Tennessee Valley Authority

Sources of Liquidity

TVA depends on various sources of liquidity to meet cash needs and contingencies. TVA's primary sources of liquidity are cash from operations and proceeds from the issuance of short-term debt in the form of discount notes, along with periodic issuances of long-term debt. TVA's balance of short-term debt typically changes frequently as TVA issues discount notes to meet short-term cash needs and pay scheduled maturities of discount notes and long-term debt. TVA’s next significant power bond maturity is $1.4 billion in November 2025. The periodic amounts of short-term debt issued are determined by near-term expectations for cash receipts, cash expenditures, and funding needs, while seeking to maintain a target range of cash and cash equivalents on hand. TVA may hold higher cash balances from time to time in response to potential market volatility or other business conditions. In addition, cash balances may include collateral received from counterparties.

In addition to cash from operations and proceeds from the issuance of short-term and long-term debt, TVA's sources of liquidity include four revolving credit facilities totaling $2.7 billion, a $150 million credit facility with the United States Department of the Treasury ("U.S. Treasury"), and proceeds from other financings. See Note 13 — Debt and Other Obligations—Credit Facility Agreements. The TVA Board authorized TVA to issue power bonds and enter into other financing arrangements in an aggregate amount not to exceed $4.0 billion during 2025. In the second quarter of 2025, TVA issued $1.25 billion of power bonds maturing in February 2055. In the third quarter of 2025, TVA issued $1.5 billion of power bonds maturing in May 2035. Other financing arrangements may include, but are not limited to, lease financings, energy prepayments from customers, and other similar agreements. TVA may also engage in other alternative forms of financing such as sales of receivables, or loans, from time to time.

The Tennessee Valley Authority Act of 1933, as amended ("TVA Act"), authorizes TVA to issue bonds, notes, or other evidences of indebtedness (collectively, "Bonds") in an amount not to exceed $30.0 billion outstanding at any time. Bonds outstanding, excluding unamortized discounts and premiums and net exchange gains from foreign currency transactions, at June 30, 2025, were $21.1 billion (including current maturities). The balance of Bonds outstanding directly affects TVA's capacity to meet operational liquidity needs and to strategically use Bonds to fund certain capital investments as management and the TVA Board may deem desirable. Other options for financing not subject to the limit on Bonds, including lease financings, could provide supplementary funding if needed. Currently, TVA expects to utilize a combination of Bonds, other financings, and potentially additional power revenues through power rate increases to meet its ongoing operational liquidity needs while making planned capital investments through the decade. TVA may also utilize available funding through the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 ("IRA") and the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law ("BIL"), other federal funding opportunities, or other third-party financing arrangements. See Lease Financings below, Key Initiatives and Challenges —Executive Actions, Note 10 — Variable Interest Entities, and Note 13 — Debt and Other Obligations for additional information.

TVA may from time to time seek to retire or purchase its outstanding debt through cash purchases and/or exchanges for securities, in open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions, or otherwise. Such repurchases or exchanges, if any, will depend on prevailing market conditions, TVA's liquidity requirements, contractual restrictions, and other factors. The amounts involved may be material.

Debt Securities. TVA's Bonds are not obligations of the U.S., and the U.S. does not guarantee the payments of principal or interest on Bonds. TVA's Bonds consist of power bonds and discount notes. Power bonds have maturities of between one and 50 years. At June 30, 2025, the average maturity of long-term power bonds was 14.62 years, and the weighted average interest rate was 4.92 percent. Discount notes have maturities of less than one year. Power bonds and discount notes have a first priority and equal claim of payment out of net power proceeds. Net power proceeds are defined as the remainder of TVA's gross power revenues after deducting the costs of operating, maintaining, and administering its power properties and tax equivalents, but before deducting depreciation accruals or other charges representing the amortization of capital expenditures, plus the net proceeds from the sale or other disposition of any power facility or interest therein. In addition to power bonds and discount notes, TVA had long-term debt associated with certain VIEs outstanding at June 30, 2025. See Lease Financings below, Note 10 — Variable Interest Entities, and Note 13 — Debt and Other Obligationsfor additional information.

The following table provides additional information regarding TVA's short-term borrowings:

TVA's rated senior unsecured Bonds are currently rated Aa1, AA+, and AA+, by Moody's Investors Service, Inc. ("Moody's"), Fitch Ratings, Inc. ("Fitch"), and S&P Global Ratings ("S&P"), respectively. TVA's short-term discount notes are not rated. TVA and the owners of TVA securities could be impacted by any downgrades of TVA's credit ratings. TVA Bonds are not obligations of the U.S.; however, because TVA is a wholly-owned corporate agency and instrumentality of the U.S. government, TVA's ratings may be impacted if the sovereign credit ratings of the U.S. are downgraded. On November 10, 2023, Moody's revised the outlook on the U.S. government's credit ratings from stable to negative, and subsequently determined on November 13, 2023, to revise the outlook on TVA's ratings from stable to negative due to the change in the government rating outlook. On May 16, 2025, Moody's downgraded the U.S. government's credit rating from Aaa to Aa1, and on May 19, 2025, Moody's subsequently downgraded TVA's rating from Aaa to Aa1, and the outlook was revised to stable. TVA was not required to post additional collateral due to the downgrade. The outlook on the ratings of TVA is also currently stable with Fitch and S&P. See Part I, Item 1A, Risk Factors— Financial, Economic, and Market Risks — TVA, together with owners of TVA securities, may be impacted by downgrades of TVA's credit ratingsin the Annual Report.

Lease Financings. TVA has entered into certain leasing transactions with special purpose entities ("SPEs") to obtain third-party financing for its facilities. These SPEs are sometimes identified as VIEs of which TVA is determined to be the primary beneficiary. TVA is required to account for these VIEs on a consolidated basis. See Note 10 —Variable Interest Entities.

Summary Cash Flows

A major source of TVA's liquidity is operating cash flows resulting from the generation and sale of electricity. Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash totaled $522 million and $521 million at June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. A summary of cash flow components for the nine months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, follows:

Cash provided by (used in):

Operating Activities. TVA's cash flows from operations are primarily driven by sales of electricity, fuel expense, and operating and maintenance expense. The timing and level of cash flows from operations can be affected by the weather, changes in working capital, commodity price fluctuations, outages, and other project expenses.

Net cash flows provided by operating activities increased $137 million for the nine months ended June 30, 2025, as compared to the same period of the prior year. The increase was primarily due to higher revenue collections. Revenue collections increased primarily due to the increase in the 2025 wholesale base rate in addition to higher sales volume and higher effective fuel rates. This increase was partially offset by higher payroll and benefit-related payments in addition to higher fuel and purchased power payments as compared to the same period of the prior year.

Investing Activities. The majority of TVA's investing cash flows are due to investments to acquire, upgrade, or maintain generating and transmission assets, including environmental projects and the purchase of nuclear fuel.

Net cash flows used in investing activities increased $1.1 billion for the nine months ended June 30, 2025, as compared to the same period of the prior year, driven by increased expenditures for capacity expansion projects, primarily related to natural gas plant builds and upgrades to the nuclear fleet.

Financing Activities. TVA's cash flows provided by or used in financing activities are primarily driven by the timing and level of cash flows provided by operating activities, cash flows used in investing activities, and net issuance and redemption of debt instruments to maintain a strategic balance of cash on hand.

Net cash provided by financing activities increased $944 million for the nine months ended June 30, 2025, as compared to the same period of the prior year, primarily due to higher debt issuances and proceeds from debt of variable interest entities. Higher net cash flows provided by operating activities were offset by higher net cash used in investing activities which resulted in the need for net debt issuances to maintain targeted cash balance levels during the period. TVA anticipates a need to increase debt in the coming years as it continues to invest in power system assets, which may result in positive net cash flows provided by financing activities in future periods.

Contractual Obligations

TVA has certain obligations and commitments to make future payments under contracts. TVA's contractual obligations are discussed in the Annual Report in Part II, Item 7, Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations —Liquidity and Capital Resources, Note 8 —Leases, Note 10 —Variable Interest Entities, Note 14 —Debt and Other Obligations, Note 20 —Benefit Plans, and Note 22 —Commitments and Contingencies.

During the nine months ended June 30, 2025, TVA’s fuel purchase obligations increased $862 million primarily due to new and/or extended contracts for natural gas, natural gas storage, coal, and nuclear fuel. Natural gas commitments increased $145 million as a result of entering into multiple natural gas contracts with new commitments from 2025 to 2035, of which $120 million is estimated to be paid during the remainder of 2025. Natural gas storage commitments increased $285 million as a result of entering into three new contracts and extending three contracts, which increased commitments from 2025 through 2034, of which $7 million is estimated to be paid during the remainder of 2025. Coal commitments increased by $369 million due primarily to entering into three new coal contracts with new commitments from 2025 through 2029, of which $64 million is estimated to be paid during the remainder of 2025. Nuclear fuel commitments increased $118 million due primarily to three new nuclear fuel contracts with new commitments from 2028 through 2035. In addition, TVA entered into a new power purchase agreement ("PPA") totaling $293 million with commitments from 2025 to 2028, of which $23 million is estimated to be paid during the remainder of 2025, and three new long-term service agreements totaling $200 million with commitments from 2025 to 2045, of which less than $1 million is estimated to be paid during the remainder of 2025.