Penumbra Inc

1. Organization and Description of Business

Penumbra, Inc. (the “Company”) is a global healthcare company focused on innovative therapies. The Company designs, develops, manufactures and markets novel products and has a broad portfolio that addresses challenging medical conditions in markets with significant unmet need. The Company focuses on developing, manufacturing and marketing novel products for use by specialist physicians and other healthcare providers to drive improved clinical and health outcomes. The Company believes that the cost-effectiveness of our products is attractive to our customers.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation and Consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”).

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and equity accounts; disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements; and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. On an ongoing basis, the Company evaluates its estimates, including those related to marketable investments, allowances for credit losses, standalone selling prices used to allocate revenue to performance obligations which are not directly observable, the amount of variable consideration included in the transaction price, warranty reserve, valuation of inventories, useful lives of intangible assets and property and equipment, operating and finance lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and liabilities, income taxes, contingent consideration, potential liabilities related to pending claims and litigation, and other contingencies, among others. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other data. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Segments

The Company determined its operating segment on the same basis that it uses to evaluate its performance internally. The Company hasone business activity: the design, development, manufacturing and marketing of innovative medical products, and operates asone operating segment. The Company’s chief operating decision-maker (“CODM”), its Chief Executive Officer, reviews its consolidated operating results for the purpose of allocating resources and evaluating financial performance. The Company’s entity-wide disclosures are included in Note “18. Revenues.”

Foreign Currency Translation

The Company’s consolidated financial statements are prepared in United States Dollars (“USD”). Its foreign subsidiaries use their local currency as their functional currency and maintain their records in the local currency. Accordingly, the assets and liabilities of these subsidiaries are translated into USD using the current exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date and equity accounts are translated into USD using historical rates. Revenues are translated using the exchange rate as of the date of transaction and expenses are translated using the average exchange rates in effect for the year involved. The resulting foreign currency translation adjustments are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in the consolidated balance sheets. Transactions denominated in currencies other than the respective functional currencies are translated at exchange rates as of the date of transaction with foreign currency gains and losses recorded in other expense, net in the consolidated statements of operations. The Company realized net foreign currency transaction gains of $1.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 and net foreign currency transaction losses of $3.2 million and $0.5 million during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

As the Company’s international operations grow, its risks associated with fluctuation in currency rates will become greater, and the Company will continue to reassess its approach to managing this risk. In addition, currency fluctuations or a weakening USD can increase the costs of the Company’s international expansion. To date, the Company has not entered into any foreign currency hedging contracts.

Concentration of Credit Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to a concentration of credit risk consist of cash and cash equivalents, marketable investments (as described in greater detail in this footnote under the header “Cash, Cash Equivalents and Marketable Investments” below) and accounts receivable. The majority of the Company’s cash is held byone financial institution in the U.S. in excess of federally insured limits. The Company maintained investments in money market funds that were not federally insured during the year ended December 31, 2023 and held cash in foreign entities of approximately $24.3 million and $14.8 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, which was not federally insured.

The Company’s revenue has been derived from sales of its products in the United States and international markets. The Company uses both its own salesforce and independent distributors to sell its products. Concentrations of credit risk with respect to accounts receivable are limited due to the large number of entities comprising the Company’s customer base. The Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of its customers, including its distributors, does not require collateral, and maintains allowances for potential credit losses on customer accounts when deemed necessary.

During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, no customer accounted for greater than 10% of the Company’s revenue. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, one customer accounted for greater than 10% of the Company’s receivable balance.

Significant Risks and Uncertainties

The Company is subject to risks common to medical device companies including, but not limited to, new technological innovations, dependence on key personnel, protection of proprietary technology, compliance with government regulations, product liability, uncertainty of market acceptance of products and the potential need to obtain additional financing. The Company is dependent on third-party suppliers, in some cases single-source suppliers.

There can be no assurance that the Company’s products will continue to be accepted in the marketplace, nor can there be any assurance that any future products can be developed or manufactured at an acceptable cost and with appropriate performance characteristics, or that such products will be successfully marketed, if at all.

The Company’s products require approval or clearance from the FDA prior to commencing commercial sales in the United States. There can be no assurance that the Company’s products will receive all of the required approvals or clearances. Approvals or clearances are also required in foreign jurisdictions in which the Company sells its products. If the Company is denied such approvals or clearances or such approvals or clearances are delayed, it may have a material adverse impact on the Company’s results of operations, financial position and liquidity.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Carrying amounts of certain of the Company’s financial instruments, including cash equivalents, accounts receivable, prepaid expenses and other current assets, accounts payable and accrued liabilities, approximate fair value due to their relatively short maturities.

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Marketable Investments

The Company invests its cash primarily in highly liquid corporate debt securities, debt instruments of U.S. federal, state and municipal governments, and their agencies, in money market funds and in commercial paper. All highly liquid investments with stated maturities of three months or less from the date of purchase are classified as cash equivalents; all highly liquid investments with stated maturities of greater than three months are classified as marketable investments. The majority of the Company’s cash and investments are held in U.S. banks.

The Company determines the appropriate classification of its investments in marketable investments at the time of purchase and re-evaluates such designation at each balance sheet date. The Company’s marketable investments have been classified and accounted for as available-for-sale. Investments with remaining maturities of more than one year are viewed by the Company as available to support current operations and are classified as current assets under the caption marketable investments in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Investments in marketable investments are carried at fair value, with the unrealized gains and losses reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Any realized gains or losses on the sale of marketable investments are determined on a specific identification method, and such gains and losses are reflected as a component of other income (expense), net.

Available-for-Sale Securities

The Company is exposed to credit losses through its investments in available-for-sale securities when the fair value of its investments is less than their amortized cost basis. The Company reviews each available-for-sale security in an unrealized position held in its portfolio to determine whether the decline in fair value below its amortized cost basis is the result of credit losses or other factors. An allowance for credit losses is to be recorded as a charge to net income in an amount equal to the difference between the impaired security’s amortized cost basis and the amount expected to be collected over the lifetime of security, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than its amortized cost basis. Any remaining difference between its amortized cost basis and fair value is deemed not to be due to expected credit losses and is recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). The Company’s review of its securities in an unrealized loss position considers several factors to determine if an expected credit loss is present including the discounted present value of expected cash flows of the security, the capacity to hold a security or sell a security before recovery of the decline in amortized cost, the credit rating of the security and forecasted and historical factors that affect the value of the security.

During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company reviewed its available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position and concluded that the decline in fair value was not related to credit losses and is recoverable. Accordingly, no allowance for credit losses was recorded and instead the unrealized losses are reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).

Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable are measured at amortized cost less the allowance for credit losses. The Company measures expected credit losses for its accounts receivables utilizing a loss-rate approach. The allowance for expected credit losses assessment requires a degree of estimation and judgement. The expected loss-rate is calculated by utilizing historical credit losses incurred as a percentage of the Company’s historical accounts receivable balances, pooled by customers with similar geographic credit risk characteristics. The loss-rate is adjusted for management’s expectations regarding current conditions and forecasts about future conditions which impact expected credit losses. The Company considers factors such as customers credit risk, geographic related risks and economic conditions that may affect a customer’s credit quality classification.

Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost (determined under the first-in first-out method) or net realizable value. Write-downs are provided for raw materials, components or finished goods that are determined to be excessive or obsolete. The Company regularly reviews inventory quantities in consideration of actual loss experience, projected future demand and remaining shelf life to record a provision for excess and obsolete inventory when appropriate. As a result of these evaluations, the Company recognized total write-offs and write-downs of $6.2 million, $3.4 million, and $2.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Property and Equipment, net

Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Leasehold improvements are amortized using the straight-line method over the shorter of the lease term or estimated useful life. Machinery and equipment and furniture and fixtures are depreciated over afive toten year period and computers and software are depreciated overtwo toseven years. Upon retirement or sale, the cost and the related accumulated depreciation are removed from the consolidated balance sheet and the resulting gain or loss is reflected in operations. Maintenance and repairs are charged to consolidated statements of operations as incurred.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

The Company reviews long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. When such an event occurs, management determines whether there has been impairment by comparing the anticipated undiscounted future net cash flows to the related asset group’s carrying value. If an asset is considered impaired, the asset is written down to fair value, which is determined based either on discounted cash flows or appraised value, depending on the nature of the asset. There wasno impairment of long-lived assets during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 or 2021.

Contingent Consideration

Certain agreements the Company enters into involve the potential payment of future consideration that is contingent upon certain performance and revenue milestones being achieved. Contingent consideration obligations incurred in connection with a business combination are recorded at their fair values on the acquisition date and remeasured at their fair values each subsequent reporting period until the related contingencies are resolved. The resulting changes in fair values are recognized generally within sales, general and administrative expense, depending on the nature of the contingent consideration liability, in the consolidated statements of operations. Asset acquisitions are accounted for using a cost accumulation and allocation model and the cost of the acquisition is allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Contingent consideration obligations incurred in connection with an asset acquisition are recorded when it is probable that they will occur and they can be reasonably estimated.

Loss Contingencies

The Company is subject to certain legal proceedings, as well as demands, claims and threatened litigation that arise in the normal course of its business. The Company reviews the status of each significant matter quarterly and assesses its potential financial exposure. If the potential loss from a claim or legal proceeding is considered probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated, the Company records a liability and an expense for the estimated loss and discloses it in the Company’s financial statements if it is significant. If the Company determines that a loss is possible and the range of the loss can be reasonably determined, the Company does not record a liability or an expense but the Company discloses the range of the possible loss. The Company bases its judgments on the best information available at the time. As additional information becomes available, the Company reassesses the potential liability related to its pending claims and litigation and may revise its estimates. Any revision of the Company’s estimates of potential liability could have a material impact on its financial position and operating results.

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets primarily consist of developed technology, purchased rights to licensed technology, customer relationships, and trade secrets and processes.

Indefinite-lived intangible assets are tested for impairment at least annually, in the fourth quarter, or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate that it is more likely than not that the asset is impaired. In conducting the annual impairment test for its indefinite-lived intangible assets, the Company may first perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not (i.e. greater than 50% likelihood) that an indefinite-lived intangible asset is impaired. In accordance with the authoritative guidance, the Company may elect to bypass the qualitative assessment and proceed directly to the quantitative test to compare the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset to the carrying amount. If the fair value of the asset is less than the carrying amount, an impairment loss would be recognized in an amount equal to the difference between the carrying amount and the fair value.

The fair value of in-process research and development asset (“IPR&D”) projects acquired in a business combination are capitalized and accounted for as indefinite-lived intangible assets until the underlying project is completed, at which point the intangible asset will be accounted for as a finite-lived intangible asset. If a project is abandoned prior to completion, the carrying value of the IPR&D asset is written off. IPR&D acquired in an asset acquisition for use in research and development activities with no alternative future use are expensed in the consolidated statements of operations on the acquisition date.

Finite-lived intangible assets are amortized over the estimated economic useful lives of the assets, which is the period during which expected cash flows support the fair value of such intangible assets. The Company reviews finite-lived intangible assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets or asset group may not be recoverable. If such an event occurs, the Company determines whether there has been impairment by comparing the anticipated undiscounted future net cash flows to the related asset group’s carrying value. If an asset is considered impaired, the asset will be written down to the determined fair value based on discounted cash flows. The Company also periodically reviews the useful lives assigned to our intangible assets to ensure that our initial estimates do not exceed any revised estimated periods from which we expect to realize cash flows from the underlying intangible asset. If a change were to occur in any of the above-mentioned factors or estimates, the likelihood of a material change in our reported results would increase.

Refer to Notes “5. Business Combinations,” “6. Asset Acquisition” and “7. Intangible Assets” for more information.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price of an acquired business or assets over the fair value of the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Goodwill is not amortized, but is tested for impairment annually in the fourth quarter, or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate the carrying value may no longer be recoverable and that an impairment loss may have occurred. The Company operates asone segment, which is considered to be the sole reporting unit, and therefore goodwill is tested for impairment at the consolidated level.

The authoritative guidance allows an entity to assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is necessary to perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test. If an entity determines that as a result of the qualitative assessment that it is more likely than not (i.e. greater than 50% likelihood) that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then the quantitative test is required. Otherwise, no further testing is required. The quantitative goodwill impairment test requires the Company to estimate and compare the fair value of its reporting unit with its carrying value.

Application of the goodwill impairment test requires judgments, including: identification of the reporting units, assigning goodwill to reporting units, a qualitative assessment to determine whether there are any impairment indicators, and determining the fair value of each reporting unit. Qualitative factors may include, but are not limited to, macroeconomic conditions, industry conditions, the competitive environment, changes in the market for the Company’s products and services, regulatory and political developments, cost factors, and entity specific factors such as strategies, overall financial performance (both current and projected) and market capitalization. In the fourth quarter of 2023 and 2022, the Company performed qualitative assessments for goodwill impairment and determined there were no indicators of impairment. Refer to Note “5. Business Combinations” and Note “8. Goodwill” for more information.

Revenue is primarily comprised of product revenue net of returns, discounts, administration fees and sales rebates. Under ASC 606, the Company recognizes revenue when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to our customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. Revenue from product sales is recognized either on the date of shipment or the date of receipt by the customer, but is deferred for certain transactions when control has not yet transferred. With respect to products that the Company consigns to hospitals, which primarily consist of coils, the Company recognizes revenue at the time hospitals utilize products in a procedure.

Certain arrangements with customers contain multiple performance obligations. For these contracts, each promise is evaluated to determine if it is a performance obligation. The Company considers a number of factors when determining whether a promise is a contractual performance obligation, including whether the customer can benefit from the good or service on its own or together with other resources that are readily available to the customer or whether the goods or services are highly interdependent. Revenue is allocated to each performance obligation based on its relative standalone selling price. Standalone selling prices are based on observable prices at which the Company separately sells the products or services. If a standalone selling price is not directly observable, then the Company estimates the standalone selling prices considering entity-specific factors including, but not limited to, the expected cost and margin of the products and services, geographies, and other market conditions. The use of alternative estimates could result in a different amount of revenue deferral.

Deferred revenue represents amounts that the Company has already invoiced and are ultimately expected to be recognized as revenue, but for which not all revenue recognition criteria have been met. As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Refer to Note “18. Revenues” for more information about the Company's revenue.

Revenue is recorded at the net sales price, which includes estimates of variable consideration such as product returns utilizing historical return rates, rebates, discounts, and other adjustments to net revenue. To the extent the transaction price includes variable consideration, the Company estimates the amount of variable consideration that should be included in the transaction price. Variable consideration is included in revenue only to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal of the revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved.

The Company’s terms and conditions permit product returns and exchanges. The Company bases its estimates for sales returns on actual historical returns and they are recorded as reductions in revenue at the time of sale. Upon recognition, the Company reduces revenue and cost of revenue for the estimated return. Return rates can fluctuate over time, but are sufficiently predictable to allow the Company to estimate expected future product returns.

For more information and disclosures on the Company’s revenue, refer to Note “18. Revenues.”

Shipping Costs

Shipping and handling costs charged to customers are recorded as revenue. Shipping and handling costs are included in cost of revenue.

Research and Development (“R&D”) Costs

R&D costs primarily consist of product development, clinical and regulatory expenses, materials, depreciation and other costs associated with the development of the Company’s products. R&D costs also include related personnel and consultants’ salaries, benefits and related costs, including stock-based compensation. The Company expenses R&D costs as they are incurred.

The Company’s clinical trial accruals are based on estimates of patient enrollment and related costs at clinical investigator sites. The Company estimates preclinical and clinical trial expenses based on the services performed pursuant to contracts with research institutions and clinical research organizations that conduct and manage preclinical studies and clinical trials on its behalf. In accruing service fees, the Company estimates the time period over which services will be performed and the level of patient enrollment and activity expended in each period. If the actual timing of the performance of services or the level of effort varies from the estimate, the Company will adjust the accrual accordingly. Payments made to third parties under these arrangements in advance of the receipt of the related services are recorded as prepaid expenses until the services are rendered.

Internal Use Software

The Company capitalizes certain costs incurred for the development of computer software for internal use. These costs generally relate to third-party software as well as the internal development of software associated with our REAL Immersive System offerings. The Company capitalizes these costs when it is determined that it is probable that the project will be completed and the software will be used to perform the function intended, and the preliminary project stage is completed. Capitalized internal use software development costs are included in Property and equipment, net within the consolidated balance sheets.

Capitalized internal use software is amortized on a straight-line basis over its estimated useful life. For software that supports our REAL Immersive System, the amortization expense is recorded in cost of revenue within the consolidated statements of operations. Costs related to the preliminary project stage, post-implementation, training and maintenance are expensed as incurred.

Cloud Computing Arrangements

The Company capitalizes certain implementation costs incurred in agreements that qualify as cloud computing arrangements. The cost expenditures for implementation, set-up, and other upfront costs incurred in a cloud computing arrangement that is hosted by the vendor are capitalized and are recorded in prepaid expenses and other current assets and other non-current assets in our consolidated balance sheets. Such costs are amortized over the life of the related cloud computing arrangement.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, approximately $4.6 million and $4.6 million, associated with these arrangements are included in prepaids and other current assets in our consolidated balance sheets, respectively, while approximately $0.9 million and $5.1 million are included in other non-current assets in our consolidated balance sheets, respectively.

Advertising Costs

Advertising costs are included in sales, general and administrative expenses and are expensed as incurred. Advertising costs were $1.2 million, $1.1 million and $1.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-based compensation expense is associated with restricted stock units (“RSUs”), RSUs with performance conditions (“PSUs”), stock options, and the Company’s Employee Stock Purchase Plan.

The Company recognizes the cost of stock-based compensation in the financial statements based upon fair value. The fair value of restricted stock unit (“RSU”) awards is determined based on the number of units granted and the closing price of the Company’s common stock as of the grant date. The fair value of each purchase under the Company’s employee stock purchase plan (“ESPP”) is estimated at the beginning of the offering period using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The fair value of stock options is determined as of the grant date using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The Company’s determination of the fair value of equity-settled awards is impacted by the price of the Company’s common stock as well as changes in assumptions regarding a number of complex and subjective variables. These variables include, but are not limited to, the expected term that awards will remain outstanding, expected common stock price volatility over the term of the awards, risk-free interest rates and expected dividends.

The fair value of an award is recognized over the requisite service period (usually the vesting period) on a straight-line basis for non-performance based awards. Stock-based compensation expense recognized at fair value includes the impact of estimated forfeitures. The Company estimates future forfeitures at the date of grant and revises the estimates, if necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates. To the extent actual forfeiture results differ from the estimates, the difference is recorded as a cumulative adjustment in the period forfeiture estimates are revised. No compensation cost is recorded for awards that do not vest.

The Company grants certain PSUs to senior management for which vesting is contingent on the achievement of financial performance targets and continued service. The number of shares awarded is based on the actual performance during the performance period compared to the performance targets and the closing price of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant. Additionally, from time to time the Company grants PSUs to sales employees for which vesting is contingent on the achievement of sales performance targets and continued service. Certain PSUs granted to sales employees have a fixed monetary amount, that will be settled in a variable number of shares and are accounted for as liability-classified awards prior to the number of shares being determined and issued. Once the number of shares are determined and the awards are issued, the awards become equity-classified and the corresponding liability is reclassified from accrued liabilities to additional paid-in capital on the consolidated balance sheets.

When the performance targets are probable of being achieved, stock-based compensation costs associated with PSUs are recognized on a graded vesting basis over its requisite service period. Graded vesting results in more accelerated expense recognition compared to traditional time-based vesting over the same vesting period. Each reporting period, the Company monitors the probability of achieving the performance targets and may adjust periodic stock-based compensation expense based on its determination of the likelihood of achieving these performance targets and the estimated number of shares or value of common stock that will vest.

The Company accounts for stock-based compensation issued to non-employees by recognizing the fair value of non-employee awards over the requisite service period (usually the vesting period) on a straight-line basis. Therefore, equity instruments issued to non-employees are recorded at their fair value on the grant date in the same manner as employee awards. The fair value of these equity instruments is expensed over the service period.

Estimates of the fair value of equity-settled awards as of the grant date using valuation models, such as the Black-Scholes option pricing model, are affected by assumptions regarding a number of complex variables. Changes in the assumptions can materially affect the fair value of the award and ultimately how much stock-based compensation expense is recognized. These inputs are subjective and generally require significant analysis and judgment to develop. For stock options, the Company uses its historical data to calculate the expected term and volatility used in the valuation of options. The risk-free interest rate is based on the yield available on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues similar in duration to the expected term of the equity-settled award.

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method, whereby deferred tax asset (“DTA”) and liability account balances are determined based on differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities, and are measured using the enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. The Company provides a valuation allowance to reduce the net DTAs to their estimated realizable value. The Company evaluates the likelihood of future realization of its deferred tax assets based on all available evidence and establishes a valuation allowance to reduce deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that they will not be realized or releases a valuation allowance to increase deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that they will be realized.

The calculation of the Company’s current provision for income taxes involves the use of estimates, assumptions and judgments while taking into account current tax laws, interpretation of current tax laws and possible outcomes of future tax audits. The Company has established reserves to address potential exposures related to tax positions that could be challenged by tax authorities. Although the Company believes its estimates, assumptions and judgments to be reasonable, any changes in tax law or its interpretation of tax laws and the resolutions of potential tax audits could significantly impact the amounts provided for income taxes in the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

The calculation of the Company’s DTA balance involves the use of estimates, assumptions and judgments while taking into account estimates of the amounts and type of future taxable income. Actual future operating results and the underlying amount and type of income could differ materially from the Company’s estimates, assumptions and judgments thereby impacting the Company’s financial position and results of operations.

The Company follows the guidance relating to accounting for uncertainty in income taxes, which prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken in the Company’s income tax return, and also provides guidance on derecognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods and disclosure.

The Company includes interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits within income tax expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Comprehensive income (loss) consists of net income (loss), unrealized gains or losses on available-for-sale investments and the effects of foreign currency translation adjustments. The Company presents comprehensive income (loss) and its components in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss).

Net Income (Loss) Per Share of Common Stock

The Company’s basic net income (loss) attributable to Penumbra, Inc. per share is calculated by dividing the net income (loss) attributable to Penumbra, Inc. per share by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period. The diluted net income (loss) per share attributable to Penumbra, Inc. is computed by giving effect to all potential dilutive common stock equivalents outstanding for the period. For purposes of this calculation, potentially dilutive securities consist primarily of stock options, share purchase rights under the ESPP, unvested RSUs, and unvested PSUs once the performance conditions have been achieved.

Leases

The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. In addition, the Company determines whether leases meet the classification criteria of a finance or operating lease at the lease commencement date considering: (1) whether the lease transfers ownership of the underlying asset to the lessee at the end of the lease term, (2) whether the lease contains a bargain purchase option, (3) whether the lease term is for a major part of the remaining economic life of the underlying asset, (4) whether the present value of the sum of the lease payments and residual value guaranteed by the lessee equals or exceeds substantially all of the fair value of the underlying asset, and (5) whether the underlying asset is of such a specialized nature that it is expected to have no alternative use to the lessor at the end of the lease term. As of December 31, 2023, the Company's lease population consisted of operating and finance real estate, equipment and vehicle leases.

Operating leases are included in operating lease right-of-use assets, current operating lease liabilities, and non-current operating lease liabilities in our consolidated balance sheet. Finance leases are included in finance lease right-of-use assets, current finance lease liabilities, and non-current finance lease liabilities in our consolidated balance sheet. ROU assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. In determining the present value of lease payments, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate which requires management’s judgement as the rate implicit in the lease is generally not readily determinable. The determination of the Company’s incremental borrowing rate requires management judgment, including the development of a synthetic credit rating and cost of debt as the Company currently does not carry any debt. The operating lease ROU assets also include adjustments for prepayments, accrued lease payments and exclude lease incentives. The Company’s lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise such options. Operating lease cost is recognized on a straight-line basis over the expected lease term. Finance lease cost is recognized as depreciation expense on a straight-line basis over the expected lease term and interest expense using the accelerated interest method of recognition. Lease agreements that include lease and non-lease components are accounted for as a single lease component. Lease agreements with a non-cancelable term of less than 12 months are not recorded on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. For more information about the Company’s leases, refer to Note “10. Leases.”

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes— Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. The standard enhances annual income tax disclosures, by requiring additional disaggregated information about an entity’s effective tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. The ASU adds guidance that requires public business entities to disclose additional information in specified categories with respect to the reconciliation of the effective tax rate to the statutory rate (the rate reconciliation) for federal, state, and foreign income taxes. It also requires greater detail about individual reconciling items in the rate reconciliation to the extent the impact of those items exceeds a specified threshold (5%). In addition to new disclosures associated with the rate reconciliation, the ASU requires information pertaining to taxes paid (net of refunds received) to be disaggregated for federal, state, and foreign taxes and further disaggregated for specific jurisdictions to the extent the related amounts exceed the quantitative threshold. For public business entities, the amendments in ASU 2023-09 are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted for annual financial statements not yet issued or made available for issuance. The Company is assessing the impact the new guidance will have on its consolidated financial statements and does not elect to early adopt as of December 31, 2023.

In November 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. The ASU expands public entities’ segment disclosures by requiring disclosure of significant segment expenses that are regularly reviewed by the CODM and included within each reported measure of segment profit or loss, an amount and description of its composition for other segment items, and interim disclosures of a reportable segment’s profit or loss and assets. The ASU also allows, in addition to the measure that is most consistent with U.S. GAAP, the disclosure of additional measures of segment profit or loss that are used by the CODM in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources. All disclosure requirements under ASU 2023-07 are also required for public entities with a single reportable segment. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, on a retrospective basis, with early adoption permitted. The Company is assessing the impact the new guidance will have on its consolidated financial statements and does not elect to early adopt as of December 31, 2023.

3. Investments and Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Marketable Investments

The Company’s marketable investments have been classified and accounted for as available-for-sale. The Company’s marketable investments as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows (in thousands):

As of December 31, 2023, the total amortized cost basis of the Company’s available-for-sale debt securities in an unrealized loss position exceeded its fair value by $0.6 million. The Company reviewed its available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position and concluded that the decline in fair value was not related to credit losses and is recoverable. During the year ended December 31, 2023, no allowance for credit losses was recorded and instead the unrealized losses are reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).

The following tables present the gross unrealized losses and the fair value for those marketable investments that were in an unrealized loss position for less than and more than twelve months as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

The contractual maturities of the Company’s marketable investments as of December 31, 2023 were as follows (in thousands):

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the reporting date. The accounting guidance establishes a three-tiered hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in the valuation methodologies in measuring fair value:

Level 1 - Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2 - Inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

Level 3 - Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

The categorization of a financial instrument within the valuation hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

The Company classifies its cash equivalents and marketable investments within Level 1 and Level 2, as it uses quoted market prices or alternative pricing sources and models utilizing market observable inputs.

The Company determined the fair value of its Level 1 financial instruments, which are traded in active markets, using quoted market prices for identical instruments.

Marketable investments classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy are valued based on other observable inputs, including broker or dealer quotations or alternative pricing sources. When quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities are not available, the Company relies on non-binding quotes from its investment managers, which are based on proprietary valuation models of independent pricing services. These models generally use inputs such as observable market data, quoted market prices for similar instruments, historical pricing trends of a security as relative to its peers. To validate the fair value determination provided by its investment managers, the Company reviews the pricing movement in the context of overall market trends and trading information from its investment managers. In addition, the Company assesses the inputs and methods used in determining the fair value in order to determine the classification of securities in the fair value hierarchy.

The Company did not hold any Level 3 marketable investments as of December 31, 2023 or December 31, 2022. Additionally, the Company did not have any financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

The following tables set forth the Company’s financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value by level within the fair value hierarchy (in thousands):

4. Balance Sheet Components

Accounts Receivable, Net

The Company’s allowance for credit losses related to accounts receivable balances was comprised of the following (in thousands):

Inventories

The components of inventories consisted of the following (in thousands):

Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment, net consisted of the following (in thousands):

Depreciation and amortization expense, excluding intangible assets and software, was $11.4 million, $9.8 million and $9.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Software amortization expense was $2.3 million, $1.7 million and $1.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The Company had accumulated software amortization of $7.9 million and $6.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Accrued Liabilities

The following table shows the components of accrued liabilities as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

The following table shows the changes in the Company’s estimated product warranty accrual, included in accrued liabilities, as of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):

5. Business Combinations

Acquisition of Sixense Enterprises Inc.

Transaction Overview

On October 1, 2021 (the “Sixense Acquisition Closing Date”), the Company closed the acquisition of Sixense Enterprises Inc. (“Sixense”) pursuant to the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated September 17, 2021 (the “Merger Agreement”), among the Company, Sixense, Seychelles Merger Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, and a stockholders’ agent (the “Merger”). Sixense, a privately held company, specializes in enterprise use of virtual reality hardware and software and has been an integral partner on the development of the Company’s REAL Immersive System portfolio. The Merger allows the Company to streamline its efforts and collaborate more closely on its Immersive healthcare offerings.

The Company and Sixense formed a joint venture, MVI Health Inc. (“MVI”), in 2017 for the purpose of exploring healthcare applications of virtual reality technology. At the time of MVI’s formation, the Company contributed cash and in-kind services to MVI and Sixense contributed an exclusive license to use its technology for healthcare applications, each for a 50% equity interest in MVI. In 2018, the Company acquired 40% of the outstanding shares of MVI from Sixense and consolidated the financial results of MVI into the accompanying consolidated financial statements, with the amounts attributable to the non-controlling interest classified separately. As of the Sixense Acquisition Closing Date, the Company and Sixense owned a 90% and 10% equity interest in MVI, respectively.

As a result of the Merger, Sixense became a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company and the Company acquired, among other things, the remaining 10% equity interest in MVI held by Sixense.

The Company accounted for the acquired assets and liabilities assumed from Sixense in accordance with ASC 805, Business Combinations (“ASC 805”) and for its changes in ownership interest in MVI as an equity transaction in accordance with ASC 810, Consolidation (“ASC 810”). The carrying amount of the noncontrolling interest was adjusted tozero, and the difference between the acquisition date fair value of the equity interest acquired of $4.2 million and its carrying amount of ($6.2) million was recognized within additional paid in capital.

Fair Value of Consideration Transferred

The following table summarizes the Sixense Acquisition Closing Date fair value of the consideration transferred (in thousands):

(1) The fair value of the 661,877 shares of common stock issued as part of consideration transferred was determined based on the acquisition date closing market price of the Company’s common stock of $263.09.

(2) Per ASC 805, the replacement of stock options or other share-based payment awards in conjunction with a business combination represents a modification of share-based payment awards that must be accounted for in accordance with ASC 718, Compensation - Stock Compensation (“ASC 718”). As a result of the Company’s obligation to issue replacement awards, a portion of the fair-value-based measure of replacement awards is included in measuring the purchase consideration transferred in the business combination. To determine the portion of the replacement awards that is part of the purchase consideration, the Company measured the fair value of both the replacement awards and the historical awards as of the Sixense Acquisition Closing Date, in accordance with ASC 718. The fair value of the replacement awards, whether vested or unvested, was included in the purchase consideration to the extent that pre-acquisition services had been rendered. The fair value of replacement stock options assumed for which pre-acquisition services were rendered of $80.7 million was allocated to the purchase consideration and $25.8 million was recognized immediately in the post-combination financial statements as pre-acquisition services were not rendered but the vesting of all stock options was accelerated in connection with the Merger. Refer to Note “12. Stockholders’ Equity” for more information.

(3) In the connection with the Merger, the Company effectively settled pre-existing liabilities due to or on behalf of Sixense.

Fair Value of Consideration Transferred

The purchase price measurement period was closed as of September 30, 2022. The following table presents the allocation of the purchase price, reflecting immaterial measurement period adjustments recorded during the three months ended September 30, 2022 (in thousands):

The intangible assets acquired and the fair value of the privately-held subsidiary stock indirectly acquired are Level 3 fair value measurements for which fair value is derived from valuations using inputs that are unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement.

The value of the intangible assets was determined based on the replacement cost method, assuming the highest and best use by a market participant which was determined to be a company outside of the healthcare industry due to the intangibles acquired relating to non-healthcare applications. This is due to Sixense having previously licensed the healthcare rights prior to the acquisition to MVI. Since there were no standalone forecasts available due to the early stage of the non-healthcare business, the Company determined the cost approach provides the most reasonable approach to determine fair value of the intangible assets. The fair value of the intangible assets acquired was based on the following significant inputs: (i) total cost and time to reconstruct a substitute asset of comparable utility adjusted for any obsolescence; (ii) a developer’s expected profit margin; and (iii) the opportunity cost lost over the period to reconstruct the substitute asset.

The acquired in-process research and development (“IPR&D”) intangible asset is accounted for as an indefinite-lived asset until the completion or abandonment of the associated research and development effort. If the research and development effort associated with the IPR&D is successfully completed and commercial feasibility is reached, then the IPR&D intangible asset will be amortized over its estimated useful life to be determined at the date the effort is completed. During the three months ended September 30, 2022, the Company reclassified the $20.8 million IPR&D asset from the Sixense acquisition to a finite-lived developed technology intangible asset upon the completion of the IPR&D project and began amortizing the intangible asset over its useful life of 8.8 years. Refer to Note “7. Intangible Assets” for more information.

The finite lived developed technology intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over their assigned estimated useful lives. The acquired intangible assets will not be amortized for tax purposes. As a result, a $19.4 million deferred tax liability was recorded as of December 31, 2021.

The goodwill arising from the Sixense acquisition is primarily attributed to the assembled workforce and expected synergies from future growth, which does not qualify for separate recognition as an identifiable intangible asset. Goodwill will not be deductible for tax purposes.

The fair value of the noncontrolling interest of $4.2 million was valued using the income approach and an option pricing model. The fair value of the noncontrolling interest was based on the following significant inputs: (i) the amount and timing of projected future cash flows; (ii) the discount rate used to discount those cash flows to present value; and (iii) the discount for lack of marketability.

The amount of Sixense’s net revenue and net loss included in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations was not material for the year ended December 31, 2021.

The following table presents certain unaudited pro forma information, for illustrative purposes only, for the year ended December 31, 2021, as if Sixense had been acquired on January 1, 2021 (“Pro Forma Closing Date”). The unaudited estimated pro forma information combines the historical results of Sixense with the Company’s consolidated historical results and includes the following pro forma adjustments for the respective periods, net of tax effects: (i) the elimination of pre-acquisition transactions between Sixense and the Company; (ii) the reclassification of MVI’s losses historically presented in “Net loss attributable to non-controlling interest” to “Net loss attributable to Penumbra, Inc.,” (iii) adjustments to reflect the immediately recognized stock-based compensation expense related to the fair value of fully vested replacement stock options outstanding but for which services had not been rendered as of the Pro Forma Closing Date; and (iv) intangible asset amortization. Additionally, transaction costs incurred are assumed to have occurred on the Pro Forma Closing Date.

The pro forma information may not be indicative of what would have occurred had the acquisition taken place on January 1, 2021, and may not be indicative of the Company’s future consolidated results. Additionally, the pro forma financial information does not include the impact of possible business model changes and does not reflect the impact of synergies or business integration costs. The unaudited pro forma information is presented below (unaudited, in thousands):

6. Asset Acquisition

On September 29, 2023 (the “Asset Acquisition Closing Date”), the Company acquired IPR&D in an asset acquisition. IPR&D acquired in an asset acquisition is recorded using the cost accumulation model and is immediately expensed if there is no alternative future use at the time of acquisition. On the Asset Acquisition Closing Date, the Company recorded an $18.2 million charge to acquired IPR&D expense in the consolidated statements of operations as the IPR&D had no alternative future use.

The total consideration transferred was allocated to the non-monetary assets acquired and liabilities assumed using the cost accumulation model based on their relative fair value. The following table summarizes the Asset Acquisition Closing Date fair value of the consideration transferred (in thousands):

(1)The fair value of the 71,211 shares of common stock issued as part of consideration transferred was determined based on the Asset Acquisition Closing Date market price of the Company’s common stock of $241.91.

(2)Transaction costs and other pre-existing liabilities paid on behalf of the acquiree as part of the consideration transferred for the IPR&D are presented in the investing activities section of the consolidated statements of cash flows.

7. Intangible Assets

The following table presents details of the Company’s acquired intangible assets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands, except weighted-average amortization period):

The gross carrying amount and accumulated amortization of the customer relationships and other intangible assets are subject to foreign currency translation effects. The Company’s $5.3 million trade secrets and processes intangible asset was recognized in connection with a royalty buyout agreement in 2018.

The Company reviews indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment annually during the fourth quarter or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate that an impairment loss may have occurred. During the three months ended September 30, 2022, the Company reclassified a $20.8 million IPR&D asset from the Sixense acquisition to a finite-lived developed technology intangible asset upon the completion of the IPR&D project and began amortizing the intangible asset over its useful life of 8.8 years. Prior to reclassifying the IPR&D asset to a finite-lived intangible asset during the three months ended September 30, 2022, the Company performed an impairment analysis and determined that the IPR&D asset was not impaired.

The following table presents the amortization recorded related to the Company’s finite-lived intangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):

As of December 31, 2023, expected amortization expense for the unamortized acquired intangible assets for the next five years and thereafter is as follows (in thousands):

8. Goodwill

The following table presents the changes in goodwill during the year ended December 31, 2023 (in thousands):

Goodwill Impairment Review

The Company reviews goodwill for impairment annually during the fourth quarter, or more frequently if events or circumstances indicate that an impairment loss may have occurred. During the fourth quarter of 2023 and 2022, the Company reviewed goodwill for impairment andno impairment was identified.

9. Indebtedness

Credit Agreement

On April 24, 2020, the Company entered into a Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent and lender, and Bank of America, N.A. and Citibank, N.A. as lenders. The Credit Agreement was secured and provided for up to $100 million in available revolving borrowing capacity with an option, subject to certain conditions, for the Company to increase the aggregate borrowing capacity to up to $150 million, and originally matured on April 23, 2021. During the three months ended March 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023, the Credit Agreement was amended to extend the maturity date and make other changes to the terms of the Credit Agreement. The Credit agreement matured on February 16, 2024 and was not renewed.

The Credit Agreement required the Company to maintain a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio and to not exceed a maximum leverage ratio. As of December 31, 2023, the Company was in compliance with these requirements. As of December 31, 2023, there wereno borrowings outstanding under the Credit Agreement.

10. Leases

As of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company’s contracts that contained a lease consisted of real estate, equipment and vehicle leases.

The Company leases real estate for office and warehouse space under non-cancelable operating and finance leases that expire at various dates through 2036, subject to the Company’s option to renew certain leases for an additional five tofifteen years. The Company also leases other equipment and vehicles primarily under non-cancelable operating and finance leases that expire at various dates through 2028.

The following table presents the components of the Company’s lease cost, lease term and discount rate during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands, except years and percentages):

(1)Variable lease costs represent payments that are dependent on usage, a rate or index. Variable lease cost primarily relates to common area maintenance charges for its real estate leases as the Company does not separate lease from non-lease components.

In the second quarter of 2021, thefifteen-year term 1310 Harbor Bay Lease commenced once the building was made ready and available for its intended use. The Company determined that the 1310 Harbor Bay lease is a non-cancelable operating lease which will expire in 2036.

During the third quarter of 2021, we signed a lease for approximately thirteen years for additional space located at 620 Roseville Parkway, Roseville, California. Per the terms of the lease, improvements will be constructed and permanently affixed to the property in two phases. Phase 1 of the 620 Roseville Parkway Lease commenced once the Phase 1 premises were made ready and available for their intended use, which occurred during the first quarter of 2022. As of December 31, 2023, the lease for the Phase 2 premises has not commenced as the improvements to the premises have not been completed nor has it been made ready and available for its intended use. Per the terms of the lease, the Company anticipates that the lease will commence for the Phase 2 premises no later than the second quarter of 2025. The Company determined that the 620 Roseville Parkway Lease is a non-cancelable operating lease which will expire in 2035.

During the year ending December 31, 2022, additional office space was made available for the Company’s use at its headquarters and certain existing property leases were modified. During the year ending December 31, 2023, additional office space was made available for the Company’s use at its headquarters. This resulted in an increase of operating right-of-use (“ROU”) assets in exchange for operating leases liabilities in both years.

The following table is a schedule, by years, of maturities of the Company's operating and finance lease liabilities as of December 31, 2023 (in thousands):

(1)The table above excludes the estimated future minimum lease payments of Phase 2 of the 620 Roseville Parkway Lease due to uncertainty around when Phase 2 lease will commence and payments will be due. The total estimated lease payments of the Phase 2 lease is approximately $10.3 million.

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 are as follows (in thousands):

11. Commitments and Contingencies

Purchase Commitments

As of December 31, 2023, the Company had non-cancelable purchase obligations of $25.1 million, which primarily consisted of contracts with suppliers to purchase raw materials to be used to manufacture products, of which $12.2 million were due within one year.

Royalty Obligations

In March 2005, the Company entered into a license agreement that requires the Company to make minimum royalty payments to the licensor on a quarterly basis. As of December 31, 2018, the license agreement required minimum annual royalty payments of $0.1 million in equal quarterly installments. In July 2019, the Company amended the license agreement to extend its term for an additionalten years and to increase the required minimum annual royalty payments by $0.2 million for a required minimum annual royalty payment of $0.3 million payable in equal quarterly installments. Unless terminated earlier, the term of the amended license agreement shall expire June 30, 2029.

Royalty expense included in cost of sales for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $2.6 million, $2.5 million and $2.3 million, respectively.

Contingencies

From time to time, the Company may have certain contingent liabilities that arise in the ordinary course of business. The Company accrues a liability for such matters when it is probable that future expenditures will be made and such expenditures can be reasonably estimated.

Indemnification

The Company enters into standard indemnification arrangements in the ordinary course of business. In many such arrangements, the Company agrees to indemnify, hold harmless, and reimburse the indemnified parties for losses suffered or incurred by the indemnified parties in connection with any trade secret, copyright, patent or other intellectual property infringement claim by any third-party with respect to the Company’s technology. The Company also agrees to indemnify many indemnified parties for product defect and similar claims. The term of these indemnification agreements is generally perpetual. The maximum potential amount of future payments the Company could be required to make under these agreements is not determinable because it involves claims that may be made against the Company in the future, but have not yet been made.

The Company has entered into indemnification agreements with its directors and officers that may require the Company to indemnify its directors and officers against liabilities that may arise by reason of their status or service as directors or officers, other than liabilities arising from willful misconduct of the individual.

The Company has not incurred costs to defend lawsuits or settle claims related to these indemnification agreements. No liability associated with any of these indemnification requirements has been recorded to date.

Litigation

From time to time, the Company is subject to certain legal proceedings, as well as demands, claims and threatened litigation that arise in the normal course of our business. The Company reviews the status of each significant matter quarterly and assesses its potential financial exposure. If the potential loss from a claim or legal proceeding is considered probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated, the Company records a liability and an expense for the estimated loss and discloses it in the Company’s financial statements if it is significant. If the Company determines that a loss is possible and the range of the loss can be reasonably determined, the Company does not record a liability or an expense but the Company discloses the range of the possible loss. The Company bases its judgments on the best information available at the time. As additional information becomes available, the Company reassesses the potential liability related to its pending claims and litigation and may revise its estimates.

On April 7, 2023, a former contractor who had been retained by the Company through a third party staffing agency filed a putative class action lawsuit as well as a Private Attorney General Act (“PAGA”) representative action complaint against the Company in the Superior Court of the State of California for the County of Alameda, on behalf of the contractor and similarly situated Company contractors and employees in California, alleging various claims pursuant to the California Labor Code related to wages, overtime, meal and rest breaks, reimbursement of business expenses, wage statements and records, and other similar allegations. Additionally, on April 10, 2023, a current employee of the Company filed a PAGA representative action complaint against the Company in the Superior Court of the State of California for the County of Alameda, on behalf of the employee and similarly situated Company employees in California, alleging similar claims. The complaints seek payment of various alleged unpaid wages, penalties, interest and attorneys’ fees in unspecified amounts. The Company believes the claims lack merit, and intends to defend itself vigorously. Given the early stage of these proceedings, it is not yet possible to reliably determine any potential liability that could result from these matters, and as such, the Company has not accrued any amount for potential losses associated with these matters.

12. Stockholders’ Equity

Stockholders’ Equity

Preferred Stock

The Company has 5,000,000 of authorized preferred stock issuable. There isno preferred stock outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Common Stock

Each share of common stock is entitled toone vote. The holders of common stock are also entitled to receive dividends whenever funds are legally available and when declared by the board of directors, subject to the prior rights of holders of all classes of stock outstanding.

Issuance of Common Stock in Connection with the Acquisition of Sixense

As consideration for the acquisition of Sixense, the Company issued 661,877 shares of its common stock as part of the total consideration transferred in connection with the Merger. Additionally, on October 1, 2021, the Company converted all stock options held by Sixense service providers that would continue as service providers after the Merger into fully vested options to purchase an aggregate amount of 447,017 shares of the Company’s common stock. Please see Note “5. Business Combinations” for more information.

Issuance of Common Stock in Connection with an Asset Acquisition

On September 29, 2023, the Company issued 71,211 shares of common stock as part of the total consideration transferred in connection with an asset acquisition. Please see Note “6. Asset Acquisition” for more information.

Stock-Based Benefit Plans

2005 Stock Plan

The Company adopted the Penumbra, Inc. 2005 Stock Plan (the “2005 Plan”) in January 2005. The 2005 Plan was subsequently amended and restated in 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2010. Under the 2005 Plan, the board of directors could grant incentive stock options (“ISOs”), non-qualified stock options (“NSOs”), and/or stock awards to eligible persons, including employees, non-employees, directors, consultants and other independent advisors who provide services to the Company. Stock purchase rights could also be granted under the 2005 Plan. The board of directors had the authority to determine to whom options would be granted, the number of options, the term and the exercise price. ISOs could only be granted to Company employees, which include officers and directors of the Company. NSOs and stock purchase rights could be granted to employees and consultants. For individuals holding more than 10% of the voting rights of all classes of stock, the exercise price for an ISO could not be less than 110% of the fair market value of a share of common stock on the date of grant. Options granted under the 2005 Plan permitted an optionee to exercise options immediately upon grant irrespective of the vesting term. Options generally vest annually at a rate of 1/4 after the first year and 1/48 per month thereafter. The term of the options is no longer than five years for ISOs, for which the grantee owns greater than 10% of the voting power of all classes of stock and no longer than 10 years for all other options. On September 17, 2015, the Penumbra, Inc. 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (as amended and restated, the “2014 Plan”) replaced the 2005 Plan and no further equity awards may be granted under the 2005 Plan. The remaining 564 shares of common stock available for issuance from the 2005 Plan were transferred to and may be granted under the 2014 Plan. As of December 31, 2023,5,000 shares of common stock were reserved for issuance under the 2005 Plan.

2011 Equity Incentive Plan

The Company adopted the Penumbra, Inc. 2011 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2011 Plan”) in October 2011. Under the 2011 Plan, the board of directors could grant ISOs, NSOs, restricted stock, and/or RSUs to eligible persons, including employees, directors and consultants who provide services to the Company. Stock Appreciation Rights (“SAR”) could also be granted under the 2011 Plan. The board of directors had the authority to determine to whom options would be granted, the number of options, the term and the exercise price. ISOs could only be granted to Company employees, which include officers and directors of the Company. NSOs, SARs, restricted stock and RSUs could be granted to employees and consultants. For individuals holding more than 10% of the voting rights of all classes of stock, the exercise price for an ISO could not be less than 110% of the fair market value of a share of common stock on the date of grant. Stock options granted under the 2011 Plan generally have a contractual life often years, and generally vest over a period offour years. On September 17, 2015, the 2014 Plan replaced the 2011 Plan and no further equity awards may be granted under the 2011 Plan. The remaining 89,559 shares of common stock available for issuance under the 2011 Plan were transferred to and may be granted under the 2014 Plan. As of December 31, 2023, there wereno shares of common stock reserved for issuance under the 2011 Plan.

Amended and Restated 2014 Equity Incentive Plan

The Company adopted the 2014 Plan in May 2014. The 2014 Plan was amended and restated as of September 17, 2015. The 2014 Plan replaced the 2011 Plan and the 2005 Plan and no further equity awards may be granted under the 2011 Plan or the 2005 Plan. As of December 31, 2023,6,964,221 shares of common stock were reserved for issuance and 5,932,280 shares of common stock were available for grant under the 2014 Plan.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

The Penumbra, Inc. Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”), became effective on September 17, 2015. The ESPP initially reserved 600,000 shares of common stock for purchase under the ESPP, with the number of shares reserved for purchase increasing each year pursuant to an “evergreen” provision set forth in the ESPP. As of December 31, 2023,755,623 shares of common stock were reserved and available for issuance under the ESPP. All qualifying employees of the Company and its designated subsidiaries are eligible to participate in the ESPP. Offerings to the Company’s employees to purchase stock under the ESPP will begin on each May 20 and November 20 and will end on the following November 19 and May 19, respectively, each referred to as offering periods except that the first offering period under the ESPP began on September 17, 2015 and ended on May 19, 2016. Under the ESPP, each employee may purchase shares by authorizing payroll deductions at a minimum of 1% and up to 15% of his or her eligible compensation for each pay period during the offering period. Unless the participating employee withdraws from the offering, his or her accumulated payroll deductions will be used to purchase the Company’s common stock on the last business day of the offering period at a price equal to 85% of the fair market value of the common stock on either the first or the last day of the offering period, whichever is lower, provided that no more than 2,000 shares of the Company’s common stock or such other lesser maximum number established by the ESPP administrator may be purchased by any one employee during each offering period. Under applicable tax rules, an employee may purchase no more than $25,000 worth of common stock, valued at the start of the purchase period (corresponding to an offering period), under the ESPP in any calendar year.

Early Exercises

The 2005 Plan and 2011 Plan allowed the board of directors to grant stock options that provide employee option holders the right to elect to exercise unvested options in exchange for restricted common stock. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, there wereno such early exercised unvested shares.

Stock-Based Benefit Plan Activity and Stock-Based Compensation

Stock Options

Activity of stock options under the 2005 Plan, 2011 Plan and 2014 Plan (collectively, the “Plans”) during the year ended December 31, 2023 is set forth below:

The total intrinsic value of stock options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $60.0 million, $48.2 million and $81.1 million, respectively. The intrinsic value is calculated as the difference between the estimated fair value of the Company’s common stock at the exercise date and the exercise price of the stock option.

The Company didnot grant stock options during the year ended December 31, 2023. The weighted average grant date fair value of stock options for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $84.25 and $238.14 per share, respectively, based on a black-scholes valuation model.

Restricted Stock Units

The activity of unvested restricted stock units (“RSU”) under the Plans is set forth below:

The fair value of the RSUs that vested during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $48.3 million, $26.8 million and $42.3 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2023,325,066 RSUs are expected to vest.

Performance Stock Units

Under the 2104 Plan, the Company grants certain PSUs to senior management for which vesting is contingent on the achievement of financial performance targets over an annual performance period and continued service. The number of shares awarded is based on the actual performance during the performance period compared to the performance targets and the closing price of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant.

Additionally, the Company grants certain PSUs to sales employees for which vesting is contingent on the achievement of sales performance targets and continued service. These PSUs have a fixed monetary amount, that will be settled in a variable number of shares and are accounted for as liability-classified awards prior to the number of shares being determined and issued. Once the number of shares is determined and the PSUs are issued, the awards are accounted for as equity-classified awards.

When the performance targets are probable of being achieved, stock-based compensation costs associated with PSUs are recognized on a graded vesting basis over its requisite service period, which generally is a period offour tofive years. Graded vesting results in more accelerated expense recognition compared to traditional time-based vesting over the same vesting period. Each reporting period, the Company monitors the probability of achieving the performance targets and may adjust periodic stock-based compensation expense based on its determination of the likelihood of achieving these performance targets and the estimated number of shares or value of common stock that will vest.

The activity of unvested equity-classified PSUs under the Plans is set forth below:

(1)The table above excludes liability-classified PSUs. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recorded $2.2 million in stock-based compensation for liability-classified PSUs.

The fair value of the PSUs that vested during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $1.9 million, $1.2 million and $2.3 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2023,87,138 PSUs are expected to vest.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

Under the ESPP, employees purchased 83,799 shares,113,893 shares, and 64,852 shares for $14.9 million, $13.8 million, and $13.7 million during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

Stock-based Compensation

The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the fair value of stock options and ESPP rights. The valuation model for stock compensation expense requires the Company to make assumptions and judgments about the variables used in the calculation including the expected term (weighted average period of time that the options granted are expected to be outstanding); expected volatility of the Company’s common stock and an assumed risk-free interest rate.

The Company used the following assumptions in its Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the fair value of stock options and ESPP rights:

The Company didnot grant stock options during the year ended December 31, 2023. All stock options granted by the Company during the year ended December 31, 2021, were granted as replacement stock options in connection with the Merger. Refer to Note “5. Business Combinations” for more information.

Weighted Average Expected Term. The Company’s expected term for stock options and ESPP rights is based on historical data.

Volatility. In 2023, 2022 and 2021, volatility assumptions used in the valuation of options and ESPP rights were calculated based on the historical volatility of the Company’s stock.

Risk-Free Interest Rate. The risk-free interest rate is based upon U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues with remaining terms similar to the expected term of the stock options or ESPP rights.

Dividend Yield. The Company has never paid any dividends and does not plan to pay dividends in the foreseeable future, and therefore, used an expected dividend yield of zero in the valuation model.

Forfeitures. The Company estimates forfeitures at the time of grant, and revises those estimates in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates. The Company uses historical data to estimate pre-vesting forfeitures and record stock-based compensation expense only for those awards that are expected to vest. To the extent actual forfeitures differ from the estimates, the difference will be recorded as a cumulative adjustment in the period that the estimates are revised.

The following table sets forth the stock-based compensation expense included in the consolidated statements of operations (in thousands):

(1)The Company recorded a $25.8 million charge to stock-based compensation related to the acceleration of vesting of all replacement stock options in connection with the Merger. Refer to Note “5. Business Combinations” for more information.

As of December 31, 2023, total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested stock-based compensation arrangements, excluding PSUs, was $64.6 million which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.5 years.

As of December 31, 2023, total unrecognized compensation cost related to liability-classified and equity-classified PSUs was $14.6 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 3.3 years.

The total stock-based compensation cost capitalized in inventory was $1.3 million, $2.2 million and $1.8 million as of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

13. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Other comprehensive income (loss) consists of two components: unrealized gains or losses on the Company’s available-for-sale marketable investments and gains or losses from foreign currency translation adjustments. Until realized and reported as a component of consolidated net income (loss), these comprehensive income (loss) items accumulate and are included within accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Unrealized gains and losses on our marketable investments are reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into earnings when realized upon sale, and are determined based on specific identification of securities sold. Gains and losses from the translation of assets and liabilities denominated in non-U.S. dollar functional currencies are included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).

The following table summarizes the changes in the accumulated balances during the period, and includes information regarding the manner in which the reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into earnings affect our consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) (in thousands):

14. Employee Benefit Plan

The Company offers a retirement savings plan under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code (“IRC”) to its eligible U.S. employees whereby they may contribute up to the maximum amount permitted by the IRC. The Company makes 401(k) matching contributions of eligible compensation under the plan, subject to a maximum dollar threshold. Contribution expense was $6.6 million, $6.7 million, and $5.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

15. Income Taxes

The Company’s income tax (benefit) expense, deferred tax assets and liabilities, and reserves for unrecognized tax benefits reflect management’s best assessment of estimated current and future taxes to be paid. The Company is subject to income taxes in both the United States and foreign jurisdictions. Significant judgments and estimates are required in determining the consolidated income tax (benefit) expense.

The Company is incorporated in the United States and operates in various countries with different tax laws and rates. A portion of the Company’s income or (loss) before taxes and the (benefit from) provision for income taxes are generated from international operations.

Income (loss) before income taxes and equity in losses of unconsolidated investee for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 is summarized as follows (in thousands):

Income tax (benefit) or provision in 2023, 2022 and 2021 is comprised of federal, state, and foreign taxes.

The components of the (benefit from) provision for income taxes are summarized as follows (in thousands):

The Company’s actual (benefit from) or provision for tax differed from the amounts computed by applying the Company’s U.S. federal statutory income tax rate to pretax income as a result of the following:

(1)The 2022 and 2021 effective tax rate reconciliations have been updated to conform to the 2023 presentation.

Deferred income tax assets and liabilities consist of the following (in thousands):

As of December 31, 2023, the Company had approximately $21.8 million and $63.2 million of federal and state net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards, respectively, available to offset future taxable income. The federal NOL has an indefinite carryforward period but is limited to offset 80% of taxable income in the year utilized. The state NOL carryforwards have various carryover periods and will begin to expire as early as 2035. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had federal research and development tax credits of $27.1 million which are generally carried forward for 20 years and will begin to expire in 2037. The Company had California state research and development tax credits of $29.4 million that may be carried forward indefinitely.

The Company generated significant domestic DTAs in recent years, primarily due to the excess tax benefits from stock option exercises and vesting of restricted stock units, as well as operating expenditures including research and development. The Company assessed its ability to realize the benefits of its domestic DTAs by evaluating all available positive and negative evidence, objective and subjective in nature, including (1) cumulative results of operations in recent years, (2) sources of recent pre-tax income, (3) estimates of future taxable income, (4) respective carryback and/or carryforward periods of tax attributes available to date, and (5) limitations on NOL utilization against taxable income. The Company measured its current DTA balances against estimate of future income based on objectively verifiable operating results from recent history, and concluded that sufficient future taxable income will be generated to realize the benefits of its federal DTAs prior to expiration, including federal research and development tax credit DTAs. Furthermore, due to substantial profitability increase in recent years, the Company determined that sufficient future California taxable income will be generated to realize partial benefit of California DTAs. As a result, the Company released the valuation allowance against federal research and development tax credit DTAs, net of ASC 740-10 reserve and recorded a partial release of its California DTAs, resulting in a $25.5 million income tax benefit recorded as of December 31, 2023. The Company continues to maintain a valuation allowance against its California tax credit DTAs until new evidence becomes available to justify realization of the asset.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company does not maintain valuation allowance against any of its foreign DTAs, because sufficient future taxable income will be generated by foreign subsidiaries to utilize the benefit of their DTAs in full at the required more-likely-than-not level of certainty.

The change in the Company’s deferred tax valuation allowance against net DTAs from January 1, 2021 to December 31, 2023, is as follows (in thousands):

(1)Additions include current year additions charged to expenses and current year build due to increases in net DTAs, return to provision true-ups, and other adjustments.

(2)Deductions include current year releases credited to expenses and current year reductions due to decreases in net DTAs, return to provision true-ups, and other adjustments.

The Company maintains that all foreign earnings, with the exception of a portion of the earnings of its German subsidiary, are permanently reinvested outside the U.S. and therefore deferred taxes attributable to such are not provided for in the Company’s financial statements as of December 31, 2023.

IRC Sections 382 and 383 limit the use of NOL and business credits if there is a change in ownership. In 2023, the Company determined there has been no ownership changes from 2013 to 2023, and therefore, is not subject to any tax attributes utilization limit in the current year. The NOLs and tax credits gained from the 2021 acquisition of Sixense would be subject to IRC Section 382 and 383 limitations. However, the Company does not believe such limitation would cause any impairment of those tax attributes. Their full tax benefit is anticipated to be realized in future years.

A reconciliation of the change in the gross unrecognized tax benefits from January 1, 2021 to December 31, 2023, is as follows (in thousands):

The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense. As of December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company consistently had $0.2 million of accrued interest and penalties attributable to uncertain tax positions for each period. Included in the $12.6 million balance of unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2023 is $6.8 million of tax benefit that, if recognized, would affect the effective tax rate.

The Company files U.S., state and foreign income tax returns in jurisdictions with various statutes of limitations. Due to NOL and tax credit carryovers, the tax years ending December 31, 2004 through December 31, 2023 remain subject to examination by federal and state tax authorities. In Australia and Canada, tax years ending December 31, 2009 through December 31, 2023 generally remain subject to examination by tax authorities. In Germany, tax years ending December 31, 2018 through December 31, 2023 remain subject to examination by tax authorities.

The Company does not anticipate significant changes in the balance of gross unrecognized tax benefits over the next 12 months.

In December 2021, the Organizational for Economic Co-operation and Development (“OECD”) released guidance on the new global minimum tax regime known as Pillar Two. While various countries have adopted or in the process of passing legislation to adopt it, the United States has not yet conformed to Pillar Two as of December 31, 2023. The Company is currently evaluating the potential global tax implications of this new tax regime.

16. Net Income (Loss) per Share

The Company computed basic net income (loss) attributable to Penumbra, Inc. per share based on the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. The Company computed diluted net income (loss) attributable to Penumbra, Inc. per share based on the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding plus potentially dilutive common stock equivalents outstanding during the period. For the purposes of this calculation, stock options, restricted stock units, performance stock units and stock sold through the ESPP are considered common stock equivalents.

A reconciliation of the numerator and denominator used in the calculation of the basic and diluted net income (loss) attributable to Penumbra, Inc. is as follows (in thousands, except share and per share amounts):

For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2021, outstanding stock-based awards of 11 thousand and 15 thousand shares, respectively, were excluded from the computation of diluted net income attributable to Penumbra, Inc. per share because their effect would have been anti-dilutive. For the year ended December 31, 2022 outstanding stock-based awards of 2.0 million shares were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss attributable to Penumbra, Inc. per share because their effect would have been anti-dilutive.

17. Interest and other income (expense), net

The following table shows the components of interest and other income (expense), net for the years ending December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):

(1)Consists primarily of the effect of foreign currency gains or losses as well as other non-operating income or expense.

18. Revenues

Revenue is recognized in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for goods or services. All revenue recognized in the consolidated statements of operations is considered to be revenue from contracts with customers.

Certain changes in presentation were made to the Company’s revenues disaggregated by product categories for the years ended December 31, 2022, and 2021 to conform to the presentation for the year ended December 31, 2023. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company made changes to its product categories to provide investors with more meaningful information to understand the performance of its business and strategic direction.

The Company’s revenues, disaggregated by geography, based on the destination to which the Company ships its products, for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was as follows (in thousands):

The Company’s revenues disaggregated by product categories, for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was as follows (in thousands):

China Distribution and Technology Licensing Agreement

In December 2020, the Company entered into a distribution and technology licensing arrangement with its existing distribution partner in China. In addition to modifying the Company’s standard distribution agreement with its partner in China, the Company agreed to license the technology for certain products to its partner in China to permit the manufacturing and commercialization of such products in China as well as provide certain regulatory support. During the three months ended March 31, 2022, the Company further amended the distribution agreement and entered into an additional license arrangement, pursuant to which the Company agreed to license the technology for additional products to its partner in China on substantially the same terms as the existing license arrangement. Apart from the standard distribution agreement, the Company will receive fixed payments upon transferring its distinct licensed technology and providing related regulatory support and receive royalty payments on the downstream sales of the licensed products. During the three months ended September 30, 2023, the Company entered into an additional licensing arrangement, pursuant to which the Company agreed to license the technology for additional products to its partner in China and will receive fixed payments upon transferring its distinct licensed technology and providing related regulatory support and royalty payments on the down-stream sale of the licensed products.

During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 the Company recognized $55.3 million and $48.6 million, respectively, in revenue under these arrangements based on the relative standalone fair value of the performance obligations satisfied.

Performance Obligations

Delivery of products - The Company’s contracts with customers, other than the China licensing arrangements described above, typically contain a single performance obligation, delivery of the Company’s products. Satisfaction of that performance obligation occurs when control of the promised goods transfers to the customer, which is generally upon shipment or receipt by customer for non-consignment sale agreements and upon utilization for consignment sale agreements.

Payment terms - Our payment terms vary by the type and location of our customer. The timing between fulfillment of performance obligations and when payment is due is not significant and does not give rise to financing transactions. The Company did not have any contracts with significant financing components as of December 31, 2023.

Product returns - The Company may allow customers to return products purchased at the Company’s discretion. The Company estimates the amount of its product sales that may be returned by its customers and records this estimate as a reduction of revenue in the period in which the related product revenue is recognized. The Company currently estimates product return liabilities using its own historic sales information, trends, industry data, and other relevant data points.

Warranties - The Company offers its standard warranty to all customers and it is not available for sale on a standalone basis. The Company’s standard warranty represents its guarantee that its products function as intended, are free from defects, and comply with agreed-upon specifications and quality standards. This assurance does not constitute a service and is not a separate performance obligation.

Transaction Price

Revenue is recorded at the net sales price, which includes estimates of variable consideration such as product returns utilizing historical return rates, rebates, discounts, and other adjustments to net revenue. To the extent the transaction price includes variable consideration, the Company estimates the amount of variable consideration that should be included in the transaction price. When determining if variable consideration should be constrained, management considers whether there are factors that could result in a significant reversal of revenue and the likelihood of a potential reversal. Variable consideration is included in revenue only to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal of the revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. These estimates are reassessed each reporting period as required. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company made no material changes in estimates for variable consideration. When the Company performs shipping and handling activities after control of goods is transferred to the customer, they are considered as fulfillment activities, and costs are accrued for when the related revenue is recognized. Taxes collected from customers relating to product sales and remitted to governmental authorities are excluded from revenues.

Contract assets and liabilities

The following information summarizes the Company’s contract assets and liabilities (in thousands):

Contract assets for the periods presented primarily represent the difference between the revenue that was recognized based on the relative standalone selling price of the related performance obligations satisfied and the contractual billing terms in the licensing arrangements.

Contract liabilities represents amounts that the Company has already invoiced and are ultimately expected to be recognized as revenue, but for which not all revenue recognition criteria have been met and is recognized as the associated performance obligations are satisfied. Revenue recognized during the year ended December 31, 2023 relating to contract liabilities as of December 31, 2022 was $2.3 million.

19. Selected Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited)

The following tables provide the selected quarterly financial data for 2023 and 2022 (in thousands, except share and per share amounts):

20. Subsequent Events

On February 6, 2024, the Company completed a strategic investment in a privately held company. Under the terms of the investment, the Company paid $10.0 million in exchange for shares of Series B preferred stock which represented less than a 1% investment in outstanding equity securities of the privately held company. The Company is completing its accounting analysis for this investment but anticipates it will be accounted for as an equity security without a readily determinable fair value using the alternative method on the consolidated balance sheets. The measurement alternative method allows the Company to elect to measure the equity investment at cost minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment of the same issuer.