GLADSTONE INVESTMENT CORPORATIONDE

General

We were incorporated under the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware on February 18, 2005. We operate as an externally managed, closed-end, non-diversified management investment company and have elected to be treated as a BDC under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”). For U.S. federal income tax purposes, we have elected to be treated as a RIC under Subchapter M of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”). To continue to qualify as a RIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes and obtain favorable RIC tax treatment, we must meet certain requirements, including certain minimum distribution requirements.

We were established for the purpose of investing in debt and equity securities of established private businesses operating in the United States (“U.S.”). Our investment objectives are to: (i) achieve and grow current income by investing in debt securities of established businesses that we believe will provide stable earnings and cash flow to pay expenses, make principal and interest payments on our outstanding indebtedness, and make distributions to our stockholders that grow over time; and (ii) provide our stockholders with long-term capital appreciation in the value of our assets by investing in equity securities of established businesses, generally in combination with the aforementioned debt securities, that we believe can grow over time to permit us to sell our equity investments for capital gains. To achieve our objectives, our investment strategy is to invest in several categories of debt and equity securities, with individual investments generally totaling up to $75 million, although investment size may vary depending upon our total assets or available capital at the time of investment. We expect that our investment portfolio over time will consist of approximately 75% in debt investments and 25% in equity investments, at cost. As of December 31, 2024, our investment portfolio was comprised of 76.3% in debt investments and 23.7% in equity investments, at cost.

We focus on investing in lower middle market private businesses (which we generally define as companies with annual earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (“EBITDA”) of $4 million to $15 million) (“Lower Middle Market”) in the U.S. that meet certain criteria, including: the sustainability of the business’ free cash flow and its ability to grow it over time, adequate assets for loan collateral, experienced management teams with a significant ownership interest in the portfolio company, reasonable capitalization of the portfolio company, including an ample equity contribution or cushion based on prevailing enterprise valuation multiples, and the potential to realize appreciation and gain liquidity in our equity position, if any. We anticipate that liquidity in our equity position will be achieved through a merger or acquisition of the portfolio company, a public offering of the portfolio company’s stock, or, to a lesser extent, by exercising our right to require the portfolio company to repurchase our warrants, though there can be no assurance that we will always have these rights. We invest in portfolio companies that seek funds for management buyouts and/or growth capital to finance acquisitions, recapitalize or, to a lesser extent, refinance their existing debt facilities. We seek to avoid investing in high-risk, early-stage enterprises. Our targeted portfolio companies are generally considered too small for the larger capital marketplace.

We invest by ourselves or jointly with other funds and/or management of the portfolio company, depending on the opportunity. In July 2012, the SEC granted us an exemptive order (the “Co-Investment Order”) that expanded our ability to co-invest, under certain circumstances, with certain of our affiliates, including Gladstone Capital Corporation and Gladstone Alternative Income Fund ("Gladstone Alternative") and any future BDC or closed-end management investment company that is advised (or sub-advised if it controls the fund) by the Adviser, or any combination of the foregoing, subject to the conditions in the Co-Investment Order. We believe the Co-Investment Order has enhanced and will continue to enhance our ability to further our investment objectives and strategies. If we are participating in an investment with one or more co-investors, whether or not an affiliate of ours, our investment is likely to be smaller than if we were investing alone.

We are externally managed by the Adviser, an investment adviser registered with the SEC and an affiliate of ours, pursuant to an investment advisory and management agreement (the “Advisory Agreement”). The Adviser manages our investment activities. We have also entered into an administration agreement with Gladstone Administration, LLC, an affiliate of ours and the Adviser, whereby we pay separately for administrative services.

Our shares of common stock, our 5.00% Notes due 2026 (“5.00% 2026 Notes”), our 4.875% Notes due 2028 ("4.875% 2028 Notes"), our 8.00% Notes due 2028 (“8.00% 2028 Notes”) and our 7.875% Notes due 2030 (“7.875% 2030 Notes”) are traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market (“Nasdaq”) under the trading symbols “GAIN,” “GAINN,” “GAINZ,” “GAINL,” and “GAINI,” respectively.

Business

Portfolio and Investment Activity

While the business environment remains competitive, we continue to see new investment opportunities consistent with our investment strategy of providing a combination of debt and equity in support of management and independent sponsor-led buyouts of Lower Middle Market companies in the U.S. During the nine months ended December 31, 2024, we invested in four new portfolio companies and exited two portfolio companies. From our initial public offering in June 2005 through December 31, 2024, we have invested in 62 companies, excluding investments in syndicated loans, for a total of approximately $2.0 billion, before giving effect to principal repayments and divestitures.

The majority of the debt securities in our portfolio have a success fee component, which enhances the yield on our debt investments. Unlike paid-in-kind (“PIK”) income, we generally do not recognize success fees as income until payment has been received. Due to the contingent nature of success fees, there are no guarantees that we will be able to collect any or all of these success fees or know the timing of any such collections. As a result, as of December 31, 2024, we had unrecognized, contractual success fees of $52.8 million, or $1.43 per common share. Consistent with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. (“GAAP”), we have not recognized success fee receivables and related income in our accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements until earned.

From inception through December 31, 2024, we exited our investments of 32 portfolio companies that we acquired under our buyout strategy (which excludes investments in syndicated loans). In the aggregate, these sales have generated $332.5 million in net realized gains and $42.0 million in other income upon exit, for a total increase to our net assets of $374.5 million. We believe, in aggregate, these transactions were equity-oriented investment successes and exemplify our investment strategy of striving to achieve returns through current income on the debt portion of our investments and capital gains from the equity portion. The 32 liquidity events have offset any realized losses since inception, which were primarily incurred during the 2008-2009 recession in connection with the sale of performing syndicated loans at a realized loss to pay off a former lender. The successful exits, in part, enabled us to increase the monthly distribution run rate by 100.0% from March 2011 through December 31, 2024, and allowed us to declare and pay 23 supplemental distributions to common stockholders from March 2012 through December 31, 2024.

Capital Raising

We have been able to meet our capital needs through extensions of and increases to the Fifth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated April 30, 2013, as amended from time to time (the “Credit Facility”), and by accessing the capital markets in the form of public offerings of unsecured notes, as well as common and preferred stock. We have successfully extended the Credit Facility’s revolving period multiple times, most recently to October 2026, and currently have a total commitment amount of $250.0 million (with a potential total commitment of $300.0 million through additional commitments from new or existing lenders). During the nine months ended December 31, 2024, we issued our 7.875% 2030 Notes for gross proceeds of $126.5 million and sold 148,714 shares of our common stock under our common stock "at-the-market" program ("2024 Common Stock ATM Program") for gross proceeds of approximately $2.0 million. During the year ended March 31, 2024, we issued the 8.00% 2028 Notes for gross proceeds of $74.8 million and sold 3,097,162 shares of our common stock under our common stock "at-the-market" program ("2022 Common Stock ATM Program") for gross proceeds of approximately $44.5 million. Refer to “Liquidity and Capital Resources — Revolving Line of Credit” for further discussion of the Credit Facility and to “Liquidity and Capital Resources — Equity — Common Stock” further discussion of our common stock.

Although we have been able to access the capital markets historically, market conditions may continue to affect the trading price of our common stock and thus our ability to finance new investments through the issuance of common equity. On December 31, 2024, the closing market price of our common stock was $13.25 per share, representing a 0.4% discount to our net asset value (“NAV”) of $13.30 per share as of December 31, 2024. When our common stock trades below NAV, our ability to issue additional equity is constrained by provisions of the 1940 Act, which generally prohibits the issuance and sale of our common stock at an issuance price below the then-current NAV per share without stockholder approval, other than through sales to our then-existing stockholders pursuant to a rights offering.

Regulatory Compliance

Our ability to seek external debt financing, to the extent that it is available under current market conditions, is further subject to the asset coverage limitations of the 1940 Act, which require us to have asset coverage (as defined in Sections 18 and 61 of the 1940 Act) of at least 150% on each of our senior securities representing indebtedness and our senior securities that are stock (such as our previously outstanding series of term preferred stock).

On April 10, 2018, our Board of Directors, including a “required majority” (as such term is defined in Section 57(o) of the 1940 Act) thereof, approved the modified asset coverage requirements set forth in Section 61(a)(2) of the 1940 Act. As a result, our asset coverage requirements for senior securities changed from 200% to 150%, effective as of April 10, 2019, one year after the date of the Board of Directors’ approval.

As of December 31, 2024, our asset coverage ratio on our senior securities representing indebtedness was 185.9%.

Investment Highlights

Investment Activity

During the nine months ended December 31, 2024, the following significant transactions occurred:

•In May 2024, our remaining shares in Funko Acquisition Holdings, LLC ("Funko") were sold, representing an exit of our investment in Funko, and resulting in a return of our equity cost basis of $21 thousand and a realized gain of $2 thousand.

•In July 2024, we invested an additional $18.5 million through secured first lien debt in Nocturne Luxury Villas, Inc. ("Nocturne") to fund an add-on acquisition.

•In September 2024, we exited our investment in Nth Degree Investment Group, LLC ("Nth Degree"), which resulted in success fee income of $0.1 million, a realized gain on our preferred equity of $42.3 million, and the repayment of our debt investment of $25.0 million.

•In November 2024, we invested $27.2 million in a new portfolio company, Pyrotek Special Effects, Inc. ("Pyrotek"), in the form of $20.1 million of secured first lien debt and $7.1 million of preferred equity. Pyrotek, headquartered in Ontario, Canada, is a leading provider of special effects services and solutions for the live entertainment industry.

•In December 2024, we invested $5.0 million in Gladstone Alternative, one of our affiliated funds, through common equity. Gladstone Alternative is a registered, non-diversified, closed-end management investment company that operates as an interval fund.

•In December 2024, we invested $71.3 million in a new portfolio company, Nielsen-Kellerman, Inc. ("Nielsen-Kellerman"), in the form of $49.1 million of secured first lien debt and $22.2 million of preferred equity. Nielsen-Kellerman, headquartered in Boothwyn, Pennsylvania, designs, manufactures, and distributes a wide range of rugged, waterproof environmental measurement and sports performance instruments.

•In December 2024, we invested $78.7 million in a new portfolio company, Ricardo Defense, Inc. ("Ricardo"), in the form of $61.3 million of secured first lien debt and $17.4 million of preferred equity. Ricardo, headquartered in Troy, Michigan, with operations in California, Texas and Alabama and overseas, develops engineering and product solutions for U.S. Army vehicle and logistics programs.

Distributions and Dividends

•In January 2025, our Board of Directors declared the following monthly cash distributions to common stockholders:

Investment Advisory Agreement

On January 24, 2025, the Company entered into a new investment advisory and management agreement (the “New Advisory Agreement”) with the Adviser. The New Advisory Agreement, which was approved by the Company’s stockholders at a stockholders’ meeting on January 4, 2024, was entered into as a result of a change of control of the Adviser pursuant to the previously disclosed voting trust agreement, among David Gladstone, Lorna Gladstone, Laura Gladstone, Kent Gladstone and Jessica Martin, each as a trustee and collectively, as the board of trustees of the voting trust, the Adviser and certain stockholders of the Adviser. There are no changes to the terms, including the fee structure and services to be provided, of the prior Advisory Agreement in the New Advisory Agreement, other than the date and term of the New Advisory Agreement as compared to the prior Advisory Agreement. The New Advisory Agreement and the Advisory Agreement are collectively referred to herein as the Advisory Agreement.

On February 10, 2025, we, through our wholly-owned subsidiary Gladstone Business Investment, LLC (“Business Investment”), entered into Amendment No. 10 to the Credit Facility with KeyBank National Association (“KeyBank”), as administrative agent, joint lead arranger and lender, Fifth Third Bank as managing agent, joint lead arranger and lender, the Adviser, as servicer, and certain other lenders party thereto. The Credit Facility was amended to increase the size from $200.0 million to $250.0 million and update certain existing terms. The Credit Facility continues to include customary terms, covenants, events of default and constraints on borrowing availability based on collateral tests for a credit facility of its size and nature.