plan). Under the Employers 401(k) Plan, the Company's safe harbor matching consists of a 100% matching contribution on salary deferrals up to 3% of compensation and then a 50% matching contribution on salary deferrals from 3% to 5% of compensation. The Company's matching contribution to the Employers 401(k) Plan was $2.3 million, $2.0 million, and $2.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

18. Earnings Per Common Share

Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted earnings per share reflects the potential dilutive impact of all common stock equivalents on earnings per share. Diluted earnings per share includes common shares assumed issued under the "treasury stock method," which reflects the potential dilution that would occur if outstanding RSUs and PSUs vested, and stock options were to be exercised.

Employees who are awarded RSUs and PSUs are entitled to receive dividend equivalents for eligible awards, payable in cash, when and if, the underlying award vests and becomes payable. Therefore, these awards are not considered participating securities for the purposes of determining earnings per share.

The following table presents the net income and the weighted average number of shares outstanding used in the earnings per common share calculations.

Diluted earnings per share excludes outstanding potential dilutive shares in periods where the inclusion of such securities would be anti-dilutive under the treasury stock methodology. During the year ended December 31, 2023,22,395 potential dilutive shares were excluded from the Company's diluted earnings per share computations because they were determined to be anti-dilutive. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, no potential dilutive shares were excluded from the Company's diluted earnings per share computations because none were determined to be anti-dilutive.

No outstanding PSUs and RSUs are considered in the Company's diluted earnings per share computations in any period that involves a net loss because their inclusion would be anti-dilutive.

19. Segment Reporting

The Company operates as a single reportable segment, Insurance Operations, through our wholly owned subsidiaries. In the fourth quarter of 2023, the Company developed and executed an integration plan to consolidate our previously segregated direct-to-consumer operations(Cerity)into the Company's mainstream operations, while retaining our digital distribution capabilities. The integration plan, which will allow the Company to operate more efficiently and generate cost savings, resulted in a change in the composition of our reportable segments by eliminating any distinction, including stand-alone financial statements, among our former segments, which were: Employers and Cerity.

The Insurance Operations segment represents the traditional business offered through its agents, including business originated from the Company's strategic partnerships and alliances and also direct-to-customer business.

The following table summarizes the Company's written premiums and components of net income. All periods prior to December 31, 2023 have been conformed to the current presentation.

Entity-Wide Disclosures

The Company operates solely within the United States and does not have revenue from transactions with a single policyholder accounting for 10% or more of its revenues. The following table shows our in-force premiums, in-force premiums including estimated final audit premium, and number of policies in-force for each state of our largest states and all other states combined as of December 31: