CVR ENERGY INC

NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(1) Organization and Nature of Business

Organization

CVR Energy, Inc. (“CVR Energy”, “CVR”, “we”, “us”, “our”, or the “Company”) is a diversified holding company primarily engaged in the petroleum refining and marketing industry (the “Petroleum Segment”) and the nitrogen fertilizer manufacturing industry through its interest in CVR Partners, LP, a publicly traded limited partnership (the “Nitrogen Fertilizer Segment” or “CVR Partners”). The Petroleum Segment refines and markets high value transportation fuels primarily in the form of gasoline and diesel fuels. CVR Partners produces and markets nitrogen fertilizers primarily in the form of urea ammonium nitrate (“UAN”) and ammonia. We also produce and market renewable diesel. CVR’s common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the symbol “CVI”. Icahn Enterprises L.P. and its affiliates (“IEP”) owned approximately 66% of the Company’s outstanding common stock as of March 31, 2024.

CVR Partners, LP

Interest Holders - As of March 31, 2024, public common unitholders held approximately 63% of CVR Partners’ outstanding common units and CVR Services, LLC (“CVR Services”), a wholly owned subsidiary of CVR Energy, held the remaining approximately 37% of CVR Partners’ outstanding common units. In addition, CVR Services held 100% of the interest in CVR Partners’ general partner, CVR GP, LLC, which held a non-economic general partner interest in CVR Partners as of March 31, 2024. The noncontrolling interest reflected on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets of CVR is only impacted by the results of, distributions from, and unit repurchases by CVR Partners.

Unit Repurchase Program - On May 6, 2020, the board of directors of CVR Partners’ general partner (the “UAN GP Board”), on behalf of CVR Partners, authorized a unit repurchase program (the “Unit Repurchase Program”), which was increased on February 22, 2021. During the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, CVR Partners didnot repurchase any common units. On February 20, 2024, the UAN GP Board, on behalf of CVR Partners, terminated the nominal authority remaining under the Unit Repurchase Program.

Subsequent Events -The Company evaluated subsequent events, if any, that would require an adjustment to the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements or require disclosure in the notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements through the date of issuance of the condensed consolidated financial statements. Where applicable, the notes to these condensed consolidated financial statements have been updated to discuss all significant subsequent events which have occurred.

(2) Basis of Presentation

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements, prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), include the accounts of the Company and its majority-owned direct and indirect subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. Certain notes and other information have been condensed or omitted from the condensed consolidated financial statements. Therefore, these condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the December 31, 2023 audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in CVR Energy’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 (the “2023 Form 10-K”).

Our condensed consolidated financial statements include the consolidated results of CVR Partners, which is defined as a variable interest entity (“VIE”). As the 100% owner of the general partner of CVR Partners, the Company has the sole ability to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of CVR Partners and is considered the primary beneficiary.

In the opinion of the Company’s management, the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments that are necessary for fair presentation of the financial position and results of operations of the Company for the periods presented. Such adjustments are of a normal recurring nature, unless otherwise disclosed.

The condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared in conformity with GAAP, which requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts and disclosure of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Results of operations and cash flows for the interim periods presented are not necessarily indicative of the results that will be realized for the year ending December 31, 2024 or any other interim or annual period.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements - Accounting Standards Issued But Not Yet Implemented

In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”) 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740) - Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which requires enhanced income tax disclosures that reflect how operations and related tax risks, as well as how tax planning and operational opportunities, affect the tax rate and prospects for future cash flows. This standard is effective for the Company’s annual period beginning January 1, 2025 with early adoption permitted. The Company is evaluating the effects of adopting this new accounting guidance on its disclosures but does not currently expect adoption will have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The Company does not intend to early adopt this ASU.

In November 2023, FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280) - Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which includes requirements for more robust disclosures of significant segment expenses and measures of a segment’s profit and loss used in assessing performance. This standard is effective for the Company’s annual period beginning January 1, 2024 and interim periods beginning January 1, 2025 and should be applied retrospectively to all comparative periods. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is still evaluating the effects of adopting this new accounting guidance on its disclosures.

(3) Inventories

Inventories consisted of the following:

(4) Property, Plant, and Equipment

Property, plant, and equipment consisted of the following:

For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, depreciation and amortization expenses related to property, plant, and equipment were $56 million and $50 million, respectively, and capitalized interest was $1 million and $2 million, respectively.

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company did not identify the existence of an impairment indicator for our long-lived asset groups as outlined under the FASB Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 360, Property, Plant, and Equipment.

(5) Equity Method Investments

We have variable interest in certain entities for which we have applied the VIE model under FASB ASC Topic 810, Consolidation and determined that these entities are variable interest entities. While we concluded we are not the primary beneficiary of these entities, we do have significant influence over their operating and financial policies and, therefore, applied the equity method of accounting for the respective investments. These investments are presented within Other long-term assets on our condensed consolidated financial statements:

•CVR-CapturePoint Parent, LLC (“CVRP JV”) - As part of a series of agreements entered into by our subsidiaries with unaffiliated parties with the objective to monetize certain tax credits under Section 45Q of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (“45Q Transaction”), we received a 50% interest in CVRP JV in connection with a modification to a carbon oxide contract (“CO Contract”) with a customer.

•Enable South Central Pipeline, LLC (“Enable JV”) - Through our subsidiaries, we own a 40% interest in Enable JV, which operates a 12-inch 26-mile crude oil pipeline with a capacity of approximately 80,000 barrels per day that is connected to the Wynnewood Refinery. The remaining interest in Enable JV is owned by Enable Midstream Partners, LP, which was merged with Energy Transfer LP in December 2021.

•Midway Pipeline, LLC (“Midway JV”) - Through our subsidiaries, we own a 50% interest in Midway JV, which operates a 16-inch 99-mile crude oil pipeline with a capacity of approximately 131,000 barrels per day which connects the Coffeyville Refinery to the Cushing, Oklahoma oil hub. The remaining interest in Midway JV is owned by Plains Pipeline, L.P.

(1)Includes a $2 million distribution for CVRP JV exceeding certain carbon oxide capture and sequestration milestones during 2023.

(6) Leases

Balance Sheet Summary as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023

The following tables summarize the right-of-use (“ROU”) asset and lease liability balances for the Company’s operating and finance leases at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

Lease Expense Summary for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 and 2023

We recognize operating lease expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term within Direct operating expenses (exclusive of depreciation and amortization) and Cost of materials and other and finance lease expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term within Depreciation and amortization. For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, we recognized lease expense comprised of the following components:

The Company has entered into the following material lease commitments that have not yet commenced:

•Coffeyville Resources Nitrogen Fertilizer, LLC (“CRNF”), a subsidiary of CVR Partners, is party to an On-Site Product Supply Agreement (as amended, the “Messer Agreement”) with Messer LLC. Based on terms outlined in the Messer Agreement, the Company expects the lease to be classified as a finance lease with an estimated $20 million to $25 million being capitalized upon lease commencement when the Vessel is placed in service, which is currently expected to occur in the second half of 2024. Refer to Part II, Item 8, Note 6 (“Leases”) of our 2023 Form 10-K for further information.

(7) Other Current Liabilities

Other current liabilities were as follows:

(8) Long-Term Debt and Finance Lease Obligations

Long-term debt and finance lease obligations consisted of the following:

Credit Agreements

CVR Energy

2029 Notes - On December 21, 2023, CVR Energy completed the issuance of $600 million in aggregate principal amount of 8.50% Senior Notes, due 2029 (the “2029 Notes”). Interest on the 2029 Notes is payable semi-annually in arrears on February 15 and August 15 each year, commencing on February 15, 2024. The 2029 Notes mature on January 15, 2029, unless earlier redeemed or purchased. See Part II, Item 8 of the 2023 Form 10-K for further details of the 2029 Notes.

In relation to the issuance of the 2029 Notes, the Company received $598 million of net cash proceeds, net of underwriting fees and certain other third-party fees and expenses associated with the offering. These proceeds were reserved for the payment of the Company’s 5.25% Senior Notes, due 2025 (the “2025 Notes”) on February 15, 2024, and were presented in Reserved funds for debt payment on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023.

2025 Notes - On December 21, 2023, the Company delivered a notice of redemption to the holders of its 2025 Notes that all outstanding amounts of the 2025 Notes, plus any accrued and unpaid interest to the redemption date, would be redeemed on February 15, 2024. As such, the outstanding balance of the $600 million principal amount of the 2025 Notes was classified as short-term as of December 31, 2023. On February 15, 2024, CVR Energy redeemed all of the outstanding 2025 Notes, at par, and settled accrued interest of approximately $16 million through the date of redemption. As a result of this transaction, the

Company recognized in Interest expense, net a $1 million loss on extinguishment of debt on our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three months ended March 31, 2024, which consisted of the write-off of unamortized deferred financing costs.

Covenant Compliance

The Company and its subsidiaries were in compliance with all covenants under their respective debt instruments as of March 31, 2024.

(9) Revenue

The following tables present the Company’s revenue disaggregated by major product, which include a reconciliation of the disaggregated revenue by the Company’s reportable segments:

(1)The Petroleum Segment may incur broker commissions or transportation costs prior to the transfer on certain sales. The broker costs are expensed since the contract durations are less than one year. Transportation costs are accounted for as fulfillment costs and are expensed as incurred.

(2)Distillates consist primarily of diesel fuel, kerosene, jet fuel, and renewable fuels.

(3)Freight revenue recognized by the Petroleum Segment is primarily tariff and line loss charges rebilled to customers to reimburse the Petroleum Segment for expenses incurred from a pipeline operator. Freight revenue recognized by the Nitrogen Fertilizer Segment represents the pass-through finished goods delivery costs incurred prior to customer acceptance and are reimbursed by customers. An offsetting expense for freight is included in Cost of materials and other.

(4)Other products for the Petroleum Segment consists primarily of (i) feedstock, heavy oils, and liquified petroleum gas sales, (ii) sulfur credits, and (iii) pipeline and processing fees. For the Nitrogen Fertilizer Segment, other products consists of sales of (i) nitric acid and (ii) carbon oxide, including sales made in connection with the 45Q Transaction and the noncash consideration received, which is recognized as the performance obligation associated with the CO Contract is satisfied over its term through April 2030. Revenue from the CO Contract is recognized over time based on carbon oxide volumes measured at delivery. The Other/Elimination columns include certain credits related to renewable fuel activity and eliminations of intercompany transactions.

Remaining Performance Obligations

We have spot and term contracts with customers and the transaction prices are either fixed or based on market indices (variable consideration). We do not disclose remaining performance obligations for contracts that have terms of one year or less and for contracts where the variable consideration was entirely allocated to an unsatisfied performance obligation. As of March 31, 2024, these contracts have a remaining duration of less than three years.

As of March 31, 2024, the Nitrogen Fertilizer Segment had approximately $14 million of remaining performance obligations for contracts with an original expected duration of more than one year. The Nitrogen Fertilizer Segment expects to recognize $4 million of these performance obligations as revenue by the end of 2024, an additional $5 million during 2025, and the remaining balance in 2026.

Contract Balances

The following table provides the balance sheet location and amounts of deferred revenue from contracts with customers for the Nitrogen Fertilizer Segment:

During the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized revenue of $5 million and $12 million, respectively, that was included in the deferred revenue balances as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

(10) Derivative Financial Instruments

The following outlines the net notional buy (sell) position of our commodity derivative instruments held as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

The following outlines the balances of our commodity derivative instruments after the effects of contract netting and allocation of collateral and their classifications on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. Refer to Note 11 (“Fair Value Measurements”) for the gross amounts of the commodity derivative instruments (before the effects of contract netting and allocation of collateral):

The following table represents CVR Energy’s incurred realized and unrealized net gains (losses) from derivative activities, recorded in Cost of materials and other on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations:

CVR Energy has certain derivative instruments that contain credit risk-related contingent provisions associated with our credit ratings. If our credit rating were to be downgraded, it would allow the counterparty to require us to post collateral or to request immediate, full settlement of derivative instruments in liability positions. As of March 31, 2024, the aggregate fair value of our derivative liabilities with credit risk-related contingent provisions was $9 million, for whichno collateral has been posted.

(11) Fair Value Measurements

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis

The following tables set forth information about the assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis, by input level, as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. Such amounts are presented on a gross basis, before the effects of netting and allocation of collateral. The Company elected to offset the fair value amounts recognized for derivative assets and liabilities executed with the same counterparty under a master netting arrangement, including fair value amounts recognized for the right to reclaim or the obligation to return cash collateral.

(1)At March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had $4 million and $13 million of collateral under master netting arrangements not offset against the derivatives within Other current assets on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, respectively, primarily related to initial margin requirements.

The Petroleum Segment’s commodity derivative contracts consist of exchange traded futures, commodity price swaps, and sale and purchase forwards that are measured at fair value using a market approach based on available broker quoted market prices of identical or similar instruments. Similarly, RFS obligations are measured at fair value using a market approach based on available broker quoted market RIN prices for each specific or closest vintage year.

The Company had no transfers of assets or liabilities between any of the above levels during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and year ended December 31, 2023.

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis

CVR Partners performed a nonrecurring fair value measurement of the equity interest received as part of the 45Q Transaction in the first quarter of 2023. Such valuation used a combination of the market approach and the discounted cash flow methodology with key inputs including the discount rate, contractual and expected future cash flows, and market multiples. CVR Partners determined the estimated fair value of the consideration received to be $46 million, which is a non-recurring Level 3 measurement, as defined by FASB ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements, based on the use of CVR Partners’ own assumptions described above. There are no other assets or liabilities that were measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis for the periods presented.

Assets and liabilities not required to be measured at fair value

CVR Energy holds cash equivalents which consist primarily of bank time deposits with maturities of 90 days or less. Cash and cash equivalents and reserved funds had carrying and fair values of $644 million and $1.2 billion at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, and are classified as Level 1 in the fair value hierarchy.

Long-term debt of $1.5 billion and $2.1 billion at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, had estimated fair values of $1.5 billion and $2.1 billion, respectively, and are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

Other short-term financial assets and liabilities, which consist of restricted cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and operating and finance lease obligations, are carried at cost on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 and approximate their estimated fair values.

(12) Share-Based Compensation

A summary of compensation expense during the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023 is presented below: