GRAN TIERRA ENERGY INC

To the Shareholders and Board of Directors of Gran Tierra Energy Inc.:

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Gran Tierra Energy Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations, shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated February 20, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of a critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Impact of estimated proved oil and gas reserves on the calculations of depletion expense and the ceiling test related to Colombian oil and gas properties

As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company depletes its oil and gas properties using the unit-of-production method on a country-by-country basis. Under such method, capitalized costs are depleted over the estimated proved oil and gas reserves. As discussed in Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company recorded depletion and depreciation expense of $209.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, a portion of which related to Colombian oil and gas properties. Additionally, as discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company performs a ceiling test calculation as of each quarter end on a country-by-country basis. In performing its quarterly ceiling test, the Company limits the capitalized costs of proved oil and gas properties, net of accumulated depletion and deferred income taxes, to the estimated future net cash flows from proved reserves discounted at 10 percent, net of related tax effects, plus the lower of cost or fair value of unproved properties included in the costs being amortized. If such capitalized costs exceed the ceiling limitation, the Company will record a ceiling test impairment to the extent of such excess. As discussed in Note 5 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company did not record a ceiling test impairment in 2023 related to Colombian oil and gas properties. The estimation of proved reserves, which are used in the calculations of depletion and the ceiling test, involves the expertise of independent reservoir engineering specialists, who take into consideration assumptions related to forecasted production and forecasted operating, royalty and capital costs (reserve assumptions). The Company engages independent reservoir engineering specialists to estimate the proved reserves.

We identified the assessment of the impact of estimated proved reserves on the calculations of depletion expense and the ceiling test related to Colombian oil and gas properties as a critical audit matter. Changes in reserve assumptions could have had a significant impact on the calculations of depletion expense and the ceiling test. A high degree of auditor judgment was required in evaluating the proved reserves, and related reserve assumptions, which were an input to the calculations of depletion expense and the ceiling tests.

The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls related to the critical audit matter. This included controls related to the:

•calculation of depletion expense and the ceiling test

•estimation of the proved reserves, including the reserve assumptions

We assessed the calculations of depletion expense and the ceiling test for compliance with regulatory standards. We evaluated the competence, capabilities and objectivity of the independent reservoir engineering specialists engaged by the Company, who estimated the proved reserves. We evaluated the methodology used by the independent reservoir engineering specialists to estimate the proved reserves for compliance with regulatory standards. We compared the Company’s 2023 actual production and operating, royalty and capital costs to those estimates used in the prior year’s estimate of the proved reserves to assess the Company’s ability to accurately forecast. We assessed the estimates of forecasted production and forecasted operating, royalty and capital cost assumptions used in the estimate of the proved reserves by comparing them to historical results.

/s/ KPMG LLP

Chartered Professional Accountants

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2018

Calgary, Canada

February 20, 2024

(Thousands of U.S. Dollars, Except Share and Per Share Amounts)

(1)Reflects our 1-for-10 reverse stock split that became effective May 5, 2023. See Note 8 in the notes to the consolidated financial statements for further discussion.

(Thousands of U.S. Dollars, Except Share and Per Share Amounts)

(1) Reflects our 1-for-10 reverse stock split that became effective May 5, 2023. See Note 8 in the notes to the consolidated financial statements for further discussion.

(Thousands of U.S. Dollars)

Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity

(Thousands of U.S. Dollars)

(1) Reflects our 1-for-10 reverse stock split that became effective May 5, 2023. See Note 8 in the notes to the consolidated financial statements for further discussion.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

For the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

(Expressed in U.S. Dollars, unless otherwise indicated)

1. Description of Business

Gran Tierra Energy Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Company” or “Gran Tierra”), is a publicly traded company focused on international oil and natural gas exploration and production with assets currently in Colombia and Ecuador.

2. Significant Accounting Policies

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”).

Significant accounting policies are:

Basis of Consolidation

These consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its controlled subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Certain estimates and judgments have a material impact where the assumptions underlying these accounting estimates relate to matters that involve significant estimation uncertainty at the time the estimate or judgement is made or are subjective. These estimates and judgments include, but are not limited to:

•estimated proved and probable reserves volumes and the related cash flows are determined by the independent reservoir engineering specialists and used in several of the estimates made by management in preparing these financial statements. Numerous estimates are required to be made in the reserve report, including forecasted production, forecasted operating and royalty costs, capital cost assumptions, and in certain cases forecasted commodity prices;

•depletion, depreciation and accretion (“DD&A”);

•timing of transfers from oil and gas properties not subject to depletion to the depletable base;

•impairment of proved oil and gas properties as determined using the full cost method of accounting for our oil and natural gas properties in accordance with SEC Regulation S-X Rule 4-10;

•asset retirement obligations;

Although management believes these estimates are reasonable, changes in facts and circumstances or discovery of new information may result in revised estimates, and actual results may differ from these estimates.

Some of the Company’s estimates and judgements have a material impact on consolidated financial statements but do not involve significant subjectivity of estimation uncertainty. These estimates and judgements include, but are not limited to;

•income taxes; and

•stock-based compensation

•prepaid equity forwards (“PEF”);

•operating and finance leases; and

•debt extinguishment and debt modification accounting

•assessment of the likely outcome of legal and other contingencies;

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents.

Restricted Cash and Cash Equivalents

Restricted cash and cash equivalents are comprised of cash and cash equivalents pledged to secure letters of credit and to settle asset retirement obligations. Letters of credit currently secured by cash relate to work commitment guarantees contained in exploration contracts. Restrictions will lapse when work obligations are satisfied pursuant to the exploration contract or an asset retirement obligation is settled. Cash and claims to cash that are restricted as to withdrawal or use for other than current operations, or are designated for expenditure in the acquisition or construction of long-term assets are excluded from the current asset classification. The long-term portion of restricted cash and cash equivalents is included in other long-term assets on the Company’s balance sheet.

Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

At each reporting date, the Company assesses the expected lifetime credit losses on initial recognition of trade accounts receivable. Credit risk is assessed based on the number of days the receivable has been outstanding and the internal credit assessment of the customer. The expected loss rates are based on payment profiles over a period of 36 months prior to the period-end and the corresponding historical credit losses experienced within this period. Historical loss rates are adjusted to reflect current and forward-looking economic factors of the country where the Company sells oil that affect the ability of the customers to settle the receivables. Trade receivables are written off when there is no reasonable expectation of recovery.

Prepaid Equity Forwards

The Company is exposed to equity price risk in relation to its long-term incentive plans. The Company utilizes prepaid equity forwards on the equivalent number of the Company’s common shares in order to fix the future settlement cost on a portion of its cash-settled long-term incentive plans.

PEF is recorded in other current and long-term assets on the Company’s balance sheet at fair value, with changes in fair value recognized as G&A expense in the consolidated statements of operations. The Company utilizes PEF to manage equity price risk in relation to its long-term incentive plans.

Derivatives

The Company records derivative instruments on its balance sheet at fair value as either an asset or liability with changes in fair value recognized in the consolidated statements of operations as financial instruments gains or losses. While the Company utilizes derivative instruments to manage the price risk attributable to its expected oil production and foreign exchange risk, it has elected not to designate its derivative instruments as accounting hedges under the accounting guidance.

Inventory

Inventory consists of oil in tanks and third party pipelines and supplies and is valued at the lower of cost and net realizable value. The cost of inventory is determined using the weighted average method. Oil inventories include expenditures incurred to produce, upgrade and transport the product to the storage facilities and include operating, depletion and depreciation expenses, and royalties.

Income Taxes

Income taxes are recognized using the asset and liability method, whereby deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the consolidated financial statements carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax base, and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences and carryforwards are expected to be recovered or settled. Valuation allowances are provided if, after considering the available evidence, it is not more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will be realized.

The tax benefit from an uncertain tax position is recognized when it is more likely than not, based on the technical merits of the position, that the position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities. Additionally, the amount of the tax benefit recognized is the largest amount of benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. In evaluating whether a tax position has met the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold, the Company presumes that the position will be examined by the appropriate taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. The Company recognizes potential penalties and interest related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense.

Oil and Gas Properties

The Company uses the full cost method of accounting for its investment in oil and natural gas properties as defined by the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Under this method, the Company capitalizes all acquisition, exploration, and development costs incurred for the purpose of finding oil and natural gas reserves, including salaries, benefits, and other internal costs directly attributable to these activities. Costs associated with production and general corporate activities, are expensed as incurred. Separate cost centers are maintained for each country in which the Company incurs costs.

The Company computes depletion of oil and natural gas properties on a quarterly basis using the unit-of-production method based upon production and estimates of proved reserve quantities. Future development costs related to properties with proved reserves are also included in the amortization base for the computation of depletion. The costs of unproved properties are excluded from the amortization base until the properties are evaluated. The cost of exploratory dry wells is transferred to proved properties and thus is subject to amortization immediately upon determination that a well is dry in those countries where proved reserves exist.

The Company performs a ceiling test calculation each quarter in accordance with SEC Regulation S-X Rule 4-10. In performing its quarterly ceiling test, the Company limits, on a country-by-country basis, the capitalized costs of proved oil and natural gas properties, net of accumulated depletion and deferred income taxes, to the estimated future net cash flows from proved oil and natural gas reserves discounted at 10%, net of related tax effects, plus the lower of cost or fair value of unproved properties included in the costs being amortized. If such capitalized costs exceed the ceiling, the Company will record a write-down to the extent of such excess as a non-cash charge to net income or loss. Any such write-down will reduce earnings in the period of occurrence and result in a lower DD&A rate in future periods. A write-down may not be reversed in future periods, even though higher oil and natural gas prices may subsequently increase the ceiling.

The Company calculates future net cash flows by applying the unweighted average of prices in effect on the first day of the month for the preceding 12-month period, adjusted for location and quality differentials. Such prices are utilized except where different prices are fixed and determinable from applicable contracts for the remaining term of those contracts.

Unproved properties are not depleted pending the determination of the existence of proved reserves. Costs are transferred into the depletable base on an ongoing basis as the properties are evaluated, proved reserves are established, or impairment is determined. Unproved properties are evaluated quarterly to ascertain whether impairment has occurred. This evaluation considers, among other factors, seismic data, plans or requirements to relinquish acreage, drilling results, and activity, remaining time in the commitment period, remaining capital plans, and political, economic, and market conditions. During any period in which factors indicate impairment, the cumulative costs incurred to date for such property are transferred to the full cost pool and subject to depletion. For countries where a reserve base has not yet been established, the impairment is charged to net income or loss.

In exploration areas, related seismic costs are capitalized in unproved property and evaluated as part of the total capitalized costs associated with a property. Seismic costs related to development projects are recorded in proved properties and therefore subject to depletion as incurred.

Gains and losses on the sale or other disposition of oil and natural gas properties are not recognized, unless the gain or loss would significantly alter the relationship between capitalized costs and proved reserves of oil and natural gas attributable to a country.

Asset Retirement Obligation

The Company records an estimated liability for future costs associated with the abandonment of its oil and gas properties, including the costs of reclamation of drilling sites. The Company records the fair value of a liability for a legal obligation to retire an asset in the period in which the liability is incurred with an offsetting increase to the related oil and gas properties. The fair value of an asset retirement obligation is measured by reference to the expected future cash outflows required to satisfy the retirement obligation discounted at the Company’s credit-adjusted risk-free interest rate. Accretion expense is recognized over time as the discounted liabilities are accreted to their expected settlement value, while the asset retirement cost is amortized over the estimated productive life of the related assets. The accretion of the asset retirement obligation and amortization of the asset retirement cost is included in DD&A. If estimated future costs of an asset retirement obligation change, an adjustment is recorded to both the asset retirement obligation and oil and gas properties. Revisions to the estimated asset retirement obligation can result from changes in retirement cost estimates, revisions to estimated inflation rates, and changes in the estimated timing of abandonment.

Other Capital Assets

Other capital assets, including additions and replacements, are recorded at cost upon acquisition and include furniture, fixtures, leasehold improvement, computer equipment, automobiles and right-of-use assets for operating and finance leases. Depreciation for furniture and fixtures, computer equipment, and automobiles is provided using the straight-line method over the useful life of the asset. Leasehold improvements and right-of-use assets for operating and finance leases are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the estimated useful life and the term of the related lease. The cost of repairs and maintenance is charged to expenses as incurred.

Leases

At the inception of a contract, the Company assesses whether a contract is, or contains, a lease. A contract is, or contains, a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. At the inception of a contract that contains a lease component, the Company allocates the consideration in the contract to each lease and non-lease component on the basis of their relative stand-alone prices. The Company recognizes a right-of-use asset and a lease liability at the lease commencement date. The right-of-use asset is initially measured at cost and subsequently at cost less any accumulated depreciation and impairment losses and adjusted for certain remeasurements of the lease liability.

The lease liability is initially measured at the present value of the lease payments that are not paid at the commencement date, discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease, or, if that rate cannot be readily determined, the Company’s incremental borrowing rate. Generally, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate as the discount rate. The lease liability is subsequently increased by the interest cost on the lease liability and decreased by lease payments made. It is remeasured when there is a change in future lease payments arising from a change in an index or rate, a change in the estimate of the amount expected to be payable under a residual value guarantee, or as appropriate, changes in the assessment of whether a purchase or extension option is reasonably certain to be exercised or a termination option is reasonably certain not to be exercised.

The Company has applied judgment to determine the lease term for contracts which include renewal or termination options. The assessment of whether the Company is reasonably certain to exercise such options impacts the lease term, which significantly affects the amount of lease liabilities and right-of-use assets recognized.

Debt extinguishment and debt modification accounting

The Company accounts for debt restructuring or exchange of debt transactions as either a debt extinguishment or a debt modification. For instruments not involving conversion options, the Company recognizes an exchange of debt as an extinguishment if the present value of the cash flows under the terms of the new debt instrument is at least 10 percent different from the present value of the remaining cash flows under the terms of the original instrument. If the exchange of debt is accounted for as a debt extinguishment, the carrying value of the original debt including unamortized deferred financing fees is derecognized from our balance sheet and the new debt is recognized at its fair value less applicable deferred financing fees, with the difference between the net carrying value of the original debt and the fair value of the new debt recognized as a gain or loss in the consolidated statements of operations. If the terms of a debt instrument are changed or modified and the cash flow effect on a present value basis is less than 10 percent, the debt instrument is not considered to be substantially different, the Company accounts for this debt instrument as debt modification. If the exchange of debt is accounted for as a debt modification, the change of the carrying amount of the original debt on the balance sheet is adjusted to the net present value of the revised cash flows with the adjustments treated as a capital cost and amortized as an adjustment of interest expense on our statement of operations.

Revenue from Contracts with Customers

The Company recognizes revenue when it transfers control of the product to a customer. This generally occurs at the time the customer obtains legal title to the product and when it is physically transferred to the delivery point agreed with the customer. Revenue is recognized based on the consideration specified in contracts with customers. Revenue represents the Company's share and is recorded net of royalty payments to governments and other mineral interest owners.

The Company evaluates its arrangements with third parties and partners to determine if the Company acts as a principal or an agent. In making this evaluation, management considers if the Company obtains control of the product delivered, which is indicated by the Company having the primary responsibility for the delivery of the product, having the ability to establish prices, or having inventory risk. If the Company acts in the capacity of an agent rather than as a principal in the transaction, then the revenue is recognized on a net basis, only reflecting the fee realized by the Company from the transaction.

Tariffs, tolls, and fees charged to other entities for the use of pipelines owned by the Company are evaluated by management to determine if these originate from contracts with customers or from incidental arrangements. When determining if the Company acted as a principal or an agent in transactions, management determines if the Company obtains control of the product. As part of this assessment, management considers the criteria for revenue recognition set out in Accounting Standard Codification 606.

Stock-based Compensation

The Company records stock-based compensation expense in its consolidated financial statements measured at fair value of the awards that are ultimately expected to vest. Fair values are determined using pricing models such as the Black-Scholes-Merton or Monte Carlo simulation stock option-pricing models and/or observable share prices. For equity-settled stock-based compensation awards, fair values are determined at the grant date, and the expense, net of estimated forfeitures, is recognized using the accelerated method over the requisite service period. An adjustment is made to compensation expense for any difference between the estimated forfeitures and the actual forfeitures. For cash-settled stock-based compensation awards, the expense is recognized over thethree-year vesting period based on the latest available estimate of the fair value of the awards at each reporting date, and periodic changes are recognized as compensation costs, with a corresponding change to liabilities.

The Company uses historical data to estimate the expected term used in the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model, option exercises, and employee departure behavior. Expected volatilities used in the fair value estimate are based on the historical volatility of the Company’s shares. The risk-free rate for periods within the expected term of the stock options is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant.

Stock-based compensation expense is capitalized as part of oil and natural gas properties or expensed as part of G&A or operating expenses, as appropriate.

Foreign Currency Translation

The functional currency of the Company, including its subsidiaries, is the U.S. dollar. Monetary items are translated into the reporting currency at the exchange rate in effect at the balance sheet date, and non-monetary items are translated at historical exchange rates. Revenue and expense items are translated in a manner that produces substantially the same reporting currency amounts that would have resulted had the underlying transactions been translated on the dates they occurred.

DD&A expense on assets is translated at the historical exchange rates similar to the assets to which they relate. Gains and losses resulting from foreign currency transactions, which are transactions denominated in a currency other than the entity’s functional currency, are recognized in net income or loss.

Net Income or Loss per Share

Basic net incomeor lossper share is calculated by dividing net incomeor loss attributable to common shareholders by the weighted average number of shares of Common Stock issued and outstanding during each period. Diluted net incomeor loss per share is calculated by adjusting the weighted average number of shares of Common Stock outstanding for the dilutive effect, if any, of share equivalents. The Company uses the treasury stock method to determine the dilutive effect. This method assumes that all Common Stock equivalents have been exercised at the beginning of the period (or at the time of issuance, if later), and that the funds obtained thereby were used to purchase shares of Common Stock of the Company at the volume weighted average trading price of shares of Common Stock during the period.

Risks and Measurement Uncertainty

The impacts of ongoing conflicts in several parts of the world coupled with volatility in energy markets, increased interest and inflation rates and constrained supply chains have created a higher level of volatility and uncertainty. Management has, to the reasonable extent, incorporated known facts and circumstances into the estimates made; however, the increased levels of uncertainly and volatility make accounting estimates more judgmental, and the actual results could differ materially from estimates.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In October 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) issued Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”) 2023-06, “Disclosure Improvements.” This ASU includes an update to the disclosures and presentation requirements of a variety of topics. Affected topics include: an update to the statement of cash flows, commitments, earnings per share, derivatives and hedging, extractive activities and credit risk disclosures, among other things. This ASU should be applied prospectively and the effective date will be the date on which the SEC’s removal of the related disclosures from Regulation S-X becomes effective, with early adoption prohibited. The Company does not expect that adoption of this ASU would have a material impact on the Company’s presentation and disclosures of consolidated financial statements as its currently subject to presentation and disclosures of relevant S-X Regulations.

In November 2023, FASB issued ASU 2023-07, “Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures” for interim and annual financial reporting for all public entities, including those that have a single reportable segment. ASU 2023-07 requires to disclose by each reportable segment the significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to chief operating decision maker, amount and composition of other segment items, measure of segment’s profit or loss in assessing segment performance and how resources are allocated if used by chief operating decision maker and title and position of the chief operating decision maker. If a public entity discloses a single reportable segment, it should identify the measure or measures of a segment’s profit or loss that chief operating decision maker uses in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate the resources. The public entity is required to recast the prior-period segment expense information to conform to current-period presentation unless it is impracticable to do so. This ASU is effective for fiscal periods beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024 and should be applied retrospectively to all periods presented in the financial statements, with early adoption permitted. The Company adopted ASU 2023-07 effective January 1, 2024.

In December 2023, FASB issued ASU 2023-09, “Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures.” ASU 2023-09 enhances the income tax disclosures to enable investors to better understand entity’s exposure to potential changes in jurisdictional tax legislation and associated risks and opportunities, income tax information that effects cash flow forecasts and potential opportunities to increase future cash flows. This ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024 and should be applied prospectively, with retrospective application permitted. At December 31, 2023, the Company performed assessment of its income tax disclosures and does not believe that adoption of ASU 2023-09 would have a material impact on disclosures of income taxes.

3. Accounts Receivable

4. Property, Plant and Equipment

(1) The “other” category includes $53.3 million right-of-use assets for finance leases and operating leases, which had a net book value of $32.4 million as at December 31, 2023 (December 31, 2022 - $38.9 million which had a net book value of $24.6 million).

On April 11, 2023, the Company and Ecopetrol S.A. renegotiated the terms of the contract for Company’s operatorship of the Suroriente Block, which was previously scheduled to end in mid-2024 and executed the Suroriente Continuation Agreement. The duration of the contract was extended for 20 years from September 1, 2023 (the “Effective Date”), the date on which the Company satisfied the relevant conditions precedent and regulatory approval was received. The Company continues to be the operator of the Suroriente Block. In connection with the contract extension, the Company paid cash consideration of $6.2 million and provided letters of credit of $123.0 million (Note 12) related to committed capital investments to be made over athree-year period from the Effective Date.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company entered into new lease contracts related to power generating equipment and capitalized $12.4 million right-of-use assets related to those contracts.

Depletion and depreciation expense on property, plant and equipment for the year ended December 31, 2023, was $209.7 million (2022 - $175.8 million; 2021 - $135.7 million). A portion of depletion and depreciation expense was recorded as oil inventory in each year.

Unproved Oil and Natural Gas Properties

At December 31, 2023, unproved oil and natural gas properties consist of exploration lands held in Colombia and Ecuador. Unproved oil and natural gas properties are being held for their exploration value and are not being depleted pending determination of the existence of proved reserves. Gran Tierra will continue to assess the unproved properties over the next several years as proved reserves are established and as exploration warrants whether or not future areas will be developed. The Company expects that approximately 100% of costs not subject to depletion at December 31, 2023, will be transferred to the depletable base within the next five years.

The following is a summary of Gran Tierra’s oil and natural gas properties not subject to depletion as at December 31, 2023:

5. Asset impairment

For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 the Company hadno ceiling test impairment losses. In accordance with GAAP, Gran Tierra used an unweighted arithmetic average of the first-day-of-the-month Brent priceof $82.51 per bbl for the December 31, 2023 ceiling test calculations (December 31, 2022, and 2021 - $97.98 and $68.92 per bbl, respectively).

The Company has considered the impact of the evolving worldwide demand for energy and global advancement of alternative sources of energy that are not sourced from fossil fuels in the impairment assessment on oil and gas properties. The estimated ceiling amount of the Company’s oil and gas properties was based on proved reserves, the life of which is generally less than 15 years. The ultimate period in which global energy markets can transition from carbon-based sources to alternative energy is highly uncertain. However, the majority of the cash flows associated with proved reserves per the 2023 reserve report is expected to be realized prior to the potential elimination of carbon-based energy.

At December 31, 2023, a specific adjustment to the discount rate used in the ceiling test to account for the risk of the evolving demand for energy is not permitted as under the full cost accounting the 10% discount rate is prescribed.

6. Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities

7. Debt and Debt Issuance Costs

The Company’s debt at December 31, 2023 and 2022, was as follows:

(1) The current portion of the lease obligation has been included inaccounts payable and accrued liabilities on the Company’s balance sheet

and totaled $12.1 million as at December 31, 2023 (December 31, 2022 - $4.8 million).

Senior Notes

(1)During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company purchased in the open market $8.0 million of 6.25% Senior Notes for cash consideration of $6.8 million. The purchase resulted in a $1.1 million gain, which included the write-off of deferred financing fees of $0.1 million. The purchase gain was recorded in “other gain” in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. The Company cancelled all previously purchased 6.25% Senior Notes as at December 31, 2023.

(2) $247.1 million of 6.25% Senior Notes principal and $275.8 million of 7.75% Senior Notes principal exchanged for a net $487.6 million newly issued 9.50% Senior Notes.

(3) Early participation premium of $80 for each $1,000 aggregate principal amount and $20 for each $1,000 aggregate principal amount for the 6.25% Senior Notes and 7.75% Senior Notes, respectively. $242.5 million and $274.2 million of 6.25% Senior Notes and 7.75% Senior Notes, respectively, were exchanged for these terms.

(4) $4.6 million of remaining principal exchanged at $1,000 and $1.6 million of remaining principal exchanged at $950 for each $1,000 aggregate principal amount for the 6.25% Senior Notes and 7.75% Senior Notes, respectively.

(5)The Company paid cash consideration of $60.0 million for 6.25% Senior Notes exchanged as part of total consideration to eligible holders on a pro rata basis, for each $1,000 aggregate principal amount tendered and accepted for the early exchange deadline.

The Senior Notes tendered and accepted for exchange, as well as the notes previously held as treasury bonds, were cancelled. The exchange of the 6.25% Senior Notes was accounted for as debt extinguishment.and resulted in a gain of $5.3 million. The exchange of 7.75% Senior Notes was accounted for as debt modification and resulted in a loss of $6.1 million related to third party fees.

At December 31, 2023, the Company had $24.2 million of 7.75% Senior Notes due 2027, $24.8 million of 6.25% Senior Notes due 2025 and $487.6 million of newly issued 9.50% Senior Notes due 2029.

The 7.75% Senior Notes bear interest at a rate of 7.75% per year, payable semi-annually in arrears on May 23 and November 23 of each year, beginning on November 23, 2019. The 7.75% Senior Notes will mature on May 23, 2027, unless earlier redeemed or re-purchased.

The Company may redeem all or a portion of the 7.75% Senior Notes plus accrued and unpaid interest applicable to the date of the redemption at the following redemption prices: 2024 -101.938%; 2025 and thereafter -100%.

The 6.25% Senior Notes bear interest at a rate of 6.25% per year, payable semi-annually in arrears on February 15 and August 15 of each year, beginning on August 15, 2018. The 6.25% Senior Notes will mature on February 15, 2025, unless earlier redeemed or re-purchased.

The Company may redeem all or a portion of the 6.25% Senior Notes plus accrued and unpaid interest applicable to the date of the redemption at the following redemption prices: 2024 and thereafter -100%.

The 9.50% Senior Notes bear interest at a rate of 9.50% per year, payable semi-annually in arrears on April 15 and October 15 of each year, beginning on April 15, 2024. The 9.50% Senior Notes will mature on October 15, 2029, unless earlier redeemed or re-purchased.

The principal amount of 9.50% Senior Notes is to be repaid as follows: (i) October 15, 2026,25% of the principal amount; (ii) October 15, 2027,5% of the principal amount; (iii) October 15, 2028,30% of the principal amount; and (iv) October 15, 2029, the remainder of the principal amount.

At any time, prior to October 15, 2026, the Company may redeem 35% of the aggregate principal amount of 9.50% Senior Notes at a redemption price equal to 109.50% of the principal amount. Additionally, the Company may redeem all or a portion of the 9.50% Senior Notes:

(i) prior to October 15, 2026, at a redemption price equal to a 100% principal amount plus an applicable premium, which is the greater of:

•1% of the principal amount of 9.50% Senior Notes, and

•the excess of the present value of the redemption price plus all required interest payments computed using a discount rate equal to the Treasury rate at the redemption date plus 0.5% due to date, excluding accrued but unpaid interest, over the outstanding principal amount of 9.50% Senior Notes

(ii) On or after October 15, 2026, at the following redemption prices: 2026 -104.750%; 2027 -102.375%; 2028 and thereafter -100%.

If the Company undergoes a change of control, holders may require the Company to repurchase for cash all or any portion of their 9.50% Senior Notes at a change of control repurchase price equal to 101% of the principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the change of control repurchase date.

On February 6, 2024, the Company issued additional $100.0 million of 9.50% Senior Notes and received net cash proceeds of $88.0 million as a result of this issuance. The newly issued 9.50% Senior Notes have the same terms and provisions, except for the issue price, as $487.6 million 9.50% Senior Notes outstanding at December 31, 2023 and will be combined together with originally issued 9.50% Senior Notes in respect of interest payments.

Credit Facility

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company, as guarantor, and Gran Tierra Energy Colombia GmbH and Gran Tierra Operations Colombia GmbH, as borrowers, amended and restated their credit facility with a market leader in the global commodities industry. As part of the restatement, the initial commitment was adjusted from $100 million to $50 million (maintaining the potential option of up to an additional $50 million, subject to approval by the lender). Additionally, the availability period for the draws under the amendment to the credit facility was extended until December 31, 2023, following which the credit facility is no longer advanceable. The credit facility continues to bear interest based on the secured overnight financing rate posted by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, plus a credit margin of 6.00% and a credit-adjusted spread of 0.26%. Undrawn amounts under the credit facility bear interest at 2.10% per annum, based on the amount available. The credit facility is secured by the Company’s Colombian assets and economic rights and has a final maturity date of August 15, 2024. As of December 31, 2023, the credit facility was drawn by $36.4 million. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company incurred weighted-average interest rate on the credit facility of 11.59%.

Under the terms of the credit facility, the Company is required to maintain compliance with the following financial covenants:

i. Global Coverage Ratio of at least 150%, calculated using the net present value of the consolidated future cash flows of the Company up to the final maturity date discounted at 10% over the outstanding amount on the credit facility at each reporting period. The net present value of the consolidated future cash flows of the Company is required to be based on 80% of the prevailing ICE Brent forward strip.

ii. Prepayment Life Coverage Ratio of at least 150%, calculated using the estimated aggregate value of commodities to be delivered under the commercial contract from the commencement date to the final maturity date based on 80% of the prevailing ICE Brent forward strip and adjusted for quality and transportation discounts over the outstanding amount on the credit facility including interest and all other costs payable to the lender.

i. Liquidity ratio where the Company’s projected sources of cash exceed projected uses of cash by at least 1.15 times in each quarter period included in one year consolidated future cash flows. The future cash flows represent forecasted expected cash flows from operations, less anticipated capital expenditures, and certain other adjustments. The commodity pricing assumption used in this covenant is required to be 90% of the prevailing Brent forward strip for the projected future cash flows.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company was in compliance with all the above covenants.

On February 6, 2024, the outstanding balance under the credit facility was fully re-paid and the credit facility was terminated.

Leases

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recorded three new finance leases for power generating equipment totaling $12.4 million which had the useful life ranging fromone tothree years and weighted average discount rate of 7.31%.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company’s finance leases had remaining useful lives ranging fromone tofour years and the weighted average discount rate of 8.45% and operating leases had remaining useful lives ranging fromone tofive years and the weighted average discount rate of 8.01%.

Interest Expense

The following table presents the total interest expense recognized in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations:

The Company incurred debt issuance costs in connection with the issuance of the 9.50% Senior Notes and its credit facility. As at December 31, 2023, the balance of unamortized debt issuance costs has been presented as a direct deduction against the carrying amount of debt and is being amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method over the term of the debt.

8. Share Capital

(12,274,746 re-purchased shares in 2022 were canceled during the year ended December 31, 2023.

The Company’s authorized share capital consists of 82 million shares of capital stock, of which 57 million was designated as Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share and 25 million as Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 per share.

On May 5, 2023, the Company completed a 1-for-10 reverse stock split of the Company’s Common Stock. As a result of the reverse stock split, every ten of the Company’s issued shares of Common Stock were automatically combined into one issued share of Common Stock, without any change to the par value per share. All share and per share numbers have been adjusted to reflect the reverse stock split. The Company’s outstanding options were also proportionately adjusted as a result of the reverse stock split to increase the exercise price and reduce the number of shares issuable upon exercise.

Share Re-purchase Program

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company implemented a share re-purchase program (the “2023 Program”) through the facilities of the Toronto Stock Exchange, the NYSE American or alternative trading programs in Canada or the United States, if eligible. Under the 2023 Program, the Company is able to purchase up to 3,234,914 shares of Common Stock, representing 10% of the public float as of October 20, 2023, at prevailing market prices at the time of purchase. The 2023 Program will continue for one year and expire on November 2, 2024, or earlier if the 10% maximum is reached.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company re-purchased 1,041,804 shares of Common Stock at a weighted average price of approximately $6.21 per share under the 2023 Program and 1,328,650 shares at a weighted average price of $8.15 per share under the 2022 Program implemented in 2022 with similar terms to that of the 2023 Program. The 2022 Program expired in May 2023 when 10% share maximum was reached. The weighted average price per share under the 2022 Program was $10.59 per share. As of December 31, 2023, all 3,603,396 shares re-purchased under the 2022 Program and 1,013,192 shares re-purchased under the 2023 Program were cancelled subsequent to re-purchase.

Equity Compensation Awards

The Company has an equity compensation program for its executives, employees, and directors. Executives and employees are given equity compensation grants that vest based on a recipient’s continued employment. In the case of Performance Share Units (“PSUs”), the number of units that vest is dependent upon the achievement of specific key performance measures. Equity based awards consist of 80% of PSUs and 20% of stock options. The Company’s stock-based compensation awards outstanding as at December 31, 2023, include PSUs, deferred share units (“DSUs”), and stock options.

In accordance with the 2007 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended, the Company’s Board of Directors is authorized to issue options or other rights to acquire shares of the Company’s Common Stock. On June 27, 2012, the shareholdersof Gran Tierra approved an amendment to the Company’s 2007 Equity Incentive Plan, which increased the Common Stock available for issuance thereunder from 2,330,610 shares to 3,980,610 shares. On June 2, 2021, the shareholders of Gran Tierra approved an amendment to the Company’s 2007 Equity Incentive Plan, which increased the Common Stock available for issuance thereunder from 3,980,610 shares to 5,480,610 shares. On May 4, 2022, the shareholders of Gran Tierra approved an amendment to the Company’s 2007 Equity Incentive Plan, which increased the Common Stock available for issuance thereunder from 5,480,610 shares to 5,980,610 shares.

The following table provides information about PSU, DSU and stock option activity for the year ended December 31, 2023:

For the year ended December 31, 2023, Stock-based compensation expense was $5.7 million (2022 - $9.0 million; 2021 - $8.4 million) and was recorded in G&A expenses.

At December 31, 2023, there was $8.6 million(December 31, 2022 - $10.5 million) of unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested PSUs and stock options to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.7 years. The weighted average remaining contractual term of options vested, or expected to vest, at December 31, 2023, is 2.3 years.

PSUs

PSUs entitle the holder to receive, at the option of the Company, either the underlying number of shares of the Company’s Common Stock upon vesting of such units or a cash payment equal to the value of the underlying shares. PSUs will cliff vest after three years, subject to the grantee’s continued employment. Upon vesting, the underlying number of Common Shares or the cash payment equivalent to their value may range fromnil to 200% of the number of PSU’s vested, based on the Company’s performance with respect to the applicable performance targets. As at December 31, 2023,1.8 million (December 31, 2022 -1.2 million) of PSUs had vested and will settle in cash. The performance targets for the PSUs outstanding as at December 31, 2023, were as follows:

i.50% of the award is subject to targets relating to the total shareholder return (“TSR”) of the Company against a group of peer companies;

ii.2021 and 2022 awards:25% of the award is subject to targets relating to net asset value (“NAV”) of the Company per share, and NAV is based on before tax net present value discounted at 10% of proved plus probable reserves;

2023 awards:25% of the award is subject to compliance with financial covenants and $20 million free cash flow (1);

and

iii.25% of the award is subject to targets relating to the execution of corporate strategy.

(1)Defined as funds flow from operations less capital expenditures before exploration expense and short-term incentive plan.

The compensation cost of PSUs is subject to adjustment based upon the attainability of these performance targets. No settlement will occur with respect to the portion of the PSU award subject to each performance target for results below the applicable minimum threshold for that target. In excess of the target number granted, PSUs will vest and be settled if performance exceeds the targeted performance goals. The Company currently intends to settle the PSUs in cash.

DSUs

DSUs entitle the holder to receive either the underlying number of shares of the Company’s Common Stock upon vesting of such units or, at the option of the Company, a cash payment equal to the value of the underlying shares. Once a DSU is vested, it is immediately settled. During the year ended December 31, 2023, DSUs were granted to directors and will be settled at such time the grantee ceases to be a member of the Board of Directors. The Company currently intends to settle the DSUs in cash.

Stock Options

Each stock option permits the holder to purchaseone share of Common Stock at the stated exercise price. The exercise price equals the market price of a share of Common Stock at the time of grant and vest over three years. The term of the stock options granted isfive years orthree months after the grantee’s end of service to the Company, whichever occurs first.

For the year ended December 31, 2023,1,839 stock options were exercised, and $8.0 thousand cash proceeds were received (2022 -175,412 stock options were exercised, and $1.3 million cash proceeds were received and 2021 -16,294 stock options were exercised, and $0.1 million cash proceeds were received).

At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the weighted average remaining contractual term for outstanding stock options was 2.3 and 2.5 years, respectively, and forexercisable stock options was 1.5 and 1.9 years, respectively.

The fair value of each stock option award is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes Merton option-pricing model based on assumptions noted in the following table:

The weighted average grant date fair value for options granted in the year ended December 31, 2023 was$5.57 (2022 - $8.83; 2021 - $4.67) per option. The weighted average grant date fair value for options vested in the year ended December 31, 2023 was$4.77 (2022 - $5.81; 2021 - $5.19) per option. The total fair value of stock options vested during the year ended December 31, 2023 was$2.3 million (2022 - $2.2 million; 2021 - $2.1 million).

Weighted Average Shares Outstanding

For the year ended December 31, 2023, all options were excluded from the diluted (loss) earnings per share calculation as the options were anti-dilutive(2022 -590,025; 2021 -1,555,982)

9. Asset Retirement Obligation

Changes in the carrying amounts of the asset retirement obligation associated with the Company’s oil and natural gas properties were as follows:

(1) Current portion of asset retirement obligation is included in accounts payable and accrued liabilities on the Company’s balance sheet

Revisions in estimated liabilities relate primarily to changes in estimates of asset retirement costs and include, but are not limited to, revisions of estimated inflation rates, changes in property lives and the expected timing of settling asset retirement obligations. At December 31, 2023, the fair value of assets that were legally restricted for purposes of settling asset retirement obligations was $8.9 million (December 31, 2022 - $6.5 million). These assets were accounted for as restricted cash and cash equivalents on the Company’s balance sheet (Note 14).

10. Revenue

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company started sales in Ecuador. All of the Company’s revenue is generated from oil sales at prices that reflect the blended prices received upon shipment by the purchaser at defined sales points or are defined by contract relative to ICE Brent and adjusted for Vasconia or Castilla (Colombia sales) and Oriente (Ecuador sales) crude differentials, and quality and transportation discounts each month. For the year ended December 31, 2023,100% (2022 and 2021 -100%) of the Company's revenue resulted from oil sales and quality and transportation discounts were 18% (2022 -17%; 2021 -15%) of the ICE Brent price. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company’s production was sold primarily to one major customer representing,97% of total sales volumes in Colombia and 1% in Ecuador (2022 - two, representing 78% and 22% of total sales volumes in Colombia and 2021 - three, representing 66%,19% and 12% of total sales volumes in Colombia).

As at December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, accounts receivable includednil accrued sales revenue related to December production of each respective year.

11. Taxes

The income tax expense and recovery reported differs from the amount computed by applying the statutory rate to income (loss) before income taxes for the following reasons:

(1) The tax rate is the statutory rate in Colombia.

In general, it is the Company’s practice and intention to reinvest the earnings of our non-U.S. subsidiaries in such subsidiaries’ operations. As of December 31, 2023, the Company has not made a provision for U.S. or additional foreign withholding taxes on the investments in foreign subsidiaries that are indefinitely reinvested. Generally, such amounts become subject to taxation upon the remittance of dividends and under certain other circumstances.

In December 2022, the Colombian Government enacted a new tax reform bill which was effective January 1, 2023. The reform includes significant changes to the income tax regime applicable to oil companies, including the elimination of the tax deductibility of royalties paid-in cash, cost associated to royalties paid-in kind in the calculation of taxable income, and the introduction of a surcharge to the current 35% tax rate. The surcharge is determined by comparing the average inflation-adjusted Brent price during the taxation year to the monthly inflation-adjusted Brent price for the prior 120 months. When the Brent price during the taxation year exceeds the 30th percentile of the historical price range, a 5% surtax is applied. It increases to 10% and 15% when the Brent price during the taxation year exceeds the 45th and 60th percentiles, respectively. The 2023 calculation of current and deferred income tax has been prepared with a surtax of 10% for an aggregated income tax rate of 45%. Additionally, during the year ended December 31, 2023, the Constitutional Court declared unconstitutional prohibition for oil and gas and mining companies to deduct for income tax purposes the non-renewable natural resources royalty payments to the Colombian Government. The Company has considered the impact of these changes on its income tax provision.

The table below presents the components of the deferred tax liabilities and assets as at December 31, 2023 and 2022:

At December 31, 2023, the Company has not recognized the benefit of unused non-capital loss carryforwards of $58.8 million (2022 - $91.3 million, 2021 - $62.1 million) for federal purposes in the United States, which expire from 2031 to 2042.

At December 31, 2023, the Company has recognized the benefit of unused non-capital loss carryforwards of $16.5 million (2022 - $40.7 million, 2021 - $102.4 million), out of a total of $20.3 million for federal purposes in Colombia, some of which will expire from 2031 to 2034 and majority be carried forward indefinitely.

As at December 31, 2023, Gran Tierra had $0.8 million of unrecognized tax benefits and related interest and penalties included in its deferred tax assets and current tax liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet. The Company does not anticipate any material changes with respect to unrecognized tax benefit within the next twelve months. The Company had no other significant interest or penalties related to taxes included in the consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2023. The Company and its subsidiaries file income tax returns in the U.S. and certain other foreign jurisdictions. The Company is subject to income tax examinations for the tax years ended 2017 through 2023 in certain jurisdictions.

12. Commitments and Contingencies

Purchase Obligations, Firm Agreements and Leases

As at December 31, 2023, future minimum payments under non-cancelable agreements with remaining terms in excess of one year were as follows:

(1) Including maintenance and operating costs.

Gran Tierra has operating leases for office spaces, vehicles, and tanks and finance leases for power generation and enhanced oil recovery facilities, storage tanks, and compressors.

Indemnities

Corporate indemnities have been provided by the Company to directors and officers for various items including, but not limited to, all costs to settle suits or actions due to their association with the Company and its subsidiaries and/or affiliates, subject to certain restrictions. The Company has purchased directors’ and officers’ liability insurance to mitigate the cost of any potential future suits or actions. The maximum amount of any potential future payment cannot be reasonably estimated. The Company may provide indemnifications in the normal course of business that are often standard contractual terms to counterparties in certain transactions such as purchase and sale agreements. The terms of these indemnifications will vary based upon the contract, the nature of which prevents the Company from making a reasonable estimate of the maximum potential amounts that may be required to be paid.

Letters of Credit

At December 31, 2023, the Company had provided letters of credit and other credit support totaling $220.1 million (December 31, 2022 - $111.1 million) as security relating to work commitment guarantees in Colombia and Ecuador contained in exploration contracts, the Suroriente Block (Note 4), and other capital or operating requirements.

Contingencies

Gran Tierra has several lawsuits and claims pending. The outcome of the lawsuits and disputes cannot be predicted with certainty; Gran Tierra believes the resolution of these matters would not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. Gran Tierra records costs as they are incurred or become probable and determinable.

13. Financial Instruments, Fair Value Measurement, Credit Risk and Foreign Exchange Risk

Financial Instruments

Financial instruments are initially recorded at fair value, defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to market participants to settle liability at the measurement date. For financial instruments carried at fair value, GAAP establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. This hierarchy consists of three broad levels:

•Level 1 - Inputs representing quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities

•Level 2 - Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the assets and liabilities, either directly or indirectly

•Level 3 - Unobservable inputs for assets and liabilities

The Company’s financial instruments recognized on the balance sheet consist of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and cash equivalents(1), accounts receivable, PEF, other long-term assets, accounts payable and accrued liabilities, credit facility, long-term debt and other long-term liabilities. The Company’s valuation techniques to measure the fair values of assets and liabilities are described in the subsequent disclosures.

Fair Value Measurement

The following table presents the Company’s fair value measurements of its financial instruments as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:

(1) Included in the other current assets on the Company’s balance sheet

(2)The long-term portion of restricted cash and PEF are included in the other long-term assets on the Company’s balance sheet

The fair values of cash and cash equivalents, current restricted cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued liabilities and credit facility approximate their carrying amounts due to the short-term maturity of these instruments.

Restricted cash - long-term

The fair value of long-term restricted cash and cash equivalents approximate its carrying value because interest rates are variable and reflective of market rates.

PEF

To reduce the Company’s exposure to changes in the trading price of the Company’s common shares on outstanding PSUs and DSU’s, the Company entered into PEF. At the end of the term, the counterparty will pay the Company an amount equivalent to the notional amount of the shares using the price of the Company’s shares of Common Stock at the valuation date. The Company has the discretion to increase or decrease the notional amount of the PEF or terminate the agreement early. As at December 31, 2023, the Company’s PEF had a notional amount of 1.0 million shares and a fair value of $5.6 million. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recorded a loss of $5.0 million on the PEF in G&A expenses (December 31, 2022 - $1.3 million gain and 2021 - $0.9 million). The fair value of PEF asset was estimated using Company’s share price quoted in active markets at the end of each reporting period.

Senior Notes

Financial instruments recorded at amortized costs at December 31, 2023, include the Senior Notes (Note 7). The Senior Notes are publicly traded on Singapore Exchange and the fair value is determined using the Senior Notes trading prices at the end of each reporting period.

At December 31, 2023, the carrying amounts of the 6.25% Senior Notes,7.75% Senior Notes and 9.50% Senior Notes were$24.6 million, $23.8 million and $444.6 million, respectively, which represents the aggregate principal amounts less unamortized debt issuance costs and discounts.

Derivative asset and derivative liability

As at December 31, 2023, the Company didnot have any outstanding derivative positions.

The following table presents the nature of our financial instruments gains or losses for each of the three years ended December 31, 2023:

Commodity Price Risk

The Company may at times utilize commodity price derivatives to manage the variability in cash flows associated with the forecasted sale of its oil production, reduce commodity price risk and provide a base level of cash flow in order to assure it can execute at least a portion of its capital spending. As at December 31, 2023, the Company had no outstanding commodity price derivative positions.

Foreign Exchange Risk

The Company is exposed to foreign exchange risk in relation to its Colombian operations predominantly in operating and transportation costs and G&A expenses. To mitigate exposure to fluctuations in foreign exchange, the Company may enter into foreign currency exchange derivatives. As at December 31, 2023, the Company had no outstanding foreign currency exchange derivative positions.

Unrealized foreign exchange gains and losses primarily result from fluctuation of the U.S. dollar to the Colombian peso due to Gran Tierra’s accounts payable, tax and deferred tax assets and liabilities which are monetary assets and liabilities mainly denominated in the local currencies. As a result, foreign exchange gains and losses must be calculated on conversion to the U.S. dollar functional currency. A one percent strengthening in Colombian peso against the U.S. dollar results in foreign exchange loss of approximately $0.4 million of U.S. dollars on accounts payable, gain of approximately $0.3 million of U.S. dollars on taxes receivable and payable and loss of approximately $0.4 million of U.S. dollars on deferred tax assets and liabilities. This effect was calculated based on the Company’s December 31, 2023, accounts payable, deferred tax assets, and taxes payable.

For the years ended December 31, 2023,97% of the Company oil sales were generated in Colombia and 3% of oil sales generated in Ecuador (2022 and 2021 respectively,100% of the Company's oil sales were generated in Colombia). In Colombia and Ecuador, the Company receives 100% of its revenues in U.S. dollars and the majority of its capital expenditures are in U.S. dollars or are based on U.S. dollar prices.

Credit Risk

Credit risk arises from the potential that the Company may incur a loss if counterparty to a financial instrument fails to meet its obligation in accordance with agreed terms. The Company’s financial instruments that are exposed to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and accounts receivable. The carrying value of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and cash equivalents accounts receivable reflects management’s assessment of credit risk.

At December 31, 2023, cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents included balances in bank accounts, term deposits and certificates of deposit, placed with financial institutions with investment grade credit ratings.

Most of the Company’s accounts receivable relate to sales to customers in the oil and natural gas industry and are exposed to typical industry credit risks. The concentration of revenues in a single industry affects the Company’s overall exposure to credit risk because customers may be similarly affected by changes in economic and other conditions. The Company manages this credit risk by entering into sales contracts with only credit worthy entities and reviewing its exposure to individual entities on a regular basis. Additionally, the Company reduces the credit risk exposure by managing its accounts receivable which are paid on a weekly basis. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company had one customer (2022 - two and 2021 - three) which accounted for over 95% of sales.

To reduce the concentration of exposure to any individual counterparty, the Company utilizes a group of investment-grade rated financial institutions for its derivative transactions. The Company monitors counterparty creditworthiness on an ongoing basis; however, it cannot predict sudden changes in counterparties’ creditworthiness. In addition, even if such changes are not sudden, the Company may be limited in its ability to mitigate an increase in counterparty credit risk. Should one of these counterparties not perform, the Company may not realize the benefit of some of its derivative instruments.

14. Supplemental Cash Flow Information

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents with the Company’s consolidated balance sheet that sum to the total of such amounts shown in the consolidated statements of cash flows:

(1) The current portion of restricted cash and cash equivalents is included in other current assets and long-term portion of restricted cash and cash equivalents is included in other long-term assets on the Company's balance sheet.

Net changes in assets and liabilities from operating activities were as follows:

The following table provides additional supplemental cash flow disclosures:

Supplementary Data (Unaudited)

1. Oil and Gas Producing Activities

In accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification Topic 932, “Extractive Activities—Oil and Gas”, and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), the Company is making certain supplemental disclosures about its oil and gas exploration and production operations.

A. Estimated Proved Net After Royalty (“NAR”) Reserves

The following table sets forth Gran Tierra’s estimated proved NAR reserves and total net proved developed and undeveloped reserves as of December 31, 2021, 2022, and 2023, and the changes in total net proved reserves during the three-year period ended December 31, 2023.

The net proved reserves represent management’s best estimate of proved oil and natural gas reserves after royalties. Reserve estimates for each property are prepared internally each year and 100% of the reserves at December 31, 2023, have been evaluated by independent reservoir engineering specialist, McDaniel & Associates Consultants Ltd.

The reserve estimation process requires us to use significant decisions and assumptions in the evaluation of available geological, geophysical, engineering and economic data for each property, and demonstrate reasonable certainty that they are recoverable from known reservoirs under economic and operating conditions that existed at year end. The determination of oil and natural gas reserves is complex and requires significant judgment. Assumptions used to estimate reserve information may significantly increase or decrease such reserves in future periods. The estimates of reserves are subject to continuing changes and, therefore, an accurate determination of reserves may not be possible for many years because of the time needed for development, drilling, testing, and studies of reservoirs.

(1) At December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, liquids reserves are 100% oil.

(2) Includes the following volumes related to Ecuador: 2023 -1.5 MMbbl of extensions and 0.6 MMbbl of technical revisions; 2022 -2.5 MMbbl of extensions and (0.2) MMbbl of technical revisions; 2021 - 0.5 MMbbl of extensions

(3) Includes 0.2 MMbbl of production related to Ecuador for the year ended December 31, 2023

Changes in proved reserves during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 shown in the table above primarily resulted from the following significant factors:

Improved Recoveries. There wereno improved recoveries for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. There were 2.1 MMbbl of improved recoveries of heavy oil in the Acordionero field for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Extensions and Discoveries. Added 17.8 MMbbl of proved reserves during the year ended December 31, 2023, of which 16.3 MMbbl were extensions in Colombia and 1.5 MMbbl were discoveries in Ecuador. In Colombia, we had 1.2,3.5,2.0 and 9.6 MMbbl of extensions in the Acordionero, Costayaco and Moqueta fields and Suroriente Block respectively, with a 1.5 MMbbl discovery in the Chanangue Block (2022 -6.3 MMbbl due to reserve extensions in the Acordionero and Costayaco fields and the Charapa and Chanangue Blocks and a discovery in the Alea-1848 Block and 2021 -7.5 MMbbl, due to reserve extensions in the Acordionero, Costayaco, Moqueta and Charapa fields).

Technical and Economic Revisions. Added 0.7 MMbbl of proved oil reserves and removed all gas reserves during the year ended December 31, 2023. In Colombia this was primarily due to continued waterflood performance in the Costayaco and Acordionero fields as well as production type curve increases in the Ecuador Blocks (2022 -1.6 MMBOE related to positive technical revisions based on increased drilling and continued waterflood performance in the Acordionero and Costayaco fields and 2021 -1.0 MMBOE, related to positive technical revisions based on performance and waterflood response in the Acordionero and Costayaco fields).

B. Capitalized Costs

Capitalized costs for Gran Tierra’s oil and gas producing activities consisted of the following at the end of each of the years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2023:

C. Costs Incurred

The following table presents costs incurred for Gran Tierra’s oil and gas property acquisitions and exploration and development for the respective years:

D. Results of Operations for Oil and Gas Producing Activities

E. Standardized Measure of Discounted Future Net Cash Flows and Changes

The following disclosure is based on estimates of net proved reserves and the period during which they are expected to be produced. Future cash inflows are computed by applying the twelve month period unweighted arithmetic average of the price as of the first day of each month within that twelve month period, unless prices are defined by contractual arrangements, excluding escalations based on future conditions to Gran Tierra’s after royalty share of estimated annual future production from proved oil and gas reserves.

Future development and production costs to be incurred in producing and further developing the proved reserves are based on year end cost indicators. Future income taxes are computed by applying year end statutory tax rates. These rates reflect allowable deductions and tax credits, and are applied to the estimated pre-tax future net cash flows. Discounted future net cash flows are calculated using 10% mid-year discount factors. The calculations assume the continuation of existing economic, operating and contractual conditions. However, such prescribed assumptions have not proved to be the case in the past. Other assumptions could give rise to substantially different results.

The Company believes this information does not in any way reflect the current economic value of its oil and gas producing properties or the present value of their estimated future cash flows as:

•no economic value is attributed to probable and possible reserves;

•use of a 10% prescribed discount rate; and

•prices change constantly from the twelve-month period unweighted arithmetic average of the price as of the first day of each month within that twelve-month period.

The standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows from Gran Tierra’s estimated proved oil and gas reserves is as follows:

Changes in the Standardized Measure of Discounted Future Net Cash Flows

The following table summarizes changes in the standardized measure of discounted future net cash flows for Gran Tierra’s proved oil and gas reserves: