MVB FINANCIAL CORP

Note 1 – Nature of Operations and Basis of Presentation

Business and Organization

MVB Financial Corp. is a financial holding company organized in 2003 as a West Virginia corporation that operates principally through its wholly-owned subsidiary, MVB Bank, Inc. (the “Bank”). The Bank’s consolidated subsidiaries include MVB Edge Ventures, Inc. (“Edge Ventures”), Paladin Fraud, LLC and MVB Insurance, LLC. Edge Ventures wholly-owns MVB Technology, LLC and Victor Technologies, Inc. The Bank also owns an equity method investment in Intercoastal Mortgage Company, LLC (“ICM”) and MVB Financial Corp. owns equity method investments in Warp Speed Holdings, LLC (“Warp Speed”) and Ayers Socure II, LLC (“Ayers Socure II”). MVB Financial Corp.'s consolidated subsidiaries also include SPE PR, LLC.

As of December 31, 2024, the Bank owned an 80.8% interest in Trabian Technology, Inc. (“Trabian”). In January 2025, the Bank entered into a stock repurchase agreement with Trabian in which Trabian repurchased all the shares held by MVB. Refer to Note 13 – Divestitures.

On September 30 2025, we executed an asset purchase agreement to sell substantially all assets and operations of Victor Technologies, Inc. ("Victor") to Jack Henry & Associates ("Jack Henry"). During the quarter ended September 30, 2025, we recorded a $34.1 million pre-tax gain associated with the sale of Victor that is included in gain on divestiture activity in the consolidated statement of income. Refer to Note 13 – Divestitures.

We conduct a wide range of business activities through the Bank, primarily commercial and retail (“CoRe”) banking services, as well as Fintech banking.

CoRe Banking

We offer our customers a full range of products and services including:

Fintech Banking

We provide innovative strategies to independent banking and corporate clients throughout the United States. Our dedicated Fintech team specializes in providing banking services to corporate Fintech clients, primarily focusing on operational risk management and compliance. Managing banking relationships with clients in the gaming, payments and banking-as-a-service industries is complex, from an operational and regulatory perspective. Due to this complexity, a limited number of banking institutions serve these industries, which can result in a lack of quality focus on these entities, providing us with an expanded pool of potential customers. When serviced safely and efficiently, we believe these industries provide a source of stable, lower-cost deposits and noninterest, fee-based income. We thoroughly analyze each industry in which our customers operate, as well as any new products or services provided, from an operational and regulatory perspective.

Principles of Consolidation and Basis of Presentation

The financial statements are consolidated to include the accounts of MVB and its subsidiaries, including the Bank and the Bank’s subsidiaries. In our opinion, the accompanying consolidated financial statements contain all normal recurring adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of our financial statements for interim periods in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) and with instructions for Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X of the SEC. Accordingly, certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been omitted. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidated financial statements. The consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2024 has been derived from audited financial statements included in our 2024 Form 10-K. The information presented in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the 2024 Form 10-K. Operating results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2025.

Wholly-owned investments are required to be consolidated into our financial statements. We evaluate investments in entities on an ongoing basis to determine the need to consolidate.

Unconsolidated investments where we have the ability to exercise significant influence over the operating and financial policies of the respective investee are accounted for using the equity method of accounting. Those investments that are not consolidated or accounted for using the equity method of accounting are accounted for under cost or fair value accounting. For investments accounted for under the equity method, we record our investment in non-consolidated affiliates and the portion of income or loss in equity in earnings of non-consolidated affiliates. We periodically evaluate these investments for impairment. As of September 30, 2025, we held three equity method investments. See Note 4 – Equity Method Investments for further information.

Preparation of our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. These estimates are based upon the best available information and actual results could differ from those estimates. An estimate that is particularly significant to the consolidated financial statements relates to the determination of the allowance for credit losses (“ACL”).

In certain instances, amounts reported in prior period consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes may be reclassified to conform to the current presentation. At September 30, 2025, we elected to reclassify certain securities from investment securities available-for-sale to accrued interest receivable and other assets. This reclassification is reflected on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2024 and within the tables as of as of December 31, 2024 in Note 2 – Investment Securities, Note 7 – Fair Value of Financial Instruments and Note 8 – Fair Value Measurements. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, we elected to reclassify the balance of software costs to a separate line item included in noninterest expenses titled software costs. These costs were previously included in the line item included in noninterest expenses titled travel, entertainment, dues and subscriptions.

We have evaluated subsequent events for potential recognition and/or disclosure through the date these consolidated financial statements were issued.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. The amendments require disaggregated information about a reporting entity's effective tax rate reconciliation, as well as information on income taxes paid. Public business entities will be required to disclose additional information in specified categories with respect to the reconciliation of the effective tax rate to the statutory rate for federal, state and foreign income taxes. The amendments also require greater detail about individual reconciling items in the rate reconciliation to the extent that the impact of those items exceeds a specified threshold. The amendments are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2024. We are preparing to adopt the disclosure requirements included in this ASU and we do not believe that the amendments will have a material impact to our consolidated financial statements. We believe the impact of the amendments in this ASU will be isolated to our footnote disclosure regarding Income Taxes.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40). The amendments improve the disclosures about a public business entity’s expenses and address requests from investors for more detailed information about the types of expenses (including purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation, amortization and depletion) in commonly presented expense captions (such as cost of sales and research and development). The amendments are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. We are currently evaluating the impact these changes may have on our consolidated financial statements.

In September 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-06, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40). The amendments improve the disclosures about software costs that are accounted for under Subtopic 350-40, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Internal-Use Software. The amendments are effective for all entities for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027, and interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods. We are currently evaluating the impact these changes may have on our consolidated financial statements.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segments Disclosures. The amendments are intended to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. In addition, the amendments clarify circumstances in which an entity can disclose multiple segment measures of profit or loss and provide new segment disclosure requirements for entities with a single reportable segment. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. We applied this ASU to our segment disclosures as further described in Note 12 – Segment Reporting.

Note 2 – Investment Securities

The following tables present amortized cost and fair values of investment securities available-for-sale as of the periods shown:

The following table presents amortized cost and fair values of available-for-sale debt securities by contractual maturity as of the period shown:

The table above reflects contractual maturities. Actual results will differ as the loans underlying the mortgage-backed securities may be repaid sooner than scheduled.

Investment securities with a carrying value of $225.1 million and $247.4 million at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, were pledged to secure public funds, repurchase agreements and potential borrowings at the Federal Reserve discount window.

Our investment portfolio includes securities that are in an unrealized loss position as of September 30, 2025. We evaluate available-for-sale debt securities to determine whether the unrealized loss is due to credit-related factors or non-credit-related factors. When determining the ACL on securities, we consider such factors as adverse conditions specifically related to a certain security or to specific conditions in an industry or geographic area, our ability to hold the security for a period of time sufficient to allow for anticipated recovery in value, whether or not the security has been downgraded by a rating agency and whether or not the financial condition of the security issuer has severely deteriorated.

During the quarter ended September 30, 2025, we recognized a $1.0 million credit-related loss on an available-for-sale subordinated debt security issued by a Fintech investee. An ACL of $1.0 million was recorded through the provision for credit losses and was charged off during the quarter when deemed uncollectible. The following table summarizes the activity in the ACL related to available-for-sale debt securities during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024.

Although the available-for-sale debt securities in an unrealized loss position would result in a pre-tax loss of $19.8 million if sold at September 30, 2025, we have no intent to sell the applicable securities at such fair values and maintain that we have the ability to hold these securities until all principal has been recovered. It is more likely than not that we will not, for liquidity purposes, sell any securities at a loss. Declines in the fair values of these securities can be traced to general market conditions, which reflect the prospect for the economy as a whole, rather than credit-related conditions. Therefore, we have no ACL related to these securities as of September 30, 2025.

The following tables show available-for-sale debt securities in an unrealized loss position for which an ACL has not been recorded as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, aggregated by investment category and length of time that the individual securities have been in a continuous loss position:

The following table summarizes investment sales, related gains and losses and unrealized holding losses for the periods shown:

Note 3 – Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses

The following table presents the components of loans as of the periods shown:

Commercial loans include shared national credits, which are participations in loans or loan commitments of at least $100.0 million that are shared by three or more banks. As of September 30, 2025, the Bank hadfour shared national credit relationships with an aggregate commitment for $89.8 million and an aggregate outstanding balance of $61.2 million. These shared national credits are classified as pass rated and all payments are current and the loans are performing in accordance with their contractual terms. The Bank’s accounting policies for shared national credits, including our charge off and reserve policy, are consistent with the significant accounting policies disclosed in our financial statements for the total loan portfolio. Shared national credits are subject to the same underwriting guidelines as loans originated by the Bank and are subject to annual reviews where the risk rating of the loan is evaluated. Additionally, the Bank routinely obtains updated financial information and performs a financial analysis on a regular basis to ensure that the borrower can comply with the financial terms of the loan. The information used in the analysis is provided by the borrower through the agent bank.

We currently manage our loan portfolios and the respective exposure to credit losses (credit risk) by the specific portfolio segments shown below. Our loan portfolio segmentation is based primarily on call report codes, which are levels at which we develop and document our systematic methodology to determine the ACL attributable to each respective portfolio segment. The ACL portfolio segments are aggregated into broader segments in order to present informative disclosures, as follows:

Commercial business loans– Commercial business loans are made to provide funds for equipment and general corporate needs, as well as to finance owner-occupied real estate, and to finance future cash flows of federal government lease contracts. Repayment of these loans primarily uses the funds obtained from the operation of the borrower’s business. Commercial business loans also include lines of credit that are utilized to finance a borrower’s short-term credit needs and/or to finance a percentage of eligible working capital. This segment includes both internally originated and purchased participation loans. Credit risk is dependent upon the successful operation of the business, which may be affected by competition, rising interest rates, regulatory changes and adverse conditions in the local and regional economy. Commercial business loans include the following ACL segments: commercial and industrial (including both healthcare and U.S. Small Business Administration ("SBA") subsegments), commercial real estate owner-occupied (including both healthcare and SBA subsegments), government leases and other loans.

Commercial real estate loans – Commercial real estate loans consist of non-owner occupied properties, such as investment properties for retail, office and multifamily, with a history of occupancy and cash flow. This segment includes both internally originated and purchased participation loans. These loans carry the risk of adverse changes in the local economy and a tenant’s deteriorating credit strength, lease expirations in soft markets and sustained vacancies, which can adversely impact cash flow. Commercial real estate loans include the following ACL segment: commercial real estate non-owner occupied (including both healthcare and SBA subsegments).

Commercial acquisition, development and construction loans – Commercial acquisition, development and construction loans are intended to finance the construction of commercial and residential properties, and also includes loans for the acquisition and development of land. Construction loans represent a higher degree of risk than permanent real estate loans and may be affected by a variety of factors such as the borrower’s ability to control costs and adhere to time schedules and the risk that the market may not absorb constructed units within the anticipated time frame or at the anticipated price. The loan commitment on these loans often includes an interest reserve that allows the lender to periodically advance loan funds to pay interest charges on the outstanding balance of the loan. Commercial acquisition, development and construction loans include the following ACL segment: other construction (including an SBA subsegment).

Residential real estate– This residential real estate segment contains permanent and construction mortgage loans, principally to consumers, but also includes loans to residential real estate developers, secured by residential real estate. Residential real estate loans to consumers are evaluated for the adequacy of repayment sources at the time of approval, based upon measures including credit scores, debt-to-income ratios and collateral values. Credit risk arises from the continuing financial stability of the borrower and, where applicable, the builder, which can be adversely impacted by job loss, divorce, illness or personal bankruptcy, among other factors. Residential real estate secured loans to developers represent a higher degree of risk than permanent real estate loans and may be affected by a variety of factors such as the borrower’s ability to control costs and adhere to time schedules and the risk that the market may not absorb constructed units within the anticipated time frame or at the anticipated price. Also impacting credit risk would be a shortfall in the value of the residential real estate in relation to the outstanding loan balance in the event of a default or subsequent liquidation of the real estate collateral. Residential real estate loans include the following ACL segment: residential and residential construction (including an SBA subsegment).

Home equity lines of credit– Credit risk is for home equity lines of credit is similar to residential real estate loans described above as it is subject to the borrower’s continuing financial stability and the value of the collateral securing the loan. Home equity lines of credit include the following ACL segment: home equity lines of credit (including senior lien lines of credit and subordinate lien lines of credit).

Consumer loans– This segment of loans primarily includes installment loans and personal lines of credit. Credit risk is similar to residential real estate loans described above as it is subject to the borrower’s continuing financial stability and the value of the collateral securing the loan. Substantially all of the outstanding loans in this segment are loans purchased from a third-party originator that originates loans in order to finance the purchase of personal automotive vehicles. Credit risk is unique as this segment includes only those loans provided to consumers who cannot typically obtain financing through traditional lenders. As such, these loans are subject to a higher risk of default than the typical consumer loan. Consumer loans include the following ACL segments: Americas Leading Finance consumer automotive and consumer.

As of September 30, 2025, the Bank’s other real estate owned balance totaled $0.6 million. The other real estate owned balance consists ofone residential mortgage with a balance of $0.1 million andone commercial loan from our 2020 acquisition of another bank with a balance of $0.5 million. Other real estate is included in accrued interest receivable and other assets on the consolidated balance sheet. As of September 30, 2025, there wasone residential mortgage in the process of foreclosure with the loan balance totaling $0.4 million.

Bank management uses anine-point internal risk rating system to monitor the credit quality of the overall loan portfolio. The first five categories are considered not criticized and are aggregated as “Pass” rated. The criticized rating categories utilized by management generally follow bank regulatory definitions.

Loans categorized as “Pass” rated have adequate sources of repayment, with little identifiable risk of collection and general conformity to the Bank's policy requirements, product guidelines and underwriting standards. Any exceptions that are identified during the underwriting and approval process have been adequately mitigated by other factors.

Loans categorized as “Special Mention” rated have potential weaknesses that deserve management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the asset or in the institution’s credit position at some future date. Special mention assets are not adversely classified and do not expose the institution to sufficient risk to warrant adverse classification.

Loans categorized as “Substandard” rated are inadequately protected by the current worth and paying capacity of the borrower or of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans so classified must have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt and are characterized by the distinct possibility that the institution will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.

Loans categorized as “Doubtful” rated have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified as Substandard, with the added characteristic that the weakness makes collections or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently known facts, conditions and values, highly questionable and improbable. However, these loans are not yet rated as loss because certain events may occur which would salvage the debt.

Any portion of a loan that has been or is expected to be charged off is placed in the “Loss” category.

To help ensure that risk ratings are accurate and reflect the present and future capacity of borrowers to repay a loan as agreed, the Bank has a structured loan rating process with several layers of internal and external oversight. Generally, consumer and residential mortgage loans are included in the Pass categories, unless a specific action, such as past due status, bankruptcy, repossession or death, occurs to raise awareness of a possible credit event. The Bank’s Chief Credit Officer is responsible for the timely and accurate risk rating of the loans in the portfolio at origination and on an ongoing basis. The Bank's credit department ensures that a review of all commercial relationships of $1.0 million or more is performed annually.

Review of the appropriate risk grade is included in both the internal and external loan review process on an ongoing basis. The Bank has an experienced credit department that continually reviews and assesses loans within the portfolio. The Bank engages an external consultant to conduct independent loan reviews on at least an annual basis. Generally, the external consultant reviews commercial relationships with the intent of reviewing 35% to 40% of the Bank's commercial outstanding loan balances on an annual basis. The Bank's credit department compiles detailed reviews, including plans for resolution, on loans classified as Substandard on a quarterly basis.

The following table presents the amortized cost of loans summarized by the aggregate Pass and the criticized categories of Special Mention, Substandard and Doubtful within the internal risk rating system by vintage year as of the periods shown:

Management further monitors the performance and credit quality of the loan portfolio by analyzing the past due status of the portfolio, which is determined by the length of time a payment is past due.

The following table presents the amortized cost basis in loans by aging category and accrual status as of the periods shown:

The ACL is a valuation reserve established and maintained by charges against income and is deducted from the amortized cost basis of loans to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loans. Loans are charged off against the ACL when management believes the loan balance is uncollectible. Accrued interest receivable is excluded from the estimate of credit losses. Management determines the ACL balance using relevant available information, from internal and external sources, relating to past events, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Historical credit behaviors, along with model judgments, provide the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses. Adjustments to modeled loss estimates may be made for differences in current loan-specific risk characteristics such as differences in underwriting standards, portfolio mix, delinquency level or term, as well as for changes in environmental conditions, such as changes in economic conditions, property values or other relevant factors.

The Bank’s methodology for determining the ACL is based on the requirements of Accounting Standards Codification Topic 326 Financial Instruments - Credit Losses. The ACL is calculated on a collective basis when similar risk characteristics exist. The ACL for the majority of loans was calculated using a discounted cash flow methodology applied at a loan level, with a one-year reasonable and supportable forecast period and a one-year straight-line reversion period with loss rates, prepayment assumptions and curtailment assumptions driven by each loan’s collateral type. Expected credit loss rates were estimated using a regression model based on historical data from peer banks which incorporates a third-party vendor’s economic forecast to predict the change in credit losses. As of September 30, 2025, the Bank expects the markets in which it operates will experience potential economic volatility over the next one to two years. The ACL for only one portfolio segment consisting entirely of automotive loans to consumers was calculated under the remaining life methodology using straight-line amortization over the remaining life of the portfolio.

Loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis. Loans evaluated individually are not also included in the collective evaluation. When Bank management determines that foreclosure is probable or when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty at the reporting date and repayment is expected to be substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral, expected credit losses are based on the fair value of the collateral at the reporting date, adjusted for selling costs, as appropriate.

The following table presents the amortized cost basis of collateral-dependent loans by class of loans as of the periods shown:

The Bank evaluates certain loans in homogeneous pools, rather than on an individual basis, when those loans are below specific thresholds based on outstanding principal balance. More specifically, residential mortgage loans, home equity lines of credit and consumer loans are evaluated collectively for expected credit losses by applying allocation rates derived from the Bank’s historical losses specific to these loans. The reserve for these certain loans in homogeneous pools was immaterial at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Management has identified a number of additional qualitative factors that it uses to supplement the estimated losses derived from the loss rate methodologies employed within the current expected credit losses model because these factors are likely to cause estimated credit losses associated with the existing loan pools to differ from the loss rate methodologies. The additional factors that are evaluated quarterly and updated using information obtained from internal, regulatory and governmental sources are: lending policies and procedures, nature and volume of the portfolio, experience and ability of lending management and staff, volume and severity of problem credits, quality of the loan review system, changes in the value of underlying collateral, effect of concentrations of credit from a loan type, industry and/or geographic standpoint, changes in economic and business conditions, consumer sentiment and other external factors.

To estimate the liability for off-balance sheet credit exposures, Bank management analyzed the portfolios of unfunded commitments based on the same segmentation used for the ACL calculation. The estimated funding rate for each segment was derived from a funding rate study created by a third-party vendor, which analyzed funding of various loan types over time to develop industry benchmarks at the call report code level. Once the estimated future advances were calculated, the allocation rate applicable to that portfolio segment was applied in the same manner as those used for the ACL calculation. The resulting estimated loss allocations were totaled to determine the liability for unfunded commitments related to these loans, which management considers necessary to anticipate potential losses on those commitments that have a reasonable probability of funding. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the liability for unfunded commitments related to loans held-for-investment was $1.8 million and $1.6 million, respectively.

Bank management reviews the loan portfolio on a quarterly basis using a defined, consistently-applied process in order to make appropriate and timely adjustments to the ACL. When information confirms that all or a part of specific loans is uncollectible, these amounts are promptly charged off against the ACL.

The following table presents the balance and activity for the primary segments of the ACL as of the periods shown:

1 Excludes the provision (release of allowance) for unfunded commitments and any provision for credit losses related to available-for-sale debt securities, as applicable.

1 Excludes the provision (release of allowance) for unfunded commitments and any provision for credit losses related to available-for-sale debt securities, as applicable.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, there were charge-offs totaling $1.0 million and $3.0 million, respectively. For the three months ended September 30, 2025, $0.6 million of charge-offs were related totwo commercial notes secured by business assets and $0.4 million of charge offs were related to the subprime consumer automotive segment. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, $1.6 million of charge-offs were related toten commercial notes secured by business assets and $1.4 million of charge-offs were related to the subprime automotive segment. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, the provision related to unfunded commitments was $0.2 million for each period. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, there was an $0.3 million and $0.5 million provision related to unfunded commitments, respectively.

The ACL is based on estimates and actual losses will vary from current estimates. Management believes that the granularity of the portfolio segments, the related loss estimation methodologies and other qualitative factors, as well as the consistency in the application of assumptions, result in an ACL that is representative of the risk found in the components of the portfolio at any given date.

Loan Modifications for Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty

Occasionally, the Bank modifies loans to borrowers in financial distress by providing concessions that allow for the borrower to lower their payment obligations for a defined period. These modifications may include, but are not limited to: principal forgiveness, payment delays, term extensions, interest rate reductions and any combinations of the preceding.

The following tables summarize the period-end amortized cost basis of loans to borrowers in financial difficulty that were modified during the periods shown:

The above tables present the amortized cost basis of loans at September 30, 2025 and 2024 that were experiencing financial difficulty and modified during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, by class and by type of modification. Also presented above is the percentage of the amortized cost basis of loans that were modified for borrowers in financial distress as compared to the amortized cost basis of each class of financing receivable.

During the three months ended September 30, 2025, there arefour loans tofour borrowers that received a payment delay modification for $1.9 million, andone loan toone borrower that received a term extension modification for $0.1 million. These notes are to unrelated SBA borrowers and are secured by Owner Occupied Real Estate and various vehicles & equipment.

There areeight loans toeight borrowers that received payment delay modifications in the nine months ended September 30, 2025. These eight total loans that received payment delay modifications include seven commercial loans with government guarantees totaling $5.5 million andone note secured by a business valuation totaling $2.5 million. In addition, there istwo loan totwo borrower that received term extension modifications for $1.0 million. One of these notes is secured by residential lots valued at $1.3 million and the other is secured by business assets.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, there were $0.5 million and $5.8 million in modifications toone and 17 borrowers, respectively, experiencing financial difficulties.

The Bank closely monitors the performance of loans that are modified for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty to understand the effectiveness of its modification efforts. The following table presents the performance of such loans that have been modified as of the periods shown:

As of September 30, 2025, there arethree modified loans past due, with an amortized cost basis of $4.8 million. Two loans are commercial notes with government guarantees secured by business assets. One loan is a commercial note secured by owner occupied real estate. Two loans totaling $0.6 million are considered non-accrual as of September 30, 2025. There wereno loans modified in the three months ended September 30, 2024 that were past due.

The following table presents the amortized cost basis of loans that had a payment default and were modified prior to that default to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty as of the period shown:

As of September 30, 2025, there wasone modified loan that had defaulted, with an amortized cost basis of $2.5 million that is secured by business assets and is non-accrual. As of September 30, 2024, there were three modified loans that had defaulted, with an amortized cost basis of $2.3 million. Allthree loans were commercial notes that had government guarantees and were on non-accrual status as of September 30, 2024. Upon the Bank’s determination that a modified loan (or portion of a loan) has subsequently been deemed uncollectible, the loan (or a portion of the loan) is written off. Therefore, the amortized cost basis of the loan is reduced by the uncollectible amount and the ACL is adjusted by the same amount.

Note 4 – Equity Method Investments

In accordance with Rules 3-09 and 4-08(g) of Regulation S-X, we must assess whether our equity method investments are significant. In evaluating the significance of these investments, we perform the income, investment and asset tests described in S-X 1-02(w) for each equity method investment. Rule 4-08(g) of Regulation S-X requires summarized financial information for all equity method investees in a quarterly report if any of the equity method investees, individually or in the aggregate, result in any of the tests exceeding 10%.

Under the income test, our proportionate share of the revenue from equity method investments in the aggregate exceeded the applicable threshold under Rule 4-08(g) of 10%, accordingly, we are required to provide summarized income statement information for all investees for all periods presented.

Our equity method investments are initially recorded at cost, including transaction costs to obtain the equity method investment, and are subsequently adjusted for our proportionate share of the entities' earnings.

ICM

The following table presents summarized income statement information for ICM for the periods shown:

Our ownership percentage of 40% of ICM allows us to have significant influence over the operations and decision making. Accordingly, the investment, which had acarrying value of$24.4 million at September 30, 2025, is accounted for as an equity method investment. Our share of ICM's net income totaled$0.2 million and $0.6 millionfor the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, while our share of ICM's net income totaled$0.2 million and $0.4 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the mortgage pipeline was $461.7 million and $482.4 million, respectively.

Warp Speed

The following table presents summarized income statement information for our equity method investment in Warp Speed for the periods shown:

Our ownership percentage of 37.5% of Warp Speed allows us to have significant influence over its operations and decision making. Accordingly, the investment, which had a carrying value of$57.9 million at September 30, 2025, is accounted for as an equity method investment. At the time of acquisition, we made a policy election to record our proportionate share of net income of the investee on a three month lag. Our share of Warp Speed's net income totaled$2.2 million and $4.7 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, while our share of net income and loss totaled$0.5 million and $0.3 million forthe three and nine months ended September 30,2024. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the mortgage pipeline was $712.6 million and $543.4 million, respectively.

Ayers Socure II

Our ownership percentage of Ayers Socure II is 10% and it was determined that we have significant influence over the company. Accordingly, the investment is accounted for as an equity method investment. Our share of net income from Ayers Socure II for thethree and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 was not significant. The equity method investment in Ayers Socure II is not considered a significant investment based on the criteria of Rules 3-09 and 4-08(g) of Regulation S-X.

Ayers Socure II's sole business is ownership of equity securities in Socure Inc. (“Socure”). In addition to our equity method investment in Ayers Socure II, we also have a direct equity security ownership interest in Socure. With the combination of our investments in both Ayers Socure II and Socure directly, we own less than 1% of Socure in the aggregate.

Note 5 – Deposits

The following table presents the components of deposits as of the periods shown:

The following table presents the maturities of time deposits for the twelve month periods ended September 30:

As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, overdrawn deposit accounts totaling $4.2 million and $2.8 million, respectively, were reclassified as loan balances.

Note 6 – Pension and Supplemental Executive Retirement Plans

We participate in a trusteed pension plan known as the Allegheny Group Retirement Plan. Benefits are based on years of service and the employee’s compensation. Accruals under the plan were frozen as of May 31, 2014. Freezing the plan resulted in a remeasurement of the pension obligations and plan assets as of the freeze date. The pension obligation was remeasured using the discount rate based on the Citigroup Above Median Pension Discount Curve in effect on May 31, 2014 of 4.5%.

The following table presents information pertaining to the activity in our defined benefit pension plan, using the latest available actuarial valuations with a measurement date of September 30, 2025 and 2024 for the periods shown:

There wasno service cost or amortization of prior service cost for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

In June 2017, we approved a Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan (the “SERP”), pursuant to which the Chief Executive Officer of Potomac Mortgage Group (“PMG”) was entitled to receive certain supplemental nonqualified retirement benefits. The SERP took effect on December 31, 2017. As the executive completed three years of continuous employment with PMG prior to retirement date, he was entitled to receive $1.8 million payable in 180 equal consecutive monthly installments upon retirement. The liability accrued for this obligation was $1.7 million as of December 31, 2024. The SERP was terminated in February 2024. Within the agreement, there was aone year provision for payment delay and the $1.8 million obligation was paid in April 2025.

Note 7 – Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The following table presents the carrying values and estimated fair values of our financial instruments as of the periods shown:

Note 8 – Fair Value Measurements

Fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time, based on relevant market information about the financial instrument. These estimates do not reflect any premium or discount that could result from offering for sale at one time of our entire holdings of a particular financial instrument. Because no market exists for a significant portion of our financial instruments, fair value estimates are based on judgments regarding future expected loss experience, current economic conditions, risk characteristics of various financial instruments and other factors. These estimates are subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment, and therefore cannot be determined with precision. Changes in assumptions could significantly affect the estimates. Fair value estimates are based on existing on- and off-balance sheet financial instruments without attempting to estimate the value of anticipated future business and the value of assets and liabilities that are not considered financial instruments.

The methods of determining the fair value of assets and liabilities presented in this footnote are consistent with our methodologies disclosed in Note 1 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policiesto the consolidated financial statements included in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of the 2024 Form 10-K. Valuation techniques for the assets and liabilities described below are consistent with techniques used in prior periods.

Assets Measured on a Recurring Basis

As required by accounting standards, financial assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The following measurements are made on a recurring basis.

Available-for-sale investment securities– Available-for-sale investment securities are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Fair value measurement is based upon quoted prices, if available. If quoted prices are not available, fair values are measured using independent pricing models or other model-based valuation techniques such as the present value of future cash flows, adjusted for the security’s credit rating, prepayment assumptions and other factors such as credit loss assumptions. Level I securities include those traded on an active exchange, such as the New York Stock Exchange and money market funds. Level II securities include mortgage-backed securities issued by government sponsored entities and private label entities, municipal bonds, United States Treasury securities that are traded by dealers or brokers in inactive over-the-counter markets and corporate debt securities. Certain local municipal securities related to tax increment financing (“TIF”) are independently valued and classified as Level III instruments.

Equity securities– Certain equity securities are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Fair value measurement is based upon quoted prices, if available. If quoted prices are not available, fair values are measured using independent pricing models or other model-based valuation techniques such as the present value of future cash flows, adjusted for the security's credit rating, prepayment assumptions and other factors, such as credit loss assumptions. The valuation methodologies utilized may include significant unobservable inputs.

Loans held-for-sale– The fair value of loans held-for-sale is determined, when possible, using quoted secondary market prices or investor commitments. If no such quoted price exists, the fair value of a loan is determined using quoted prices for a similar asset or assets, adjusted for the specific attributes of that loan, which would be used by other market participants. If the fair value at the reporting date exceeds the amortized cost of a loan, the loan continues to be reported at amortized cost. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there were no loans held-for-sale.

Interest rate swaps– Interest rate swaps are recorded at fair value based on third-party vendors who compile prices from various sources and may determine the fair value of identical or similar instruments by using pricing models that consider observable market data.

Fair value hedges –Treated like an interest rate swap, fair value hedges are recorded at fair value based on third-party vendors who compile prices from various sources and may determine fair value of identical or similar instruments by using pricing models that consider observable market data.

Embedded derivatives– Accounted for and recorded separately from the underlying contract as a derivative at fair value on a recurring basis. Fair values are determined using the Monte Carlo model valuation technique. The valuation methodology utilized includes significant unobservable inputs.

The following tables present assets and liabilities reported on the consolidated statements of financial condition at their fair value on a recurring basis as of the periods shown by level within the fair value hierarchy:

The following table represents recurring Level III assets and liabilities as of the periods shown:

Assets Measured on a Nonrecurring Basis

From time to time, we may be required to measure certain financial assets, financial liabilities, non-financial assets and non-financial liabilities at fair value on a nonrecurring basis in accordance with U.S. GAAP. These include assets that are measured at the lower of cost or market value that were recognized at fair value below cost at the end of the period. Certain non-financial assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis include foreclosed assets (upon initial recognition or subsequent impairment), non-financial assets and non-financial liabilities measured at fair value in the quantitative analysis of a goodwill impairment test and intangible assets and other non-financial long-lived assets measured at fair value for impairment assessment.

Collateral-dependent loans– Certain loans receivable are evaluated individually for credit loss when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulties and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of collateral. Estimated credit losses are based on the fair value of the collateral, adjusted for costs to sell. Collateral values are estimated using Level II inputs based on observable market data or Level III inputs based on customized discounting criteria. For a majority of collateral-dependent real estate related loans, we obtain an external appraisal. Other valuation techniques are used as well, including internal valuations, comparable property analysis and contractual sales information.

Other real estate owned– Other real estate owned, which is obtained through the Bank’s foreclosure process, is valued utilizing the appraised collateral value. Collateral values are estimated using Level II inputs based on observable market data or Level III inputs based on customized discounting criteria. At the time the foreclosure is completed, we obtain an external appraisal.

The following table presents the fair value of these assets as of the periods shown:

The following tables present quantitative information about the Level III significant unobservable inputs for assets and liabilities measured at fair value as of the periods shown:

1 Fair value is generally determined through independent appraisals of the underlying collateral, which generally include various Level III inputs that are not observable.

2 Appraisals may be adjusted by management for qualitative factors such as economic conditions and estimated liquidation expenses. The range and weighted-average of liquidation expenses and other appraisal adjustments are presented as a percent of the undiscounted appraisal value.

3 Municipal securities classified as Level III instruments are comprised of TIF bonds related to certain local municipal securities.

4 Fair value is determined through independent analysis of liquidity, rating, yield and duration.

5 Appraisals may be adjusted for qualitative factors, such as local economic conditions, liquidity, marketability and legal structure.

Note 9 – Derivatives

We use certain derivative instruments to meet the needs of customers, as well as to manage the interest rate risk associated with certain transactions. All derivative financial instruments are recognized as either assets or liabilities and measured at fair value.

Fair Value Hedges of Interest Rate Risk

We are exposed to changes in the fair value of fixed rate mortgages included in a closed portfolio due to changes in benchmark interest rates.

In 2023, we entered into five portfolio layer method fair value swaps, designated as hedging instruments, to manage exposure to changes in fair value on fixed rate mortgages and certain fixed rate available for sale securities attributable to the designated interest rate. Four of the interest rate swaps were designated to hedge a closed portfolio of fixed rate mortgages andone of the interest rate swaps was designated to hedge a closed portfolio of fixed rate municipal bonds. The interest rate swaps involve the payment of fixed-rate amounts to a counterparty in exchange for us receiving variable-rate payments over the life of the agreements, without the exchange of the underlying notional amount.

In October 2024, we discontinued a portfolio layer method fair value swap designated as a hedging instrument to hedge a closed portfolio of fixed rate mortgages. The hedge, which had a notional amount of $250.0 million, was fully dedesignated, and we paid the counterparty $2.1 million to terminate the swap. We recorded a $0.5 million loss in 2023 and $1.7 million remained on the balance sheet at the time of discontinuance as a basis adjustment to the loans that were part of the hedged portfolio, which will be amortized over the life of the underlying hedged items. As of September 30, 2025, the basis adjustment remaining on the hedged portfolio was $1.5 million. We recorded a $0.1 million gain on the derivative as a result of the discontinuance in 2024.

In January 2025, we discontinued a portfolio layer method fair value swap designated as a hedging instrument to hedge a closed portfolio of fixed rate mortgages. The hedge, which had a notional amount of $30.0 million, was fully dedesignated, and we were paid a nominal fee by the counterparty to terminate the swap. The amount that remained on the balance sheet as a basis adjustment to the loans that were part of the hedged portfolio was not material and was recognized in interest income during the first quarter of 2025.

In January 2025, we discontinued the portfolio layer method fair value swap designated as a hedging instrument to hedge a closed portfolio of fixed rate municipal bonds. The hedge, which had a notional amount of $50.0 million, was fully dedesignated, and we paid the counterparty $0.5 million to terminate the swap. A basis adjustment to the hedged securities portfolio of $0.5 million remained on the balance sheet at the time of discontinuance, which will be amortized over the life of the underlying hedged items. In September 2025, we sold approximately $35.2 million of municipal bonds that were part of the hedged portfolio. As of September 30, 2025, the amortized cost basis of the closed portfolio of municipal bonds was $20.1 million, inclusive of a $0.1 million remaining basis adjustment.

The remaining active fair value swaps are designated under the portfolio layer method. The notional amount of thetwo active swaps was $86.9 million as of September 30, 2025, one of which is amortizing and included a $33.1 million amortization adjustment to the notional amount at September 30, 2025. Under this method, the hedged items are designated as a hedged layer of closed portfolios of financial loans that are anticipated to remain outstanding for the designated hedged periods. Adjustments are made to record the swaps at fair value based on changes in the hedged risk.

The following table, which includes active fair value hedged items and discontinued fair value hedged items on which a basis adjustment still remains, represents the carrying value of the portfolio layer method hedged assets and the cumulative fair value hedging adjustments included in the carrying value of the hedged assets as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments

Matched Interest Rate Swaps. We enter into interest rate swap contracts to help commercial loan borrowers manage their interest rate risk. The interest rate swap contracts with commercial loan borrowers allow them to convert floating-rate loan payments to fixed-rate loan payments. When we enter into an interest rate swap contract with a commercial loan borrower, we simultaneously enter into a "mirror" swap contract with a third-party. The third-party exchanges the borrower's fixed-rate loan payments for floating-rate loan payments. These derivatives are not designated as hedges and changes in fair value are recognized in earnings. Because these derivatives have mirror-image contractual terms, the changes in fair value substantially offset each other through earnings. Fees earned in connection with the execution of derivatives related to this program are recognized in earnings through loan-related derivative income.

Outstanding Financial Derivative Instruments

The following tables summarize outstanding financial derivative instruments as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

Embedded Derivatives

In 2022, we entered into an agreement to sell a portion of our shares of Interchecks Technologies, Inc., a former equity method investment that was subsequently reclassified to equity securities due to the decrease in the remaining ownership percentage. Based on the terms of the sale, we recognized the cash received at closing, as well as a receivable for the remaining installment payment, which is based on a future economic event and is accounted for and separately recorded as a derivative. The derivative instrument is included in accrued interest receivable and other assets on the consolidated balance sheet, while the gains and losses are included innoninterest income on the consolidated statement of income. The fair value of the embedded derivative was $0.6 million at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, withno gain or loss for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024.

Note 10 – Earnings per Share

We determine basic earnings per share (“EPS”) by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted EPS is determined by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of shares outstanding, increased by the number of shares that would be issued assuming the exercise of instruments under our incentive stock plan.

The following table presents our calculation of EPS for the periods shown:

Note 11 – Comprehensive Income

The following tables present the reclassified components of accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) as of and for the periods shown:

Note 12 – Segment Reporting

We have identified three reportable segments: CoRe Banking, Mortgage Banking and Financial Holding Company. All other operating segments are summarized in an Other category. We determined these segments based on differences in products and services.

Our CoRe Banking segment, which includes our Fintech division, represents banking products and services offered to customers by the Bank, primarily loans and deposits accounts. Revenue from banking activities consists primarily of interest earned on loans and investment securities and service charges on deposit accounts.

Revenue from our Mortgage Banking segment is primarily comprised of our share of net income or loss from mortgage banking activities of our equity method investments in ICM and Warp Speed.

Revenue from Financial Holding Company activities is mainly comprised of intercompany service income and dividends.

The Other category consists of professional services and our Edge Venture companies. Revenue from the professional services are primarily made up of professional consulting income derived from banks and Fintech companies. Revenue from our Edge Ventures companies, including Victor, primarily consist of software services, offering account functionality and transactions to customers through web-based platforms. On September 30 2025, we executed an asset purchase agreement to sell substantially all assets and operations of Victor and recognized a $34.1 million pre-tax gain during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 that is included in the Other category in the tables below. The Other category will no longer include substantially all of the income and expense activity derived from Victor beginning October 1, 2025.

Our chief operating decision makers ("CODMs") regularly review the performance of operating segments to assess performance and allocate resources between segments as necessary. The CODMs consist of the Chief Executive Officer and President, Chief Financial Officer and Chief Administrative Officer. The measure used by the CODMs to assess performance and decide how to allocate resources is based on operating income that also is reported on the income statement as consolidated income before income taxes. Operating income is used by the CODMs to monitor budget versus actual results, as well as benchmarking to our peers. Operating income on a segment basis is reported below.

The following tables present information about the reportable segments and reconciliation to the consolidated financial statements for the periods shown:

Note 13 – Divestitures

Victor Technologies, Inc.

During the quarter ended September 30, 2025, the Board of Directors and Finance Committee approved a plan to sell substantially all the assets and operations of Victor. On September 30, 2025, we executed an asset purchase agreement to sell substantially all assets and operations of Victor. During the quarter ended September 30, 2025, we recorded a $34.1 million pre-tax gain associated with the sale of Victor that is included in gain on divestiture activity in the consolidated statement of income. We will continue to offer certain customers the account functionality through Victor through an agreement with Jack Henry. The transaction does not meet the criteria for discontinued operations, because the sale of Victor does not represent a strategic shift that will have a major effect on our operations and financial results.

Trabian Technology, Inc.

As of December 31, 2024, the Bank owned an 80.8% interest in Trabian and consolidated 100% of Trabian within the consolidated financial statements. In December 2024, the Board of Directors and Finance Committee approved a plan to sell the Bank's controlling interest in Trabian. As such, Trabian's assets, including $1.6 million of goodwill, and liabilities were classified as held-for-sale on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2024. In January 2025, we entered into a stock repurchase agreement with Trabian in which Trabian repurchased all the shares held by us for $3.5 million. As a result of the transaction, we recognized again of $0.6 millionfor thenine months ended September 30, 2025.

The following table presents the major classes of assets and liabilities held-for-sale:

Note 14 – Subsequent Event

Stock Repurchase Plan

As previously announced in October 2025, the Board of Directors approved a stock repurchase program of up to $10 million of the Company's common stock. We intend to begin repurchasing common stock in November 2025 and the stock repurchase program will expire upon the expenditure of $10 million, when terminated or otherwise completed.