Commercial Bancgroup, Inc.

Nature of operations:

The Company is a bank holding company incorporated in the State of Tennessee whose principal activity is the ownership and management of its wholly owned subsidiary, the Bank. The Bank is primarily engaged in providing a full range of banking and financial services to individual and corporate customers in Claiborne, Hamblen, Union, Knox, Sullivan, Washington, Williamson, Cocke and Hamblen Counties in Tennessee and Knox, Bell, Harlan, Laurel and Whitley Counties in Kentucky. Effective June of 2023, the Company acquired 76.83% of the stock of AB&T Financial Corporation (“AB&T”), which owned 100% of Alliance Bank & Trust Company (“Alliance”). Alliance provided banking and financial services to individual and corporate customers in Gastonia and Cleveland Counties in North Carolina. The acquisition of AB&T occurred in two steps and was completed on June 30, 2024, when the Company acquired the remaining minority (23.17%) ownership interest in AB&T. Alliance was merged into the operations of the Bank on July 1, 2024.

Basis of presentation:

The Company’s accounting and reporting policies conform to accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and to generally accepted practices within the banking industry. Accordingly, they do not include all the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring accruals) considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. Operating results for the nine month period ended September 30, 2025 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2025. For further information, refer to the consolidated financial statements and footnotes thereto for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 in our Registration Statement.

Change in presentation due to stock reclassification and stock split:

On September 18, 2025, the Company filed with the Tennessee Secretary of State an Amended and Restated Charter providing for (i) the automatic reclassification and conversion of each outstanding share of Class B common stock, $10.00 par value per share, into 1.15 shares of common stock, $0.01 par value per share (our “common stock”), and the automatic reclassification and conversion of each outstanding share of Class C common stock, $10.00 par value per share, into 1.05 shares of common stock and (ii) effective immediately following the reclassification, a 250-for-1 forward stock split whereby each holder of common stock received 249 additional shares of common stock for each share owned as of immediately following the reclassification. All share and per share amounts set forth in the consolidated financial statements of the Company have been retroactively restated to reflect the reclassification and conversion and stock split as if they had occurred as of the earliest period presented.

In addition to the reclassification and stock split, the Company is authorized to issue 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock, $0.01 par value per share. As of September 30, 2025, no preferred shares have been issued or are outstanding. The board of directors of the Company has the authority to issue preferred stock in one or more series and to determine the rights, preferences, privileges, and restrictions of each series, including dividend rights, conversion rights, voting rights, terms of redemption, and liquidation preferences.

Principles of consolidation:

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and the Bank. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of estimates:

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change relate to the determination of the allowance for credit losses (“ACL”), valuation of real estate acquired in connection with foreclosures or in satisfaction of loans, valuation of deferred tax assets and fair values of financial instruments.

Loans:

Loans that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or payoffs are reported at amortized cost (net of the ACL). Amortized cost is the principal balance outstanding adjusted for unearned income, charge-offs, the ACL, any unamortized deferred fees or costs on originated loans and unamortized premiums or discounts on purchased loans.

Interest receivable reported in interest receivable on the consolidated balance sheets totaled to $ 6,438,216 and $6,679,881 as of September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively, and is excluded from the estimate of credit losses. Interest income is accrued based on the unpaid principal balance. Loan origination fees, net of certain direct origination costs, as well as premiums and discounts, are deferred and amortized as a level yield adjustment over the respective term of the loan.

The accrual of interest on mortgage and commercial loans is discontinued and placed on nonaccrual status at the time the loan is 90 days delinquent unless the credit is well-secured and in process of collection. Mortgage loans are charged off at 180 days past due, and commercial loans are charged off to the extent principal or interest is deemed uncollectible. Consumer and credit card loans continue to accrue interest until they are charged off (no later than 120 days past due) unless the loan is in the process of collection. Past due status is based on contractual terms of the loan. In all cases, loans are placed on nonaccrual or charged-off at an earlier date if collection of principal or interest is considered doubtful.

All interest accrued but not collected for loans that are placed on nonaccrual or charged-off is reversed against interest income. The interest on these loans is accounted for on the cash-basis or cost-recovery method, until qualifying for return to accrual. Under the cost-recovery method, interest income is not recognized until the loan balance is reduced to zero. Under the cash-basis method, interest income is recorded when the payment is received in cash. Loans are returned to accrual status when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured.

Purchased Credit Deteriorated (“PCD”) loans:

The Company has purchased loans, some of which have experienced more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination. PCD loans are recorded at the amount paid. An ACL is determined using the same methodology as other loans held for investment. The initial ACL determined on a collective basis is allocated to individual loans. The sum of the loan’s purchase price and ACL becomes its initial amortized cost basis. The difference between initial amortized cost basis and the par value of the loan is a noncredit discount or premium, which is amortized into interest income over the life of the loan. Subsequent changes to the ACL are recorded through credit loss expense.

Allowance for credit losses (ACL) – loans:

Under the current expected credit loss model, the ACL on loans is a valuation allowance estimated at each balance sheet date in accordance with GAAP that is deducted from the loans’ amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loans.

The Company estimates the ACL on loans based on the underlying loans’ amortized cost basis, which is the amount at which the financing receivable is originated or acquired, adjusted for applicable accretion or amortization of premium, discount, and net deferred fees or costs, collection of cash, and charge-offs. In the event that collection of principal becomes uncertain, the Company has policies in place to reverse accrued interest in a timely manner. Therefore, the Company has made a policy election to exclude accrued interest from the measurement of ACL.

Expected credit losses are reflected in the ACL through a charge to provision for credit losses. The Company measures expected credit losses of loans on a collective (pool) basis, when the loans share similar risk characteristics. Expected credit losses are estimated over the contractual term of the loans, adjusted for expected prepayments when appropriate. The contractual term excludes expected extensions, renewals, and modifications unless the extension or renewal options are included in the original or modified contract at the reporting date and are not unconditionally cancellable by the Company.

The Company’s methodologies for estimating the ACL consider available relevant information about the collectability of cash flows, including information about past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The methodologies apply historical loss information, adjusted for asset-specific characteristics, economic conditions at the measurement date, and forecasts about future economic conditions over a period that has been determined to be reasonable and supportable, to the identified pools of loans with similar risk characteristics for which the historical loss experience was observed.

Weighted Average Remaining Maturity (“WARM”) Method:

The Company’s primary methodology for estimating expected credit losses for all loan types is the WARM method. The WARM CECL (Current Expected Credit Losses) methodology uses average annual loss rate along with a simple but reasonable forecast based on a “regression” analysis of the loan history dating back 18 years. The dependent variable will be the entity’s loss rate, based on changes in the Prime Lending Rate over that same period. The Company will utilize the Prime Lending Rate as the independent variable due to that being the tool most commonly utilized by the Federal Reserve to either accelerate and/or slow down the economy. Additionally, the ACL calculation includes qualitative adjustments to account for risk factors that may not be incorporated in the quantitatively derived allowance estimate. Qualitative adjustments may increase or decrease the allowance estimate.

Qualitative factors considered include: changes in lending policies and procedures, underwriting standards, collection and charge-off and recovery practices; national, regional and local economic and business conditions and developments that affect the collectability of the portfolio, including the condition of various market segments; nature and volume of the portfolio and terms of loans; experience, depth and ability of lending management; volume and severity of past due loans, the volume of non-accrual loans, and the volume and severity of adversely classified or graded loans; quality of loan review system; underlying collateral values; concentrations of credit and changes in the level of such concentrations; and the effect of other external factors such as competition and legal and regulatory requirements.

Allowance for credit losses (ACL) – loans, continued:

ACL on Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures:

The Company estimates expected credit losses over the contractual period in which the Company is exposed to credit risk via a contractual obligation to extend credit, unless that obligation is unconditionally cancellable by the Company. The ACL on off-balance sheet credit exposures is adjusted through credit loss expense. The estimate includes consideration of the likelihood that funding will occur and an estimate of expected credit losses on commitments expected to be funded over its estimated life.

Collateral-Dependent Loans:

Loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis. For collateral-dependent loans where the Company has determined that foreclosure of the collateral is probable, or where the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and the Company expects repayment of the loan to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral, the ACL is measured based on the difference between the fair value of the collateral and the amortized cost basis of the loan as of the measurement date. When repayment is expected to be from the operation of the collateral, expected credit losses are calculated as the amount by which the amortized cost basis of the loan exceeds the present value of expected cash flows from the operation of the collateral. The Company may, in the alternative, measure the expected credit loss as the amount by which the amortized cost basis of the loan exceeds the estimated fair value of the collateral. When repayment is expected to be from the sale of the collateral, expected credit losses are calculated as the amount by which the amortized costs basis of the loan exceeds the fair value of the underlying collateral less estimated cost to sell. The ACL may be zero if the fair value of the collateral at the measurement date exceeds the amortized cost basis of the loan.

Charge-Offs and Recoveries:

Loan losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the collection of a loan’s principal is unlikely. Subsequent recoveries are credited to the allowance. If the loan is collateral-dependent, the loss is more easily identified and is charged-off when it is identified, usually based upon receipt of an appraisal. However, when a loan has guarantor support, and the guarantor demonstrates willingness and capacity to support the debt, the Company may carry the estimated loss as a reserve against the loan while collection efforts with the guarantor are pursued. If, after collection efforts with the guarantor are complete, the deficiency is still considered uncollectible, the loss is charged off and any further collections are treated as recoveries.

Loan commitments and financial instruments:

Financial instruments include off-balance sheet credit instruments, such as commitments to make loans and commercial letters of credit issued to meet customer financing needs. The Company’s exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to the financial instrument for off-balance sheet loan commitments is represented by the contractual amount of those instruments. Such financial instruments are recorded when they are funded.

The Company records an ACL on off-balance sheet credit exposures, unless the commitments to extend credit are unconditionally cancelable, through a charge to provision for unfunded commitments in the Company’s statements of income. The ACL on off-balance sheet credit exposures is estimated by loan segment at each balance sheet date under the current expected credit loss model using the same methodologies as portfolio loans, taking into consideration the likelihood that funding will occur as well as any third-party guarantees, and is included in other liabilities on the Company’s balance sheets.

Allowance for credit losses (ACL) – securities:

Available-for-sale Securities:

The Company evaluates available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position to determine if credit losses exist. The Company first evaluates whether it intends to sell, or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell a security before recovering its amortized cost basis. If either of these conditions exists, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through income. If either of the aforesaid conditions does not exist, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, management considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. If credit loss exists, the Company recognizes an ACL, limited to the amount by which the amortized cost basis exceeds the fair value. Any impairment not recognized through an ACL is recognized in other comprehensive income, net of tax.

Changes in the allowance for credit losses are recorded as provision for credit loss expense (or reversal). Losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the collectability of an available-to-sale security is confirmed or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met.

Held-to-maturity Securities:

Management measures expected credit losses on held-to-maturity debt securities on a collective basis by major security type and any other risk characteristics used to segment the portfolio. Interest receivable on held-to-maturity debt securities totaled $326,202 and $230,223 as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

The estimate of expected credit losses considers historical credit loss information that is adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts.

Securities borrowed or purchased under agreements to resell, and securities loaned or sold under agreements to repurchase are treated as collateralized financial transactions. These agreements are recorded at the amount at which the securities were acquired or sold plus accrued interest. It is the Company’s policy to take possession of securities purchased under resale agreements. The market value of these securities is monitored, and additional securities are obtained when deemed appropriate to ensure such transactions are adequately collateralized. The Company also monitors its exposure with respect to securities sold under repurchase agreements, and a request for the return of excess securities held by the counterparty is made when deemed appropriate.

The amortized cost and approximate fair values, together with gross unrealized gains and losses, of securities are as follows:

The Company uses a systematic methodology to determine its ACL for debt securities held-to-maturity considering the effects of past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts on the collectability of the portfolio. The ACL is a valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on the held-to-maturity portfolio. The Company monitors the held-to-maturity portfolio on a quarterly basis to determine whether a valuation account would need to be recorded. Based on management’s review, the Company’s held-to-maturity securities have no expected credit losses and no related ACL has been established as of each of September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024.

U.S. Government sponsored enterprises include entities such as the Federal National Mortgage Association, Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, and Federal Home Loan Banks (“FHLB”).

The amortized cost and fair value of available-for-sale securities and held-to-maturity securities on September 30, 2025, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities of mortgage-backed securities because the mortgages underlying the securities may be called or repaid without penalty. Therefore, these securities are not included in the maturity categories in the following summary.

The market value of securities pledged as collateral, to secure public deposits and for other purposes, was $111,968,069 and $151,890,672 on September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

The book value of securities sold under agreements to repurchase amounted to $2,662,527 and $3,391,566 on September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

There were no sales of available-for-sale securities during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

The following tables show the Company’s investments’ gross unrealized losses and fair value of the Company’s investments with unrealized losses aggregated by investment class and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

As of September 30, 2025, the Company had 117 securities in an unrealized loss position. No ACL has been recognized on any securities in an unrealized loss position as management does not believe any of the securities are impaired due to reasons of credit quality. This is based upon an analysis of the underlying risk characteristics, including credit ratings, and other qualitative factors related to available-for-sale securities and in consideration of historical credit loss experience and internal forecasts. The issuers of these securities continue to make timely principal and interest payments under the contractual terms of the securities. Furthermore, the Company does not have the intent to sell any of the securities classified in the tables above, and believes that it is more likely than not that the Company will not have to sell any such securities before a recovery of cost. The unrealized losses are due to increases in market interest rates over the yields available at the time the underlying securities were purchased. The fair value is expected to recover as the securities approach their maturity dates or repricing dates or if market yields for such investments decline.

Portfolio segmentation:

On September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company’s loans consist of the following:

For purposes of disclosure, the loan portfolio was disaggregated into segments and then further disaggregated into classes for certain disclosures. A portfolio segment is defined as the level at which an entity develops and documents a systematic method for determining its ACL. There are four loan portfolio segments, including real estate secured, commercial, consumer and other loans. A class is generally determined based on the initial measurement attribute, risk characteristics of the loan, and an entity’s method for monitoring and assessing credit risk. Classes within the real estate secured portfolio segment include commercial, construction and land development, residential, and other. Each of commercial, consumer and other loans is its own class.

Portfolio segmentation, continued:

Risk characteristics relevant to each portfolio segment and class are as follows:

Commercial real estate: Commercial real estate loans are primarily made based on the identified cash flows of the borrower and secondarily on the underlying collateral provided by the borrower. Commercial real estate lending typically involves higher loan principal amounts, and the repayment of these loans is generally largely dependent on the successful operation of the property securing the loan. Commercial real estate loans may be more adversely affected by conditions in the real estate markets or in the general economy. The properties securing the Company’s commercial real estate portfolio are diverse in terms of type. This diversity helps reduce the Company’s exposure to adverse economic events that affect any single market or industry. Management monitors and evaluates commercial real estate loans based on collateral, geography and risk grade criteria. The Company also utilizes third-party experts to provide insight and guidance about economic conditions and trends affecting market areas it serves. In addition, management tracks the level of owner-occupied commercial real estate loans versus non-owner-occupied loans. Non-owner-occupied commercial real estate loans are loans secured by multifamily and commercial properties where the primary source of repayment is derived from rental income associated with the property (that is, loans for which 50% or more of the source of repayment comes from third party, nonaffiliated, rental income) or the proceeds of the sale, refinancing, or permanent financing of the property. These loans are made to finance income-producing properties such as apartment buildings, office and industrial buildings, and retail properties. Owner-occupied commercial real estate loans are loans where the primary source of repayment is the cash flow from the ongoing operations and business activities conducted by the party, or an affiliate of the party, who owns the property.

Construction and land development: Loans for non-owner-occupied real estate construction or land development are generally repaid through cash flow related to the operation, sale or refinance of the property. The Company also finances construction loans for owner-occupied properties. A portion of the Company’s construction and land development portfolio segment is comprised of loans secured by residential product types (residential land and single-family construction). With respect to construction loans to developers and builders that are secured by non-owner-occupied properties that the Company may originate from time to time, the Company generally requires the borrower to have an existing relationship with the Company and have a proven record of success. Construction and land development loans are underwritten utilizing feasibility studies, independent appraisal reviews, sensitivity analysis of absorption and lease rates, market sales activity, and financial analysis of the developers and property owners. Construction loans are generally based upon estimates of costs and value associated with the complete project. These estimates may be inaccurate. Construction loans often involve the disbursement of substantial funds with repayment substantially dependent on the success of the ultimate project. Sources of repayment for these types of loans may be pre-committed permanent loans from approved long-term lenders, sales of developed property or an interim loan commitment from the Company until permanent financing is obtained. These loans are closely monitored by on-site inspections and are considered to have higher risks than other real estate loans due to their ultimate repayment being sensitive to interest rate changes, governmental regulation of real property, general economic conditions and the availability of long-term financing.

Portfolio segmentation, continued:

Residential real estate: Residential real estate loans represent loans to consumers or investors to finance a residence. These loans are typically financed on 15 to 30 year amortization terms, but generally with shorter maturities of 5 to 15 years. Many of these loans are extended to borrowers to finance their primary or secondary residence. Loans to an investor secured by a 1-4 family residence will be repaid from either the rental income from the property or from the sale of the property. This loan segment also includes home equity loans which are secured by a first or second mortgage on the borrower’s residence. This allows customers to borrow against the equity in their homes. Loans in this portfolio segment are underwritten and approved based on a number of credit quality criteria including limits on maximum loan-to-value (“LTV”), minimum credit scores, and a maximum debt to income. Real estate market values as of the time the loan is made directly affect the amount of credit extended and, in addition, changes in these residential property values impact the depth of potential losses in this portfolio segment.

Commercial: The commercial loan portfolio segment includes commercial loans to commercial customers for use in normal business operations to finance working capital needs, equipment purchases or other expansion projects. Collection risk in this portfolio segment is driven by the creditworthiness of underlying borrowers, particularly cash flow from customers’ business operations. Commercial loans are primarily made based on the identified cash flows of the borrower and secondarily on the underlying collateral provided by the borrower. The cash flows of borrowers, however, may not be as expected and the collateral securing these loans may fluctuate in value. Most commercial loans are secured by the assets being financed or other business assets such as accounts receivable or inventory and may incorporate a personal guarantee; however, some short-term loans may be made on an unsecured basis. In the case of loans secured by accounts receivable, the availability of funds for the repayment of these loans may be substantially dependent on the ability of the borrower to collect amounts due from its customers.

Consumer: The consumer loan portfolio segment includes non-real estate secured direct loans to consumers for household, family, and other personal expenditures. Consumer loans may be secured or unsecured and are usually structured with short- or medium-term maturities. These loans are underwritten and approved based on a number of consumer credit quality criteria, including limits on maximum LTV on secured consumer loans, minimum credit scores, and maximum debt to income. Many traditional forms of consumer installment credit have standard monthly payments and fixed repayment schedules of one to five years. These loans are made with either fixed or variable interest rates that are based on various indices. Installment loans fill a variety of needs, such as financing the purchase of an automobile, a boat, a recreational vehicle, or other large personal items, or for consolidating debt. These loans may be unsecured or secured by an assignment of title, as in an automobile loan, or by money in a bank account. In addition to consumer installment loans, this portfolio segment also includes secured and unsecured personal lines of credit as well as overdraft protection lines. Loans in this portfolio segment are sensitive to unemployment and other key consumer economic measures.

***Other:***The other loan portfolio segment primarily consists of tax-exempt commercial loans, undisbursed loans of all types, and unpaid overdrafts on deposit accounts.

ACL on loans:

The ACL represents an allowance for expected losses over the remaining contractual life of the assets. The contractual term does not consider extensions, renewals or modifications. The Company segregates the loan portfolio by type of loan and utilizes this segregation in evaluating exposure to risks within the portfolio.

The following tables detail activity in the ACL by portfolio segment for the nine month periods ended September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024. Allocation of a portion of the allowance to one category of loans does not preclude its availability to absorb losses in other categories.

Credit quality indicators:

The Company categorizes loans into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt such as: current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information, and current economic trends, among other factors. The Company analyzes certain loans individually to classify the loans as to credit risk. This analysis includes loans with an outstanding balance greater than $250,000 and non-homogeneous loans, such as commercial real estate loans. This analysis is performed on an annual basis.

The Company uses the following definitions for risk ratings:

**Pass –**Loans in this category are considered to have a low likelihood of loss based on relevant information analyzed about the ability of the borrowers to service their debt and other factors.

**Special Mention –**Loans in this category are currently protected but are potentially weak, including the presence of adverse trends in the borrower’s operations, credit quality or financial strength. Those loans constitute an undue and unwarranted credit risk but not to the point of justifying a substandard classification. The credit risk may be relatively minor yet constitute an unwarranted risk considering the circumstances. Special mention loans have potential weaknesses which may, if not checked or corrected, weaken the loan or inadequately protect the Company’s credit position at some future date.

**Substandard –**A substandard loan is inadequately protected by the current sound net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans classified as substandard must have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Company will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.

**Doubtful –**Loans classified as doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in loans classified as substandard, plus the added characteristic that the weaknesses make the collection or liquidation in full on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values highly questionable and improbable.

Loss– Loans classified as loss are considered uncollectable and of such little value that their continuance as bankable assets is not warranted. This classification does not mean that the asset has absolutely no recovery or salvage value, but rather that it is not practical or desirable to defer writing off this worthless loan even though partial recovery may be affected in the future.

Credit quality indicators, continued:

The following table presents the Company’s recorded investment in loans by credit quality indicators by year of origination as of September 30, 2025:

Credit quality indicators, continued:

The following table presents the Company’s recorded investment in loans by credit quality indicators by year of origination as of December 31, 2024:

There were no loans classified in the Loss category as of September 30, 2025 or December 31, 2024. There were no revolving loans converted to term as of September 30, 2025 or December 31, 2024.

Nonaccrual and past due loans:

A loan is placed on nonaccrual status when, in management’s judgment, the collection of the interest income appears doubtful. Interest receivable that has been accrued and is subsequently determined to have doubtful collectability is charged to interest income. Interest on loans that are classified as nonaccrual is subsequently applied to principal until the loans are returned to accrual status. The Company’s loan policy states that a nonaccrual loan may be returned to accrual status when (i) none of its principal and interest is due and unpaid, and the Company expects repayment of the remaining contractual principal and interest, or (ii) it otherwise becomes well secured and in the process of collection. Restoration to accrual status on any given loan must be supported by a well-documented credit evaluation of the borrower’s financial condition and the prospects for full repayment. Past due loans are accruing loans whose principal or interest is past due 30 days or more.

The following table is a summary of the Company’s nonaccrual loans by major categories as of the dates indicated:

Nonaccrual and past due loans, continued:

There was no interest income recognized on nonaccrual loans for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 or 2024.

Aging analysis:

The following table presents an aging analysis of past due loans by category as of period indicated:

Collateral-dependent loans:

Collateral-dependent loans are loans where repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. If the Company determines that foreclosure is probable, these loans are written down to the lower of cost or collateral value less estimated costs to sell. When repayment is expected to be from the operation of the collateral, the ACL is calculated as the amount by which the amortized cost basis of the financial asset exceeds the present value of expected cash flows from the operation of the collateral. The Company may, in the alternative, measure the ACL as the amount by which the amortized cost basis of the financial asset exceeded the estimated fair value of the collateral. The following table provides a summary of collateral-dependent loans by collateral type as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

The carrying amount of purchased credit deteriorated loans on September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 are as follows:

Modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty:

The Company periodically provides modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. These modifications include either payment deferrals, term extensions, interest rate reductions, principal forgiveness or combinations of modification types. The determination of whether the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty is made on the date of the modification. When principal forgiveness is provided, the amount of principal forgiveness is charged off against the ACL with a corresponding reduction in the amortized cost basis of the loan. A modified loan is tracked for at least 12 months following the modifications granted.

On September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, loans modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty during the year were immaterial. The Company had no unfunded commitments to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty for which the Company has modified their loans on September 30, 2025 or December 31, 2024.

Unfunded commitments:

The Company maintains an allowance for off-balance sheet credit exposures such as unfunded balances for existing lines of credit, commitments to extend future credit, and both standby and commercial letters of credit when there is a contractual obligation to extend credit and when this extension of credit is not unconditionally cancellable (i.e., commitment cannot be cancelled at any time). The allowance for off-balance sheet credit exposures is adjusted as a provision for credit loss expense. The estimate includes consideration of the likelihood that funding will occur, which is based on a historical funding study derived from internal information, and an estimate of expected credit losses on commitments expected to be funded over their estimated life, which are the same loss rates that are used in computing the ACL on loans. The ACL for unfunded loan commitments of $70,000 at both September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, is separately classified on the consolidated balance sheet within other liabilities.

Depreciation expense, included in depreciation and amortization on the consolidated statements of income, for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, and 2024 amounted to $1,519,018 and $1,621,255, respectively.

Construction in progress includes capital expenditures for branch renovations and construction of a new branch. Branch renovations are substantially complete and estimated costs to complete are insignificant. Estimated costs to complete the new branch cannot be reasonably estimated as construction has not been started as information necessary for construction bids has not been completed.

Goodwill:

FASB ASC No. 2021-03,“Goodwill and Other (Topic 350),” regarding testing goodwill for impairment, provides an entity the option to first perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. The Company performs its annual goodwill impairment test as of December 31 of each year. As of the latest impairment analysis at December 31, 2024, management determined there was no goodwill impairment. The carrying amount of goodwill on September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 was approximately $8,511,000 and $8,514,000, respectively.

Core Deposit Intangibles (CDI):

The carrying basis and accumulated amortization of CDIs on September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 were:

The change in CDIs during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and the year ended December 31, 2024 is as follows:

As of September 30, 2025, the estimated amortization expense of CDI for future periods is as follows:

Short-term borrowings included the following on September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

As of September 30, 2025, the Company had federal funds purchased totaling $25,000,000. These borrowings had a weighted average interest rate of 4.43% and a maturity of 14 days.

As of September 30, 2025, the Company had a short-term FHLB cash management advance totaling $35,000,000. This borrowing had an interest rate of 4.26% and matures on December 29, 2025.

Securities sold under agreements to repurchase consist of obligations of the Company to other parties. The obligations are typically secured by investment securities with fair values exceeding the total balance of the agreement and such collateral is held by the Company. The weighted average rate on these arrangements as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 was 2.45% and 3.27%, respectively. The maximum amount of outstanding agreements at any month end during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 totaled $6,632,284 and $6,046,056, respectively, and the monthly average of such agreements totaled $5,182,756 and $4,519,370 for September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, with an average rate paid of 2.76% and 3.53%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, respectively.

FHLB advances and notes payable consisted of the following components as of the dates indicated:

The FHLB advances were secured by mortgage loans totaling $642,663,000 on September 30, 2025. The advances, requiring monthly principal and interest payments at fixed interest rates from 0.69% to 5.33%, are subject to restrictions or penalties in the event of prepayment. These advances mature at various dates between 2025 and 2041.

On January 27, 2020, the Company executed a Loan Agreement with Community Trust Bank, Inc., Pikeville, Kentucky (the “Community Trust Loan Agreement” and the loan thereunder, the “CTB Loan”), to refinance then existing holding company debt. This loan was for $28,500,000 and is repayable in quarterly principal and interest payments based on a 15-year amortization and interest of the Prime Rate, daily adjustable.

The CTB Loan requires the Company and the Bank to meet certain covenants on an annual basis. The Company and the Bank were in compliance with all the covenants for the nine months ended September 30, 2025.

With the acquisition of Citizens Bancorp, Inc. (“Citizens Bancorp”) and its bank subsidiary, Citizens Bank, on January 2, 2018, the Company assumed Citizens Bank Capital Trust (the “Trust”). The Trust was formed during 2004 as a statutory trust formed under the laws of the State of Delaware and is wholly owned by the Company. In September 2004, the Trust issued variable rate preferred securities (the “Trust Preferred Securities”) with an aggregate liquidation amount of $6,000,000 ($1,000 per Trust Preferred Security) to a third-party investor. Citizens Bancorp then issued variable rate junior debentures aggregating $6,186,000 to the Trust (the “Subordinated Debentures”). The Subordinated Debentures are the sole assets of the Trust. The Subordinated Debentures and the Trust Preferred Securities pay interest and dividends, respectively, on a quarterly basis, at a variable interest rate equal to the three-month SOFR plus 2.40% adjusted quarterly which was 6.75% and 6.89% on September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. These Subordinated Debentures will mature in 2034, at which time the Trust Preferred Securities are to be redeemed. The Subordinated Debentures and Trust Preferred Securities can be redeemed prior to maturity, in whole or in part, beginning October 7, 2009, at a redemption price of $1,000 per preferred security. The Company (as successor to Citizens Bancorp) has provided a full, irrevocable, and unconditional guarantee on a subordinated basis of the obligations of the Trust under the Trust Preferred Securities in the event of the occurrence of an event of default, as fined in such guarantee. The trust agreement contains provisions that enable the Company to defer making interest payments for a period of up tofive years. However, the Company would be restricted from paying dividends on or redeeming its common stock during any deferral.

The face amount of the Subordinated Debentures was $6,186,000 on both September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. Unamortized discount was $626,507 and $678,716 on September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

Aggregate annual maturities of long-term debt on September 30, 2025, are:

The Bank is subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the federal banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the Company’s financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, banks must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of a bank’s assets, liabilities and certain off-balance-sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The Bank’s capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weightings and other factors.

Quantitative measures established by regulation to ensure capital adequacy require banks to maintain minimum amounts and ratios (set forth in the table below) of total and Tier I capital (as defined in the regulations) to risk-weighted assets (as defined in the regulations) and of Tier I capital to average assets (as defined in the regulations). Management believes as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Bank met all capital adequacy requirements to which is subject. In addition to these requirements, the Bank is subject to an institution specific capital conservation buffer, which must exceed 2.50%, to avoid limitations on distributions and discretionary bonus payments.

As of September 30, 2025, the most recent notification from the FDIC categorized the Bank as well capitalized under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action. To be categorized as well capitalized, the Bank must maintain minimum total risk-based, Tier I risk-based and Tier I leverage ratios as set forth in the table below. There are no conditions or events since that notification that management believes have changed the Bank’s capitalization.

The Bank’s actual capital amounts and ratios as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 are presented in the tables below (dollars in thousands).

The Company may grant RSUs to directors, employees and executives under its 2025 Omnibus Incentive Plan. RSUs represent the right to receive shares of the Company’s common stock upon satisfaction of vesting conditions, which are generally based on continued service over a three-year period. RSUs do not carry voting rights or dividend entitlements until vested and settled in shares of common stock.

The fair value of RSUs is determined based on the market price of the Company’s common stock on the grant date. Compensation expense related to RSUs is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, adjusted for estimated forfeitures. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur.

On September 28, 2025, the Company granted 42,500 RSUs with a weighted-average grant date fair value of $24.00 per share. As of September 30, 2025, there was $1.02 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested RSUs, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 3 years. For the quarter ended September 30, 2025, management determined compensation expense was immaterial.

Upon RSUs vesting, the Company may withhold shares to satisfy employee tax obligations. These shares are recorded as treasury stock at the fair market value on the vesting date.

ASC 820,*Fair Value Measurements,*defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. ASC 820 also specifies a fair value hierarchy which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The standard describes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:

Following is a description of the valuation methodologies and inputs used for assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis and recognized in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets, as well as the general classification of such assets and liabilities pursuant to the valuation hierarchy.

Note 10. Disclosures About Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities, Continued

Available-for-sale securities:

Where quoted market prices are available in an active market, securities are classified within Level l of the valuation hierarchy. If quoted market prices are not available, then fair values are estimated by using pricing models, quoted prices of securities with similar characteristics or discounted cash flows. Level 2 securities include all of the Company’s available-for-sale securities, consisting of U.S. Treasury, government agencies, municipals and mortgage-backed securities. Inputs used to estimate the fair value of Level 2 securities when pricing models are used include the security’s call date, maturity date, interest rate and current market interest rates. In certain cases where Level 1 and Level 2 inputs are not available, securities are classified within Level 3 of the hierarchy.

Interest rate swap agreements:

The fair value of interest rate swap agreements is estimated using inputs including the remaining term of the agreement and current market interest rates, that are observable or that can be corroborated by observable marked data and, therefore, are classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy.

The following tables present the fair value measurements of assets and liabilities recognized in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets measured at fair value on a recurring basis and the level within the fair value hierarchy in which the fair value measurements fell on September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

The Company has no assets or liabilities whose fair values are measured using Level 3 inputs on a recurring basis.

Following is a description of the valuation methodologies and inputs used for assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis and recognized in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets, as well as the general classification of such assets and liabilities pursuant to the valuation hierarchy.

Collateral-dependent and individually evaluated:

The fair value of collateral-dependent loans was primarily measured based on the value of the collateral securing these loans and classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. Collateral may be real estate and/or business assets, including equipment, inventory, and/or accounts receivable. The Company determines the value of the collateral based on independent appraisals performed by qualified licensed appraisers. These appraisals may utilize a single valuation approach or a combination of approaches, including comparable sales and the income approach. Appraised values are discounted for costs to sell and may be discounted further based on management’s historical knowledge, changes in market conditions from the date of the most recent appraisal, and/or management’s expertise and knowledge of the customer and the customer’s business. Such discounts by management are subjective and are typically significant unobservable inputs for determining fair value. These loans are reviewed and evaluated on at least a quarterly basis for additional impairment and adjusted accordingly, based on the same factors discussed above.

Foreclosed assets held for sale:

The fair value of foreclosed assets held for sale is estimated using the fair value method of measuring the amount of impairment. This method requires obtaining a current independent appraisal of the collateral and applying a discount factor to the value. The fair value method is classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

The following tables present the fair value measurement of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis and the level within the fair value hierarchy in which the fair value measurements fell on September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

The following tables present additional quantitative information about assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis and for which we have utilized Level 3 inputs to determine fair value on September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

Fair values of financial instruments:

The carrying amounts and estimated fair values of financial instruments not carried at fair value, on September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, are as follows:

Fair values of financial instruments, continued:

The Company originates primarily real estate, commercial, and consumer loans to customers primarily in Claiborne County, Tennessee and surrounding counties. The ability of the majority of the Company’s customers to honor their contractual loan obligations is dependent on the economy in the local area.

On September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024,90% and 88%, respectively, of the Company’s loan portfolio is concentrated in loans secured by real estate, of which a substantial portion is secured by real estate in the Company’s primary market area. Accordingly, the ultimate collectability of the loan portfolio and recovery of the carrying amount of foreclosed assets is susceptible to changes in real estate conditions in the Company’s primary market area. The other concentrations of credit by type of loan are set forth in Note 3.

Current economic conditions:

Management is confident that current underwriting standards have achieved sufficient loan-to-value and operating margins to meet potential changes in the economic environments in the markets we serve.

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared using values and information currently available to the Company.

Given the volatility of current economic conditions, the values of assets and liabilities recorded in the financial statements could change rapidly, resulting in material future adjustments in asset values, the ACL and capital that could negatively impact the Company’s ability to meet regulatory capital requirements and maintain sufficient liquidity.

Standby letters of credit:

Standby letters of credit are irrevocable conditional commitments issued by the Company to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. Financial standby letters of credit are primarily issued to support public and private borrowing arrangements, including commercial paper, bond financing and similar transactions. Performance standby letters of credit are issued to guarantee performance of certain customers under nonfinancial contractual obligations. The credit risk involved in issuing standby letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved in extending loans to customers. Should the Company be obligated to perform under the standby letters of credit, the Company may seek recourse from the customer for reimbursement of amounts paid.

The Company had total outstanding standby letters of credit amounting to approximately $23,349,000 and $45,505,000 on September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, with terms ranging from 30 days to five years. On September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company’s deferred revenue under standby letter of credit agreements was $0.

Lines of credit:

Lines of credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any conditions established in the contract. Lines of credit generally have fixed expiration dates. Because a portion of the line may expire without being drawn upon, the total unused lines do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. Each customer’s creditworthiness is evaluated on a case-by-case basis. The amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary, is based on management’s credit evaluation of the counterparty. Collateral held varies but may include accounts receivable, inventory, property, plant and equipment, commercial real estate and residential real estate. Management uses the same credit policies in granting lines of credit as it does for on-balance-sheet instruments.

On September 30, 2025, the Company had granted unused lines of credit to borrowers aggregating approximately $280,792,000 for commercial lines and open-end consumer lines. On December 31, 2024, unused lines of credit to borrowers aggregated approximately $354,509,000 for commercial lines and open-end consumer lines.

Contingencies:

From time to time, the Company is party to litigation and other legal matters incidental to the conduct of its business. Such matters are subject to many uncertainties and outcomes are not predictable with assurance. The Company accrues liabilities for such matters when it is probable that future expenditures will be made and such expenditures can be reasonably estimated. As of September 30, 2025, the Company was not involved in any such matters, individually or in the aggregate, which management believes would have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.

The Company enters into interest rate swaps with certain loan customers. The Company then enters into corresponding offsetting derivatives with third parties, which results in offsetting revenues and expenses within interest income. While these derivatives represent economic hedges, they do not qualify as hedges for accounting purposes.

The Company presents derivative positions gross on its consolidated balance sheets. The derivatives recorded on the consolidated balance sheets as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, were as follows:

The Company’s principal source of funds for dividend payments is dividends received from the Bank. Banking regulations limit the amount of dividends that may be paid without prior approval of regulatory agencies. As of September 30, 2025, approximately $51,241,000 of retained earnings is available to pay dividends.

The factors used in the earnings per share computation follow:

Dilutive common shares represent shares that had been awarded but had not been issued to the recipien

Initial Public Offering:

On October 3, 2025, the Company completed its initial public offering (“IPO”) of 7,173,092 shares of its common stock,1,458,334 of which were sold by the Company and 5,714,758 of which were sold by certain selling shareholders, at a price to the public of $24.00 per share. The Company received from the IPO net proceeds after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses of approximately $30.6 million.

Our common stock began trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the ticker symbol “CBK” on October 2, 2025.

The Company intends to use the net proceeds from the IPO to repay the CTB Loan and redeem the Company’s outstanding Subordinated Debentures and related Trust Preferred Securities, and to use the remaining proceeds, if any, for general corporate purposes.

The IPO occurred after the balance sheet date and does not impact the financial position as of September 30, 2025, but is disclosed as a subsequent event in accordance with ASC 855, Subsequent Events, due to its significance in the Company’s capital structure.

Repayment of CTB Loan:

On October 7, 2025, subsequent to the balance sheet date of September 30, 2025, the Company repaid in full the CTB Loan in the amount of $20,256,416. The repayment was funded through proceeds from the IPO.

This transaction does not affect the financial position as of September 30, 2025, but is disclosed as a subsequent event in accordance with ASC 855, Subsequent Events, due to its significance in the Company’s capital structure.

Besides the above, there were no subsequent events requiring disclosure or recognition in the Company’s unaudited consolidated financial statements, other than those included elsewhere in this Report.