Tennessee Valley Authority

Executive Overview

TVA's operating revenues were $13.7 billion and $12.3 billion for the years ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Operating revenues increased for the year ended September 30, 2025 as compared to the prior year, primarily as a result of higher effective fuel rates, higher effective base rates, and increased sales volume. Higher effective fuel rates were due primarily to using higher cost coal and natural gas generation due to less availability of nuclear generation as compared to the same period of the prior year. Effective base rates were higher primarily due to the TVA Board of Directors' ("TVA Board") action to approve a 5.25 percent wholesale base rate increase effective October 1, 2024. The increased sales volume was primarily driven by higher sales to residential and small commercial and industrial customers as well as increases within the data processing, hosting, and related services sector.

Total operating expenses increased $1.0 billion for the year ended September 30, 2025, as compared to the prior year, primarily due to an increase in fuel and purchased power expense. Fuel and purchased power expense increased $732 million for the year ended September 30, 2025, as compared to the same period of the prior year, primarily due to higher demand for purchased power as a result of less availability of nuclear generation, higher effective fuel rates, and higher purchased power market prices. Depreciation and amortization expense increased $133 million primarily as a result of increases in the amortization expense of decommissioning costs recovered in rates and amortization expense of finance leases, the decision to retire Kingston Fossil Plant ("Kingston"), and additions to net completed plant. In addition, there was a $76 million increase in Operating and maintenance expense primarily due to increases in payroll and benefit costs related to severance costs associated with Enterprise Transformation Program ("ETP") efforts, labor escalation for cost of living increases, and higher medical claims, partially offset by a decrease in nuclear outage expense primarily due to fewer nuclear refueling outages.

Commercial operations began on Johnsonville Aeroderivative Combustion Turbine Units ("CTs") 21-30 in 2025, and TVA has ongoing natural gas projects at its Cumberland Fossil Plant ("Cumberland") site and Kingston site, an aeroderivative CT project at TVA's Allen CT site, and a new Caledonia simple cycle CT project on TVA land. TVA is also evaluating natural gas projects for the replacement generation for the second unit at Cumberland and a new CT project at TVA's Lagoon Creek site. In the third quarter of 2025, TVA submitted a construction permit application to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission ("NRC") for a BWRX-300 reactor at the Clinch River Nuclear Site, and in July 2025, the NRC accepted the application for review.

On January 22, 2025, TVA reached an all-time record high peak power demand of approximately 35,430 megawatts ("MW"). This peak was over 800 MW greater than TVA's previous all-time peak set in January 2024.

TVA's economic development efforts and programs continued to help attract or expand businesses and industries in the Tennessee Valley. These companies announced projected capital investments of over $6.6 billion and are expected to create 9,316 jobs and retain 43,254 jobs. These amounts are forward-looking and are subject to various uncertainties. Amounts may differ materially based upon a number of factors, including, but not limited to, economic downturns or recessions. See Forward-Looking Information and Part I, Item 1A, Risk Factors for a discussion of additional factors, and see Part I, Item 1, Business —Economic Development Activitiesfor definitions of "new jobs" and "retained jobs."