ASHFORD HOSPITALITY TRUST INC

For the Years Ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022

1. Organization and Description of Business

Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc., together with its subsidiaries (“Ashford Trust”), is a real estate investment trust (“REIT”). While our portfolio currently consists of upscale hotels and upper upscale full-service hotels, our investment strategy is predominantly focused on investing in upper upscale full-service hotels in the United States that have revenue per available room (“RevPAR”) generally less than twice the U.S. national average, and in all methods including direct real estate, equity, and debt. We currently anticipate future investments will predominantly be in upper upscale hotels. We own our lodging investments and conduct our business through Ashford Hospitality Limited Partnership (“Ashford Trust OP”), our operating partnership. Ashford OP General Partner LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Ashford Trust, serves as the sole general partner of our operating partnership. Terms such as the “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our” refer to Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc. and, as the context may require, all entities included in its consolidated financial statements.

Our hotel properties are primarily branded under the widely recognized upscale and upper upscale brands of Hilton, Hyatt, Marriott and Intercontinental Hotel Group. As of December 31, 2024, we held interests in the following assets:

•68 consolidated operating hotel properties, which represent 17,051 total rooms;

•one consolidated operating hotel property, which represents 188 total rooms through a 29.3% owned investment in a consolidated entity;

•four consolidated operating hotel properties, which represent 405 total rooms owned through a 98.8% ownership interest in Stirling REIT OP, LP (“Stirling OP”), which was formed by Stirling Hotels & Resorts, Inc. (“Stirling Inc.”) to acquire and own a diverse portfolio of stabilized income-producing hotels and resorts; and

•an investment in an entity that owns the Meritage Resort and Spa and the Grand Reserve at the Meritage (the “Meritage Investment”) in Napa, California, with a carrying value of approximately $7.6 million.

For U.S. federal income tax purposes, we have elected to be treated as a REIT, which imposes limitations related to operating hotels. As of December 31, 2024, our 69 operating hotel properties andfour Stirling OP hotel properties were leased or owned by our wholly owned or majority owned subsidiaries that are treated as taxable REIT subsidiaries for U.S. federal income tax purposes (collectively, these subsidiaries are referred to as “Ashford TRS”). Ashford TRS then engages third-party or affiliated hotel management companies to operate the hotels under management contracts. Hotel operating results related to these properties are included in the consolidated statements of operations.

We are advised by Ashford Hospitality Advisors LLC (“Ashford LLC”), a subsidiary of Ashford Inc., through an advisory agreement. Our 69 operating hotel properties andfour Stirling OP hotel properties in our consolidated portfolio are currently asset-managed by Ashford LLC. We do not have any employees. All of the services that might be provided by employees are provided to us by Ashford LLC.

We do not operate any of our hotel properties directly; instead we contractually engage hotel management companies to operate them for us under management contracts. Remington Lodging & Hospitality, LLC (“Remington Hospitality”), a subsidiary of Ashford Inc., manages 50 of our 69 operating hotel properties andthree of thefour Stirling OP hotel properties. Third-party management companies manage the remaining hotel properties.

Ashford Inc. also provides other products and services to us or our hotel properties through certain entities in which Ashford Inc. has an ownership interest. These products and services include, but are not limited to, design and construction services, debt placement and related services, audiovisual services, real estate advisory and brokerage services, insurance policies covering general liability, workers’ compensation and business automobile claims and insurance claims services, hypoallergenic premium rooms, watersport activities, broker-dealer and distribution services, mobile key technology and cash management services.

On September 27, 2024, our board of directors approved a reverse stock split of our issued and outstanding common stock at a ratio of 1-for-10. This reverse stock split converted every ten issued and outstanding shares of common stock into one share of common stock. The reverse stock split was effective as of the close of business on October 25, 2024. As a result of the reverse stock split, the number of outstanding shares of common stock was reduced from approximately 55.2 million shares to approximately 5.5 million shares on that date. Additionally, the number of outstanding common units, Long-Term Incentive Plan (“LTIP”) units and Performance LTIP units was reduced from approximately 2.1 million units to approximately 208,000 units on that date. All common stock, common units, LTIP units, Performance LTIP units, performance stock units and restricted stock units as well as per share data related to these classes of equity have been revised in the accompanying consolidated financial statements to reflect this reverse stock split for all periods presented.

2. Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation—The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc., its majority-owned subsidiaries, its majority-owned joint ventures in which it has a controlling interest and entities in which the Company is the primary beneficiary. All significant inter-company accounts and transactions between consolidated entities have been eliminated in these consolidated financial statements.

Ashford Trust OP is considered to be a variable interest entity (“VIE”), as defined by authoritative accounting guidance. A VIE must be consolidated by a reporting entity if the reporting entity is the primary beneficiary because it has (i) the power to direct the VIE’s activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the VIE. All major decisions related to Ashford Trust OP that most significantly impact its economic performance, including but not limited to operating procedures with respect to business affairs and any acquisitions, dispositions, financings, restructurings or other transactions with sellers, purchasers, lenders, brokers, agents and other applicable representatives, are subject to the approval of our wholly owned subsidiary, Ashford Trust OP General Partner LLC, its general partner. As such, we consolidate Ashford Trust OP. As Ashford Trust OP is substantially the same as Ashford Hospitality Trust, Inc., our REIT, the separate VIE accounts for this VIE are not reflected separately on the balance sheet.

On May 31, 2023, Ashford Trust obtained the ability to exercise its kick-out rights of the manager of 815 Commerce Managing Member LLC (“815 Commerce MM”), which is developing the Le Meridien hotel in Fort Worth, Texas. As a result, Ashford Trust became the primary beneficiary and began consolidating 815 Commerce MM. The hotel property is subject to a 99-year lease of the land and building that has been accounted for as a failed sale and leaseback.

In 2023, the Company determined that 815 Commerce MM is a VIE that is not a business. As such, the Company measured and recognized 100% of the identifiable assets acquired, the liabilities assumed and any noncontrolling interests of 815 Commerce MM, at fair value. The Company recognized a gain of $1.1 million that represented the difference between the fair value of the assets and liabilities recognized, the fair value of the non-controlling interest and the previous carrying value of the Company’s investment in 815 Commerce MM. The gain is included in “gain (loss) on consolidation of VIE and disposition of assets” in the consolidated statements of operations.

On December 6, 2023, the Company entered into a Contribution Agreement with Stirling OP, a subsidiary of Stirling Inc. Pursuant to the terms of the Contribution Agreement, the Company contributed its equity interests, and the associated debt and other obligations, in Residence Inn Manchester, Hampton Inn Buford, SpringHill Suites Buford and Residence Inn Jacksonville to Stirling OP in exchange for 1.4 million Class I units of Stirling OP.

The Company determined the transaction resulted in Ashford Trust becoming the primary beneficiary of Stirling OP in contemplation of: 1) the related party group comprised of (i) Ashford Trust and (ii) the initial stockholder who has control over election or removal of the board of directors of Stirling Inc. that have power to direct the most significant activities of Stirling OP; and 2) the consideration that substantially all the economics are held by the Company through its equity interest, and substantially all of the activities are performed on the Company’s behalf. As a result, Ashford Trust began consolidating Stirling OP as of December 6, 2023 and as such, the properties and debt continue to be reflected on the Company's balance sheet at their historical carrying values.

The following transactions affect reporting comparability of our consolidated financial statements:

Use of Estimates—The preparation of these consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Cash and Cash Equivalents—Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand or held in banks and short-term investments with an initial maturity of three months or less at the date of purchase.

Restricted Cash—Restricted cash includes reserves for debt service, real estate taxes, and insurance, as well as excess cash flow deposits and reserves for FF&E replacements of approxim ately 4% to 6% of property revenue for certain hotels, as required by certain management or mortgage debt agreement restrictions and provisions.

Accounts Receivable—Accounts receivable consists primarily of meeting and banquet room rental and hotel guest receivables. We generally do not require collateral. We maintain an allowance for doubtful accounts for estimated losses resulting from the inability of guests to make required payments for services. The allowance is maintained at a level believed to be adequate to absorb estimated receivable losses. The estimate is based on past receivable loss experience, known and inherent credit risks, current economic conditions, and other relevant factors, including specific reserves for certain accounts.

Inventories—Inventories, which primarily consist of food, beverages, and gift store merchandise, are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined using the first-in, first-out method.

Investments in Hotel Properties, net—Hotel properties are generally stated at cost. All improvements and additions that extend the useful life of the hotel properties are capitalized.

For property and equipment acquired in a business combination, we record the assets acquired based on their fair value as of the acquisition date. Replacements and improvements and finance leases are capitalized, while repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred. Property and equipment acquired in an asset acquisition are recorded at cost. The acquisition cost in an asset acquisition is allocated to land, buildings, improvements, furniture, fixtures and equipment, as well as identifiable intangible and lease assets and liabilities. Acquisition cost is allocated using relative fair values. We evaluate several factors, including weighted market data for similar assets, expected future cash flows discounted at risk adjusted rates, and replacement costs for assets to determine an appropriate exit cost when evaluating the fair values.

Our property and equipment, including assets acquired under finance leases, are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets with useful lives.

Impairment of Investments in Hotel Properties—Hotel properties are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable. Recoverability of the hotel is measured by comparison of the carrying amount of the hotel to the estimated future undiscounted cash flows, which take into account current market conditions and our intent with respect to holding or disposing of the hotel. If our analysis indicates that the carrying value of the hotel is not recoverable on an undiscounted cash flow basis, we recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the property’s net book value exceeds its estimated fair value. In evaluating impairment of hotel properties, we make many assumptions and estimates, including projected cash flows, expected holding periods, and expected useful lives. Fair value is determined through various valuation techniques, including internally developed discounted cash flow models, comparable market transactions and third-party appraisals, where considered necessary. We recorded impairment charges of $59.3 million, $0, and $0 for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. See note 5.

Assets Held for Sale, Discontinued Operations and Hotel Dispositions—We classify assets as held for sale when we have obtained a firm commitment from a buyer, and consummation of the sale is considered probable and expected within one year. The related operations of assets held for sale are reported as discontinued if the disposal is a component of an entity that represents a strategic shift that has (or will have) a major effect on our operations and cash flows. Depreciation and amortization will cease as of the date assets have met the criteria to be deemed held for sale and the hotel property is measured at the lower of its carrying value or fair value less costs to sell. See note 5.

Discontinued operations are defined as the disposal of components of an entity that represents strategic shifts that have (or will have) a major effect on an entity’s operations and financial results. We believe that individual dispositions of hotel properties do not represent a strategic shift that has (or will have) a major effect on our operations and financial results as most will not fit the definition. See note 5.

Investments in Unconsolidated Entities—As of December 31, 2024, we held a 15.1% ownership interest in OpenKey and an investment in an entity that ownstwo resorts in Napa, CA, which are accounted for under the equity method of accounting by recording the initial investment and our percentage of interest in the entities’ net income/loss. We review the investments for impairment each reporting period pursuant to the applicable authoritative accounting guidance. An investment is impaired when its estimated fair value is less than the carrying amount of our investment. Any other-than-temporary impairment is recorded in “equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated entities” in the consolidated statements of operations. See note 6.

Our investments in certain unconsolidated entities are considered to be variable interests in the underlying entities. Each VIE, as defined by authoritative accounting guidance, must be consolidated by a reporting entity if the reporting entity is the primary beneficiary because it has (i) the power to direct the VIE’s activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance, and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the VIE. Because we do not have the power and financial responsibility to direct the unconsolidated entities’ activities and operations, we are not considered to be the primary beneficiary of these entities on an ongoing basis and therefore such entities are not consolidated.

Notes Receivable, net—We record notes receivable at present value upon the transaction date. Any discount or premium is amortized using the effective interest method.

Impairment of Notes Receivable—We review notes receivable for impairment each reporting period. The impairment model requires an estimate of expected credit losses, measured over the contractual life of an instrument, that considers forecasts of future economic conditions in addition to information about past events and current conditions. The Company will estimate credit losses over the entire contractual term of the instrument from the date of initial recognition of that instrument and is required to record a credit loss expense (or reversal) in each reporting period. Loan impairments are recorded as a valuation allowance and a charge to earnings. Our assessment of impairment is based on considerable management judgment and assumptions. No impairment charges were recorded for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.

Leases—We determine if an arrangement is a lease at the commencement date. Operating leases, as lessee, are included in operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and operating lease liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets. Finance leases, as lessee, are recorded based on the underlying nature of the leased asset and finance lease liabilities.

Operating lease ROU assets and finance lease assets and operating and finance lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term at commencement date. As most of our leases do not provide an implicit rate, we use our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of future payments. The operating lease ROU asset and finance lease asset also includes any lease payments made and initial direct costs incurred and excludes lease incentives. The lease terms used to calculate our right-of-use asset and the investments in hotel properties may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise that option. Lease expense for minimum lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Subsequent to the initial recognition, lease liabilities are measured using the effective interest method. The ROU asset is generally amortized utilizing a straight-line method adjusted for the lease liability accretion during the period.

We have lease agreements with lease and non-lease components, which under the elected practical expedients under Accounting Standard Codification (“ASC”) 842, we are not accounting for separately. For certain equipment leases, such as office equipment, copiers and vehicles, we account for the lease and non-lease components as a single lease component.

Intangible Assets and Liabilities—Intangible assets represent the acquisition of a permanent docking easement and intangible liabilities represent the liabilities recorded on certain hotel properties’ lessor lease contracts that were below market rates at the date of acquisition. The asset is not subject to amortization and liabilities are amortized using the straight-line method over the remaining terms of the respective lease contracts. See note 22.

Deferred Costs, net—Debt issuance costs associated with debt obligations are reflected as a direct reduction to the related debt obligation on our consolidated balance sheets. Debt issuance costs are recorded at cost and amortized over the terms of the related indebtedness using the effective interest method.

We also have debt issuance costs related to delayed draw term loans in the Credit Agreement with Oaktree that meet the definition of an asset and are amortized on a straight-line basis over the contractual term of the arrangement. If the Company, makes any draws the recorded asset will be derecognized and reclassified as a direct reduction of the related debt and amortized using the effective interest method over the remaining initial term.

Deferred franchise fees are amortized on a straight-line basis over the terms of the related franchise agreements and are presented as an asset on our consolidated balance sheets. See note 21.

Derivative Instruments and Hedging—We use interest rate derivatives to hedge our risks and to capitalize on the historical correlation between changes in SOFR (Secured Overnight Financing Rate) and RevPAR. Interest rate derivatives could include swaps, caps, floors, and flooridors.

All derivatives are recorded at fair value in accordance with the applicable authoritative accounting guidance. None of our derivative instruments are designated as cash flow hedges. Interest rate derivatives are reported as “derivative assets” in the consolidated balance sheets. For interest rate derivatives and credit default swaps, changes in fair value and realized gains and losses are recognized in earnings as “realized and unrealized gain (loss) on derivatives” in the consolidated statements of operations. Accrued interest on interest rate derivatives is included in “accounts receivable, net” in the consolidated balance sheets.

Due to/from Related Parties—Due to/from related parties represents current receivables and payables resulting from transactions related to hotel management with a related party. Due to/from related parties is generally settled within a period not exceeding one year.

Due to/from Ashford Inc.—Due to/from Ashford Inc. represents current receivables and payables resulting from the advisory services fee, including reimbursable expenses as well as other hotel products and services. Due to/from Ashford Inc. is generally settled within a period not exceeding one year with the exception of payables to Ashford Inc. from Stirling OP for start up and organization costs that are payable over the period of 120 months beginning January 1, 2026.

Due to/from Third-Party Hotel Managers—Due to/from third-party hotel managers primarily consists of amounts due from Marriott related to our cash reserves held at the Marriott corporate level related to our operations, real estate taxes and other items. Due to/from third-party hotel managers also represents current receivables and payables resulting from transactions related to hotel management. Due to/from third-party hotel managers is generally settled within a period not exceeding one year.

Noncontrolling Interests—The redeemable noncontrolling interests in Ashford Trust OP represent the limited partners’ proportionate share of equity in earnings/losses of Ashford Trust OP, which is an allocation of net income attributable to the common unit holders based on the weighted average ownership percentage of these limited partners’ common unit holdings throughout the period. The redeemable noncontrolling interests in Ashford Trust OP is classified in the mezzanine section of the consolidated balance sheets as these redeemable operating partnership units do not meet the requirements for permanent equity classification prescribed by the authoritative accounting guidance because these redeemable operating partnership units may be redeemed by the holder as described in note 13. The carrying value of the noncontrolling interests in Ashford Trust OP is based on the greater of the accumulated historical cost or the redemption value.

The noncontrolling interests in consolidated entities represented an ownership interest of 70.7% in 815 Commerce MM and 1.20% in Stirling OP as of December 31, 2024.

Net income/loss attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests in Ashford Trust OP and income/loss from consolidated entities attributable to noncontrolling interests in our consolidated entities are reported as deductions/additions from/to net income/loss. Comprehensive income/loss attributable to these noncontrolling interests is reported as reductions/additions from/to comprehensive income/loss.

Revenue Recognition—Rooms revenue represents revenue from the occupancy of our hotel rooms, which is driven by the occupancy and average daily rate charged. Rooms revenue includes revenue for guest no-shows, day use, and early/late departure fees. The contracts for room stays with customers are generally short in duration and revenues are recognized as services are provided over the course of the hotel stay. Advance deposits are recorded as liabilities when a customer or group of customers provides a deposit for a future stay or banquet event at our hotels. Advance deposits are converted to revenue when the services are provided to the customer or when the customer with a noncancellable reservation fails to arrive for part or all of the reservation. Conversely, advance deposits are generally refundable upon guest cancellation of the related reservation within an established period of time prior to the reservation. Our advance deposit balance as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $25.3 million and $19.0 million, respectively, and are generally recognized as revenue within a one-year period. These are included in “accounts payable and accrued expenses” on the consolidated balance sheets.

Food & Beverage (“F&B”) revenue consists of revenue from the restaurants and lounges at our hotel properties, in-room dining and mini-bars revenue, and banquet/catering revenue from group and social functions. Other F&B revenue may include revenue from audiovisual equipment/services, rental of function rooms, and other F&B related revenue. Revenue is recognized as the services or products are provided. Our hotel properties may employ third parties to provide certain services at the property, for example, audiovisual services. We evaluate each of these contracts to determine if the hotel is the principal or the agent in the transaction, and record the revenue as appropriate (i.e. gross vs. net).

Other hotel revenue consists of ancillary revenue at the property, including attrition and cancellation fees, resort and destination fees, spas, parking, entertainment and other guest services, as well as rental revenue primarily from leased retail outlets at our hotel properties. Cancellation fees are recognized from non-cancellable deposits when the customer provides notification of cancellation in accordance with established management policy time frames.

Taxes collected from customers and submitted to taxing authorities are not recorded in revenue. Interest income is recognized when earned.

Other Hotel Expenses—Other hotel expenses include Internet, telephone charges, guest laundry, valet parking, and hotel-level general and administrative, sales and marketing expenses, repairs and maintenance, franchise fees and utility costs. They are expensed as incurred.

Advertising Costs—Advertising costs are charged to expense as incurred. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, we incurred advertising costs of $10.4 million, $11.1 million and $10.1 million, respectively. Advertising costs are included in “other” hotel expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

Equity-Based Compensation—Stock/unit-based compensation for non-employees is measured at the grant date and expensed ratably over the vesting period based on the original measurement as of the grant date. This results in the recording of expense, included in “advisory services fee,” “management fees” and “corporate, general and administrative” expense, equal to the ratable amount of the grant date fair value based on the requisite service period satisfied during the period. The Company recognizes forfeitures as they occur.

The criteria for the PSU and Performance LTIP units are based on performance conditions and market conditions under the relevant literature. The corresponding compensation cost is recognized, based on the grant date fair value of the award, ratably over the service period for the award as the service is rendered, which may vary from period to period, as the number of performance grants earned may vary based on the estimated probable achievement of certain performance targets (performance conditions). The number of PSU and Performance LTIP units to be earned based on the applicable performance conditions is determined upon the final vesting date. The initial calculation of the PSU and Performance LTIP units earned can range from 0% to 200% of target, which is further subjected to a specified absolute total stockholder return modifier (market condition) based on the formulas determined by the Company’s compensation committee on the grant date. This will result in an adjustment (75% to 125%) of the initial calculation of the number of performance awards earned based on the applicable performance targets resulting in a final award calculation ranging from 0% to 250% of the target amount.

Stock/unit grants to certain independent directors are measured at the grant date based on the market price of the shares at grant date, which amount is fully expensed as the grants of stock/units are fully vested on the date of grant.

Depreciation and Amortization—Depreciation expense is based on the estimated useful life of the assets, while amortization expense for leasehold improvements and finance leases are based on the shorter of the lease term or the estimated useful life of the related assets. Presently, hotel properties are depreciated using the straight-line method over lives ranging from 7.5 to 39 years for buildings and improvements and 1.5 to 5 years for FF&E and 32 years for our Marietta finance lease. While we believe our estimates are reasonable, a change in estimated useful lives could affect depreciation and amortization expense and net income (loss) as well as resulting gains or losses on potential hotel sales.

Income Taxes—As a REIT, we generally are not subject to federal corporate income tax on the portion of our net income (loss) that does not relate to taxable REIT subsidiaries. However, Ashford TRS is treated as a taxable REIT subsidiary for U.S. federal income tax purposes. In accordance with authoritative accounting guidance, we account for income taxes related to Ashford TRS using the asset and liability method under which deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. In addition, the analysis utilized by us in determining our deferred tax asset valuation allowance involves considerable management judgment and assumptions. See note 20.

The “Income Taxes” topic of the ASC issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) which addresses the accounting for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in an enterprise’s financial statements. The guidance requires us to determine whether tax positions we have taken or expect to take in a tax return are more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by the appropriate taxing authority based on the technical merits of the positions. Tax positions that do not meet the more likely than not threshold would be recorded as additional tax expense in the current period. We analyze all open tax years, as defined by the statute of limitations for each jurisdiction, which includes the federal jurisdiction and various states. We classify interest and penalties related to underpayment of income taxes as income tax expense. We and our subsidiaries file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various states and cities. Tax years 2020 through 2024 remain subject to potential examination by certain federal and state taxing authorities.

Income (Loss) Per Share—Basic income (loss) per common share is calculated by dividing net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average common shares outstanding during the period using the two-class method prescribed by applicable authoritative accounting guidance. Diluted income (loss) per common share is calculated using the two-class method, or the treasury stock method, if more dilutive. Diluted income (loss) per common share reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common shares were exercised or converted into common shares, whereby such exercise or conversion would result in lower income per share.

Recently Adopted Accounting Standards—In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-07 Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which expands annual and interim disclosure requirements for reportable segments, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. ASU 2023-07 is effective for our annual periods beginning January 1, 2024, and for interim periods beginning January 1, 2025, with early adoption permitted. We adopted the standard effective for the year ended December 31, 2024. See note 24.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards—In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09 Income Taxes (Topics 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures to expand the disclosure requirements for income taxes, specifically related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. ASU 2023-09 is effective for our annual periods beginning January 1, 2025, with early adoption permitted. The amendments in this ASU may be applied prospectively by providing the revised disclosures for the period ending December 31, 2025 and continuing to provide the pre-ASU disclosures for the prior periods, or the amendments may be applied retrospectively by providing the revised disclosures for all periods presented. As of December 31, 2024, the Company has not adopted this ASU. The adoption of this ASU is expected to only impact disclosures with respect to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income – Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40) Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses that requires more detailed information about specified categories of expenses (purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation, amortization, and depletion) included in certain expense captions presented on the face of the statement of operations. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and for interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The amendments may be applied either (1) prospectively to financial statements issued for reporting periods after the effective date of this ASU or (2) retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. We are currently evaluating the impact this ASU will have on our disclosures.

In January 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-01 which amends the effective date of the new disaggregation of income statement expenses standard to clarify that all public business entities are required to adopt the guidance in annual reporting periods beginning after Dec. 15, 2026, and interim periods within annual reporting periods beginning after Dec. 15, 2027. Early adoption is still permitted. The amendments may be applied either (1) prospectively to financial statements issued for reporting periods after the effective date of this ASU or (2) retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. We are currently evaluating the impact this ASU will have on our disclosures.

Reclassification—Certain amounts in the prior year financial statements have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation.

3. Revenue

The following tables present our revenue disaggregated by geographical areas (in thousands):

(1) Includes WorldQuest Resort that was sold on August 1, 2023. See note 5.

4. Investments in Hotel Properties, net

Investments in hotel properties, net consisted of the following (in thousands):

For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, we recognized depreciation expense of $152.5 million, $187.4 million and $201.4 million, respectively.

5. Dispositions, Impairment Charges and Assets Held For Sale

Dispositions

On March 1, 2024, the Company received notice that the hotel properties securing the KEYS Pool A and KEYS Pool B loans have been transferred to a court-appointed receiver.

We derecognized the hotel properties securing the KEYS Pool A and KEYS Pool B loans from our consolidated balance sheet as of March 1, 2024, when the receiver took control of the hotels, and accordingly recognized a gain of$133.9 million which is included in “gain (loss) on derecognition of assets” in our consolidated statements of operations. Subsequent to March 31, 2024, we recognized an additional gain of $33.3 million, which is included in “gain (loss) on derecognition of assets” in our consolidated statement of operations that increased the contract asset by a corresponding amount. The additional gain primarily represents the additional accrued interest expense recorded through December 31, 2024. In total for the year ended December 31, 2024 we recognized a gain of $167.2 million. The KEYS Pool A and the KEYS Pool B mortgage loans as well as all accrued and unpaid interest, default charges and late fees will remain liabilities until final resolution with the lenders is concluded, and thus are included in “indebtedness associated with hotels in receivership” and “accrued interest associated with hotels in receivership” on our consolidated balance sheets.

On July 2, 2024, the Courtyard Plano Legacy Park and the Residence Inn Plano were foreclosed upon and sold at a public auction. Additionally, on November 4, 2024, the receiver appointed for the KEYS Pool A and KEYS Pool B mortgage loans transferred the Courtyard Columbus Tipton Lakes to a third party purchaser. As a result, the contract asset and corresponding indebtedness associated with hotels in receivership and accrued interest associated with hotels in receivership were reduced by $45.0 million for the amounts attributable to each hotel.

On March 6, 2024, the Company sold the Residence Inn Salt Lake City in Salt Lake City, Utah for $19.2 million in cash. The sale resulted in a gain of approximately $6.9 million for theyear ended December 31, 2024, which was included in “gain (loss) onconsolidation of VIE anddisposition of assets and hotel properties” in the consolidated statements of operations. See note 7.

On April 9, 2024, the Company sold the Hilton Boston Back Bay in Boston, Massachusetts for $171 million in cash. The sale resulted in a gain of approximately $129,000 for theyear ended December 31, 2024, which was included in “gain (loss) onconsolidation of VIE anddisposition of assets and hotel properties” in the consolidated statements of operations. See note 7.

On April 23, 2024, the Company sold the Hampton Inn Lawrenceville in Lawrenceville, Georgia for $8.1 million in cash. The sale resulted in a gain of approximately $4.8 million for theyear ended December 31, 2024, which was included in “gain (loss) onconsolidation of VIE anddisposition of assets and hotel properties” in the consolidated statements of operations. See note 7.

On May 30, 2024, the Company sold the Courtyard Manchester in Manchester, Connecticut for $8.0 million in cash. The sale resulted in a gain of approximately $2.1 million for theyear ended December 31, 2024, which was included in “gain (loss) onconsolidation of VIE anddisposition of assets and hotel properties” in the consolidated statements of operations. See note 7.

On June 10, 2024, the Company sold the SpringHill Suites Kennesaw and Fairfield Inn Kennesaw in Kennesaw, Georgia for $17.5 million in cash. The sales resulted in a gain of approximately $9.6 million for theyear ended December 31, 2024, which was included in “gain (loss) onconsolidation of VIE anddisposition of assets and hotel properties” in the consolidated statements of operations. See note 7.

On June 27, 2024, the Company sold the One Ocean Resort and Spa in Atlantic Beach, Florida for $87.0 million in cash. The sale resulted in a gain of approximately $70.9 million for theyear ended December 31, 2024, which was included in “gain (loss) onconsolidation of VIE anddisposition of assets and hotel properties” in the consolidated statements of operations. See note 7.

In June 2024, the Company was informed by its lender that the lender intended to exercise remedies for the maturity default on the Ashton hotel in Fort Worth, Texas, which secured the Company’s $8.9 million mortgage loan. The Company and the lender agreed to a deed-in-lieu of foreclosure, which was completed on July 16, 2024 and resulted in a gain on extinguishment of debt of approximately $2.6 million for theyear ended December 31, 2024, which was included in “gain (loss) on extinguishment of debt” in the consolidated statement of operations.

On August 1, 2023, the Company sold the WorldQuest Resort in Orlando, Florida (“WorldQuest”) for $14.8 million in cash. The sale resulted in a gain of approximately $6.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, which was included in “gain (loss) on consolidation of VIE and disposition of assets” in the consolidated statements of operations.

On November 9, 2023, the Company sold the Sheraton Bucks County in Langhorne, Pennsylvania for $13.8 million in cash. The sale resulted in a gain of approximately $3.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, which was included in “gain (loss) on consolidation of VIE and disposition of assets” in the consolidated statements of operations.

On June 9, 2023 the Company received a 30 day extension to satisfy the extension conditions in order to negotiate modifications to the KEYS pool F extension test. On July 7, 2023, the Company elected not to make the required paydown to extend its KEYS pool F loan thereby defaulting on such loan. The KEYS pool F loan had a $215.1 million debt balance and was secured by Embassy Suites Flagstaff, Embassy Suites Walnut Creek, Marriott Bridgewater, Marriott Research Triangle, and the W Atlanta Downtown.

On November 29, 2023, the Company completed the deed in lieu of foreclosure transaction for the transfer of ownership of the KEYS F loan to the mortgage lender, which resulted in a gain on extinguishment of debt of approximately $53.4 million for theyear ended December 31, 2023, which is included in “gain (loss) on extinguishment of debt” in the consolidated statements of operations. See note 7.

On September 1, 2022, the Company sold the Sheraton in Ann Arbor, MI (“Sheraton Ann Arbor”) for total consideration of approximately $35.7 million, which included cash of $34.5 million and an interest-free receivable with an estimated fair value of $1.2 million and a face value of $1.5 million. The payment of the $1.5 million was deferred until the last day of the twenty-fourth month following the closing date. The sale resulted in a loss of approximately $1,000 for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was included in “gain (loss) on consolidation of VIE and disposition of assets” in the consolidated statement of operations. The Company also repaid the $30.0 million mortgage loan secured by the hotel property. See note 7.

The results of operations for these hotel properties are included in net income (loss) through the date of disposition for theyears ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022. The following table includes condensed financial information from these hotel property dispositions that occurred for theyears ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

Impairment Charges

For the year ended December 31, 2024, we recorded impairment charges of $59.3 million. We recorded impairment charges of $35.9 million at the Costa Mesa Hilton and $23.4 million at Embassy Suites Portland as a result of reduced estimated cash flows resulting from changes to the expected holding periods of these hotel properties. The impairment charges were based on methodologies which include the development of the discounted cash flow method of the income approach with support based on the market approach, which are considered Level 3 valuation techniques. During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, no impairment charges were recorded.

The following table presents our hotel property measured at fair value as a result of the aforementioned impairment charges aggregated by the level in the fair value hierarchy within which measurements fall on a non-recurring basis at December 31, 2024, and the related impairment charge recorded (in thousands):

(1)The impairment charges were based on the estimated fair value of each applicable hotel property and were recorded during the year ended December 31, 2024.

Assets Held For Sale

On November 27, 2024, the Company entered into a purchase and sale agreement for the Courtyard Boston Downtown in Boston, Massachusetts. As of December 31, 2024, the Courtyard Boston Downtown was classified as held for sale. Depreciation and amortization ceased as of the date the asset was deemed held for sale. Since the sale of this hotel does not represent a strategic shift that has (or will have) a major effect on our operations or financial results, its results of operations were not reported as discontinued operations in the consolidated financial statements. The Courtyard Boston Downtown sale closed on January 14, 2025. See note 25.

The major classes of assets and liabilities related to assets held for sale included in the consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2024 were as follows:

6. Investments in Unconsolidated Entities

OpenKey, which is controlled and consolidated by Ashford Inc., is a hospitality-focused mobile key platform that provides a universal smart phone app and related hardware and software for keyless entry into hotel guest rooms. Our investment is recorded as a component of “investment in unconsolidated entities” in our consolidated balance sheets and is accounted for under the equity method of accounting as we have been deemed to have significant influence over the entity under the applicable accounting guidance. As of December 31, 2024, the Company has made investments in OpenKey totaling approximately $5.5 million.

We review the investments for impairment each reporting period pursuant to the applicable authoritative accounting guidance. An investment is impaired when its estimated fair value is less than the carrying amount of our investment. Any other-than-temporary impairment is recorded in “equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated entities” in the consolidated statements of operations. We recorded an impairment charge of approximately $1.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. No such impairment was recorded for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

In November 2022, the Company made an initial investment of $9.1 million in an entity that holds the Meritage Investment in Napa, California. Our investment is recorded as a component of “investment in unconsolidated entities” in our consolidated balance sheets and is accounted for under the equity method of accounting as we have been deemed to have significant influence over the entity under the applicable accounting guidance.

The following table summarizes our carrying value and ownership interest in unconsolidated entities:

The following table summarizes our equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated entities (in thousands):

7. Indebtedness, net

Indebtedness consisted of the following (in thousands):

(1) SOFR rates were 4.33% and 5.35% at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

(2)On May 30, 2024, we sold this property for $8.0 million.

(3)The asset securing the mortgage loan was disposed of on July 16, 2024. See note 5.

(4) On June 10, 2024, we sold thetwo properties securing this mortgage loan for $17.5 million. See note 5.

(5)On November 6, 2024, we refinanced this mortgage into a new $121.5 million mortgage loan with athree-year initial term andtwo one-year extension options, subject to satisfaction of certain conditions. The new mortgage loan is interest only and bears interest at SOFR +4.75% and has a SOFR floor of 2.75%.

(6) This mortgage loan was amended in November 2024, February 2025 and March 2025. Terms of the amendments included extending the maturity date from November 2024 to February 2025, from February 2025 to March 2025 and from March 2025 to April 2025, respectively.

(7)This mortgage loan was amended in December 2024. Terms of the amendment included extending the maturity date from December 2024 to February 2025, and a $1.3 million principal paydown. On February 24, 2025, we amended this mortgage loan. Terms of the February 2025 amendment included extending the current maturity date to February 2026, changing the rate from SOFR +2.85% to SOFR +2.75%, and addingone one-year extension option, subject to satisfaction of certain conditions.

(8)On March 6, 2024, we sold the Residence Inn Salt Lake City for $19.2 million. Proceeds from the sale were used to repay $19.0 million in principal.

(9)This mortgage loan was amended in April 2024. Terms of the amendment included a $10.0 million paydown and added a sixthone-year extension option, subject to satisfaction of certain conditions. The fifthone-year extension period began in February 2024. On October 9, 2024, an additional $10.0 million paydown was made in accordance with the April 2024 amendment.

(10) On May 9, 2024, we entered into a new $267.2 million loan secured by Nashville Renaissance. The new mortgage loan is interest only and bears interest at the rate of SOFR +3.98%, has atwo-year initial term, andthree one-year extension options, subject to satisfaction of certain conditions. The previous mortgage loan was secured by Nashville Renaissance and Westin Princeton. After the May 9, 2024 refinance, Westin Princeton is unencumbered.

(11) This mortgage loan hasfive one-year extension options, subject to satisfaction of certain conditions. The fifthone-year extension period began in April 2024. A portion of this mortgage loan relates to Courtyard Boston Downtown. See note 5.

(12) This mortgage loan hasfive one-year extension options, subject to satisfaction of certain conditions. The fifthone-year extension period began effective June 2024. In accordance with exercising the extension option, the variable interest rate changed from SOFR +3.90% to SOFR +4.03%.

(13)This mortgage loan hasfive one-year extension options, subject to satisfaction of certain conditions. The fifthone-year extension period began in June 2024. In accordance with exercising the extension option, we repaid $11.4 million of principal and the variable interest rate changed from SOFR +4.17% to SOFR +4.29%. A portion of this mortgage loan relates to One Ocean Resort, which was sold on June 27, 2024, resulting in a $66.2 million paydown. See note 5.

(14) This mortgage loan hasfive one-year extension options, subject to satisfaction of certain conditions. The fifthone-year extension period began in June 2024. In accordance with exercising the extension the extension option, we repaid $9.5 million of principal and the variable interest rate changed from SOFR +2.90% to SOFR +3.02%.

(15) On April 9, 2024, we sold this property for $171.0 million. See note 5.

(16) This mortgage loan hasthree one-year extension options, subject to satisfaction of certain conditions. The firstone-year extension period began in December 2024. This mortgage loan has a SOFR floor of 0.50%.

(17) On February 12, 2025, we repaid this term loan including the $30.0 million exit fee.

(18)This mortgage loan hastwo one-year extension options, subject to satisfaction of certain conditions.

(19) This loan is associated with Stirling OP. See discussion in notes 1 and 2.

(20)This loan is associated with 815 Commerce Managing Member, LLC. See discussion in notes 1, 2 and 8.

(21) This loan was amended in December 2024 and in February 2025. Terms of the amendment included extending the maturity date from December 2024 to February 2025, and from February 2025 to April 2025, respectively.

(22)On February 12, 2025, this mortgage loan was refinanced into a new $580.0 million mortgage loan. The new mortgage loan is interest only and bears interest at a rate of SOFR +4.37%, has atwo-year initial term, andthree one-year extension options, subject to satisfaction of certain conditions.

We recognized net premium (discount) amortization as presented in the table below (in thousands):

The amortization of the net premium (discount) is computed using a method that approximates the effective interest method.

During the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company entered into forbearance and other agreements which were evaluated to be considered troubled debt restructurings due to terms that allowed for deferred interest and the forgiveness of default interest and late charges. As a result of the troubled debt restructurings all accrued default interest and late charges were capitalized into the applicable loan balances and are being amortized over the remaining term of the loan using the effective interest method. The amount of the capitalized principal that was amortized during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $352,000, $7.8 million and $15.1 million, respectively. The amount of the capitalized principal that was written off during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 was $8,000, $151,000, and $0, respectively. These amounts are included as a reduction to “interest expense and amortization of discounts and loan costs” in the consolidated statements of operations.

On June 21, 2023, the Company and Ashford Trust OP (the “Borrower”), an indirect subsidiary of the Company, entered into Amendment No. 2 to the Credit Agreement (“Amendment No. 2”) with certain funds and accounts managed by Oaktree Capital Management, L.P. (the “Lenders”) and Oaktree Fund Administration, LLC.

On March 11, 2024, we entered into Amendment No. 3 to the Oaktree Credit Agreement which, among other items, (i) extends the Credit Agreement to January 15, 2026, (ii) removes the $50 million minimum cash requirement, (iii) removes the 3% increase in the interest rate if cash is below $100 million, (iv) removes the provision in which a default under mortgage indebtedness is a default under the Credit Agreement, and (v) increases the interest rate by 3.5% if the principal balance is not less than $100 million as of September 30, 2024 or not fully repaid by March 31, 2025. On February 12, 2025, we repaid the outstanding balance on the Oaktree Credit Agreement and the associated $30.0 million exit fee.

The KEYS mortgage loans were entered into on June 13, 2018, each of which had atwo-year initial term andfive one-year extension options. In order to qualify for aone-year extension in June of 2023, each KEYS loan pool was required to achieve a certain debt yield test. The Company extended its KEYS Pool C loan with a paydown of approximately $62.4 million, its KEYS Pool D loan with a paydown of approximately $25.6 million, and its KEYS Pool E loan with a paydown of approximately $41.0 million. On July 7, 2023, the Company elected not to make the required paydowns to extend its KEYS Pool A loan, KEYS Pool B loan and KEYS Pool F loan thereby defaulting on such loans.

On November 29, 2023, the Company completed the deed in lieu of foreclosure transaction for the transfer of ownership of the KEYS Pool F $215.1 million mortgage to the mortgage lender.

On March 1, 2024, the Company received notice that the hotel properties securing the KEYS Pool A and KEYS Pool B loans have been transferred to a court-appointed receiver. Below is a summary of the hotel properties securing the KEYS Pool A and Pool B loans:

We derecognized the hotel properties securing the KEYS Pool A and KEYS Pool B loans from our consolidated balance sheet in March 2024, when the receiver took control of the hotel properties, and accordingly recognized a gain of $133.9 million, which is included in “gain (loss) on derecognition of assets” in our consolidated statements of operations and recorded a contract asset of $378.2 million, which represented the liabilities we expect to be released from upon final resolution with the lenders on the KEYS Pool A and KEYS Pool B mortgage loans in exchange for the transfer of ownership of the respective hotel properties.

Subsequent to March 31, 2024, we recognized an additional gain of $33.3 million, which is included in “gain (loss) on derecognition of assets” in our consolidated statement of operations that increased the contract asset by a corresponding amount. The additional gain primarily represents the additional accrued interest expense recorded through December 31, 2024. In total for the year ended December 31, 2024 we recognized a gain of $167.2 million. The KEYS Pool A and the KEYS Pool B mortgage loans as well as all accrued and unpaid interest, default charges and late fees will remain liabilities until final resolution with the lenders is concluded, and thus are included in “indebtedness associated with hotels in receivership” and “accrued interest associated with hotels in receivership” on our consolidated balance sheets.

On July 2, 2024, the Courtyard Plano Legacy Park and the Residence Inn Plano were foreclosed on at a public auction. Additionally, on November 4, 2024, the receiver appointed for the KEYS Pool A and KEYS Pool B mortgage loans transferred the Courtyard Columbus Tipton Lakes to a third party purchaser. As a result, the contract asset and corresponding indebtedness associated with hotels in receivership and accrued interest associated with hotels in receivership were reduced for the amounts attributable to each hotel.

In June 2024, the Company was informed by its lender that the lender intended to exercise remedies for the maturity default on the Ashton hotel in Fort Worth, Texas, which secured the Company’s $8.9 million mortgage loan. The Company and the lender agreed to a deed-in-lieu of foreclosure, which was completed on July 16, 2024.

In conjunction with the development of the Le Meridien in Fort Worth, Texas, which was consolidated as of May 31, 2023, the Company recorded $3.7 million and $3.0 million of capitalized interest, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. These amounts are included in “investment in hotel properties, net” in our consolidated balance sheets. The hotel opened on August 29, 2024.

We have extension options relating to certain property-level loans that will permit us to extend the maturity date of our loans if certain conditions are satisfied at the respective extension dates, including the achievement of debt yield targets required in order to extend such loans. To the extent we decide to extend the maturity date of the debt outstanding under the loans, we may be required to prepay a significant amount of the loans in order to meet the required debt yield.

If we violate covenants in our debt agreements, we could be required to repay all or a portion of our indebtedness before maturity at a time when we might be unable to arrange financing for such repayment on attractive terms, if at all. As of December 31, 2024, we were in compliance with all covenants related to mortgage loans, with the exception of the KEYS Pool A and KEYS Pool B mortgage loans discussed above. We were also in compliance with all covenants under the senior secured term loan facility with Oaktree Capital Management L.P. (“Oaktree”) that was paid in full subsequent to December 31, 2024. The assets of certain of our subsidiaries are pledged under non-recourse indebtedness and are not available to satisfy the debts and other obligations of Ashford Trust or Ashford Trust OP, our operating partnership, and the liabilities of such subsidiaries do not constitute the obligations of Ashford Trust or Ashford Trust OP.

Maturities and scheduled amortizations of indebtedness as of December 31, 2024 for each of the five following years and thereafter are as follows (in thousands), excluding extension options:

8. Note Receivable

As of December 31, 2024, the Company has a note receivable of $10.6 million, which consists of advances of $8.8 million and accrued interest of $1.7 million with the manager of 815 Commerce MM, who also holds a non-controlling interest in 815 Commerce MM. See discussion in note 2. The note bears interest at 18.0% per annum. The note receivable is payable within 30 days after demand. If the manager fails upon demand to repay the note receivable with interest, the Company will have the right to convert the unpaid principal plus all accrued interest thereon to an additional capital contribution in which case the deemed additional capital contributions by the manager will be deemed to have not occurred and the percentage interests and the residual sharing percentages of the members shall be adjusted. The note receivable may be prepaid in whole or in part.

The following table summarizes the note receivable (dollars in thousands):

The following table summarizes the interest income associated with the note receivable (in thousands):

On September 1, 2022, the Company sold the Sheraton Ann Arbor. Under the purchase and sale agreement, $1.5 million of the sales price was deferred, interest free, until the last day of the 24th month following the closing date (September 30, 2024). Payment was received on August 29, 2024. The components of the receivable, which were included in “other assets” in the consolidated balance sheets, are summarized below (dollars in thousands):

(1)The discount represents the imputed interest during the interest-free period.

We recognized discount amortization income as presented in the table below (in thousands):

9. Derivative Instruments and Hedging

Interest Rate Derivatives—We are exposed to risks arising from our business operations, economic conditions and financial markets. To manage these risks, we primarily use interest rate derivatives to hedge our debt and our cash flows, which include interest rate caps and floors. To mitigate nonperformance risk, we routinely use a third party’s analysis of the creditworthiness of the counterparties, which supports our belief that the counterparties’ nonperformance risk is limited. All derivatives are recorded at fair value. Payments from counterparties on in-the-money interest rate caps and floors are recognized as realized gains on our consolidated statements of operations.

The following table presents a summary of our interest rate derivatives entered into over each applicable period:

(1)These instruments were not designated as cash flow hedges.

We held interest rate instruments as summarized in the table below:

(1)These instruments were not designated as cash flow hedges.

Compound Embedded Debt Derivative—Based on certain provisions in the Oaktree Credit Agreement, the Company is required to pay an exit fee. Under the applicable accounting guidance, the exit fee is considered an embedded derivative liability that meets the criteria for bifurcation from the debt host. There were other features that were bifurcated, but did not have a material value. The compound embedded debt derivative, consisting of the exit fee and other features which were bifurcated, was initially measured at fair value and the fair value of the embedded debt derivative is estimated at each reporting period. See note 10. On February 12, 2025, we repaid the outstanding balance on the Oaktree Credit Agreement including the $30.0 million exit fee.

10. Fair Value Measurements

Fair Value Hierarchy—For disclosure purposes, financial instruments, whether measured at fair value on a recurring or nonrecurring basis or not measured at fair value, are classified in a hierarchy consisting of three levels based on the observability of valuation inputs in the marketplace as discussed below:

•Level 1: Fair value measurements that are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets that we have the ability to access for identical assets or liabilities. Market price data generally are obtained from exchange or dealer markets.

•Level 2: Fair value measurements based on inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. Level 2 inputs include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets and inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability, such as interest rates and yield curves that are observable at commonly quoted intervals.

•Level 3: Fair value measurements based on valuation techniques that use significant inputs that are unobservable. The circumstances for using these measurements include those in which there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability.

The fair value of interest rate caps and floors are determined using the market standard methodology of discounting the future expected cash receipts that would occur if variable interest rates fall below the strike rates of the floors or rise above the strike rates of the caps. Variable interest rates used in the calculation of projected receipts and payments on the caps are based on an expectation of future interest rates derived from observable market interest rate curves (SOFR forward curves) and volatilities (Level 2 inputs). We also incorporate credit valuation adjustments (Level 3 inputs) to appropriately reflect both our own nonperformance risk and the respective counterparty’s nonperformance risk.

When a majority of the inputs used to value our derivatives fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, the derivative valuations in their entirety are classified in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. However, when valuation adjustments associated with our derivatives utilize Level 3 inputs, such as estimates of current credit spreads to evaluate the likelihood of default by us and our counterparties, which we consider significant (10% or more) to the overall valuation of our derivatives, the derivative valuations in their entirety are classified in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. Transfers of inputs between levels are determined at the end of each reporting period. In determining the fair values of our derivatives at December 31, 2024, the SOFR interest rate forward curve (Level 2 inputs) assumed a downtrend from 4.332% to 3.686% for the remaining term of our derivatives. Credit spreads (Level 3 inputs) used in determining the fair values of derivatives assumed an uptrend in nonperformance risk for us and all of our counterparties through the maturity dates.

The Company initially recorded an embedded debt derivative of $43.7 million, which was attributed to the compound embedded derivative liability associated with the Oaktree term loan.

The compound embedded derivative liability is considered a Level 3 measurement due to the utilization of significant unobservable inputs in the valuation, which were based on ‘with and without’ valuation models. Based on the terms and provisions of the Oaktree Credit Agreement, with the assistance of a valuation specialist, the Company utilized a risk neutral model to estimate the fair value of the embedded derivative features requiring bifurcation as of the respective issuance dates and as of the December 31, 2024 reporting date. The risk neutral model is designed to utilize market data and the Company’s best estimate of the timing and likelihood of the settlement events that are related to the embedded derivative features in order to estimate the fair value of the respective notes with these embedded derivative features.

The fair value of the notes with the derivative features is compared to the fair value of a plain vanilla note (excluding the derivative features), which is calculated based on the present value of the future default adjusted expected cash flows. The difference between the two values represents the fair value of the bifurcated derivative features as of each respective valuation date.

The key inputs to the valuation models that were utilized to estimate the fair value of the embedded debt derivative are described as follows:

•the default probability-weighted exit fee and prepayment cash flows are based on the contractual terms of the Oaktree Credit Agreement and the expectation of an acceleration event, including default, of the Company;

•the risk-free rate of 4.39% was the discount rate utilized in the valuation and was determined based on reference to market yields for U.S. treasury debt instruments with similar terms;

•the recovery rate of 47.0% assumed upon occurrence of a default event was estimated based upon recovery rate data published by credit rating agencies specific to the seniority of the notes; and

•the probabilities and timing of a default-related acceleration event of 35.9% were estimated using an annualized probability of default which was implied from the debt issuance proceeds as of the issuance date, and updated utilizing relevant market data including market observed option-adjusted spreads as of December 31, 2024.

The following table includes a summary of the compound embedded derivative liabilities measured at fair value using significant unobservable (Level 3) inputs (in thousands):

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The following table presents our assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis aggregated by the level within which measurements fall in the fair value hierarchy (in thousands):

(1) Reported as “derivative assets” in our consolidated balance sheets.

(2) Reported in “indebtedness, net” in our consolidated balance sheets.

Effect of Fair Value Measured Assets and Liabilities on Consolidated Statements of Operations

The following table summarizes the effect of fair value measured assets and liabilities on our consolidated statements of operations (in thousands):

(1)Reported in “realized and unrealized gain (loss) on derivatives” in our consolidated statements of operations.

(2)Represents settled and unsettled payments from counterparties on interest rate caps.

11. Summary of Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Determining estimated fair values of our financial instruments such as notes receivable and indebtedness requires considerable judgment to interpret market data. Market assumptions and/or estimation methodologies used may have a material effect on estimated fair value amounts. Accordingly, estimates presented are not necessarily indicative of amounts at which these instruments could be purchased, sold, or settled. Carrying amounts and estimated fair values of financial instruments, for periods indicated, were as follows (in thousands):

(1) Includes balances associated with assets held for sale and liabilities associated with assets held for sale as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash. These financial assets bear interest at market rates and have original maturities of less than 90 days. The carrying value approximates fair value due to their short-term nature. This is considered a Level 1 valuation technique.

Accounts receivable, net, accounts payable and accrued expenses, accrued interest payable, accrued interest associated with hotels in receivership, dividends and distributions payable, due to/from related parties, net, due to/from Ashford Inc., net and due to/from third-party hotel managers. The carrying values of these financial instruments approximate their fair values due to their short-term nature. This is considered a Level 1 valuation technique.

Notes receivable, net. The carrying amount of notes receivable, net approximates its fair value. We estimate the fair value of the notes receivable, net to approximate the carrying value of $10.6 million at December 31, 2024 and the carrying value of $7.4 million at December 31, 2023. This is considered a Level 2 valuation technique.

Derivative assets and embedded debt derivative. See notes 9 and 10 for a complete description of the methodology and assumptions utilized in determining fair values.

Indebtedness and indebtedness associated with hotels in receivership. Fair value of indebtedness is determined using future cash flows discounted at current replacement rates for these instruments. Cash flows are determined using a forward interest rate yield curve. Current replacement rates are determined by using the U.S. Treasury yield curve or the index to which these financial instruments are tied and adjusted for credit spreads. Credit spreads take into consideration general market conditions, maturity, and collateral. We estimated the fair value of total indebtedness to be approximately 99.6% of the carrying value of $2.7 billion at December 31, 2024 and approximately 97.4% of the carrying value of $3.0 billion at December 31, 2023. We estimated the fair value of indebtedness associated with hotels in receivership to be approximately 81.9% of the carrying value of $314.6 million at December 31, 2024 and approximately 81.4% of the carrying value of $355.1 million at December 31, 2023. These fair value estimates are considered a Level 2 valuation technique.

12. Income (Loss) Per Share

Basic income (loss) per common share is calculated using the two-class method by dividing net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted income (loss) per common share is calculated using the two-class method, or treasury stock method if more dilutive, and reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common shares were exercised or converted into common shares, whereby such exercise or conversion would result in lower income per share.

The following table reconciles the amounts used in calculating basic and diluted income (loss) per share (in thousands, except per-share amounts):

Due to their anti-dilutive effect, the computation of diluted income (loss) per share does not reflect adjustments for the following items (in thousands):

13. Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests in Operating Partnership

Redeemable noncontrolling interests in the operating partnership represents the limited partners’ proportionate share of equity in earnings/losses of the operating partnership, which is an allocation of net income/loss attributable to the common unit holders based on the weighted average ownership percentage of these limited partners’ common units of limited partnership interest in the operating partnership (the “common units”) and the units issued under our Long-Term Incentive Plan (the “LTIP units”) that are vested. Each common unit may be redeemed for either cash or, at our sole discretion, up toone share of our REIT common stock, which is either: (i) issued pursuant to an effective registration statement; (ii) included in an effective registration statement providing for the resale of such common stock; or (iii) issued subject to a registration rights agreement.

LTIP units, which are issued to certain executives and employees of Ashford LLC as compensation, generally have vesting periods ofthree years. Additionally, certain independent members of the board of directors have elected to receive LTIP units as part of their compensation, which are fully vested upon grant. Upon reaching economic parity with common units, each vested LTIP unit can be converted by the holder intoone common unit which can then be redeemed for cash or, at our election, settled in our common stock. An LTIP unit will achieve parity with the common units upon the sale or deemed sale of all or substantially all of the assets of the operating partnership at a time when our stock is trading at a level in excess of the price it was trading on the date of the LTIP issuance. More specifically, LTIP units will achieve full economic parity with common units in connection with (i) the actual sale of all or substantially all of the assets of the operating partnership or (ii) the hypothetical sale of such assets, which results from a capital account revaluation, as defined in the partnership agreement, for the operating partnership.

The compensation committee of the board of directors of the Company may authorize the issuance of Performance LTIP units to certain executive officers and directors from time to time. The award agreements provide for the grant of a target number of Performance LTIP units that will be settled in common units of Ashford Trust OP, if, when and to the extent the applicable vesting criteria have been achieved following the end of the performance and service period. The criteria for the Performance LTIP units are based on performance conditions and market conditions under the relevant literature. The corresponding compensation cost is recognized, based on the applicable measurement date fair value of the award, ratably over the service period for the award as the service is rendered, which may vary from period to period, as the number of performance grants earned may vary based on the estimated probable achievement of certain performance targets (performance conditions). The number of Performance LTIP units to be earned based on the applicable performance conditions is determined upon the final vesting date. The initial calculation of the Performance LTIP units earned can range from 0% to 200% of target, which is further subjected to a specified absolute total stockholder return modifier (market condition) based on the formulas determined by the Company’s compensation committee on the grant date. This will result in an adjustment (75% to 125%) of the initial calculation of the number of performance awards earned based on the applicable performance targets resulting in a final award calculation ranging from 0% to 250% of the target amount. During the year ended December 31, 2024, Performance LTIPs granted in 2022, vested at 68% of target based on the performance conditions met over the performance period.

As of December 31, 2024, there were approximately 28,000 Performance LTIP units outstanding, representing 250% of the target number granted for the 2023 grant.

As of December 31, 2024, we have issued a total of approximately 113,000 LTIP and Performance LTIP units, net of Performance LTIP cancellations. All LTIP and Performance LTIP units other than approximately 61,000 Performance LTIP units and 22,000 LTIP units have reached full economic parity with, and are convertible into, common units upon vesting.

We recorded compensation expense for Performance LTIP units and LTIP units as presented in the table below (in thousands):

The unamortized cost of the unvested Performance LTIP units, which was $247,000 at December 31, 2024, will be expensed over a period of 1.0 year with a weighted average period of 1.0 year.

The following table presents the redeemable noncontrolling interests in Ashford Trust OP and the corresponding approximate ownership percentage:

(1)Reflects the excess of the redemption value over the accumulated historical costs.

We allocated net (income) loss to the redeemable noncontrolling interests as presented in the table below (in thousands):

A summary of the activity of the units in our operating partnership is as follow (in thousands):

14. Equity

Common Stock and Preferred Stock Repurchases—On April 6, 2022, the board of directors reapproved a stock repurchase program (the “2022 Repurchase Program”) pursuant to which the board of directors granted a repurchase authorization to acquire shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.01 per share and preferred stock having an aggregate value of up to $200 million. The board of directors’ authorization replaced any previous repurchase authorizations. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, no shares of our common stock or preferred stock have been repurchased under the Repurchase Program.

In addition, we acquired approximately 3,000,3,000 and 4,000 shares of our common stock in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, to satisfy employees’ statutory minimum U.S. federal income tax obligations in connection with vesting of equity grants issued under our stock-based compensation plan.

At-the-Market-Equity Distribution Agreement—On April 11, 2022, the Company entered into an equity distribution agreement (the “Virtu Equity Distribution Agreement”) with Virtu Americas LLC (“Virtu”), to sell from time to time shares of the Company’s common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $100 million. We will pay Virtu a commission of approximately 1% of the gross sales price of the shares of our common stock sold. The Company may also sell some or all of the shares of our common stock to Virtu as principal for its own account at a price agreed upon at the time of sale.

The table below summarizes the activity (in thousands):

Preferred Stock—In accordance with Ashford Trust’s charter, we are authorized to issue 50 million shares of preferred stock, which currently includes Series D Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series F Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series G Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series H Cumulative Preferred Stock and Series I Cumulative Preferred Stock.

8.45% Series D Cumulative Preferred Stock. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, there were 1.1 million and 1.2 million shares of Series D Cumulative Preferred Stock outstanding, respectively. The Series D Cumulative Preferred Stock ranks senior to all classes or series of the Company’s common stock and future junior securities, on a parity with each series of the Company’s outstanding preferred stock, Series F Cumulative Preferred Stock (noted below), Series G Cumulative Preferred Stock (noted below), Series H Cumulative Preferred Stock (noted below), Series I Cumulative Preferred Stock (noted below), Series J Preferred Stock (see note 16) and Series K Preferred Stock (see note 16) and with any future parity securities and junior to future senior securities and to all of the Company’s existing and future indebtedness, with respect to the payment of dividends and the distribution of amounts upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company’s affairs. Series D Cumulative Preferred Stock has no maturity date, and we are not required to redeem the shares at any time. Series D Cumulative Preferred Stock is redeemable at our option for cash, in whole or from time to time in part, at a redemption price of $25 per share plus accrued and unpaid dividends, if any, at the redemption date. Series D Cumulative Preferred Stock quarterly dividends are set at the rate of 8.45% per annum of the $25.00 liquidation preference (equivalent to an annual dividend rate of $2.1124 per share). The dividend rate increases to 9.45% per annum if these shares are no longer traded on a major stock exchange. In general, Series D Cumulative Preferred Stockholders have no voting rights.

7.375% Series F Cumulative Preferred Stock. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, there were 1.0 million and 1.2 million shares of 7.375% Series F Cumulative Preferred Stock outstanding, respectively. The Series F Cumulative Preferred Stock ranks senior to all classes or series of the Company’s common stock and future junior securities, on a parity with each series of the Company’s outstanding preferred stock, Series D Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series G Cumulative Preferred Stock (noted below), Series H Cumulative Preferred Stock (noted below), Series I Cumulative Preferred Stock (noted below), Series J Preferred Stock and Series K Preferred Stock and with any future parity securities and junior to future senior securities and to all of the Company’s existing and future indebtedness, with respect to the payment of dividends and the distribution of amounts upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company’s affairs. Series F Cumulative Preferred Stock has no maturity date, and we are not required to redeem the shares at any time. Series F Cumulative Preferred Stock is redeemable at our option for cash (on or after July 15, 2021), in whole or from time to time in part, at a redemption price of $25.00 per share plus accrued and unpaid dividends, if any, at the redemption date. Series F Cumulative Preferred Stock may be converted into shares of our common stock, at the option of the holder, in certain limited circumstances such as a change of control. Each share of Series F Cumulative Preferred Stock is convertible into a maximum 0.00969 shares of our common stock in those limited circumstances. The actual number is based on a formula as defined in the Series F Cumulative Preferred Stock agreement (unless the Company exercises its right to redeem the Series F cumulative preferred shares for cash, for a limited period upon a change in control). The necessary conditions to convert the Series F Cumulative Preferred Stock to common stock have not been met as of period end. Therefore, Series F Cumulative Preferred Stock will not impact our earnings per share calculations. Series F Cumulative Preferred Stock quarterly dividends are set at the rate of 7.375% of the $25.00 liquidation preference (equivalent to an annual dividend rate of $1.8436 per share). In general, Series F Cumulative Preferred Stockholders have no voting rights.

7.375% Series G Cumulative Preferred Stock. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, there were 1.5 million and 1.5 million shares of 7.375% Series G Cumulative Preferred Stock outstanding, respectively. The Series G Cumulative Preferred Stock ranks senior to all classes or series of the Company’s common stock and future junior securities, on a parity with each series of the Company’s outstanding preferred stock, Series D Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series F Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series H Cumulative Preferred Stock (noted below), Series I Cumulative Preferred Stock (noted below), Series J Preferred Stock and Series K Preferred Stock and with any future parity securities and junior to future senior securities and to all of the Company’s existing and future indebtedness, with respect to the payment of dividends and the distribution of amounts upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company’s affairs. Series G Cumulative Preferred Stock has no maturity date, and we are not required to redeem the shares at any time. Series G Cumulative Preferred Stock is redeemable at our option for cash (on or after October 18, 2021), in whole or from time to time in part, at a redemption price of $25.00 per share plus accrued and unpaid dividends, if any, at the redemption date. Series G Cumulative Preferred Stock may be converted into shares of our common stock, at the option of the holder, in certain limited circumstances such as a change of control. Each share of Series G Cumulative Preferred Stock is convertible into a maximum 0.00833 shares of our common stock in those limited circumstances. The actual number is based on a formula as defined in the Series G Cumulative Preferred Stock agreement (unless the Company exercises its right to redeem the Series G cumulative preferred shares for cash, for a limited period upon a change in control). The necessary conditions to convert the Series G Cumulative Preferred Stock to common stock have not been met as of period end. Therefore, Series G Cumulative Preferred Stock will not impact our earnings per share calculations. Series G Cumulative

Preferred Stock quarterly dividends are set at the rate of 7.375% of the $25.00 liquidation preference (equivalent to an annual dividend rate of $1.8436 per share). In general, Series G Cumulative Preferred Stockholders have no voting rights.

7.50% Series H Cumulative Preferred Stock. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, there were 1.0 million and 1.2 million shares of 7.50% Series H Cumulative Preferred Stock outstanding, respectively. The Series H Cumulative Preferred Stock ranks senior to all classes or series of the Company’s common stock and future junior securities, on a parity with each series of the Company’s outstanding preferred stock, Series D Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series F Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series G Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series I Cumulative Preferred Stock (noted below), Series J Preferred Stock and Series K Preferred Stock and with any future parity securities and junior to future senior securities and to all of the Company’s existing and future indebtedness, with respect to the payment of dividends and the distribution of amounts upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company’s affairs. Series H Cumulative Preferred Stock has no maturity date, and we are not required to redeem the shares at any time. Series H Cumulative Preferred Stock is redeemable at our option for cash (on or after August 25, 2022), in whole or from time to time in part, at a redemption price of $25.00 per share plus accrued and unpaid dividends, if any, at the redemption date. Series H Cumulative Preferred Stock may be converted into shares of our common stock, at the option of the holder, in certain limited circumstances such as a change of control. Each share of Series H Cumulative Preferred Stock is convertible into a maximum 0.00825 shares of our common stock in those limited circumstances. The actual number is based on a formula as defined in the Series H Cumulative Preferred Stock agreement (unless the Company exercises its right to redeem the Series H cumulative preferred shares for cash, for a limited period upon a change in control). The necessary conditions to convert the Series H Cumulative Preferred Stock to common stock have not been met as of period end. Therefore, Series H Cumulative Preferred Stock will not impact our earnings per share. Series H Cumulative Preferred Stock quarterly dividends are set at the rate of 7.50% of the $25.00 liquidation preference (equivalent to an annual dividend rate of $1.8750 per share). In general, Series H Cumulative Preferred Stockholders have no voting rights.

7.50% Series I Cumulative Preferred Stock. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, there were 1.0 million and 1.2 million shares of 7.50% Series I Cumulative Preferred Stock outstanding, respectively. The Series I Cumulative Preferred Stock ranks senior to all classes or series of the Company’s common stock and future junior securities, on a parity with each series of the Company’s outstanding preferred stock (the Series D Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series F Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series G Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series H Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series J Preferred Stock and Series K Preferred Stock) and with any future parity securities and junior to future senior securities and to all of the Company’s existing and future indebtedness, with respect to the payment of dividends and the distribution of amounts upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company’s affairs. Series I Cumulative Preferred Stock has no maturity date, and we are not required to redeem the shares at any time. Series I Cumulative Preferred Stock is redeemable at our option for cash (on or after November 17, 2022), in whole or from time to time in part, at a redemption price of $25.00 per share plus accrued and unpaid dividends, if any, at the redemption date. Series I Cumulative Preferred Stock may be converted into shares of our common stock, at the option of the holder, in certain limited circumstances such as a change of control. Each share of Series I Cumulative Preferred Stock is convertible into a maximum 0.00806 shares of our common stock in those limited circumstances. The actual number is based on a formula as defined in the Series I Cumulative Preferred Stock agreement (unless the Company exercises its right to redeem the Series I cumulative preferred shares for cash, for a limited period upon a change in control). The necessary conditions to convert the Series I Cumulative Preferred Stock to common stock have not been met as of period end. Therefore, Series I Cumulative Preferred Stock will not impact our earnings per share. Series I Cumulative Preferred Stock quarterly dividends are set at the rate of 7.50% of the $25.00 liquidation preference (equivalent to an annual dividend rate of $1.8750 per share). In general, Series I Cumulative Preferred Stockholders have no voting rights.

Ashford Trust entered into privately negotiated exchange agreements with certain holders of its preferred stock. The table below summarizes the activity (in thousands):

(1) Reflects the number of shares issued after the adjustment for the reverse stock split.

Dividends—A summary of dividends declared is as follows (in thousands):

Noncontrolling Interest in Consolidated Entities—At December 31, 2024 and 2023, noncontrolling interest holders in Stirling OP held interests of $374,000 and $193,000, respectively.

At December 31, 2024 and 2023, our noncontrolling interest partner held an interest in 815 Commerce MM of $13.0 million and $14.7 million, respectively.

The table below summarizes (income) loss allocated to noncontrolling interests in consolidating entities (in thousands):

15. Stock-Based Compensation

Under the 2021 Stock Incentive Plan approved by stockholders, we are authorized to grant approximately 208,000 shares of restricted stock and performance stock units as incentive stock awards. At December 31, 2024, approximately 16,000 shares were available for future issuance under the 2021 Stock Incentive Plan.

Restricted Stock—We incur stock-based compensation expense in connection with restricted stock awarded to certain employees of Ashford LLC and its affiliates. We also issue common stock to certain of our independent directors, which vests immediately upon issuance.

At December 31, 2024, the unamortized cost of the unvested restricted stock was $282,000 which will be amortized over a period of 2.5 years with a weighted average period of 2.5 years.

The following table summarizes the stock-based compensation expense (in thousands):

A summary of our restricted stock activity is as follows (shares in thousands):

The fair value of restricted stock vested during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $121,000, $417,000 and $1.2 million, respectively.

Performance Stock Units—The compensation committee of the board of directors of the Company may authorize the issuance of performance stock units (“PSUs”), which have a cliff vesting period ofthree years, to certain executive officers and directors from time to time. The award agreements provide for the grant of a target number of PSUs that will be settled in shares of common stock of the Company, if, when and to the extent the applicable vesting criteria have been achieved following the end of the performance and service period. The criteria for the PSUs are based on performance conditions and market conditions under the relevant literature. The corresponding compensation cost is recognized, based on the corresponding measurement date fair value of the award, ratably over the service period for the award as the service is rendered, which may vary from period to period, as the number of PSUs earned may vary based on the estimated probable achievement of certain performance targets (performance conditions). The number of PSUs to be earned based on the applicable performance conditions is determined upon the final vesting date. The initial calculation of PSUs earned can range from 0% to 200% of target, which is further subjected to a specified absolute total stockholder return modifier (market condition) based on the formulas determined by the Company’s compensation committee on the grant date. This will result in an adjustment (75% to 125%) of the initial calculation for the number of PSUs earned based on the applicable performance targets resulting in a final award calculation ranging from 0% to 250% of the target amount.

The following table summarizes the compensation expense (in thousands):

At December 31, 2024, the unamortized cost of PSUs was $361,000, which will be expensed over a period of 1.0 year with a weighted average period of 1.0 year.

A summary of our PSU activity is as follows (shares in thousands):

16. Redeemable Preferred Stock

Series J Redeemable Preferred Stock

The Company enters into equity distribution agreements with certain sales agents to sell from time-to-time shares of the Company’s Series J Redeemable Preferred Stock (the “Series J Preferred Stock”). Pursuant to such equity distribution agreements, the Company is offering a maximum of 20.0 million shares of Series J Preferred Stock or Series K Preferred Stock (as defined below) in a primary offering at a price of $25.00 per share. The Company is also offering a maximum of 8.0 million shares of the Series J Preferred Stock or Series K Preferred Stock pursuant to a dividend reinvestment plan (the “DRIP”) at $25.00 per share (the “Stated Value”).

The Series J Preferred Stock ranks senior to all classes or series of the Company’s common stock and future junior securities, on a parity with each series of the Company’s outstanding preferred stock (Series D Preferred Stock, Series F Preferred Stock, Series G Preferred Stock, Series H Preferred Stock, Series I Preferred Stock and Series K Preferred Stock) and with any future parity securities and junior to future senior securities and to all of the Company’s existing and future indebtedness, with respect to the payment of dividends and the distribution of amounts upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company’s affairs.

Holders of the Series J Preferred Stock shall not have any voting rights, except for if and whenever dividends on any shares of the Series J Preferred Stock shall be in arrears for 18 or more monthly periods, whether or not such quarterly periods are consecutive and the number of directors then constituting the board shall be increased bytwo and the holders of such shares of Series J Preferred Stock (voting together as a single class with all other classes or series of capital stock ranking on a parity with the Series J Preferred Stock) shall be entitled to vote for the election of the additional directors of the Company who shall each be elected forone-year terms.

Each share is redeemable at any time, at the option of the holder, at a redemption price of $25.00 per share, plus any accumulated, accrued, and unpaid dividends, less a redemption fee. Starting on the second anniversary, each share is redeemable at any time, at the option of the Company, at a redemption price of $25.00 per share, plus any accumulated, accrued, and unpaid dividends (with no redemption fee). The Company has the right, in its sole discretion, to redeem the shares in cash, or in an equal number of shares of common stock or any combination thereof, calculated based on the closing price per share for the single trading day prior to the date of redemption. The Series J Preferred Stock is also subject to conversion upon certain events constituting a change of control. Upon a change of control, the Company, at its option, may redeem, within 120 days, outstanding shares at a redemption price equal to the Stated Value plus an amount equal to any accrued but unpaid dividends. The Company must pay the redemption price in cash upon a change of control.

The redemption fee shall be an amount equal to:

•8.0% of the stated value of $25.00 per share (the “Stated Value”) beginning on the Original Issue Date (as defined in the Articles Supplementary) of the shares of the Series J Preferred Stock to be redeemed;

•5.0% of the Stated Value beginning on the second anniversary from the Original Issue Date of the shares of the Series J Preferred Stock to be redeemed; and

•0% of the Stated Value beginning on the third anniversary from the Original Issue Date of the shares of the Series J Preferred Stock to be redeemed.

The Series J Preferred Stock provides for cash dividends at an annual rate equal to 8.0% per annum of the Stated Value beginning on the date of the first settlement of the Series J Preferred Stock.

Dividends are payable on a monthly basis and payable in arrears on the 15th of each month (or, if such payment date is not a business day, the next succeeding business day) to holders of record at the close of business on the last business day of each month immediately preceding the applicable dividend payment date. Dividends will be computed on the basis of twelve 30-day months and a 360-day year.

The Company has a DRIP that allows participating holders to have their Series J Preferred Stock dividend distributions automatically reinvested in additional shares of the Series J Preferred Stock at a price of $25.00 per share.

The issuance activity of the Series J Preferred Stock is summarized below (in thousands):

(1)Exclusive of shares issued under the DRIP.

The Series J Preferred Stock does not meet the requirements for permanent equity classification prescribed by the authoritative guidance because of certain cash redemption features that are outside of the Company’s control. As such, the Series J Preferred Stock is classified outside of permanent equity.

At the date of issuance, the carrying amount of the Series J Preferred Stock was less than the redemption value. As a result of the Company’s determination that redemption is probable, the carrying value will be adjusted to the redemption amount each reporting period.

The redemption value adjustment of Series J Preferred Stock is summarized below (in thousands):

(1)Reflects the excess of the redemption value over the accumulated carrying value.

The following table summarizes dividends declared (in thousands):

The following table summarizes Series J Preferred Stock redemptions settled in cash (in thousands):

The following table summarizes Series J Preferred Stock redemptions settled in common stock (in thousands):

Series K Redeemable Preferred Stock

The Company enters into equity distribution agreements with certain sales agents to sell from time-to-time shares of the Company’s Series K Redeemable Preferred Stock (the “Series K Preferred Stock”). Pursuant to such equity distribution agreements, the Company is offering a maximum of 20.0 million shares of Series K Preferred Stock or Series J Preferred Stock in a primary offering at a price of $25.00 per share. The Company is also offering a maximum of 8.0 million shares of the Series K Preferred Stock or Series J Preferred Stock pursuant to the DRIP at the Stated Value.

The Series K Preferred Stock ranks senior to all classes or series of the Company’s common stock and future junior securities, on a parity with each series of the Company’s outstanding preferred stock (Series D Preferred Stock, Series F Preferred Stock, Series G Preferred Stock, Series H Preferred Stock, Series I Preferred Stock and Series J Preferred Stock) and with any future parity securities and junior to future senior securities and to all of the Company’s existing and future indebtedness, with respect to the payment of dividends and the distribution of amounts upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company’s affairs.

Holders of the Series K Preferred Stock shall not have any voting rights, except for if and whenever dividends on any shares of the Series K Preferred Stock shall be in arrears for 18 or more monthly periods, whether or not such quarterly periods are consecutive, and the number of directors then constituting the board shall be increased bytwo and the holders of such shares of Series K Preferred Stock (voting together as a single class with all other classes or series of capital stock ranking on a parity with the Series K Preferred Stock) shall be entitled to vote for the election of the additional directors of the Company who shall each be elected forone-year terms.

Each share is redeemable at any time, at the option of the holder, at a redemption price of $25.00 per share, plus any accumulated, accrued, and unpaid dividends, less a redemption fee. Starting on the second anniversary, each share is redeemable at any time, at the option of the Company, at a redemption price of $25.00 per share, plus any accumulated, accrued, and unpaid dividends (with no redemption fee). The Company has the right, in its sole discretion, to redeem the shares in cash, or in an equal number of shares of common stock or any combination thereof, calculated based on the closing price per share for the single trading day prior to the date of redemption. The Series K Preferred Stock is also subject to conversion upon certain events constituting a change of control. Upon a change of control, the Company, at its option, may redeem, within 120 days, outstanding shares at a redemption price equal to the Stated Value plus an amount equal to any accrued but unpaid dividends. The Company must pay the redemption price in cash upon a change of control.

The redemption fee shall be an amount equal to:

•1.5% of the stated value of $25.00 per share (the “Stated Value”) beginning on the Original Issue Date (as defined in the Articles Supplementary) of the shares of the Series K Preferred Stock to be redeemed; and

•0% of the Stated Value beginning on the first anniversary from the Original Issue Date of the shares of the Series K Preferred Stock to be redeemed.

Holders of Series K Preferred Stock are entitled to receive cumulative cash dividends at the initial rate of 8.2% per annum of the Stated Value of $25.00 per share (equivalent to an annual dividend rate of $2.05 per share). Beginning one year from the date of original issuance of each share of Series K Preferred Stock and on each one-year anniversary thereafter for such share of Series K Preferred Stock, the dividend rate shall increase by 0.10% per annum; provided, however, that the dividend rate for any share of Series K Preferred Stock shall not exceed 8.7% per annum of the Stated Value.

Dividends are payable on a monthly basis in arrears on the 15th of each month (or, if such payment date is not a business day, on the next succeeding business day) to holders of record at the close of business on the last business day of each month immediately preceding the applicable dividend payment date. Dividends will be computed on the basis of twelve 30-day months and a 360-day year.

The Company has a DRIP that allows participating holders to have their Series K Preferred Stock dividend distributions automatically reinvested in additional shares of the Series K Preferred Stock at a price of $25.00 per share.

The issuance activity of the Series K Preferred Stock is summarized below (in thousands):

(1)Exclusive of shares issued under the DRIP.

The Series K Preferred Stock does not meet the requirements for permanent equity classification prescribed by the authoritative guidance because of certain cash redemption features that are outside of the Company’s control. As such, the Series K Preferred Stock is classified outside of permanent equity.

At the date of issuance, the carrying amount of the Series K Preferred Stock was less than the redemption value. As a result of the Company’s determination that redemption is probable, the carrying value will be adjusted to the redemption amount each reporting period.

The redemption value adjustment of Series K Preferred Stock is summarized below (in thousands):

(1)Reflects the excess of the redemption value over the accumulated carrying value.

The following table summarizes dividends declared (in thousands):

The following table summarizes Series K Preferred Stock redemptions settled by the issuance of common stock (in thousands):

17. Related Party Transactions

Ashford Inc.

Advisory Agreement with Ashford Trust OP

Ashford LLC, a subsidiary of Ashford Inc., acts as our advisor. Our chairman, Mr. Monty J. Bennett, also serves as chairman of the board of directors and chief executive officer of Ashford Inc.

Under our advisory agreement, we pay advisory fees to Ashford LLC. Advisory fees consist of base fees and incentive fees. We pay a monthly base fee in an amount equal to 1/12 of (i) 0.70% of the Total Market Capitalization (as defined in our advisory agreement) of the Company for the prior month, plus (ii) the Net Asset Fee Adjustment (as defined in our advisory agreement), if any, on the last day of the prior month during which the advisory agreement was in effect; provided, however, that in no event shall the Base Fee (as defined in our advisory agreement) for any month be less than the Minimum Base Fee as provided by the advisory agreement. The Company shall pay the Base Fee or the Minimum Base Fee (as defined in our advisory agreement) on the fifth business day of each month.

The Minimum Base Fee for Ashford Trust for each quarter beginning January 1, 2021 is equal to the greater of:

(i) ninety percent (90%) of the base fee paid for the same month in the prior fiscal year and

(ii) 1/12th of the G&A Ratio (as defined in the advisory agreement) for the most recently completed fiscal quarter multiplied by the Company’s Total Market Capitalization.

We are also required to pay Ashford LLC an incentive fee that is measured annually (or for a stub period if the advisory agreement is terminated at other than year-end). In each year that the Company’s total shareholder return exceeds the average total shareholder return for the peer group, the Company shall pay to Ashford LLC an incentive fee. The incentive fee, if any, subject to the Fixed Coverage Charge Ratio Condition (as defined in the advisory agreement), shall be payable in arrears inthree equal annual installments.

We also reimburse Ashford LLC for certain reimbursable overhead and internal audit, risk management advisory and asset management services, as specified in the advisory agreement. We also record equity-based compensation expense for equity grants of common stock and LTIP units awarded to officers and employees of Ashford LLC in connection with providing advisory services.

The following table summarizes the advisory services fees incurred (in thousands):

(1)Reimbursable expenses include overhead, internal audit, risk management advisory, asset management services and deferred cash awards.

(2)Equity-based compensation is associated with equity grants of Ashford Trust’s common stock, LTIP units and Performance LTIP units awarded to officers and employees of Ashford LLC.

On September 27, 2022, an agreement was entered into by Ashford Inc., Ashford Trust and Braemar Hotels & Resorts Inc. (“Braemar”) pursuant to which the Advisor is to implement the REITs cash management strategies. This includes actively managing the REITs excess cash by primarily investing in short-term U.S. Treasury securities. The annual fee is 20 basis points (“bps”) of the average daily balance of the funds managed by the advisor and is payable monthly in arrears.

Advisory Agreement with Stirling OP

Stirling REIT Advisors, LLC (“Stirling Advisor”), a subsidiary of Ashford Inc., acts as Stirling OP’s advisor. The Advisory Agreement was effective December 6, 2023.

Stirling Advisor is paid an annual management fee (payable monthly in arrears) of 1.25% of aggregate NAV represented by the Class T, Class S, Class D and Class I shares of Stirling Inc. Additionally, to the extent Stirling OP issues Class T, Class S, Class D or Class I operating partnership units to parties other than Stirling Inc., Stirling OP will pay Stirling Advisor a management fee equal to 1.25% of the aggregate NAV of Stirling OP attributable to such Class T, Class S, Class D and Class I operating partnership units not held by Stirling Inc. per annum payable monthly in arrears. No management fee will be paid with respect to Class E shares of Stirling Inc. or Class E units of Stirling OP. The management fee is allocated on a class-specific basis and borne by all holders of the applicable class. The management fee will be paid, at Stirling Advisor’s election, in cash, Class E shares of Stirling Inc. or Class E units of Stirling OP. If Stirling Advisor elects to receive any portion of its management fee in Class E shares or Class E units of Stirling OP, Stirling Inc. may be obligated to repurchase such Class E shares of Stirling Inc. or Class E units of Stirling OP from Stirling Advisor at a later date. Such repurchases will be outside Stirling Inc.’s share repurchase plan and thus will not be subject to the repurchase limits of the share repurchase plan or any early repurchase deduction.

Stirling OP does not intend to pay Stirling Advisor any acquisition or other similar fees in connection with making investments. Stirling OP will, however, reimburse Stirling Advisor for out-of-pocket expenses in connection with the selection and acquisition of properties and real estate related debt, whether or not such investments are acquired, and make payments to third parties in connection with making investments. In addition to organization and offering expense and acquisition expense reimbursements, Stirling OP will reimburse Stirling Advisor for out-of-pocket costs and expenses it incurs in connection with the services it provides to Stirling Inc., including, but not limited to, (i) the actual cost of goods and services used by Stirling OP and obtained from third parties, including fees paid to administrators, consultants, attorneys, technology providers and other service providers, and brokerage fees paid in connection with the purchase and sale of investments, (ii) expenses of managing and operating Stirling OP’s properties, whether payable to an affiliate or a non-affiliated person, and (iii) expenses related to personnel of Stirling Advisor performing services for Stirling OP other than those who provide investment advisory services or serve as executive officers of Stirling Inc.

The following table summarizes the advisory services fees incurred (in thousands):

(1)Reimbursable expenses include overhead, internal audit, risk management advisory and asset management services.

Ashford Inc. and Stirling OP Advisor Support

Advisor Support. Stirling Advisor will advance on Stirling OP’s behalf certain general and administrative expenses through December 31, 2025, at which point Stirling OP will reimburse Stirling Advisor for all such advanced expenses ratably over the 120 months following such date.

Through December 31, 2025, Stirling Advisor has agreed to advance all expenses on Stirling OP’s behalf in connection with its formation and the raising of equity capital, including (without limitation) the following: legal, accounting, investment banking and other advisory fees; regulatory and other filing fees; expenses of qualification of the sale of shares under federal and state laws, including taxes and fees and accountants’ and attorneys’ fees; printing, engraving and mailing costs; expenses of the marketing and distribution of the shares, reasonable bona fide due diligence expenses of a dealer manager and selected dealers supported by detailed and itemized invoices, costs in connection with sales and marketing materials, design and website expenses, salaries of employees while engaged in sales activity, fees and expenses of a dealer manager’s attorneys, costs related to investor and broker-dealer sales meetings, including fees to attend retail seminars sponsored by a dealer manager or selected dealers and reimbursements to a dealer manager and selected dealers for customary travel, lodging and meals; charges of administrators, transfer agents, registrars, trustees, escrow holders, depositories and experts; but excluding upfront selling commissions, dealer manager fees and distribution fees. Stirling OP will reimburse Stirling Advisor for all such advanced expenses ratably over the 120 months commencing January 1, 2026.

On March 15, 2022, we entered into a Limited Waiver Under Advisory Agreement (the “2022 Limited Waiver”) with Ashford Trust OP, Ashford TRS, Ashford Inc. and Ashford LLC. The Company, Ashford Trust OP, Ashford TRS and the Advisor are parties to the Second Amended and Restated Advisory Agreement, which (i) allocates responsibility for certain employee costs between us and our advisor and (ii) permits our board of directors to issue annual equity awards in the Company or Ashford Trust OP to employees and other representatives of our advisor based on achievement by the Company of certain financial or other objectives or otherwise as our board of directors sees fit. Pursuant to the 2022 Limited Waiver, the Company, Ashford Trust OP, Ashford TRS and the Advisor waived the operation of any provision in the advisory agreement that would otherwise have limited our ability, in our discretion and at our cost and expense, to award during the first and second fiscal quarters of calendar year 2022 cash incentive compensation to employees and other representatives of our advisor; provided that such awarded cash incentive compensation does not exceed $8.5 million, in the aggregate, during the waiver period.

On March 2, 2023, we entered into a Limited Waiver Under Advisory Agreement (the “2023 Limited Waiver”) with Ashford Trust OP, Ashford TRS, Ashford Inc. and Ashford LLC. Pursuant to the 2023 Limited Waiver, the Company, Ashford Trust OP, Ashford TRS and the Advisor waived the operation of any provision in the advisory agreement that would otherwise limit our ability, in our discretion and at our cost and expense, to award during the first and second fiscal quarters of calendar year 2023 cash incentive compensation to employees and other representatives of our advisor; provided that such awarded cash incentive compensation does not exceed $13.1 million, in the aggregate, during the waiver period.

On March 11, 2024, we entered into a Limited Waiver Under Advisory Agreement with Ashford Inc. and Ashford LLC (the “2024 Limited Waiver”). Pursuant to the 2024 Limited Waiver, the Company, the Operating Partnership, TRS and the Advisor waive the operation of any provision in our advisory agreement that would otherwise limit the ability of the Company in its discretion, at the Company’s cost and expense, to award during calendar year 2024, cash incentive compensation to employees and other representatives of the Advisor.

On March 12, 2024, we entered into the Third Amended and Restated Advisory Agreement with Ashford LLC (the “Third Amended and Restated Advisory Agreement”). The Third Amended and Restated Advisory Agreement amends and restates the terms of the Second Amended and Restated Advisory Agreement, dated January 14, 2021, to, among other items: (i) require the Company pay the advisor the Portfolio Company Fee (as defined in the Third Amended and Restated Advisory Agreement) upon certain specified defaults under the Company’s loan agreements resulting in the foreclosure of the Company’s hotel properties, (ii) provide that there shall be no additional payments to the advisor from the amendments to the master hotel management agreement with Remington Hospitality and the master project management agreement with Premier until the Oaktree Credit Agreement is paid in full, and limits, for a period oftwo years thereafter, the incremental financial impact to no more than $2 million per year in additional payments to the advisor from such amendments, (iii) reduces the Consolidated Tangible Net Worth covenant (as defined in the Third Amended and Restated Advisory Agreement) to $750 million (plus 75% of net equity proceeds received) from $1 billion (plus 75% of net equity proceeds received), (iv) revise the criteria that would constitute a Company Change of Control, (v) revise the definition of termination fee to provide for a minimum amount of such termination fee and (vi) revise the criteria that would constitute a voting control event.

On August 8, 2024, the parties to the Third Amended and Restated Advisory Agreement entered into Amendment No. 1 to the Third Amended and Restated Advisory Agreement (the “Amendment”). The Amendment extended the outside date for which any sale or disposition of any of the Company’seight hotel properties securing the associated mortgage loan following an event of default (as defined in the Advisory Agreement) would be excluded from the numerator of the calculation of the percentage of gross book value of the Company’s assets sold or disposed (but, for the avoidance of doubt, included in the denominator of such calculation) for purposes of determining whether a company change of control (as defined in the Advisory Agreement) has occurred, from May 31, 2025 to August 31, 2025.

On November 8, 2024, the parties to the Third Amended and Restated Advisory Agreement entered into Amendment No. 2 to the Third Amended and Restated Advisory Agreement (the “Second Amendment”). The Second Amendment extended the outside date for which any sale or disposition of any of the Company’s 19 hotel properties andeight hotel properties securing the associated mortgage loans following certain defaults (as described in the Ashford Trust Advisory Agreement), including a maturity default, would be excluded from the numerator of the calculation of the percentage of gross book value of the Company’s assets sold or disposed (but, for the avoidance of doubt, included in the denominator of such calculation) for purposes of determining whether a Company Change of Control (as defined in the Advisory Agreement) has occurred, from August 31, 2025 to November 30, 2025. In addition, the Second Amendment places certain limitations on the operations of the Company and Ashford Trust OP should a Potential Company Change of Control (as defined in the Amendment) occur.

Pursuant to the Company’s hotel management agreements with each hotel management company, the Company bears the economic burden for casualty insurance coverage. Under the advisory agreement, Ashford Inc. secures casualty insurance policies to cover Ashford Trust, Braemar, Stirling OP, their hotel managers, as needed, and Ashford Inc. The total loss estimates included in such policies are based on the collective pool of risk exposures from each party. Ashford Inc. has managed the casualty insurance program and beginning in December 2023, Warwick Insurance Company (“Warwick”), a subsidiary of Ashford Inc., provides and manages the general liability, workers’ compensation and business automobile insurance policies within the casualty insurance program. Each year Ashford Inc. collects funds from Ashford Trust, Braemar, Stirling OP and their respective hotel management companies, to fund the casualty insurance program as needed, on an allocated basis.

Lismore

We engage Lismore or its subsidiaries to provide debt placement services, assist with loan modifications or refinancings on our behalf and provide brokerage services. During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, we incurred fees of $3.4 million, $2.4 million and $1.6 million, respectively.

Ashford Securities

On December 31, 2020, an Amended and Restated Contribution Agreement (the “Amended and Restated Contribution Agreement”) was entered into by Ashford Inc., Ashford Trust and Braemar (collectively, the “Parties” and each individually, a “Party”) with respect to funding certain expenses of Ashford Securities LLC, a subsidiary of Ashford Inc. (“Ashford Securities”). Beginning on the effective date of the Amended and Restated Contribution Agreement, costs were allocated 50% to Ashford Inc.,50% to Braemar and 0% to Ashford Trust. Upon reaching the earlier of $400 million in aggregate preferred equity offerings raised, or June 10, 2023, there was to be a true up (the “Amended and Restated True-up Date”) among Ashford Inc., Ashford Trust and Braemar whereby the actual amount contributed by each company will be based on the actual amount of capital raised by Ashford Inc., Ashford Trust and Braemar, respectively, through Ashford Securities (the resulting ratio of contributions among the Parties, the “Initial True-up Ratio”). On January 27, 2022, Ashford Trust, Braemar and Ashford Inc. entered into a Second Amended and Restated Contribution Agreement, which provided for an additional $18 million in expenses to be reimbursed with all expenses allocated 45% to Ashford Trust,45% to Braemar and 10% to Ashford Inc.

On February 1, 2023, Ashford Trust entered into a Third Amended and Restated Contribution Agreement, which provided that after the Amended and Restated True-Up Date, capital contributions for the remainder of fiscal year 2023 would be divided between each Party based on the Initial True-Up Ratio, there would be a true up reflecting amounts raised by Ashford Securities since June 10, 2019, and thereafter, the capital contributions would be divided among each Party in accordance with the cumulative ratio of capital raised by the Parties.

Effective January 1, 2024, Ashford Trust entered into a Fourth Amended and Restated Contribution Agreement with Ashford Inc. and Braemar which states that, notwithstanding anything in the prior contribution agreements: (1) the Parties equally split responsibility for all aggregate contributions made by them to Ashford Securities through September 30, 2021 and (2) thereafter, their contributions for each quarter will be based on the ratio of the amounts raised by each Party through Ashford Securities the prior quarter compared to the total aggregate amount raised by the Parties through Ashford Securities the prior quarter. To the extent contributions made by any of the Parties through December 31, 2023 differed from the amounts owed pursuant to the foregoing, the Parties shall make true up payments to each other to settle the difference. During the first quarter of 2024, the funding requirement was revised based on the aggregate capital raised through Ashford Securities. This resulted in Ashford Trust making a payment of approximately $3.4 million to Ashford Inc.

As of December 31, 2024, Ashford Trust has funded approximately $13.2 million and has a pre-funded balance of $503,000 that is included in “other assets” on the consolidated balance sheet. As of December 31, 2023, Ashford Trust had funded approximately $180,000 and had a $3.1 million payable that is included in “due to Ashford Inc., net” on our consolidated balance sheet. During the first quarter of 2024, there was also a true-up of the capital contributions in accordance with the Third Amended and Restated Contribution Agreement made through December 31, 2023. This true-up resulted in the payment of $3.2 million to Ashford Inc.

The table below summarizes the amount Ashford Trust has expensed related to reimbursed operating expenses of Ashford Securities (in thousands):

Design and Construction Services - Ashford Trust

Premier Project Management LLC (“Premier”), as a subsidiary of Ashford Inc., provides design and construction services to our hotels, including construction management, interior design, architectural services, and the purchasing, freight management, and supervision of installation of FF&E and related services. Pursuant to the design and construction services agreement, we pay Premier: (a) design and construction fees of up to 4% of project costs; and (b) market service fees at current market rates with respect to construction management, interior design, architecture, FF&E purchasing, FF&E expediting/freight management, FF&E warehousing and FF&E installation and supervision.

On March 12, 2024, Ashford Hospitality Limited Partnership entered into an Amended and Restated Master Project Management Agreement with Premier (the “A&R PMA”). The provisions of the A&R PMA are substantially the same as the Master Project Management Agreement, dated as of August 8, 2018. The A&R PMA provides for an initial term often years as to each hotel governed by the A&R PMA. The term may be renewed by Premier, at its option, forthree successive periods ofseven years each, and, thereafter, a final term offour years; provided that at the time the option to renew is exercised, Premier is not then in default under the A&R PMA. The A&R PMA also (i) provides that fees will be payable monthly as the service is delivered based on percentage completion; (ii) allows a project management fee to be paid on a development, together with (and not in lieu of) the development fee; and (iii) fixes the fees for FF&E purchasing, expediting, freight management and warehousing at 8%.

Design and Construction Services - Stirling OP

The Master Project Management Agreement provides that Premier shall be paid a project management fee equal to 4% of the total project costs associated with the implementation of the capital improvement budget (both hard and soft) until such time that the capital improvement budget and/or renovation project involves the expenditure of an amount in excess of 5% of the gross revenues of the applicable hotel, whereupon the design project management fee shall be reduced to 3% of the total project costs in excess of the 5% of gross revenue threshold.

The Master Project Management Agreement provides that Premier shall provide the following services and shall be paid the following fees: (i) architecture (6.5% of total construction costs, plus reimbursement for all third-party, out-of-pocket costs and expenses of mechanical, electrical and structural engineering services utilized in providing architectural services for project management work); (ii) construction management for projects without a general contractor (10% of total construction costs); (iii) interior design (6% of the purchase price of FFE designed or selected by Premier); (iv) FFE purchasing (8% of the purchase price of the FFE purchased by Premier; provided that if the purchase price exceeds $2.0 million for a single hotel in a calendar year, then the procurement fee is reduced to 6% of the FFE purchase price in excess of $2.0 million for such hotel in such calendar year); (v) freight expediting (8% of the cost of expediting FFE); (vi) warehousing (8% of the cost of warehousing goods delivered to the job site); and (vii) development (4% of total project costs).

Hotel Management Services

At December 31, 2024, Remington Hospitality managed 50 of our 69 hotel properties andthree of thefour Stirling OP hotel properties.

We pay monthly hotel management fees equal to the greater of approximately$17,000 per hotel (increased annually based on consumer price index adjustments) or 3% of gross revenues as well as annual incentive management fees, if certain operational criteria were met, and other general and administrative expense reimbursements primarily related to accounting services. Our hotel management agreement also requires that we fund property-level operating costs including the hotel manager's payroll and related costs.

On March 12, 2024, Ashford TRS Corporation entered into a Second Consolidated, Amended and Restated Hotel Master Management Agreement with Remington Hospitality (the “Second A&R HMA”). The provisions of the Second A&R HMA are substantially the same as in the Consolidated, Amended and Restated Hotel Master Management Agreement, dated as of August 8, 2018. The Second A&R HMA provides for an initial term often years as to each hotel governed by the Second A&R HMA. The term may be renewed by Remington Hospitality, at its option, forthree successive periods ofseven years each, and, thereafter, a final term offour years; provided that at the time the option to renew is exercised, Remington Hospitality is not then in default under the Second A&R HMA. The Second A&R HMA also provides that Remington Hospitality may charge market premiums for its self-insured health plans to its hotel employees, the cost of which is an operating expense of the hotel properties.

On September 11, 2024, Ashford TRS Corporation entered into the First Amendment (the “HMA Amendment”) to the Second A&R HMA with Remington Hospitality. Pursuant to the HMA Amendment, the amount of Group Services (as defined in the Second A&R HMA) charged per room per month at each hotel is capped at $38.32 (subject to annual increases beginning in 2026 equal to the greater of 3% or the percentage change in the Consumer Price Index over the preceding annual period) (the “Cap”). Any unpaid balance will be paid by Ashford TRS, and the Cap will be disregarded when calculating the Incentive Fee (as defined in the Second A&R HMA) for 2024. The Cap will not apply to hotels for whom the New Lessee (as defined in the Second A&R HMA) is not a direct or indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Ashford TRS.

Summary of Transactions

In accordance with our advisory agreement, our advisor, or entities in which our advisor has an interest, have a right to provide products or services to our hotels, provided such transactions are evaluated and approved by our independent directors. The following tables summarize the entities in which our advisor has an interest with which we or our hotel properties contracted for products and services, the amounts recorded by us for those services and the applicable classification on our consolidated financial statements (in thousands):

(1)Recorded in FF&E and depreciated over the estimated useful life.

(2)Recorded as deferred loan costs, which are included in “indebtedness, net” on our consolidated balance sheets and amortized over the initial term of the applicable loan agreement.

(3)Other hotel expenses include incentive hotel management fees and other hotel management costs.

The following table summarizes amounts due (to) from Ashford Inc. (in thousands):

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, due to related parties, net included a net payable to Remington Hospitality in the amount of $2.9 million and $5.9 million, respectively, primarily related to accrued base and incentive management fees and casualty insurance premiums.

18. Commitments and Contingencies

Restricted Cash—Under certain management and debt agreements for our hotel properties existing at December 31, 2024, escrow payments are required for insurance, real estate taxes, and debt service. In addition, for certain properties based on the terms of the underlying debt and management agreements, we escrow generally 4% to 6% of gross revenues for capital improvements. From time to time, the Company may work with its property managers and lenders in order to utilize lender and manager held reserves to fund operating shortfalls.

Franchise Fees—Under franchise agreements for our hotel properties existing at December 31, 2024, we pay franchisor royalty fees between 3% and 6% of gross rooms revenue and, in some cases,1% to 3% of food and beverage revenues. Additionally, we pay fees for marketing, reservations, and other related activities aggregating between 0% and 4% of gross rooms revenue and, in some cases, food and beverage revenues. These franchise agreements expire on varying dates between 2025 and 2049. When a franchise term expires, the franchisor has no obligation to renew the franchise. In addition, if we breach the franchise agreement and the franchisor terminates a franchise prior to its expiration date, we may be liable for up tothree times the average annual fees incurred for that property.

The table below summarizes the franchise fees incurred (in thousands):

Management Fees—Under hotel management agreements for our hotel properties existing at December 31, 2024, we pay monthly hotel management fees equal to the greater of approximately $17,000 per hotel (increased annually based on consumer price index adjustments) or 3% of gross revenues, or in some cases 2% to 7% of gross revenues, as well as annual incentive management fees, if applicable. These hotel management agreements expire from 2026 through 2038, with renewal options. If we terminate a hotel management agreement prior to its expiration, we may be liable for estimated management fees through the remaining term and liquidated damages or, in certain circumstances, we may substitute a new management agreement. Our hotel management agreements also require that we fund property-level operating costs including the hotel manager's payroll and related costs.

Leases—We lease land and facilities under non-cancelable operating and finance leases, which expire between 2054 and 2084, includingtwo ground leases related totwo hotels andone lease that encompasses the Hilton Marietta. These leases are subject to base rent plus contingent rent based on each hotel property’s financial results and escalation clauses. Additionally, other leases have certain contingent rentals included. We are also a party to a lease for one hotel property that is treated as a failed sale and leaseback under the applicable accounting literature. See note 19.

Capital Commitments—At December 31, 2024, we had capital commitments of $43.1 million, including commitments that will be satisfied with insurance proceeds, relating to general capital improvements that are expected to be paid in the next twelve months.

Potential Pension Liabilities—Upon our 2006 acquisition of a hotel property, certain employees of such hotel were unionized and covered by a multi-employer defined benefit pension plan. At that time, no unfunded pension liabilities existed. Subsequent to our acquisition, a majority of employees, who are employees of the hotel manager, Remington Hospitality, petitioned the employer to withdraw recognition of the union. As a result of the decertification petition, Remington Hospitality withdrew recognition of the union. At the time of the withdrawal, the National Retirement Fund, the union’s pension fund, indicated unfunded pension liabilities existed. The National Labor Relations Board filed a complaint against Remington Hospitality seeking, among other things, a ruling that Remington Hospitality’s withdrawal of recognition was unlawful. The pension fund entered into a settlement agreement with Remington Hospitality on November 1, 2011, providing that Remington Hospitality will continue to make monthly pension fund payments pursuant to the collective bargaining agreement. As of December 31, 2024, Remington Hospitality continues to comply with the settlement agreement by making the appropriate monthly pension fund payments. If Remington Hospitality does not comply with the settlement agreement, we have agreed to indemnify Remington Hospitality for the payment of the unfunded pension liability, if any, as set forth in the settlement agreement equal to $1.7 million minus the monthly pension payments made by Remington Hospitality since the settlement agreement. To illustrate, if Remington Hospitality - as of the date a final determination occurs - has made monthly pension payments equaling $100,000, Remington Hospitality’s remaining withdrawal liability would be the unfunded pension liability of $1.7 million minus $100,000 (or $1.6 million). This remaining unfunded pension liability would be paid to the pension fund in annual installments of $84,000 (but may be made monthly or quarterly, at Remington Hospitality’s election), which shall continue for the remainder of 20 years, which is capped, unless Remington Hospitality elects to pay the unfunded pension liability amount earlier.

Income Taxes—We and our subsidiaries file income tax returns in the federal jurisdiction and various states. Tax years 2020 through 2024 remain subject to potential examination by certain federal and state taxing authorities.

Litigation—Palm Beach Florida Hotel and Office Building Limited Partnership, et al. v. Nantucket Enterprises, Inc. This litigation involves a landlord tenant dispute from 2008. This litigation was resolved in 2017 with the determination and reimbursement of attorney’s fees being the only remaining dispute. The negotiations relating to the potential payment of the remaining attorneys’ fees remained open, pending the appeal of a contempt order against the Maraist Law Firm for failing to produce their fee records. We previously accrued approximately $504,000 in legal fees. In September 2024, a settlement was reached to resolve the prevailing party’s legal fees in the amount of $1.4 million. As a result an additional accrual of approximately $896,000 was recorded and is included in “other hotel expenses” on our consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2024.

On December 20, 2016, a class action lawsuit was filed against one of the Company’s hotel management companies in the Superior Court of the State of California in and for the County of Contra Costa alleging violations of certain California employment laws, which class action affects nine hotels owned by subsidiaries of the Company. The court has entered an order granting class certification with respect to: (i) a statewide class of non-exempt employees of our manager who were allegedly deprived of rest breaks as a result of our manager’s previous written policy requiring its employees to stay on premises during rest breaks; and (ii) a derivative class of non-exempt former employees of our manager who were not paid for allegedly missed breaks upon separation from employment. Notices to potential class members were sent out on February 2, 2021. Potential class members had until April 4, 2021 to opt out of the class; however, the total number of employees in the class has not been definitively determined and is the subject of continuing discovery. The opt-out period has been extended until such time that discovery has concluded. In May 2023, the trial court requested additional briefing from the parties to determine whether the case should be maintained, dismissed, or the class de-certified. After submission of the briefs, the court requested that the parties submit stipulations for the court to rule upon. On February 13, 2024, the judge ordered the parties to submit additional briefing related to on-site breaks. A tentative settlement has been reached subject to the respective parties obtaining various approvals.

On August 4, 2020, a lawsuit, Benjamin Zermeno v. Beverly Hills Marriott, was filed in Alameda County Superior Court as a PAGA representative action alleging various wage and hour violations of all Remington managed California properties. The plaintiff’s individual claims were compelled to arbitration. On August 18, 2022, another lawsuit, Cristina Catalano v. Beverly Hills Marriott and Mr. C, was filed as a PAGA representative action alleging various wage and hour violations of all Remington managed California properties. The co-defendant separately settled and the individual arbitration has also settled. A private mediation was held on December 27, 2024 to globally resolve the three outstanding matters. A tentative settlement was reached subject to the parties finalizing the agreement and court approval. As of December 31, 2024, the estimated settlement liability amount has been accrued.

We are also engaged in other legal proceedings that have arisen but have not been fully adjudicated. To the extent the claims giving rise to these legal proceedings are not covered by insurance, they relate to the following general types of claims: employment matters, tax matters and matters relating to compliance with applicable law (for example, the Americans with Disabilities Act and similar state laws). The likelihood of loss from these legal proceedings is based on the definitions within contingency accounting literature. We recognize a loss when we believe the loss is both probable and reasonably estimable. Based on the information available to us relating to these legal proceedings and/or our experience in similar legal proceedings, we do not believe the ultimate resolution of these proceedings, either individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flow.

During the quarter ended September 30, 2023, we had a cyber incident that resulted in the potential exposure of certain personal information. We have completed an investigation and have identified certain information that may have been exposed and notified potentially impacted individuals pursuant to applicable state guidelines. All systems have been restored. In February of 2024, two class action lawsuits were filed, one in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Texas and a second in the 68th District Court for Dallas County related to the cyber incident. The lawsuit filed in the 68th District Court was subsequently dismissed and refiled in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Texas. On March 12, 2024, the court ordered thetwo cases be consolidated. The consolidated case is currently pending in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Texas. The parties have reached an agreement, subject to final Court approval, to resolve the class action suit. The amount of the class settlement is approximately $485,000. The hearing for final Court approval of the settlement is scheduled for August 27, 2025.

Our assessment may change depending upon the development of any current or future legal proceedings, and the final results of such legal proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty. If we ultimately do not prevail in one or more of these legal matters, and the associated realized losses exceed our current estimates of the range of potential losses, our consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows could be materially adversely affected in future periods.

19. Leases

The majority of our leases, as lessee, are operating ground leases. We also have operating equipment leases, such as copier and vehicle leases, at our hotel properties. Some leases include one or more options to renew, with renewal terms that can extend the lease term fromone year to 99 years. The exercise of lease renewal options is at our sole discretion. Some leases have variable payments, however, if variable payments are contingent, they are not included in the ROU assets and liabilities.

In December 2022, the Company acquired the lease of a single hotel property in Marietta, Georgia. The lease is considered a finance lease and resulted in an increase to “investments in hotel properties, net” and “finance lease liabilities” of approximately $19.0 million, inclusive of transaction costs, and $18.8 million, respectively.

The discount rate used to calculate the lease liability and ROU asset related to our ground leases is based on our incremental borrowing rate (“IBR”), as the rate implicit in each lease is not readily determinable. The IBR is determined at commencement of the lease, or upon modification of the lease, as the interest rate a lessee would have to pay to borrow on a fully collateralized basis over a similar term and at an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, our leased assets and liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):

We incurred the following lease costs related to our leases (in thousands):

(1)For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, operating lease cost includes approximately $1.0 million, $1.1 million and $1.2 million, respectively, of variable lease cost associated primarily with the ground leases and $(122,000), $(15,000) and $181,000, respectively of net amortization costs related to the intangible assets and liabilities that were reclassified to “operating lease right-of-use assets” upon adoption of ASC 842. The change in net intangible amortization costs from 2022 to 2023 was primarily due to certain leases with intangible balances reaching maturity in 2023. Short-term lease costs in aggregate are immaterial.

Other information related to leases is as follows:

(1)Calculated using the lease term, excluding extension options, and our calculated discount rates of the ground leases and owner managed leases.

(2)The weighted-average remaining lease term includes the lease term of our finance lease with the City of Marietta which terminates December 31, 2054.

Future minimum lease payments due under non-cancellable leases as of December 31, 2024 were as follows (in thousands):

(1) Based on payment amounts as of December 31, 2024.

Other Finance Liability

On November 10, 2021, 815 Commerce LLC, a subsidiary of 815 Commerce MM, entered into a purchase and sale agreement. Pursuant to the purchase and sale agreement, 815 Commerce LLC sold its land and building in Fort Worth, Texas (the “Property”) for $30.4 million. Concurrent with the sale of the Property, 815 Commerce LLC entered into a 99-year lease agreement (the “Lease Agreement”), whereby 815 Commerce LLC will lease back the Property at an annual rental rate of approximately $1.5 million, subject to annual rent increases of 2.0%. Under the Lease Agreement, 815 Commerce LLC has a purchase option between 90-180 days prior to the commencement of the 36 th lease year.

In accordance with ASC 842, Leases, this transaction was recorded as a failed sale and leaseback as there are not alternative assets, substantially the same as the transferred asset, readily available in the marketplace for the repurchase option to qualify as a sale leaseback. Upon consolidation of 815 Commerce LLC in May 2023, the Company utilized a discount rate of 8.2% to determine the fair value of the finance liability. The finance liability of $27.1 million is presented in “other finance liability” on the Company's consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2024.

20. Income Taxes

For U.S. federal income tax purposes, we elected to be treated as a REIT under the Code. To qualify as a REIT, we must meet certain organizational and operational stipulations, including a requirement that we distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, excluding net capital gains, to our stockholders. We currently intend to adhere to these requirements and maintain our REIT status. If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we will be subject to U.S. federal income taxes at regular corporate rates (including any applicable alternative minimum tax) and may not qualify as a REIT forfour years that are subsequently taxable. Even if we qualify for taxation as a REIT, we may be subject to certain state and local taxes as well as to federal income and excise taxes on our undistributed taxable income.

At December 31, 2024, our 69 hotel properties andfour Stirling OP hotel properties were leased or owned by our wholly owned or majority owned subsidiaries that are treated as taxable REIT subsidiaries for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Ashford TRS recognized net book income (loss) of $(54.5) million, $3.7 million and $44.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The following table reconciles the income tax (expense) benefit of the TRS entities at applicable statutory rates to the actual income tax (expense) benefit recorded (in thousands):

The components of income tax (expense) benefit are as follows (in thousands):

For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 income tax expense includes interest and penalties paid to/(received from) taxing authorities of $(106,000), $(184,000) and $199,000, respectively. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, we determined that there wereno material amounts to accrue for interest and penalties due to taxing authorities.

At December 31, 2024 and 2023, our deferred tax asset (liability) and related valuation allowance consisted of the following (in thousands):

At December 31, 2024, we had TRS NOLs for U.S. federal income tax purposes of $139.4 million, however $83.6 million of our NOLs are subject to limitation in the amount of approximately $7.3 million per year through 2025, and $1.2 million per year thereafter under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code. NOLs become subject to an annual limitation in the event of certain cumulative changes in the ownership of significant shareholders over a three-year period in excess of 50%, as defined under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code. The remaining $55.8 million of our TRS NOLs are not subject to the limitations of Section 382. In total $3.0 million of our TRS NOLs are subject to expiration and will begin to expire in 2025. The remainder was generated after December 31, 2017 and are not subject to expiration under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. At December 31, 2024, we had NOLs for U.S. federal income tax purposes of $1.4 billion based on the latest filed tax returns. Utilization of the REIT NOLs subject to Section 382 are limited to approximately $37.2 million per year through 2025, and $9.4 million per year thereafter. $424.6 million of our net operating loss carryforwards will begin to expire in 2029 and are available to offset future taxable income, if any, through 2036. The remainder were generated after December 31, 2017 and are not subject to expiration under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act.

At December 31, 2024 and 2023, we maintained a valuation allowance of $37.6 million and $29.3 million, respectively. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, we have reserved certain deferred tax assets of our TRS entities as we believe it is more likely than not that these deferred tax assets will not be realized. We considered all available evidence, both positive and negative. We concluded that the objectively verifiable negative evidence of a history of consolidated losses and the limitations imposed by the Code on the utilization of net operating losses of acquired subsidiaries outweigh the positive evidence. We believe this treatment is appropriate considering the nature of the intercompany transactions and leases between the REIT and its subsidiaries and that the current level of taxable income at the TRS is primarily attributable to our current transfer pricing arrangements. The transfer pricing arrangements are renewed upon expiration. All existing leases were extended and terms amended in 2020 to reflect the economic impact of COVID-19. Outside consultants prepared the transfer pricing studies supporting the rents from the leases. Outside consultants will continue to provide transfer pricing studies on any newly acquired properties. The intercompany rents are determined in accordance with the arms’ length transfer pricing standard, taking into account the cost of ownership to the REIT among other factors. We do not recognize deferred tax assets and a valuation allowance for the REIT since the REIT distributes its taxable income as dividends to stockholders, and in turn, the stockholders incur income taxes on those dividends.

The following table summarizes the changes in the valuation allowance (in thousands):

21. Deferred Costs, net

Deferred costs, net consist of the following (in thousands):

22. Intangible Assets, net and Intangible Liabilities, net

Intangible assets, net and intangible liabilities, net consisted of the following (in thousands):

The intangible assets represent the acquisition of the permanent exclusive docking easement for riverfront land located in front of the Hyatt Savannah hotel in Savannah, Georgia. This intangible asset is not subject to amortization and has a carrying value of $797,000 as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, intangible liabilities, net represents below market rate leases where the Company is the lessor. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 we recorded $36,000, $80,000, and $80,000, respectively, of other revenue related to leases where we are the lessor.

Estimated future amortization for intangible liabilities for each of the next five years and thereafter is as follows (in thousands):

23. Concentration of Risk

Our investments are primarily concentrated within the hotel industry. Our investment strategy is predominantly focused on investing in upper upscale full-service hotels in the United States that have RevPAR generally less than twice the national average. During 2024, approximately 15% of our total hotel revenue was generated from nine hotel properties located in the Washington D.C. area. All hotel properties securing our mortgage loans are located domestically at December 31, 2024. Accordingly, adverse conditions in the hotel industry will have a material adverse effect on our operating and investment revenues and cash available for distribution to stockholders.

Financial instruments that potentially subject us to significant concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash and cash equivalents. We are exposed to credit risk with respect to cash held at various financial institutions that are in excess of the FDIC insurance limits of $250,000 and amounts due or payable under our derivative contracts. At December 31, 2024, we have exposure risk related to our derivative contracts. Our counterparties are investment grade financial institutions.

24. Segment Reporting

We operate inone reportable business segment within the hotel lodging industry: direct hotel investments. Direct hotel investments refer to owning hotel properties through either acquisition or new development. We report operating results of direct hotel investments on an aggregate basis as substantially all of our hotel investments; (i) offer similar products and services to their customers in the form of hotel rooms, food and beverage, and ancillary services; (ii) utilize third-party hotel management companies to deliver its products and services to its customers; (iii) are designed and operated to appeal to similar individuals, groups, leisure, and business customers; and (iv) third-party hotel managers utilize the same methods (direct hotel sales and various online booking portals) to distribute the Company’s products and services. As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, all of our hotel properties were in the U.S. and its territories. The Company’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) is its President and Chief Executive Officer.

Each hotel property derives revenue primarily from guestroom sales, food and beverage sales, and revenues from other lodging services and amenities. The accounting policies of each operating segment are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies in note 2.

The CODM reviews and makes decisions on all aspects of the Company’s business using all available financial and non-financial data for each hotel individually. Capital allocation decisions to acquire, sell, enhance, redevelop, or perform renewal and replacement expenditures are determined on a hotel-by-hotel basis. Specifically, the CODM reviews the results of each hotel to assess the hotel’s profitability. The key measure the CODM uses to allocate resources and assess performance is individual hotel net income (loss) before interest expense, income taxes, depreciation, and amortization, adjusted to exclude certain items determined by management to not be reflective of its ongoing operating performance or incurred in the normal course of business (Hotel Adjusted EBITDA). The CODM does not regularly review the results of Stirling OP. The adjustments include gains and losses on hotel dispositions, impairment charges, pre-opening costs associated with extensive renovation projects, property-level legal settlements, restructuring, severance, and management transition costs, and other expenses identified by management to be non-recurring.

The following tables include revenues, significant hotel operating expenses, and Hotel Adjusted EBITDA for the Company’s hotels, reconciled to the consolidated amounts included in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations (in thousands):

The following table reconciles segment total revenue to total consolidated revenue:

The CODM does not regularly review asset information by segment.

25. Subsequent Events

On January 10, 2025, the Company completed the sale of the 315-room Courtyard Boston Downtown located in Boston, Massachusetts for $123.0 million, subject to customary pro rations and adjustments.

On March 10, 2025, the parties to the Third Amended and Restated Advisory Agreement entered into Amendment No. 3 to the Third Amended and Restated Advisory Agreement (the “Third Amendment”). The Third Amendment further extends the outside date for which any sale or disposition of any of the Company’s Highland loan portfolio and JPM8 hotel properties securing the associated mortgage loans following certain defaults (as described in the Ashford Trust Advisory Agreement), including a maturity default, would be excluded from the numerator of the calculation of the percentage of gross book value of the Company’s assets sold or disposed (but, for the avoidance of doubt, included in the denominator of such calculation) for purposes of determining whether a Company Change of Control (as defined in the Advisory Agreement) has occurred, from November 30, 2025 to March 31, 2026.

On March 10, 2025, we entered into a Limited Waiver Under Advisory Agreement with Ashford Inc. and Ashford LLC (the “2025 Advisory Agreement Limited Waiver”). Pursuant to the 2025 Advisory Agreement Limited Waiver, the Company, the Operating Partnership, TRS and the Advisor waive the operation of any provision in our advisory agreement that would otherwise limit the ability of the Company in its discretion, at the Company’s cost and expense, to award during calendar year 2025, cash incentive compensation to employees and other representatives of the Advisor.