Quantum Computing Inc.

September 30, 2025

Note 1. Nature of the Organization and Business

Corporate History

Quantum Computing Inc. (“QCi” or the “Company”) was formed in the State of Nevada on July 25, 2001, under its original name, Ticketcart, Inc., which was changed to Innovative Beverage Group Holdings, Inc. in 2009. The Company redomiciled to Delaware on February 22, 2018 and changed its name to Quantum Computing Inc. Effective July 20, 2018, the trading symbol for the Company’s common stock, par value $0.0001, on the OTC Market changed from “IBGH” to “QUBT”. On July 15, 2021, the Company uplisted to The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC. On June 16, 2022, the Company merged (the “QPhoton Merger”) with QPhoton, Inc. (“QPhoton”), a developer of quantum photonic systems and related technologies and applications. The QPhoton Merger enabled us to develop hardware applications integrated with the Company’s software platform, Qatalyst, that existed before the QPhoton Merger.

Nature of Business

QCi is an American company utilizing integrated photonics and non-linear quantum optics to develop and deliver machines for quantum computing, reservoir computing, and remote sensing, imaging and cybersecurity applications based on patented and proprietary photonics technology. QCi’s products are designed to operate at room temperature and at very low power levels compared to other quantum systems currently available in the market, such as superconducting, ion-trap, or annealing architectures. Our core photonics technology enables the execution of a go-to-market strategy which emphasizes scalability, accessibility and affordability. Our quantum machines, supported by professional services through our “Quantum Solutions” offering, enable subject matter experts (SMEs) and end users to deliver critical business solutions involving highly complex optimization problems.

The leading applications of our quantum offerings today are our Entropy Quantum Computing (“EQC”), reservoir computing, and quantum secured networks. Our longer-term product development plan is to migrate their current designs, as well as other product designs based on discrete components, to a set of TFLN optical integrated circuits built on TFLN wafers.

Liquidity

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the continuity of operations, the realization of assets, and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. We have not achieved a level of sales adequate to support the Company’s cost structure. The Company has historically incurred losses and negative cash flows from operations. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company issued 49.1 million shares of common stock for net proceeds of $756.5 million. As of September 30, 2025, the Company had cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments on hand of $555.6 million, an accumulated deficit of $217.6 million, and working capital of $559.2 million. As a result, the Company believes it has adequate cash and cash equivalents on hand to meet its obligations over the next 12 months.

Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation:

The Company prepares its consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) as determined by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”), including Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 810,Consolidation. The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The Company’s fiscal year end is December 31.

Furthermore, the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP for interim financial information and the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring adjustments, considered necessary for a fair presentation of the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been included. The results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2025 or any future period. The unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2024 has been derived from audited consolidated financial statements at that date, but does not include all disclosures required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. The information included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” “Risk Factors,” and the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Reclassifications

Certain reclassifications have been made to the fiscal 2024 condensed consolidated financial statements to confirm with the fiscal 2025 presentation. The reclassifications had no impact on net loss, total assets, total liabilities, or mezzanine and stockholders’ equity.

Risk and Uncertainties

The Company is subject to certain risks and uncertainties and believes changes in any of the following areas could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s future consolidated financial position or consolidated results of operations or cash flows: new product development, including market receptivity; litigation or claims against the Company based on intellectual property, patent, product regulation or other factors; competition from other products; general economic conditions; the ability to attract and retain qualified employees; and, ultimately, to sustain profitable operations.

Use of Estimates

These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Some of the more significant estimates required to be made by management include the valuation of goodwill and intangible assets, deferred tax assets, equity-based transactions and liquidity assessment. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Highly liquid investments with a maturity of three months or less when purchased are considered to be cash equivalents. The Company maintains its cash in mutual funds and deposit and money market accounts with high quality financial institutions which, at times, may exceed federally insured limits. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had $294.7 million and $78.9 million, respectively, in cash equivalents invested in mutual funds. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had $57.4 million and $0, respectively, invested in short-term US Treasury Notes. The Company has not experienced any losses on these deposits and believes it is not exposed to significant credit risk on cash.

Operating Leases

The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets are included in right-of-use assets, net on the consolidated balance sheets. The current and long-term components of operating lease liabilities are included in the other current liabilities and operating lease liabilities, respectively, on the consolidated balance sheets.

Operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term. As most of the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, and the Company uses an incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the commencement date in determining the present value of future payments. Certain leases may include options to extend or terminate the lease. Lease expense for minimum lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the consolidated balance sheet. All of our leases are comprised of office space leases, and as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company was not party to any finance leases.

Valuation of Goodwill

The Company reviews goodwill for impairment on an annual basis or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. The Company performs an annual impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount. An impairment charge should be recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value; however, the loss recognized should not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. In addition, income tax effects from any tax-deductible goodwill carrying amount of the reporting unit should be considered when measuring the goodwill impairment loss, if applicable. The Company has determined that it has a single reporting unit for purposes of performing its goodwill impairment test. As the Company uses the market approach to assess impairment, its common stock price is an important component of the fair value calculation. If the Company’s stock price continues to experience significant price and volume fluctuations, this will impact the fair value of the reporting unit and can lead to potential impairment in future periods. The Company performs its annual impairment test during the fourth quarter of each fiscal year. As of September 30, 2025, we had not identified any factors that indicated there was an impairment of our goodwill and determined that no additional impairment analysis was then required.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost or contributed value. Depreciation of furniture, software and equipment is calculated using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives, and leasehold improvements are amortized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of their estimated useful lives or the lease term. The cost and related accumulated depreciation of equipment retired or sold are removed from the accounts and any differences between the undepreciated amount and the proceeds from the sale are recorded as a gain or loss on sale of equipment. Maintenance and repair costs are expensed as incurred.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

The Company has long-lived assets such as tangible property and equipment, identified intangible assets consisting of acquired patents and core technology. When events or changes in circumstances occur that could indicate the carrying value of long-lived assets may not be recoverable, the Company assesses recoverability by determining whether the undiscounted cash flows estimated to be generated by those assets are less than the carrying amounts of those assets. If the undiscounted cash flow is less, an impairment charge is recognized for the excess of the carrying amounts of these assets over the fair values. Fair values are determined by discounted future cash flows, appraisals or other methods.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company did not record any impairment related to long-lived assets.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The carrying amount of certain financial instruments held by the Company, such as accounts receivable, contract assets and liabilities, accounts payable, and accrued and other current liabilities, approximate fair value due to their short maturities. The carrying amount of the liabilities for the convertible preferred stock warrants represent their fair value. The carrying amounts of the Company’s borrowings and lease liabilities approximate fair value due to the market interest rates that these obligations bear and interest rates currently available to the Company.

Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or an exit price paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The fair value hierarchy defines a three-level valuation hierarchy for disclosure of fair value measurements as follows:

The categorization of a financial instrument within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, $294.7 million and $78.9 million, respectively, of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents were in Level 1 assets, comprised of U.S. Government mutual funds. As of September 30, 2025 the Company available-for sale securities of $517.9 million were in Level 2 assets, comprised of U.S. Treasuries and corporate debt securities. The Company had $14.7 million and $40.5 million as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, in Level 3 liabilities, which are comprised of derivative liabilities. See Note 10,Capital Stock – Warrants, for a full discussion of the warrant liability.

Research and Development Costs

Research and development costs include costs directly attributable to the conduct of research and development programs, including the cost of services provided by outside contractors, acquiring work-in-progress intellectual property, development, and mandatory compliance fees and contractual obligations. All costs associated with research and development are expensed as incurred.

Income Taxes

The Company uses the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to differences between the carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. Deferred tax expense or benefit is the result of changes in the deferred tax assets and liabilities. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets where, based upon the available evidence, management concludes that it is more-likely-than-not that the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Realization of deferred tax assets is also dependent upon future earnings, if any, the timing and amount of which are uncertain.

The Company records a liability for the uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken on the Company’s tax return when it is more-likely-than-not that the tax position might be challenged despite the Company’s belief that the tax return positions are fully supportable, and additional taxes will be due as a result. To the extent that the assessment of such tax positions changes, for example, based on the outcome of a tax audit, the change in estimate is recorded in the period in which the determination is made. The provision for income taxes includes the impact of provisions for uncertain tax positions.

Net Income (Loss) Per Share

Basic net income (loss) per common share is computed by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net loss per common share includes the potential dilutive effect of additional common shares that would have been outstanding if the common share equivalents had been issued (computed using the “If-Converted” method), unless the effect of such issuances would have been anti-dilutive. Because the impact of these items is generally anti-dilutive during periods of net loss, there is no difference between basic and diluted income (loss) per common share for periods with net losses.

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted income (loss) per share (in thousands, except per share data):

For the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, all outstanding warrants, options and unvested restricted common stock were not included in the dilutive net loss per common share calculation as including them would have been anti-dilutive. For the three months ended September 30, 2025 warrants to purchase 800,827 shares related to the QPhoton merger were not included in the dilutive net income per common share calculation as including them would have been anti-dilutive.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

From time to time, new accounting pronouncements are issued by the FASB or other standard setting bodies that are adopted by the Company as of the specified effective date. Unless otherwise discussed, we believe that the impact of recently issued standards that are not yet effective will not have a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial position or results of operations upon adoption.

On December 14, 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”) 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. Under ASU 2023-09, entities are required to uniformly classify and present greater disaggregation of information in the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. ASU 2023-09 is intended to benefit users of the consolidated financial statements by improving transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures. The new standard is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024 for public companies. The Company adopted ASU 2023-09 as of January 1, 2025. The standard did not have a material effect on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03,Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses (“ASU 2024-03”), which requires public entities to provide disaggregated disclosures of certain expense captions presented on the face of the income statement into specific categories within the notes to the consolidated financial statements. ASU 2024-03 is effective for the Company’s annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The ASU may be applied either on a prospective or retrospective basis. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of ASU 2024-03 on its condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

On July 30, 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-05,Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses for Accounts Receivable and Contract Assets, which amends ASC 326-20 to provide a practical expedient (for all entities) and an accounting policy election (for all entities, other than public business entities, that elect the practical expedient) related to the estimation of expected credit losses for current accounts receivable and current contract assets that arise from transactions accounted for under ASC 606. The standard is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2025, including interim periods, and allows for early adoption. The Company is currently evaluating the impact on its condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Other recent authoritative guidance issued by the FASB (including technical corrections to the ASC) and the SEC did not or are not expected to have a material effect on our condensed consolidated financial statements.

Note 3. Segment Reporting

Our Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”), the Chief Executive Officer, manages the Company’s business activities as asingle operating and reportable segment at the consolidated level. Accordingly, our CODM uses condensed consolidated net income (loss) to measure segment profit or loss, allocate resources and assess performance. Further, the CODM reviews and utilizes natural expenses, such as employee wages and benefits at a consolidated level, to manage the Company’s operations and strategic growth initiatives. The following table presents segment information of revenue, significant expenses and net income (loss) (in thousands):

Note 4. Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the expected tax consequences of temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts. Valuation allowances are established, when necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to amounts that are more likely than not to be realized. As of September 30, 2025, the Company has a valuation allowance against all of its net deferred tax assets.

The total effective tax rate was 0% for each of the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

For each of the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company’s effective tax rate differed from the federal statutory rate of 21%, primarily due to the valuation allowance placed against its net deferred tax assets.

The Company did not pay any material state income tax during the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

Loss carryovers are generally subject to modification by tax authorities until three years after they have been utilized; as such, the Company is subject to examination for the fiscal years ended 2018 through present.

Uncertain Tax Positions

The Company recognizes the financial statement effects of a tax position when it becomes more likely than not, based upon the technical merits, that the position will be sustained upon examination. The Company currently has approximately $264 thousand of uncertain tax positions as of September 30, 2025, all of which are related to R&D tax credits and are accounted as contra-deferred tax assets. The Company does not expect any significant changes to its uncertain tax positions in the coming 12 months.

Note 5. Available-For-Sale Debt Securities

The following table summarizes available-for sale debt securities held by the Company as of September 30, 2025:

The Company may from time to time sell its available-for-sale debt securities. There wereno realized gains or losses on sales of available-for-sale debt securities for the three or nine months ended September 30, 2025. The Company’s investment portfolio includes callable securities that may be called prior to maturity. There wereno realized gains or losses on called available-for-sale debt securities for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025.

The aggregated net unrealized loss on available-for-sale debt securities in the amount of $26 thousand has been recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2025.

Note 6. Intangible Assets, net

As a result of the QPhoton Merger, the Company has the following amounts related to intangible assets (in thousands):

The Company recorded amortization expense of the Company’s intangible assets of $505 thousand and $780 thousand during the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $2.0 million and $2.3 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The Company expects future amortization expense to be the following (in thousands):

Note 7. Property and Equipment, net

The Company’s property and equipment are primarily located at the Company’s leased facilities in Hoboken, NJ and Tempe, AZ and consist of (in thousands):

The Company recorded depreciation expense of $671 thousand and $75 thousand during the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $1.1 million and $214 thousand during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, using useful lives of the Company’s long-lived assets as follows:

Maintenance and repairs are charged to operations when incurred. When property and equipment are sold or otherwise disposed, the asset account and related accumulated depreciation and amortization accounts are relieved, and any gain or loss is included in other income or expense. There were no significant gains or losses in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 or 2024.

Note 8. Operating Leases

As of September 30, 2025, the Company has use of space in three different locations, Hoboken, NJ, Tempe, AZ, and Arlington, VA, under lease or membership agreements, which expire at various dates through July 31, 2030. The Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, and the rates implicit in our leases are not readily determinable. Therefore, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate as the discount rate when measuring operating lease assets and liabilities. The incremental borrowing rate represents an estimate of the interest rate the Company would incur at lease commencement to borrow an amount equal to the lease payments on a collateralized basis over the term of a lease. The Company’s leases all contain options to extend or renew the lease or membership term.

The table below reconciles the undiscounted future minimum lease payments under these operating leases to the total operating lease liabilities recognized on the consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2025 (in thousands):

The Company’s operating lease commitments as of September 30, 2025 are as follows (in thousands):

Other information related to operating lease liabilities consists of the following (in thousands):

Note 9. Commitments and Contingencies

Indemnification Arrangements

We enter into standard indemnification arrangements in our ordinary course of business. Pursuant to these arrangements, we indemnify, hold harmless, and agree to reimburse the indemnified parties for losses suffered or incurred by the indemnified parties (generally our business partners or customers) in connection with any trade secret, copyright, patent or other intellectual property infringement claim by any third-party with respect to our products. The term of these indemnification agreements is generally perpetual any time after the execution of the agreement. The maximum potential amount of future payments we could be required to make under these agreements is not determinable. We have never incurred costs to defend lawsuits or settle claims related to these indemnification agreements. As a result, we believe the estimated fair value of these agreements is minimal.

We have entered into indemnification agreements with our directors and officers that may require us to indemnify our directors and officers against liabilities that may arise by reason of their status or service as directors or officers, other than liabilities arising from willful misconduct of a culpable nature. These agreements also require us to advance their expenses incurred as a result of any proceeding against them as to which they could be indemnified and to make good faith determination whether or not it is practicable for us to obtain directors and officers insurance. We currently have directors and officers liability insurance.

Legal Proceedings

From time to time, we may be involved in legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business. In general, management believes that ordinary course of business matters will not have a material adverse effect on our condensed consolidated financial position or results of operations and are adequately covered by our liability insurance. However, it is possible that condensed consolidated cash flows or results of operations could be materially affected in any particular period by the unfavorable resolution of one of more of these contingencies or because of the diversion of management’s attention and the incurrence of significant expenses.

See Part II, Item 1,Legal Proceedings, in this Form 10-Q for additional details on the status of motions in the following proceedings.

BV Advisory v. QCi Breach Lawsuit

At the time of the QPhoton Merger in June 2022, QPhoton had an outstanding balance of principal and interest due to BV Advisory Partners LLC (“BV Advisory”) based on a note purchase agreement that QPhoton had entered into with BV Advisory on March 1, 2021 (the “BV Note Purchase Agreement”). Accordingly, the Company had recorded an estimated payable, recognized as other current liabilities on the condensed consolidated financial statements, based on best available information in the amount of $536 thousand as of December 31, 2024. During the quarter ended September 30 2025, this amount was settled for $750 K with the remaining amount recognized once the settlement agreement was finalized.

On August 16, 2022, BV Advisory filed a complaint in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware naming QPhoton, the Company and certain of the Company’s directors and officers (among others) as defendants seeking, among other relief, monetary damages for an alleged breach of the BV Note Purchase Agreement. During the year ended December 31, 2024, BV Advisory’s other claims were dismissed by the Delaware Chancery Court and BV Advisory transferred its claim for breach of the BV Note Purchase Agreement to the Delaware Superior Court. On July 17, 2025, the Company, Keith Barksdale (“Barksdale”) (the managing member of BV Advisory), and BV Advisory entered into a settlement agreement pursuant to which BV Advisory, dismissed its claims under the BV Note Purchase Agreement with prejudice. The terms of the settlement agreement are summarized in Part II, Item 1. Legal Proceedings.

BV Advisory v. QCi Appraisal Action

BV Advisory was a shareholder of QPhoton, Inc., the predecessor in interest to QPhoton, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company (both referred to as “QPhoton” in this Legal Proceedings discussion). BV Advisory rejected the Merger Consideration (as defined below) and on October 13, 2022 filed a petition in the Delaware Chancery Court seeking appraisal of the shares of QPhoton it owned (which shares represented 10% of the shares of QPhoton outstanding immediately prior to the Company’s acquisition of QPhoton). The Company included BV Advisory’s ownership of QPhoton in the purchase price accounting for the QPhoton Merger.

The Company’s total purchase price of QPhoton was approximately $71.0 million, or $69.9 million net of cash acquired, consisting of Company common stock, Series B Preferred Stock and the QPhoton Warrants (as defined below). While the total shares of the Company’s common stock on an as-converted basis offered in the QPhoton Merger was 36,600,823 (the “Merger Consideration”), the fair market valuation contemplated 31,299,417 of the shares, which assumed full conversion of the 2,377,028 shares of Series B Preferred Stock to common stock at the 10:1 ratio, and that only 1,726,931 of the warrants to purchase up to 7,028,337 shares of the Company’s common stock (the “QPhoton Warrants”) would eventually be exercised (specifically only the QPhoton Warrants for which the associated Company options and/or warrants had an exercise price at or below $2.27 at the time of the QPhoton Merger).

Accordingly, as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had neither issued 2,957,251 shares of the Company’s common stock on an as converted basis (the “Unissued QPhoton Shares”) nor 702,834 warrants to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock (the “Unissued QPhoton Warrants”) that were included in the Merger Consideration. The shares of common stock underlying the Unissued QPhoton Warrants are included in the condensed consolidated statement of stockholder’s equity as additional paid in capital as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, and the Unissued QPhoton Warrants have a carrying value of $14.7 million and $40.5 million, respectively, as a liability on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. Pursuant to the settlement agreement, the Company agreed to issue to Barksdale or his designees 1.9 million shares of the Company’s common stock and BV Advisory dismissed its claims under the appraisal action with prejudice. The terms of the settlement agreement are summarized in Part II, Item 1. Legal Proceedings.

Note 10. Capital Stock

Authorized Classes of Stock

As of September 30, 2025, the Company’s Board of Directors has authorized two classes of preferred stock. The Board has authorized 1,550,000 shares of preferred stock as Series A preferred stock, par value $0.0001 per share, none of which are issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The Board has also authorized 3,079,864 shares of preferred stock as Series B preferred stock, par value $0.0001 per share, none of which are issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Series A Convertible Preferred Offering

From November 10, 2021 through November 17, 2021, the Company conducted a private placement offering (the “Private Placement”) pursuant to securities purchase agreements (the “Preferred Stock SPAs”) with 7 accredited investors (the “Series A Investors”), whereby the Series A Investors purchased from the Company an aggregate of 1,545,459 shares of the Company’s newly created Series A convertible preferred stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the “Series A Preferred Stock”) and warrants to purchase 1,545,459 shares of the Company’s common stock (the “Preferred Warrants”) for an aggregate purchase price of $8.5 million. The Private Placement was completed and closed to further investment on November 17, 2021.

The Preferred Warrants weretwo-year warrants to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $7.00 per share, subject to adjustment, and as of December 31, 2023, all of the Preferred Warrants had expired unexercised.

In connection with the Preferred Stock SPAs, the Company and the Series A Investors entered into a registration rights agreement pursuant to which on April 27, 2022 the Company filed a Registration Statement on Form S-3 to register the resale of the shares of common stock. The SEC declared the Form S-3 effective on June 2, 2022.

On March 19, 2024, the Company entered into a Redemption and Waiver Agreement (the “Series A Redemption Agreement”) with the current holders (the “Series A Holders”) of the Series A Preferred Stock. Accordingly, $8.195 million of additional paid in capital was reclassified from shareholders’ equity to mezzanine equity (the “Mezzanine Equity”) on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2024, in accordance with Accounting Series Release No. 268,Presentation in Financial Statements of “Redeemable Preferred Stocks”. The Mezzanine Equity is valued at the date of the Private Placement issuance. Pursuant to the Series A Redemption Agreement, the Company agreed to redeem all outstanding shares of Series A Preferred Stock for an aggregate cash purchase price of $8,195,000, or $5.50 per share, at its sole discretion, in 18 monthly payments. In addition, the Series A Holders agreed to waive, on a month-by-month basis following each monthly payment, certain rights granted to them in (i) the Certificate of Designations of the Series A Preferred Stock, including for the accrual and payment of accrued and future dividends; and (ii) the Preferred Stock SPAs. As of December 31, 2024 and September 30, 2025, there wereno shares of Series A Preferred Stock outstanding. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company redeemed 496,698 shares of Series A Preferred Stock for approximately $2.7 million, in cash paid to the Series A Holders.

At-the-Market-Facility

On October 28, 2022, the Company filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, which the SEC declared effective on November 8, 2022 (the “2022 shelf”). Under the 2022 Shelf at the time of effectiveness, the Company had the ability to raise up to $100 million by selling common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants and units. On December 5, 2022, the Company entered into an At-the-Market Issuance Sales Agreement (the “ATM Agreement”) with Ascendiant Capital Markets, LLC (“Ascendiant”) whereby the Company may, but is not obligated to, offer and sell, from time to time, shares of its common stock (the “ATM Facility”), and incorporated the ATM Agreement into the 2022 Shelf by amendment that the SEC declared effective January 10, 2023. On August 17, 2023, the Company and Ascendiant entered into an amendment to the ATM Agreement, increasing the amount of common stock that the Company could offer and sell via the ATM Facility from $25 million to $50 million (the “ATM Upsize”). Following the ATM Upsize, the Company filed a prospectus supplement, dated August 18, 2023, with the SEC and became able to offer and sell shares of the Company’s common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $27,362,717 via the ATM Facility.

The Company did not sell any shares through the ATM Facility for the nine months ended September 30, 2025. During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company sold 16,604,770 shares of the Company’s common stock through the ATM Facility at an average price of $0.88, from which the Company received net proceeds of $14.6 million.

Private Placement Offering

On January 7, 2025, the Company entered into securities purchase agreements (the “January SPAs”) for a private placement offering (the “January Private Placement”) to sell an aggregate of 8,163,266 shares (the “January Placement Shares”) of the Company’s common stock at a purchase price of $12.25 per share. The January Private Placement closed on January 9, 2025, and resulted in gross proceeds of $100 million before deducting placement agent commissions and other offering expenses of $6.4 million. Furthermore, the Company filed a registration statement registering the resale of the January Placement Shares on January 2, 2025, which the SEC declared effective February 3, 2025.

In conjunction with the January SPAs, the Company also entered into a placement agency agreement with Titan Partners Group LLC, a division of American Capital Partners, LLC (“Titan”), dated January 7, 2025, pursuant to which Titan acted as the exclusive placement agent for the Company in connection with the January SPAs. The Company agreed to pay Titan a cash fee of 6% of the gross proceeds from the January SPAs and to issue to the December Placement Agent (or its designees)326,531 five-year warrants (representing 4% of the securities sold in the Offerings), which will be exercisable beginning on July 6, 2025, and have an initial exercise price per share of the Company’s common stock of $14.0875.

On June 22, 2025, the “Company entered into securities purchase agreements (the “Purchase Agreements”) pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue to the Purchasers (as defined therein), in a private placement (the “Placement”), an aggregate of 14,035,089 shares (the “Placement Shares”) of the Company’s common stock at a purchase price of $14.25 per share. The closing of the Placement occurred on June 24, 2025. The Placement resulted in gross proceeds of approximately $200 million before deducting placement agent commissions and other offering expenses of $12 million.

The Company was required to file a registration statement providing for the resale of the Placement Shares by July 9, 2025, and it filed the registration statement on Form S-1 on July 3, 2025, which the SEC declared effective on July 14, 2025.

Pursuant to the Purchase Agreements and the Placement Agency Agreement (as defined below), the Company agreed not to issue, enter into any agreement to issue, or announce the issuance or proposed issuance of any shares of its common stock or common stock equivalents, or file any registration statement or any amendment or supplement thereto, through September 7, 2025, subject to certain customary exceptions, without the consent of the Placement Agent.

The Company also entered into a Placement Agency Agreement (the “Placement Agency Agreement”) with Titan, dated June 22, 2025, pursuant to which Titan acted as the exclusive placement agent for the Company in connection with the Placement. The Company agreed to pay Titan a cash fee based on the total size of the Placement according to a formula set forth in the Placement Agency Agreement. In addition, the Company agreed to reimburse Titan for up to $100,000 of its fees and expenses in connection with the Placement.

The Placement Agency Agreement contains customary representations, warranties, and agreements by the Company, customary conditions to closing, indemnification obligations of the Company, other obligations of the parties, and termination provisions.

Pursuant to Lock-Up Agreements with the Company, the Company’s directors and executive officers agreed for a period of 60 days after the closing date of the Placement, subject to certain exceptions, not to directly or indirectly offer, sell, contract to sell, hypothecate, pledge or otherwise dispose of, directly or indirectly, or establish or increase a put equivalent position or liquidate or decrease a call equivalent position with respect to, any shares of the Company’s common stock or securities convertible, exchangeable or exercisable into common stock, that they beneficially own, hold, or thereafter acquire, or make any demand for or exercise any right or cause to be filed a registration, including any amendments thereto, with respect to the registration of any common stock or common stock equivalents or publicly disclose the intention to do any of the foregoing.

Private Placement Offering

On September 21, 2025, the Company entered into securities purchase agreements (the “September Purchase Agreements”) pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue to the Purchasers (as defined therein), in a private placement (the “September Placement”), an aggregate of 26,867,276 shares (the “September Placement Shares”) of the Company’s common stock. The closing of the September Placement occurred on September 24, 2025. The September Placement resulted in gross proceeds of approximately $500 million before deducting placement agent commissions and other offering expenses.

The Company was required to file a registration statement providing for the resale of the September Placement Shares by October 9, 2025. The Company filed a registration statement on Form S-3ASR on October 1, 2025.

Pursuant to the September Purchase Agreements and the September Placement Agency Agreement (as defined below), the Company has agreed not to issue, enter into any agreement to issue, or announce the issuance or proposed issuance of any shares of Common Stock or Common Stock equivalents, or file any registration statement or any amendment or supplement thereto, for a period of 75 days after the closing date of the September Placement, subject to certain customary exceptions, without the consent of the Placement Agent and the Purchasers.

The Company also entered into a Placement Agency Agreement (the “September Placement Agency Agreement”) with Titan dated September 21, 2025, pursuant to which Titan acted as the exclusive placement agent for the Company in connection with the September Placement. The Company agreed to pay Titan a 5% cash fee based on the total size of the September Placement, as set forth in the September Placement Agency Agreement. In addition, the Company agreed to reimburse Titan for up to $100,000 of its fees and expenses in connection with the September Placement.

The September Placement Agency Agreement contains customary representations, warranties, and agreements by the Company, customary conditions to closing, indemnification obligations of the Company, other obligations of the parties, and termination provisions.

Pursuant to Lock-Up Agreements with the Company, the Company’s directors and executive officers agreed for a period of 60 days after the closing date of the September Placement, subject to certain exceptions, not to directly or indirectly offer, sell, contract to sell, hypothecate, pledge or otherwise dispose of, directly or indirectly, or establish or increase a put equivalent position or liquidate or decrease a call equivalent position with respect to, any shares of the Company’s common stock or securities convertible, exchangeable or exercisable into common stock, that they beneficially own, hold, or thereafter acquire, or make any demand for or exercise any right or cause to be filed a registration, including any amendments thereto, with respect to the registration of any common stock or common stock equivalents or publicly disclose the intention to do any of the foregoing.

The total amount of net proceeds raised for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was $758.9 million, which includes $2.4 million resulting from exercise of warrants.

Warrants

The table below summarizes the warrants outstanding at September 30, 2025 (in thousands, except exercise price data):

In connection with a restricted stock units offering in June 2020, the Company issued warrants in August 2020 to purchase 171,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, at an exercise price of $2.00 per share. As of September 30, 2025, all of these warrants were exercised.

On June 16, 2022, the Company issued 6.3 million QPhoton Warrants to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $0.0001 per share. Those warrants are exercisable when and if stock options and warrants issued by the Company and outstanding as of June 15, 2022 (the “Underlying Options”) are exercised. As of September 30, 2025, the Company expects 800 thousand (the “In-the-Money QPhoton Warrants) of the 800 thousand outstanding QPhoton Warrants are to be exercised as the exercise prices of the Underlying Options associated with the In-the-Money QPhoton Warrants are below the closing of the Company’s bid stock price of $18.41 per share as of September 30, 2025. The 6.3 million issued warrants represent a portion of the 7.0 million QPhoton Warrants, having been received by two former QPhoton shareholders. A third shareholder rejected the Merger Consideration and commenced litigation, and as of September 30, 2025 that litigation was resolved and the associated 702,834 warrants were forfeited, of which 481,949 would have been canceled to date due to forfeitures of Underlying Options. See Part I, Item 3, Legal Proceedings, for additional information on the status of the litigation.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, a total of 469,306 of the Placement Agent warrants were exercised by principals of Titan Capital Partners, resulting in proceeds to the Company of $2.4 million. The warrants exercised were 304,000 at an exercise price of $2.875,100,000 at an exercise price of $5.75 and 65,306 at an exercise price of $14.0875. In addition, during the nine months ended September 30, 20251.187 million QPhoton warrants were exercised, at an exercise price of $0.0001, resulting in proceeds to the Company of $119 thousand. Due to the exercise of these QPhoton warrants, $21.0 million of the derivative liability was reclassified to additional paid-in capital during the nine months ended September 30, 2025. Total shares issued due to exercise of all warrants during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, were 1,671,439 (including 1.656 million shares from exercise of the Placement Agent warrants) and proceeds to the Company from all warrant exercises during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 were $2.399 million.

As of September 30, 2025, of the 6.3 million QPhoton Warrants issued, approximately 69% have been forfeited because the corresponding Underlying Options had expired or been forfeited. Further, as discussed in Note 2, Significant Accounting Policies – Fair Value of Financial Instruments, the QPhoton Warrants are considered Level 3 liabilities for fair value measurement on the valuation hierarchy. In determining the fair market value of the QPhoton Warrants, the Company determines which underlying options and warrants are in-the-money or out-of-the-money at period end by comparing to the bid price of the Company’s common stock and then accounting for changes period-over-period by realizing a mark-to-market gain or loss for the period. Due to the difference between the exercise price and the market value of the Company’s common stock as of the balance sheet dates and the probability of the underlying options and warrants being exercised are the only significant inputs in the valuation of the warrant liability. The market value of the Company’s stock was $18.41 per share and $16.55 per share as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively (the “Balance Sheet Date Stock Prices”), and the probability of exercise was determined based on whether the exercise price of the underlying options and warrants was above or below the Balance Sheet Date Stock Prices, resulting in the QPhoton Warrants being out-of-the-money or in-the-money, respectively. Accordingly, the Company recognized a mark-to-market gain of $9.2 million, and $4.8 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively. In addition, due to the exercise of QPhoton warrants, $21.0 million of the derivative liability was reclassified to additional paid-in capital during the nine months ended September 30, 2025. No mark-to-market gain or loss was recorded during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024. As of September 30, 2025, the QPhoton Warrants have a carrying value of $14.7 million as a liability on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheet.

Note 11. Stock-based Compensation

Incentive Plans

The Quantum Computing Inc. 2019 Equity and Incentive Plan, as amended in 2021 enabled the Company to grant incentive stock options or nonqualified stock options and other equity awards to employees, directors and consultants of the Company up to a total of 3.0 million shares of common stock, all of which have been issued.

On July 5, 2022, the Board of Directors adopted the Quantum Computing Inc. 2022 Equity and Incentive Plan (the “2022 Plan”), which was approved by a majority of the shareholders in September 2022. The 2022 Plan initially provided for the issuance of up to 16 million shares of the Company’s common stock and includes provisions for annual automatic evergreen increases of 1,000,000 shares of common stock. As of September 30, 2025, the total number of shares of our common stock reserved for issuance under the 2022 Plan is 19.0 million and of that amount a total of 17.0 million shares, including 6.9 million shares underlying options, were issued and outstanding under the 2022 Plan.

Options

The following table summarizes the Company’s option activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 (in thousands, except exercise price and contractual life data):

The following table presents the assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to determine the grant-date fair value of stock options granted during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:

The following table summarizes the exercise price range as of September 30, 2025 (in thousands, except exercise price data):

The weighted average grant-date fair value of stock options granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 was $10.76 and $1.00 per share, respectively. As of September 30, 2025, total unrecognized compensation cost related to common stock options was $8.4 million, which is expected to be recognized over a period of 2.9 years.

Restricted Stock

As of September 30, 2025, there were 1.1 million shares of the Company’s common stock issued and unvested that had been awarded as stock-based compensation under the 2022 Plan. The following table summarizes the Company’s activity for restricted stock tied to vesting schedules for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 (in thousands):

Stock-based Compensation

The Company recognized stock-based compensation expense related to common stock options and restricted shares of common stock in the following expense categories of its condensed consolidated statements of operations (in thousands):

For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, stock-based compensation on the condensed consolidated statements of stockholders’ equity was $1.5 million higher than expense recorded in the consolidated statement of operations, due to timing differences between award dates and the realization of stock-based compensation expense. There was no difference between stock-based compensation expense recorded for the three months ended September 30, 2025. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, stock-based compensation on the condensed consolidated statements of stockholders’ equity was $176 thousand and $207 thousand lower, respectively, recorded due to timing differences between award dates and the realization of stock-based compensation expense.

The Company did not issue any shares of common stock as compensation during the nine months ended September 30, 2025. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024, the Company issued 25 thousand shares of common stock to former executives per their separation agreements, and during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 the Company issued 218 thousand shares of common stock to former executives per their respective employment and separation agreements (the “Separation Agreement Shares”). In conjunction with the Separation Agreement Shares, the Company recognized $472 thousand and $197 thousand of stock-based compensation expense during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and does not expect future expense related to these offerings as the Separation Agreement Shares are fully vested.

Stock-based Compensation for Services

The Company recognized stock-based compensation expense for services in lieu of cash payments to certain consultants, including expenses for both shares issued and stock option awards granted, in the following expense categories of its consolidated statements of operations (in thousands):

For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, stock-based compensation for services on the condensed consolidated statements of stockholders’ equity was $113 thousand higher, respectively, as compared to the expense recorded due to timing differences between award dates and the realization of stock-based compensation expense. No such timing differences existed for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 or for the three months ended September 30, 2024.

The Company didnot issue any shares of the Company’s common stock as compensation for services during the nine months ended September 30, 2025. For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company issued 142 thousand shares of common stock for services.

Note 12. Related Party Transactions

There wereno related party transactions during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

Note 13. License Agreement – Stevens Institute of Technology

Effective December 17, 2020, QPhoton signed a License Agreement with the Stevens Institute (the “Stevens License Agreement”). The Stevens License Agreement enables the Company to commercially use technology such as licensed patents, licensed patent applications and licensed “Know-How” and is also able to issue sublicenses for the technology under the agreement. The agreement is effective until the later of: (i) the 30-year anniversary of the effective date, or (ii) the expiration of the licensed patent or licensed patent application that is last to expire. As part of the QPhoton Merger, the Stevens License Agreement was assigned to the Company.

During the term of the Stevens License Agreement and prior to any commercialization or sublicensing of the technology by the Company, the Company is required to submit annual reports to the Stevens Institute reporting on all research, development, and efforts toward commercialization and/or sublicensing made during the year. Once any commercialization and/or sublicensing has been initiated, the Company will deliver quarterly reports to the Stevens Institute reporting on the revenue received by the Company, all sublicenses derived from the sale of licensed products, and the net sales price associated with each transaction. The Company will be responsible for reimbursing Stevens for any costs associated with the prosecution and maintenance of the licensed patents and licensed patent applications moving forward.

Consideration for the Agreement

As consideration for the license and other rights granted under the agreement, QPhoton agreed to pay the following: (i) $35 thousand within 30 days of execution of the agreement, (ii) $28 thousand within 30 days of each annual anniversary of the effective date, (iii) equity in the Company equivalent to nine percent of the outstanding equity of the Company within 30 days of the execution of the agreement, and (iv) royalties of 3.5% of the net sales price of each licensed product sold or licensed by the company during the quarter then-ended, for which it also received payment, concurrent with the delivery of the relevant quarterly report.

As of September 30, 2025, the Company has begun to commercialize some of the licensed technology, though has not recognized any related revenue and hence has not incurred any royalty expenses payable to the Stevens Institute.

Note 14. Subsequent Events

Securities Purchase Agreements

On October 5, 2025, the Company entered into securities purchase agreements (the “October Purchase Agreements”) pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue to the Purchasers (as defined therein), in a private placement (the “October Placement”), an aggregate of 37,183,937 shares (the “October Placement Shares”) of the Company’s common stock. The closing of the October Placement occurred on October 8, 2025. The October Placement resulted in gross proceeds of approximately $750 million before deducting placement agent commissions and other offering expenses.

The Company was required to file a registration statement providing for the resale of the October Placement Shares by October 23, 2025. The Company filed such registration statement on Form S-3ASR on October 10, 2025.

Pursuant to the October Purchase Agreements and the October Placement Agency Agreement (as defined below), the Company has agreed not to issue, enter into any agreement to issue, or announce the issuance or proposed issuance of any shares of Common Stock or Common Stock equivalents, or file any registration statement or any amendment or supplement thereto, for a period of 75 days after the closing date of the October Placement, subject to certain customary exceptions, without the consent of Titan and the Purchasers.

The Company also entered into a Placement Agency Agreement (the “October Placement Agency Agreement”) with Titan dated October 5, 2025, pursuant to which Titan acted as the exclusive placement agent for the Company in connection with the October Placement. The Company agreed to pay Titan a 4% cash fee based on the total size of the October Placement, as set forth in the October Placement Agency Agreement. In addition, the Company agreed to reimburse Titan for up to $100,000 of its fees and expenses in connection with the October Placement.

The October Placement Agency Agreement contains customary representations, warranties, and agreements by the Company, customary conditions to closing, indemnification obligations of the Company, other obligations of the parties, and termination provisions.

Pursuant to Lock-Up Agreements with the Company, the Company’s directors and executive officers agreed for a period of 60 days after the closing date of the October Placement, subject to certain exceptions, not to directly or indirectly offer, sell, contract to sell, hypothecate, pledge or otherwise dispose of, directly or indirectly, or establish or increase a put equivalent position or liquidate or decrease a call equivalent position with respect to, any shares of the Company’s common stock or securities convertible, exchangeable or exercisable into Common Stock, that they beneficially own, hold, or thereafter acquire, or make any demand for or exercise any right or cause to be filed a registration, including any amendments thereto, with respect to the registration of any common stock or common stock equivalents or publicly disclose the intention to do any of the foregoing.

There are no other subsequent events that in management’s opinion are reportable.