SS Innovations International, Inc.

NOTE 1 – FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Organization

SS Innovations International, Inc. (the “Company” or “SSII”) was incorporated as AVRA Surgical Microsystems, Inc. in the State of Florida on February 4, 2015. Effective November 5, 2015, the Company’s corporate name was changed to Avra Medical Robotics, Inc. (“AVRA”).

On April 14, 2023, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, AVRA-SSI Merger Corporation (“Merger Sub”) merged with CardioVentures, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“CardioVentures”), the indirect parent of Sudhir Srivastava Innovations Pvt. Ltd., an Indian private limited company engaged in the business of developing innovative surgical robotic technologies. As a result of the transaction, a “change in control” of the Company took place. In addition, among other matters, the Company changed its name to “SS Innovations International, Inc.” and implemented aone for ten reverse stock split.

The Transaction was accounted for as a recapitalization in accordance with GAAP (the “Recapitalization”). Under this method, AVRA was treated as the “acquired” company (the “Accounting Acquiree”) and Cardio Ventures Inc., the accounting acquirer, was assumed to have issued stock for the net assets of AVRA, accompanied by a recapitalization. Accordingly, for the year ended December 31, 2022, CardioVentures has been considered the ultimate holding company. Prior to October 18, 2022, Cardio Ventures Pvt Ltd., Bahamas (Cardio Bahamas), was in existence and served as the ultimate holding company. On October 18, 2022, Cardio Ventures Inc. acquired controlling interest in Otto Pvt Ltd. from Cardio Bahamas, making Cardio Ventures Inc. the ultimate holding company.

In April 2025, the Company successfully completed its uplisting to the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC**(“NASDAQ”)**, with its common stock listed for trading on NASDAQ under the ticker symbol “SSII” effective April 25, 2025.

Basis of Presentation

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”). The accompanying financial statements have been prepared on a consolidated basis and reflect the financial statements of SS Innovations International, Inc. and all of its subsidiaries (“Company”).

The standalone financial statements of subsidiaries are fully consolidated on a line-by-line basis. Intra-group balances and transactions, and gains and losses arising from intra-group transactions, are eliminated while preparing consolidated financial statements.

Accounting policies of the respective individual subsidiaries are aligned wherever necessary, so as to ensure consistency with the accounting policies that are adopted by the Company under U.S. GAAP.

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include our accounts and all majority-owned subsidiaries. Intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The Company follows a monthly reporting calendar, with its fiscal year ending on December 31.

Reclassifications

Certain prior period amounts in the consolidated statements of operations and consolidated balance sheets have been reclassified to conform with the current period presentation.

Concentrations of Business and Credit Risk

We maintain certain cash balances in excess of limits insured by Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation for US and Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation for India. We periodically evaluate the credit worthiness of the financial institutions with which we maintain cash deposits. We have not experienced any losses in such accounts and do not believe that there is any material credit risk to our cash. Concentration of credit risk with respect to accounts receivable is limited due to the wide variety of customers to whom our products are sold. Receivables from individual customers exceeding 10% of our total receivables as of December 31, 2025, and 2024 are disclosed separately in Note-6.

Going Concern

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis which implies the Company will continue to meet its obligations for the next 12 months as of the date these consolidated financial statements are issued. As of December 31, 2025, the Company had a working capital surplus of $22,558,961 (December 31, 2024: $6,086,069) and an accumulated deficit of $55,789,934 (December 31, 2024: $43,662,547). For the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company incurred a net loss of $12,127,387, compared to a net loss of $19,151,197 for the year ended December 31, 2024. The net loss for the year ended December 31, 2025 was primarily attributable to non-cash expenses, including stock-based compensation of $8,128,103 and depreciation and amortization of $1,075,907. In addition, the Company has been dependent on related parties to fund operations. These conditions raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the consolidated financial statements are issued.

On March 6, 2026 (the “Closing Date”), the Company completed a private placement of its common stock which generated gross proceeds of $18,621,498, before deducting offering expenses.

SSi intends to use the net proceeds from this private placement for working capital and other general corporate purposes, which include, but are not limited to advancing the Company’s our growth initiatives in India and other existing global markets and supporting preparation for entry into the United States and European Union markets.

However, the Company’s existing cash resources and income from operations, are not expected to provide sufficient funds to carry out the Company’s operations and business development through the next twelve (12) months. The management of the Company is making efforts to raise further funding to scale up operations and meet its longer-term capital needs. While management of the Company believes that it will be successful in its capital formation and planned expansion of its operating activities, there can be no assurance that the Company will be able to raise additional equity capital or be successful in generating additional revenues and ultimately achieving profitability. The accompanying consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments to reflect the possible future effects on the recoverability and classification of assets or the amounts and classification of liabilities that may result from the possible inability of the Company to continue as a going concern.

NOTE 2 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and expenses. The Company regularly evaluates estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates made by management. Significant estimates include fair value of stock options and standalone selling price in case of bundled revenue contracts.

The Company considers all highly liquid investments purchased with original maturity of ninety days or less to be cash equivalents.

Restricted cash includes any cash and cash equivalents that are legally restricted as to withdrawal or usage for the Company’s operations. For the purposes of the consolidated statement of cash flows, the Company includes in its cash and cash-equivalent balances those amounts that have been classified as restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents.

The Company’s account receivables are due from customers relating to contracts to supply surgical robotic systems, instruments, and accessories and to provide post sales warranty/maintenance services. The Company also sells surgical robotic systems under deferred payment arrangements and in such cases, the amounts due and recoverable beyond the one year period at the balance sheet date are classified as long-term receivables. Collateral is currently not required. The Company also maintains allowances for credit losses for estimated losses resulting from the inability of the Company’s customers to make payments. The Company periodically reviews these estimated allowances, including an analysis of the customers’ payment history and creditworthiness, the age of the trade receivable balances and current economic conditions that may affect a customer’s ability to make payments as well as historical collection trends for its customers as a whole. Based on this review, the Company specifically reserves for those accounts deemed uncollectible or likely to become uncollectible. When receivables are determined to be uncollectible, principal amounts of such receivables outstanding are deducted from the allowance. The allowance for credit losses as of December 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024, amounted to $896,180 and $545,799 respectively.

Contributions to defined contribution plans are charged to the Consolidated Statements of operations and comprehensive loss in the period in which services are rendered by the covered employees. Current service costs for defined benefit plans are recognized in the period to which they relate. The liability in respect of defined benefit plans is calculated annually by the Company using the projected unit credit method. The Company records annual amounts relating to its defined benefit plans based on calculations that incorporate various actuarial and other assumptions, including discount rates, mortality, future compensation increases and attrition rates. The Company reviews its assumptions on an annual basis and makes modifications to the assumptions based on current rates and trends when it is appropriate to do so. The effect of modifications to those assumptions is recorded in other comprehensive income (loss) (“OCI”) and amortized to net periodic benefit cost over the expected remaining period of service of the covered employees using the corridor method. The Company believes that the assumptions utilized in recording its obligations under its plans are reasonable based on its experience and market conditions. These assumptions may not be within the control of the Company and accordingly it is reasonably possible that these assumptions could change in future periods. The Company includes the service cost component of the net periodic benefit cost in the same line item or items as other compensation costs arising from services rendered by the respective employees during the period. The interest cost, expected return on plan assets and amortization of actuarial gains/loss, are included in “Other income/(expense), net.” Refer to Note 17 - Employee Benefit Plans to the consolidated financial statements for details.

The Company’s reporting currency is U.S. dollars. The functional currency of the Company is the U.S. dollar. The functional currency of the Company’s subsidiary in India is Indian National Rupee (“INR”). Transactions denominated in INR are translated to U.S. dollars at rates which approximate those in effect on the transaction dates. Monetary assets and all liabilities denominated in foreign currencies on December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 are translated at the exchange rate in effect as of those dates. Non-monetary assets and stockholders’ equity are translated at the appropriate historical rates. Included in selling, general and administrative expense were foreign exchange loss resulting from such translations of approximately $113,842 and $15,228 for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

The functional currency of each entity in the group is the currency of the primary economic environment in which it operates. Transactions in foreign currencies are initially recorded into functional currency at the rates of exchange prevailing on the date of the transaction. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are remeasured into functional currency at the rates of exchange prevailing at the balance sheet date. Non-monetary assets and liabilities are remeasured to the functional currency at exchange rates that prevailed on the date of inception of the transaction. All foreign exchange gains and losses arising on re-measurement are recorded in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

The assets and liabilities of the subsidiaries for which the functional currency is other than the U.S. dollar are translated into U.S. dollars, the reporting currency, at the rate of exchange prevailing on the balance sheet date. Revenues and expenses are translated into U.S. dollars at the exchange rates prevailing on the last business day of each month, which approximates the average monthly exchange rate. Share capital and other equity items are translated at exchange rates that prevailed on the date of inception of the transaction. Resulting translation adjustments are included in “Accumulated other comprehensive loss” in the consolidated balance sheets.

The relevant translation rates are as follows: for the year ended December 31, 2025, closing rate at 89.86 USD/INR, average rate at 87.72 USD/INR.

The relevant translation rates are as follows: for the year ended December 31, 2024, closing rate at 85.58 USD/INR, average rate at 84.39 USD/INR.

The Company’s inventory consists of finished goods in the form of fully assembled and tested surgical robotic systems, semi-finished goods in the form of various sub-systems of the surgical robotic systems in various stages of assembly and manufacturing and raw material in the form of various mechanical, electrical, and other material components, parts, motors, encoders etc. which are not yet assembled/manufactured. The inventory is valued at the lower of cost (first-in, first-out) or estimated net realizable value.

Cost of sales primarily consists of manufacturing cost incurred for production of the Mantra System and the related instruments and accessories which are used to facilitate the use of the Mantra System. Further, Cost of sales also includes other costs such as salaries and rent which are directly attributable to the manufacturing process.

Selling and administrative expenses primarily consist of indirect expenses which are not directly attributable to any other identified expense category of the Company.

ASC Topic 820,Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures define fair value as the price that would be received upon sale of an asset or paid upon transfer of a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date and in the principal or most advantageous market for that asset or liability. The fair value should be calculated based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability as against assumptions specific to the entity. In addition, the fair value of liabilities should include consideration of non-performance risk, including the Company’s own credit risk. The fair value hierarchy consists of the following three levels:

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash and cash equivalents, time deposits and accounts receivable. By their nature, all such financial instruments involve risks including the credit risks of non-performance by counterparties. The surplus funds are maintained as cash and cash equivalents and time deposits, placed with highly rated financial institutions to reduce its exposure to market risk with regard to these funds. The Company’s exposure to credit risk on account receivable is influenced mainly by the individual characteristic of each customer and the concentration of risk from the top few customers. To mitigate this risk the Company evaluates the creditworthiness of its customers in conjunction with its revenue recognition processes as well as through its ongoing collectability assessment processes for accounts receivable. The Company does not enter into or trade financial instruments, including derivative financial instruments, for speculative purposes.

Liabilities for loss contingencies arising from claims, assessments, litigation, fines and penalties, and other sources are recognized when it is probable that a liability has been incurred, and the amount of the assessment and/or remediation can be reasonably estimated. A disclosure for a contingent liability is made when there is a possible obligation that may require an outflow of resources. When there is a possible obligation or a present obligation in respect of which the likelihood of an outflow of resources is remote, no provision or disclosure is made. Legal costs incurred in connection with such liabilities are expensed as they are incurred. Capital commitments are disclosed in the consolidated financial statements.

The Company recognizes revenue in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification, or ASC606, the core principle of which is that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for those goods or services. To achieve this core principle, five basic criteria must be met before revenue can be recognized:

The Company accounts for revenues when both parties to the contract have approved the contract, the rights and obligations of the parties are identified, payment terms are identified, and collectability of consideration is probable. Product type and payment terms vary by client.

System Sales:

The Company recognizes revenue when the “transfer of control” occurs, which typically takes place upon the delivery of the system to the customer. In cases where a deferred payment arrangement exists, revenue is recognized at the present value of the consideration receivable, adjusted by the present value of any extended warranty obligations.

Standalone Selling Price:

Our system sale arrangements contain multiple products and services, including system, accessories, instruments and services. Other than services, we generally deliver all of the products upfront. Each of these products and services is a distinct performance obligation. System, instruments, accessories and services are also sold on a standalone basis. For multiple-element arrangements, revenue is allocated to each performance obligation based on its relative standalone selling price. Standalone selling prices are based on observable prices at which we separately sell the products or services. If a standalone selling price is not directly observable, then we estimate the standalone selling prices considering market conditions and entity-specific factors including, but not limited to, historical pricing data, features and functionality of the products and services and industry benchmark. We regularly review standalone selling prices and maintain internal controls over establishing and updating these estimates. Revenue that is allocated to the service obligation is deferred and recognized ratably over the service period upon expiration of first year of service which is free and included in the system sale arrangements.

Key Terms of Customer Contracts

The Company enters into binding contracts with customers through either an agreement or a sales order, with all terms and conditions mutually agreed upon by both parties. The key terms and conditions include:

Instrument and accessories sales:

We also sell instruments for use by surgeons in conjunction with the use of our surgical robotic systems. These instruments are consumable items for our hospital customers, and we recognize the revenues from the sale of instruments as and when the instruments are dispatched to the customer.

Warranty and Annual Maintenance Contract Sales:

By application of ASC 606, a portion of the equipment sales value which is attributable towards the component of annual maintenance contracts is shown separately as Warranty sales. Once the assurance warranty or standard warranty periods are over, the actual maintenance contracts become effective and actual income from maintenance contracts is recognized as a distinct revenue stream.

Lease Income:

Under ASC 842, in cases where the systems are installed on a pay per procedure basis, the Company earns revenue which is a mix of fixed and variable components. Variable component consists of revenue share which is agreed based on the number and type of procedures performed by the customer, while the fixed component involves an agreed amount which the customer is obliged to pay over the lease term. Accordingly, the fixed component is recognized on a straight-line basis as lease income. Since the title to the system is not getting transferred to the counterparty, hence the cost relating to those systems is capitalized under property, plant and equipment and accordingly depreciation is charged over its period of useful life.

Property and equipment are stated at cost, which is generally comprised of the purchase price for such property or equipment, non-refundable duties and taxes, Installation cost, freight, other associated costs, but excludes any discounts and/or rebates, less accumulated depreciation and impairment.

The Company reviews property and equipment for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the related carrying amounts may not be recoverable.

Property Plant & Equipment depreciated using the straight-line method at rates determined as per estimated useful lives of the assets. The estimated useful lives used in in calculating depreciation are as follows:

In accordance with ASC 360, “Property Plant and Equipment”, the Company tests long-lived assets or asset groups for recoverability when events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amount may not be recoverable. Circumstances which could trigger a review include, but are not limited to: significant decreases in the market price of the asset; significant adverse changes in the business climate or legal factors; accumulation of costs significantly in excess of the amount originally expected for the acquisition or construction of the asset; current cash flow or operating losses combined with a history of losses or a forecast of continuing losses associated with the use of the asset and current expectation that the asset will more than likely not be sold or disposed significantly before the end of its estimated useful life. Recoverability is assessed based on the carrying amount of the asset and its fair value which is generally determined based on the sum of the discounted cash flows expected to result from the use and the eventual disposal of the asset, as well as specific appraisal in certain circumstances. An impairment loss is recognized when the carrying amount is not recoverable and exceeds fair value.

Under the fair value recognition provisions of ASC Topic 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation, cost is measured at the grant date based on the fair value of the award and is amortized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service periods of the awards, which is generally the vesting period.

Determining the fair value of stock-based awards at the grant date requires significant judgment, including estimating the expected term over which the stock awards will be outstanding before they are exercised and the expected volatility of our stock.

Stock Options: These provide employees with the right, but not the obligation, to purchase shares of the Company’s stock at a specified price within a defined period, as per the terms of the stock option agreement. Stock-based compensation expense associated with AVRA 2016 Stock Incentive Plan is measured at fair-value using a Black-Scholes option-pricing model at commencement of each offering period and recognized over that offering period.

*Stock Units (Restricted Stock Units, or RSUs):*These do not require the employee to exercise any options. Each stock unit automatically converts into a specified number of shares upon vesting. The Company uses last three month’s average share price of common stock on OTC (prior to April 24, 2025) or on NASDAQ (subsequent to April 24, 2025) as grant date fair value for RSUs.

The Company recognizes stock-based compensation expense in the condensed consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss for both employees and non-employee directors based on the grant-date fair value of the awards. These costs are recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, or until the date at which the recipient becomes eligible for retirement, if shorter. Forfeitures of equity awards are accounted for as they occur.

The Company accounts for equity instruments issued in exchange for goods or services from non-employees in accordance with ASC Topic 718 Stock Compensation. The costs associated with these equity instruments are measured at the estimated fair market value of the consideration received or the estimated fair value of the equity instruments issued, whichever is more reliably measurable.

We record income taxes under the asset and liability method, whereby deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized based on the future tax consequences attributable to temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases, and attributable to operating loss and tax credit carry forwards. The carrying amounts of deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if, based on available evidence, it is more likely than not that such assets will not be realized. Accordingly, the need to establish valuation allowances for deferred tax assets is assessed periodically based on the more-likely-than-not realization threshold. This assessment considers, among other matters, the nature, frequency, and severity of current and cumulative losses, the duration of statutory carry forward periods, and tax planning alternatives. We use a two-step approach in recognizing and measuring uncertain tax positions. The first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained on audit, including resolution of related appeals and litigation processes, if any. The second step is to measure the largest amount of tax benefit as the largest amount that is more likely than not to be realized upon settlement. Changes in recognition or measurement are reflected in the period in which the change in judgment occurs.

Management judgment is required in determining provision for income taxes, deferred tax assets and liabilities, tax contingencies, unrecognized tax benefits, and any required valuation allowance, including taking into consideration the probability of the tax contingencies being incurred. Management assesses this probability based upon information provided by its tax advisers, its legal advisers and similar tax cases. If at a later time the assessment of the probability of these tax contingencies changes, accrual for such tax uncertainties may increase or decrease.

The Company has a valuation allowance due to management’s overall assessment of risks and uncertainties related to its future ability in the U.S. to realize and, hence, utilize certain deferred tax assets, primarily consisting of net operating losses (“NOLs”), carry forward temporary differences and future tax deductions.

The effective tax rate for annual and interim reporting periods could be impacted if uncertain tax positions that are not recognized are settled at an amount which differs from the Company’s estimate. Finally, if the Company is impacted by a change in the valuation allowance resulting from a change in judgment regarding the realizability of deferred tax assets, such effect will be recognized in the interim period in which the change occurs.

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share:

Basic net loss per share is calculated by dividing the net loss attributable to SSII stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period. The diluted net loss per share is computed by giving effect to all potentially dilutive securities outstanding for the period. For periods in which we report net losses, diluted net loss per share is the same as basic net loss per share because potentially dilutive common shares are not assumed to have been issued if their effect is anti-dilutive.

In accordance with ASC Topic 730 Research and development costs are expensed as incurred and include costs of material, salaries, benefits and other headcount-related costs, contract and other outside service fees, and facilities and overhead costs.

Our financial instruments consist principally of accounts receivable, amounts due to related parties and promissory notes payable. The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents and promissory notes approximate fair value because of the short-term nature of these items.

In November 2024, FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income-Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40), which requires entities to disaggregate any relevant expense caption presented on the face of the income statement within continuing operations into the following required natural expense categories, as applicable: (1) purchases of inventory, (2) employee compensation, (3) depreciation, (4) intangible asset amortization, and (5) depreciation, depletion, and amortization recognized as part of oil- and gas-producing activities or other depletion expenses. An entity’s share of earnings or losses from investments accounted for under the equity method is not a relevant expense caption that requires disaggregation. Such ASU’s amendments are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of this pronouncement on our disclosures and our consolidated financial statements.

In July 2025, the FASB issued ASU No. 2025-05, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (“ASC Topic 326”): Measurement of Credit Losses for Accounts Receivable and Contract Assets. This ASU provides a practical expedient when estimating expected credit losses for current accounts receivable and current contract assets arising from transactions accounted for under ASC Topic 606. The ASU will be effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2025, including interim periods within those years, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of this ASU and does not expect it to have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements.

In December 2025, the FASB issued ASU No. 2025-11, Interim Reporting (“ASC Topic 270”): Narrow-Scope Improvements. This ASU provides a comprehensive list of interim disclosures that are required by U.S. GAAP and incorporates disclosure principle of material events or changes occurred since the prior year-end. The ASU will be effective for interim reporting periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of this ASU on its consolidated financial statements.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. Under this ASU, public entities must annually (1) disclose specific categories in the rate reconciliation and (2) provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold (if the effect of those reconciling items is equal to or greater than five percent of the amount computed by multiplying pretax income or loss by the applicable statutory income tax rate). This ASU’s amendments are effective for all entities that are subject to Topic 740, Income Taxes, for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted.

We adopted this ASU effective for this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025. (refer to Note 16, Income Tax, for further details)

The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception of the contract. The Company’s assessment is based on whether: (1) the contract involves the use of a distinct identified asset, (2) the Company obtains the right to substantially all the economic benefit from the use of the asset throughout the term of the contract, and (3) the Company has the right to direct the use of the asset. A lease is classified as a finance lease if any one of the following criteria are met: (1) the lease transfers ownership of the asset by the end of the lease term, (2) the lease contains an option to purchase the asset that is reasonably certain to be exercised, (3) the lease term is for a major part of the remaining useful life of the asset or (4) the present value of the lease payments equals or exceeds substantially all of the fair value of the asset.

Operating leases are presented within “Right-of-use assets, operating lease” “Current portion of operating lease liabilities” and “Operating lease liabilities, less current portion” in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.

Right-of-use assets (ROU) assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset during the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease arrangement. Lease liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. Operating lease ROU assets are recognized at commencement date in an amount equal to lease liability, adjusted for any lease prepayments, initial direct costs, and lease incentives. For leases in which the rate implicit in the lease is not readily determinable, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date. The Company determines the incremental borrowing rate by adjusting the benchmark reference rates with appropriate financing spreads applicable to the respective geographies where the leases are entered and lease specific adjustments for the effects of collateral, if applicable. Lease terms include the effects of options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain at commencement of the lease that the Company will exercise that option. Lease expense for operating lease arrangements is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term reflecting single operating lease cost. The Company evaluates lease agreements to determine lease and non-lease components, which are accounted for separately.

Lease payments that depend on factors other than an index or rate are considered variable lease payments and are excluded from the operating lease assets and liabilities and are recognized as expense in the period in which the obligation is incurred. Lease payments include payments for common area maintenance, utilities such as electricity, heating and water, among others, and property taxes, and other similar payments paid to the landlord, which are treated as non-lease component.

The Company accounts for lease-related concessions in accordance with guidance in Topic 842, Leases, to determine, on a lease-by-lease basis, whether the concession provided by lessor should be accounted for as a lease modification.

The Company accounts for a modification as a separate contract when it grants an additional right of use not included in the original lease and the increase is commensurate with the standalone price for the additional right of use, adjusted for the circumstances of the particular contract. Modifications which are not accounted for as a separate contract are reassessed as of the effective date of the modification based on its modified terms and conditions and the facts and circumstances as of that date. Upon modification, the Company remeasures the lease liability to reflect changes to the remaining lease payments and discount rates and recognizes the amount of the remeasurement of the lease liability as an adjustment to the ROU assets. However, if the carrying amount of the ROU assets is reduced to zero as a result of modification, any remaining amount of the remeasurement is recognized as an expense in Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.

The Company reviews ROU assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the related carrying amount may not be recoverable.

Sales-type Leases

Lease Classification

In determining whether a transaction should be classified as a sales-type or operating lease (whether fixed-payment or usage-based), the Company considers the following terms at lease commencement: (1) whether title of the system transfers automatically or for a nominal fee by the end of the lease term; (2) whether the present value of the minimum lease payments equals or exceeds substantially all of the fair value of the leased system; (3) whether the lease term is for the major part of the remaining economic life of the leased system; (4) whether the lease grants the lessee an option to purchase the leased system that the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise; and (5) whether the underlying system is of such a specialized nature that it is expected to have no alternative use to the Company at the end of the lease term. However, if classifying a lease as a sales-type lease would result in a selling loss at commencement (day-one selling loss), the Company classifies such lease as an operating lease.

Derecognition and Selling Profit

At the commencement date of a qualifying sales-type lease, the Company derecognizes the underlying asset and recognizes a net investment in the lease, which includes (i) the present value of future lease payments, (ii) any guaranteed or unguaranteed residual value, and (iii) unearned interest income. The resulting selling profit or loss is measured as the difference between the net investment in the lease and the carrying amount of the derecognized asset.

Variable lease payments

Variable lease payments under the arrangement do not depend on an index or a rate but are instead based on the customer’s actual usage of the leased equipment or related surgical activity. Because such payments are usage-based, they are excluded from the initial measurement of the lease. SSII recognizes these variable amounts as revenue in the period in which the underlying surgical procedures occur, consistent with the terms of the pay-per-use arrangement.

Interest Income Recognition

Interest income on sales-type leases is recognized using the rate implicit in the lease so as to produce a constant periodic rate of return on the net investment.

Credit Losses

The Company applies the current expected credit loss (“CECL”) model to its net investment in sales-type leases. Expected credit losses are estimated based on historical loss experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The allowance for credit losses is reassessed each reporting period and included as a contra-asset to the net investment in sales-type leases.

Comprehensive Loss

Comprehensive loss consists of net loss and other gains and losses affecting stockholders’ equity that, under GAAP, are excluded from net loss. Our other comprehensive loss represents foreign currency translation adjustment attributable to Indian operations. Refer to Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss. Total foreign currency transaction gains and losses were immaterial for the years ended December 31, 2025, and 2024.

NOTE 3 – SEGMENT INFORMATION

The Company is focused on designing, manufacturing and marketing an advanced, next-generation and affordable surgical robotic system called the SSi Mantra, and the instruments and accessories used with SSi Mantra to perform a wide range of soft-tissue, robotically assisted surgeries. The Company is committed to accelerating access to surgical robotics technologies in all parts of the world and particularly in underserved regions through a comprehensive ecosystem of providing an affordable surgical robotic system, its related instruments and accessories backed up by clinical, field service and maintenance support also provided by the Company. The systems as well as instruments and accessories are primarily designed, developed and manufactured by the Company in its manufacturing facility located in India.

During the year ended December 31, 2025, and 2024, the Company’s revenues from within India accounted for 87% and 92% respectively of total revenue, while revenue from the Company’s markets outside India accounted for 13% and 8%, respectively, of total revenue. The Company manages the business activities on a consolidated basis and operates inone reportable segment. Our determination that we operate as a single operating segment is consistent with the financial information regularly reviewed by the chief operating decision maker for purposes of evaluating performance, allocating resources, setting incentive compensation targets, and planning and forecasting for future periods.

The Company’s Chief Executive Officer is the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”). The CODM utilizes the Company’s long-range plan, which includes product development, technology refinement plans and long-range selling and financial models, as a key input to resource allocation. The CODM makes decisions on resource allocation, assesses performance of the business, and monitors budget versus actual results using gross margins and net income / loss from operations.

Significant expenses within income from operations, as well as within net income / loss, include cost of revenue, research and development, and selling, general and administrative expenses, which are each separately presented on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations. Other segment items within net income include interest and other income, net, and income tax expense.

The Company’s long-lived assets consist primarily of property, plant and equipment. As of December 31, 2025, and 2024,95% of long-lived assets were in India and 5% were outside India.

NOTE 4 – PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT, NET

The Company’s property, plant and equipment consisted of the following:

Depreciation expenses for the year ended December 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024, amounted to $1,075,907 and $436,005 respectively.

The Company deployed eight systems for demonstration purposes. As of December 31, 2025, four systems were located at the Company’s premises, and four systems were installed at a partner’s facility. These systems remain under the Company’s ownership and control and are therefore capitalized as property, plant, and equipment in accordance with ASC 360.

NOTE 5 – NET INVESTMENT IN SALE-TYPE LEASE

Measurement of net investment

The components of the Company’s investments in sales-type leases, net as of December 31, 2025 was as follows:

The net investment in sales-type leases was classified in the consolidated balance sheets as follows:

Interest income recognition

Interest income under sales-type leases during period ended December 31, 2025 were as follows:

Maturity analysis of lease receivables

The following table presents the undiscounted cash flows related to gross lease receivables as of December 31, 2025

NOTE 6 – ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE

Accounts receivable consisted of:

The Company performed an analysis of the trade receivables related to SSI India and determined, based on the deferred payment terms of the contracts, that $8,566,654 (December 31, 2024: $3,299,032) may not be due and collectible in nextone year and thus the Company classified these receivables as non-current.

Activity in the allowance for the credit losses for the year ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 was as follows:

Details of customers which accounted for 10% or more of total revenues or 10% or more of total accounts receivables during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024:

NOTE 7 – CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND RESTRICTED CASH

For the purpose of consolidated statement of cash flows, cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash (Current) & (Non-Current) consisted of the following:

We have classified fixed deposits (FDs), which are subject to withdrawal restrictions, as Restricted cash. Additionally, time deposits with a maturity of over one year have been classified as non-current.

The Company has secured a bank overdraft facility from HDFC Bank, collateralized by fixed deposits held with HDFC Bank. This facility includes a withdrawal restriction tied to the fixed deposit. (Refer Note 11 – Bank Overdraft.)

NOTE 8 – PREPAID, CURRENT AND NON- CURRENT ASSETS

Prepaid, Current and Non-Current Assets consisted of the following:

Prepaid expenses – stock compensation represents unamortized portion of common stock granted to advisors for services to be rendered by them in future. (Refer Note 19 – Stock Compensation Expenses).

NOTE 9 – ACCOUNTS PAYABLE, ACCRUED EXPENSES AND OTHER CURRENT LIABILITIES

Accounts payable and accrued current and non-current expenses consisted of the following:

Accounts payable at $5,127,193 as of December 31, 2025 (December 31, 2024: $2,312,382), reflect the amounts due to various vendors of supplies and services in the normal course of business operations. Other accrued liabilities of $5,608,065 as of December 31, 2025 (December 31, 2024: $1,162,687), mainly include accrued expenses of $1,072,596 and income tax provision of $4,214,339.

NOTE 10 – NOTES PAYABLE

In February 2024, the Company raised $2,450,000 through a private offering of 7% One-Year Convertible Promissory Notes (“Notes”) from two affiliates of $1,000,000 each and $450,000 from three other investors to finance its ongoing working capital requirements. These notes are payable in full after 12 months from the respective date of issuance of these Notes and are convertible at the election of noteholder at any time through the maturity date at a per share price of $4.45.

In April 2024, the Company raised $2,000,000 from its affiliate by issuance of two One-Year 7% Promissory Notes of $1,000,000 each, to meet certain working capital requirements. These Notes are payable in full after 12 months from the respective date of issuance of these Notes.

In July 2024, the Company raised $500,000 from its affiliate by issuance of One-Year 7% Promissory Notes to finance its ongoing working capital requirements. These Notes are payable in full after 12 months from the respective date of issuance of these Notes.

In October and November 2024, the Company raised $500,000 from its affiliate by issuance of One-Year 7% Promissory Notes to finance its ongoing working capital requirements. These Notes are payable in full after 12 months from the respective date of issuance of these Notes.

In December 2024, the Company raised $2,000,000 from its affiliate by issuance of One-Year 7% Convertible Promissory Notes to finance its ongoing working capital requirements. These Notes are payable in full after 12 months from the respective date of issuance of these Notes and are convertible at the election of noteholder at any time through the maturity date at a per share price of $1.38.

In January 2025, the Company raised $28,000,000 from its affiliate by issuance of One-Year 7% Convertible Promissory Notes to finance its ongoing working capital requirements. These Notes are payable in full after 12 months from the respective date of issuance of these Notes and are convertible at the election of noteholder at any time through the maturity date at a per share price of $1.38.

In February 2025, the Company paid $4,212,637 towards repayment of five 7% One-Year Promissory Notes totaling $4,000,000 in principal amount raised from Sushruta Pvt Ltd., an affiliate, on various dates during 2024, along with interest due thereon.

In February 2025, the Company paid $1,068,849 towards repayment of one 7% One-Year Convertible Promissory Note of $1,000,000 in principal amount issued to an investor in February 2024 along with the interest due thereon.

In February 2025, the Company converted three 7% One Year Convertible Promissory Notes totaling $450,000 issued to several investors in February 2024, along with the interest accrued thereon, into 108,048 shares of common stock the Company as per the conversion rights exercised by the note holders.

In February 2025, the Company converted Convertible Notes totaling $22,000,000, in principal amount, along with the interest accrued thereon, issued to Sushruta Pvt Ltd. into 16,046,814 shares of common stock of the Company.

In March 2025, the Company converted Convertible Notes totaling $8,000,000 in principal amount, along with the interest accrued thereon, issued to Sushruta Pvt Ltd into 5,811,554 shares of common stock of the Company.

NOTE 11 – BANK OVERDRAFT

Bank Overdraft consisted of:

The HDFC Bank overdraft facility (OD1), amounting to $4,829,115, is availed against a lien on fixed deposits totaling $5,231,625 provided by the Company and the HDFC Bank LTD Overdraft (OD2) facility is secured by a charge over all current assets, plant, and machinery of the Company, as well as a lien on fixed deposits of $690,535 in favor of HDFC Bank. Additionally, both overdraft facilities are secured by personal guarantees provided both by Dr. Sudhir Prem Srivastava and Dr. Vishwajyoti P Srivastava. As of December 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024, the Company was in compliance with all financial and non-financial covenants under the bank overdraft facility agreements.

In October 2025, the Company converted its overdraft facility into a short-term working capital demand loan (“WCDL”) repayable on demand for a period of six months. The WCDL is secured against the lien on fixed deposits of $690,535 in favor of HDFC Bank.

The cash credit facility is sanctioned at an interest rate of 8.90% (linked with 1-month Repo rate +3.4%) per annum on the working capital overdraft limit, with interest payable monthly on the first day of the subsequent month. Overdraft facility and WCDL availed against fixed deposits is sanctioned with an interest rate of 1.25% over and above prevailing rate of interest on fixed deposits, payable at monthly intervals on the first day of the following month.

NOTE 12 – DEFERRED REVENUE

Contract liabilities (deferred revenue) consist of advance billings and billing in excess of revenues recognized. Deferred revenue also includes the amount for which services have been rendered but other conditions of revenue recognition are not met, for example, where the Company does not have an enforceable contract.

The revenue attributable to the warranty is recognized over the period to which it relates. During the year ended December 31, 2025, Company sold 73 surgical robotic systems. The revenues attributable to warranty for the agreed warranty period in respect of each of the sales contracts are deferred for recognition over the period to which it relates.

In case of systems sold on a deferred payment basis, the present value of the invoiced system sales, realizable over the deferred payment period, is recognized as system sales. The difference between the invoiced amount and its present value is adjusted (reduced) in the accounts receivable balance. This difference is recorded as interest income under other income, with a corresponding impact on accounts receivable over the collection period of contract. The Company recorded $497,549 and $335,222 as interest income on account of deferred financing component during the years ended December 31, 2025, and 2024 respectively.

The following table disaggregates our revenue by major source:

Revenues for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 by geographic region (determined based upon customer domicile), were as follows:

NOTE 13 – STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

Common stock

The Company is authorized to issue up to 250,000,000 shares of common stock, $0.0001 par value per share. The Company has one class of common stock outstanding. Holders of the Company’s common stock are entitled toone vote per share. Upon the liquidation or dissolution of the Company, its common stockholders are entitled to receive a ratable share of the available net assets of the Company after payment of all debts and other liabilities. The Company’s shares of common stock have no pre-emptive, subscription, redemption or conversion rights.

As of December 31, 2025, there were 194,165,141 (December 31, 2024:171,579,284) issued and outstanding common shares. Holders of common stock are entitled toone vote for each share of common stock.

Preferred stock

The Company is authorized to issue up to 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock, $0.0001 par value per share. The Company has one class of preferred stock outstanding “Series A- Preferred Shares.”

As of December 31, 2025, there were 1,000 (December 31, 2024:1,000) issued and outstanding preferred stock.

Common stock issued at the time of Merger

At Closing of the Merger on April 14, 2023,135,808,884 shares of our common stock and 1,000 Series A Preferred Shares were issued to Cardio Ventures. This includes common stock that was issued to Dr. Frederic Moll and one other accredited investor, who each provided $3,000,000 in interim financing to the Company pending consummation of the Merger. Following the Merger an additional 3,818,028 shares of our common stock were issued to Dr. Frederic Moll per his interim financing agreement with the Company.

Common Stock issued post-Merger

On November 27, 2023, the Company issued 169,118 shares of common stock to Group Chief Financial Officer, Anup Kumar Sethi, which is 20% of a total grant of 845,592 shares awarded to him against services pursuant to the Company’s 2016 Incentive Stock Plan. The balance of 80% vests in four equal annual instalments subject to his remaining employed by the Company or its subsidiaries.

On November 27, 2023, the Company issued 549,437 shares of common stock to ninety employees of the Company’s subsidiaries, which is 20% of a total grant of 2,747,187 shares awarded to such employees pursuant to the Company’s 2016 Incentive Stock Plan. The balance 80% vests in four equal annual instalments subject to such employees remaining employed by the Company or its subsidiaries.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, $16,980,000 in advances that were outstanding under the Line of Credit Note, were converted into 22,945,946 shares issued to Sushruta Pvt Ltd at the conversion price of $0.74 per share.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company converted warrants and issued 90,514 shares of our common stock to two accredited investors at $4.00 per share receiving $362,056 in total proceeds.

In December 2023, the Company received $50,000 total proceeds in relation to the issuance of 12,500 shares of common stock upon the exercise of warrants previously sold to three accredited investors at an exercise price of $4.00 per share. These shares are formally issued to the accredited investor subsequent to the year end 31 December 2023. Company has disclosed 12,500 common stock in Consolidated Statements of changes in equity as “Common stock to be issued”.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, Farhan Taghizadeh exercised options and received 50,000 shares of common stock at a price of $1.00 per share.

During the year ended on December 31, 2023, the Company issued 3,000 shares of common stock to Henry Gewanter in exchange for advisory services to be rendered over a 12-month period. The total fair value of such services is $24,450. The value of services is calculated at the fair market value of shares as on date of contract.

During the year ended on December 31, 2023, the Company issued 50,000 shares of common stock to PCG Advisory, for investor and digital marketing services. The total value of such services is $100,000.

During the year ended on December 31, 2023, the Company issued 75,000 shares of common stock to Seminars, Inc. that conducted online investment seminars in which the Company participated. The total value of services is $500,000.

During the year ended on December 31, 2023, the Company issued 116,348 shares of common stock to Somashekhar S P in exchange for advisory services to be rendered over a five-year period. Total fair value of such services is $1,045,968. The value of services is calculated at fair market value of shares as on date of contract.

During the year ended on December 31, 2023, the Company issued 477,084 shares of common stock to Dr. Sudhir Kumar Rawal (RSS & Co Ltd) in exchange for his advisory services to be rendered over a five-year period. The total fair value of such services is $4,288,985. The value of services is calculated at fair market value of shares as on date of contract.

During the year ended on December 31, 2023, the Company issued 13,816 shares of common stock to Dr. Van Praet Frank in terms of his contract for advisory services to be rendered over a five-year period. The total fair value of services is $124,207. The value of services is calculated at fair market value of shares as on date of contract.

During the year ended on December 31, 2023, the Company issued 1,860 shares of common stock to Dr. Amitabh Singh in terms of his contract for advisory services to be rendered over a five-year period. The total fair value of services is $16,721. The value of services is calculated at fair market value of shares as on date of contract.

During the year ended on December 31, 2023, the Company issued 1,480 shares of common stock to Dr. Ashish Khanna under the terms of his contract for advisory services to be rendered over a five-year period. The total fair value of services is $13,305. The value of services is calculated at fair market value of shares as on date of contract.

During the year ended on December 31, 2023, the Company issued 5,835 shares of common stock to Dr. Vivek Bindal under the terms of his contract for advisory services to be rendered over a five-year period. The total fair value of services is $52,456. The value of services is calculated at fair market value of shares as on date of contract.

On March 1, 2024, the Company issued 15,000 shares of common stock to PCG Advisory, for investor and digital marketing services. The total value of such services is $101,250.

On August 31, 2024, the Company issued 125,000 shares of common stock to five advisors in exchange for advisory services to be rendered over a 5 year period. The total value of such services is $40,000. The value of services is calculated at the fair market value of shares as of the date of contract.

On November 27, 2024, the Company issued 169,118 shares of common stock to Group Chief Financial Officer, Anup Kumar Sethi, which is second tranche of 20% of a total grant of 845,592 shares awarded to him against services pursuant to the Company’s 2016 Incentive Stock Plan. The balance of 60% vests in three equal annual instalments subject to his remaining employed by the Company or its subsidiaries.

On November 27, 2024, the Company issued 536,747 shares of common stock to 80 employees of the Company’s subsidiary which is second tranche of 20% of the total shares awarded to them in Nov 2023 pursuant to the Company’s 2016 Incentive Stock Plan. The balance of 60% vests in three equal annual instalments subject to such employees remaining employed by the Company or its subsidiaries.

On December 2, 2024, the Company issued 9,034 shares of common stock to an advisory firm in terms of the engagement document signed with them to provide production and graphics services to the Company.

On February 12, 2025, the Company issued 48,030 shares of common stock to an investor upon against the conversion of note amounting to $213,732 including interest thereon at a conversion price of $4.45 per share.

On February 13, 2025, the Company issued 30,010 and 30,008 shares of common stock to two investors, respectively, upon the conversion of notes amounting to $133,546 and $133,534, including interest thereon, respectively at a conversion price of $4.45 per share.

On February 20, 2025, the Company issued 16,046,814 shares of common stock to Sushruta Pvt Ltd upon against the conversion of notes amounting to $22,144,603 including interest thereon, at a conversion price of $1.38 per share.

On March 1, 2025, the Company issued 7,858 common shares to one ex-employee and 2,619 shares of common stock to an ex-director of the Company upon cashless exercise of stock options previously granted to them under the Company’s 2016 Stock Incentive Plan.

On March 31, 2025, the Company issued 5,811,554 shares of common stock to Sushruta Pvt Ltd, upon the conversion of notes amounting to $8,019,945, including interest thereon, at a conversion price of $1.38 per share.

On April 2, 2025, the Company issued 3,163 shares of common stock to an advisory firm in terms of the engagement document signed with them to provide production and graphics services to the Company.

On April 30, 2025, the Company issued 1,639 shares of common stock to an advisor in exchange for rendering the services in accordance with the agreement entered with the advisor.

On May 22, 2025, the Company issued 20,000 shares of common stock to an advisor in exchange for advisory services to be rendered over a 5year period. The total value of such services is $196,800. The value of services is calculated at the fair market value of the shares as of the date of the advisory services contract.

On May 28, 2025, the Company issued 7,431 shares of common stock to one individual upon the cashless exercise of a stock option previously granted under the Company’s 2016 Stock Incentive Plan.

On August 28, 2025, the Company issued 4,000 shares of common stock to an advisor in exchange for advisory services to be rendered over a 5 year period. The total value of such services is $43,560. The value of services is calculated at the fair market value of shares as of the date of the advisory services contract.

On October 1, 2025, the Company issued 28,739 shares of common stock to four advisors in exchange for advisory services to be rendered. The shares were issued pursuant to advisory arrangements, and the value of the services was determined based on the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the date of issuance.

On October 22, 2025, the Company issued 16,000 shares of common stock to one individual in exchange for advisory services to be rendered. The total value of such services is $174,200. The value of services is calculated at the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the date of the advisory services agreement.

On November 27, 2025, the Company issued 527,325 shares of common stock to employees pursuant to stock grant awards under the Company’s equity incentive plan. The stock grants were issued in recognition of employee services, and the related compensation expense was recognized in accordance with applicable accounting guidance.

On December 12, 2025, the Company issued 667 shares of common stock to one individual upon the exercise of warrants previously issued by the Company. The warrants were exercised at $2.50 per share in accordance with their terms resulting in net proceeds of $2,500 in the Company.

Holders of common stock are entitled toone vote for each share of common stock held.

NOTE 14 – INVENTORY

Inventory consisted of the following:

Changes in the inventory valuation allowance were as follows:

NOTE 15 – LEASES

The Company conducts its operations using facilities leased under operating lease agreements that expire at various dates.

The following is a summary of operating lease assets and liabilities:

Supplemental cash flow and other information related to leases are as follows:

Maturities of lease liabilities as of December 31, 2025 were as follows:

NOTE 16 – INCOME TAX

The Company recorded an income tax expense of $3,966,440 for the year ended December 31, 2025. The consolidated effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2025, is (54.89%), compared tonil in the previous year.

The components of income/(loss) before income taxes consist of the following:

Income tax expense/(benefit) consists of the following:

Deferred income taxes recognized in OCI are as follows:

The Company has federal net operating losses of $39,558,085 as of December 31, 2025, and $32,955,404 as of December 31, 2024 and there areno state net operating losses as on December 31, 2025, and 2024.

The Company elected to prospectively adopt the guidance in ASU No. 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures”. The following table reconciles the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate of 21% to the Company’s effective income tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2025, in accordance with the guidance in ASU No. 2023-09.

^During the year ended December 31, 2025, state taxes in Florida comprise 100% of the tax effect in this category.

The reconciliation of the U.S. statutory rate of 21% to the Company’s effective tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2024 in accordance with the ASC 740 Income taxes prior to the adoption of ASU No. 2023-09 is summarized as follows:

The components of the deferred tax assets/liabilities balances are as follows:

As of December 31, 2025, and 2024, the Company recorded a valuation allowance of $12,870,003 and $9,150,495, respectively, against deferred tax assets arising from net operating losses and temporary differences in its U.S. operations, due to a history of operating losses and limited visibility into future taxable income.

Management has considered available positive and negative evidence, including forecasted taxable income, reversal of temporary differences, and tax planning strategies. Based on this assessment, deferred tax assets related to the Indian operations are considered realizable, and no valuation allowance has been recorded for those jurisdictions.

The Company’s accounting for deferred taxes involves the evaluation of a number of factors concerning the realizability of the Company’s deferred tax assets. Assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets is dependent upon several factors, including the likelihood and amount, if any, of future taxable income in relevant jurisdictions during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. The Company’s management forecasts taxable income by considering all available positive and negative evidence including its history of operating income or losses and its financial plans and estimates which are used to manage the business. These assumptions require significant judgment about future taxable income. The amount of deferred tax assets considered realizable is subject to adjustment in future periods if estimates of future taxable income are reduced.

During the current year ended December 31, 2025, the Company identified that certain information returns (Form 5471 – Information Return of U.S. Persons With Respect to Certain Foreign Corporations) relating to its investment in an Indian subsidiary had not been filed for prior years. The Company will complete and submit all required delinquent Forms 5471 before any notice from IRS along with detailed reasonable-cause statements requesting abatement of any related penalties.

Management has evaluated this matter under ASC 740 and concluded that it is not more-likely-than-not that penalties will ultimately be imposed. However, in light of the Company’s overall compliance history, the proactive remedial filings, and the strength of its reasonable position, the management will seek abatement of penalties. Accordingly, liability to the extent of $20,000 has been recorded in the accompanying financial statements. It is reasonably possible that outcome will change but any impact (probable cash outflow) is not expected to be material. The Company will continue to monitor developments in this matter.

A tabular reconciliation of the total amounts of unrecognized tax benefits for the years presented was as follows:

The Company’s policy is to recognize interest and penalties related to uncertain income tax matters within income tax expense in the consolidated statements of operations. As ofDecember 31, 2025, the Company had accrued**$525,278** (December 31, 2024: Nil) related to income-tax-related penalties. This amount is reflected in the consolidated balance sheet and in interest and penalties within income tax expense in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss for the year ended December 31, 2025 (2024: Nil).

Income tax paid (net of refunds received) including tax deducted at source consisted of the following :

The Company’s Indian subsidiary is subject to regular tax assessments under the Income Tax Act, 1961. The most recent assessment year under review is AY 2025–26. No material adjustments have been proposed to date. The U.S. entity has not been selected for IRS examination for any of the open tax years.

NOTE 17 – EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLAN

The Company’s Gratuity Plan in India provides for a lump sum payment to vested employees on retirement or upon termination of employment in an amount based on the respective employee’s salary and years of employment with the Company. Liabilities under this plan are determined by actuarial valuation using the projected unit credit method. Current service costs for these plans are accrued in the year to which they relate. Actuarial gains or losses or prior service costs, if any, resulting from amendments to the plans, are recognized and amortized over the remaining period of service of the employees.

The Gratuity Plan is unfunded, and the company does not make contributions to the plan assets.

The benefit obligation has been measured as of December 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024. The following table sets forth the activity and the amounts recognized in the Company’s consolidated financial statements at the end of the relevant periods:

Components of net periodic benefit costs recognized in Consolidated Statements of operations and comprehensive loss and actuarial loss reclassified from OCI, were as follows:

The components of retirement benefits included in AOCI, excluding tax effects, were as follows:

The weighted average actuarial assumptions used to determine benefit obligations and net gratuity cost were:

The Company evaluates these assumptions annually based on its long-term plans of growth and industry standards. The discount rates are either based on current market yields on government securities or yields on government securities adjusted for a suitable risk premium, if available.

NOTE 18 – FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENT – FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

Assets and liabilities recorded at fair value are measured using the fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value. The levels of the fair value hierarchy are:

The Company’s financial assets which are set out below in the table are measured at fair value by considering the level III inputs. The Company does not have financial assets which are measured using Level I or Level II inputs.

Carrying value and fair value of Level III Financial assets and liabilities:

The Company has assessed that the financial instruments that are not carried at fair value consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, prepaid and other current assets, note payable, Bank overdraft facility and account payable for which fair values approximate their carrying amounts due to the short-term maturities of these instruments.

NOTE 19 – STOCK COMPENSATION EXPENSES

Stock options to Employees: The Company grants shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.0001 to certain employees under the Company’s 2016 stock incentive plan. The price at which the Grantee shall be entitled to purchase the Shares upon the exercise of the Option (the “Option Price”) shall be $5.00 per Share. The Shares shall vest as to twenty percent (20%) of the shares covered thereunder as of the Grant Date, with the balance of the shares covered thereunder vesting in four equal annual installments on the first, second, third and fourth anniversaries of the Grant Date provided that the Grantee remains in the Continuous Employment of the Company or any of its subsidiaries or affiliates, as defined and provided for in the Plan. The Options, to the extent vested and not exercised, shall expire five (5) years from the Grant Date.

Restricted Stock Award to Employees: The Company grants restricted shares of the Company’s common stock, $0.0001 per value to certain employees under the company’s 2016 stock incentive plan. The grant of restricted share is made in consideration of services to be rendered by the Grantee to the Company. The Restricted Stock Award shall vest as to twenty percent (20%) of the Restricted Shares covered thereunder as of the Grant Date, with the balance of the Restricted Shares covered thereunder vesting in four equal annual installments on the first, second, third and fourth anniversaries of the Grant Date, subject to the Grantee’s continued employment by the Company, as provided for in the Plan. Unvested portions of the Restricted Stock Award may not be transferred at any time, except to the extent provided for in the Plan. Until the Restricted Stock Award granted under this Agreement vests in accordance with the terms hereof, the Grantee shall have no rights as a shareholder (including, without limitation, voting and dividend rights) with respect to any of the Restricted Shares covered by the Restricted Stock Award.

Stock Options issued to Doctors/Proctors/Advisors (“Advisor’s”): The Company issues shares of the Company’s common stock (“Advisory Shares”) to retain and compensate certain Advisors for performing services for the Company and in exchange for the compensation, which is issued in a phased manner as determined by the company. The “Services” include but are not limited to (a) providing proctoring and medical advisory services, (b) advising the Company on the development of surgical robotics procedures and improvements in design and technology (c) participation in case of observation and performance of live surgeries, and (d) disseminating information about the Company’s products in various scientific meetings and surgical robotic conferences globally (e) investor’s digital marketing support. The Company issues such Advisory Shares in a phased manner commensurate with the period over which the services are to be performed, as determined by the Company.

Stock Options

Stock options activity for the year ended December 31, 2025, was as follows:

Stock options activity for the year ended December 31, 2024, was as follows:

The aggregate fair value of the stock options vested was $2,883,268 and $7,540,276 during the year December 31, 2025, and 2024 respectively. The options vested during the year were not exercised at the end of the year December 31, 2025. Further there were no stock options issued during the year December 31, 2025.

Restricted Stock Awards (RSA)

Restricted Stock Awards activity for the year ended December 31, 2025, was as follows:

Restricted Stock Awards activity for the year ended December 31, 2024, was as follows:

During the year ended December 31, 2025,527,325 RSU were exercised and issued to employees of total common stock of $4,092,042.

Advisory shares:

Common stock issued to consultants as advisory shares during the year as follows:

During the year ending December 31, 2025,70,378 advisory shares were issued to advisors of total common stock of $687,960.

The aggregate vesting date fair value of Advisory shares vested was $498,496 and $418,694 during the year ended December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 respectively.

Stock compensation expenses

During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company has recorded share compensation expense of $8,128,103 in relation to stock options, RSU and Advisory shares as follows:

Stock option model & assumptions

The Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model is used to estimate the fair value of stock options and RSU granted under the Company’s share based compensation plans and the rights to acquire stock granted under the stock options plans. The weighted-average estimated fair values of stock options and the rights to acquire stock as well as the weighted-average assumptions used in calculating the fair values of stock options and the rights to acquire stock that were granted till December 31, 2025 are as follows:

As share-based compensation expense recognized in the Consolidated Statements of operations and comprehensive loss during the years ended December 31, 2025, and 2024, is based on awards ultimately expected to vest, it has been reduced for estimated forfeitures, if any.

As of December 31, 2025, there was $5,766,937, $8,184,023 (December 31, 2024: $8,650,405, $16,432,560) of total unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested stock options and restricted stock units respectively, to acquire common stock under the 2016 Inventive Stock plan. The unrecognized compensation expense is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.91 years for unvested stock options and restricted stock units for rights granted to acquire common stock under 2016 Incentive Stock Plan.

NOTE 20 – RELATED PARTY

The details of transactions and balances outstanding with the related parties for the year ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 are as follows:

Balances outstanding as on year end:

NOTE 21 – COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Other Commitments

The Company, through its Indian subsidiary, occupies office, manufacturing, and assembly space in Gurugram, Haryana (India) under a lease agreement entered into in March 2021, with monthly payments of $24,093 plus applicable taxes. This lease expires in March 2030. Effective June 1, 2023, our Indian subsidiary signed another lease agreement for occupying an additional space in Gurugram, to further expand its manufacturing and assembly capacity. This lease provides for a monthly payment of $15,934 plus taxes and expires on May 31, 2032, subject to further renewal on mutually acceptable terms. Further effective from August 1, 2024, our SSI-India subsidiary signed another lease agreement for occupying an additional space in Gurugram, to further expand its operations. This lease provides for a monthly payment of $8,905 plus taxes and expires on July 31, 2030. In May 2025, the Company signed another lease agreement for occupying an additional space for warehouse purposes in Gurugram which provides for monthly payment of $3,420 plus taxes and expires in March 2030. SSI-India leased a residential property to provide residential accommodation. This lease provides for a monthly payment of $21,659 plus taxes.

Contingencies

The Company’s Indian Subsidiary namely “Sudhir Srivastava Innovations Private Limited” has received the draft assessment order dated November 29, 2023 under section 144C(1) related to proposed transfer pricing adjustment of $544,537 to the returned income for the assessment year 2021-22, primarily on account of Rejection of the segmental margins computed by the Company and adoption of entity-level margins; and Modification of the filters applied by the Company in the selection of comparable companies.

Further, the Company had filed its objections before the Dispute Resolution Panel (DRP). The DRP, vide its directions dated August 28, 2024, granted partial relief of $17,144 on account of rectification in the operating margins of the comparable companies. Accordingly, the Transfer Pricing adjustment was reduced to $527,393. Subsequently, the Company has filed an appeal before the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal (ITAT) on the remaining disputed issues and the said case is pending for hearing before the ITAT. The Management believes that its position will more likely than not be sustained upon final examination by the tax authorities and accordingly has not accrued any liabilities with respect to this matter in its consolidated financial statements.

Subsequently, the Company has filed an appeal before the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal (ITAT) on the remaining disputed issues. As informed by the Management, the matter is pending adjudication before the ITAT. The Company believes that its position will more likely than not be sustained upon final examination by the tax authorities and accordingly has not accrued any liabilities with respect to these matters in its consolidated financial statements.

NOTE 22 – SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

SSi intends to use the net proceeds from this private placement for working capital and other general corporate purposes, which include, but are not limited to advancing the Company’s our growth initiatives in India and other existing global markets and supporting preparation for entry into the United States and European Union markets.