Jasper Therapeutics, Inc.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED INTERIM CONDENSED

CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 1. ORGANIZATION AND DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS

Description of Business

Jasper Therapeutics, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiary, Jasper Tx Corp. (collectively, “Jasper” or the “Company”), is a clinical-stage biotechnology company focused on developing therapeutics targeting mast cell driven diseases, including chronic spontaneous urticaria, chronic inducible urticaria and asthma. The Company has also historically explored diseases where targeting diseased hematopoietic stem cells can provide benefits, such as stem cell transplant conditioning regimens.

The Company is headquartered in Redwood City, California. The Company is a Delaware corporation and was incorporated in March 2018. In September 2021, the Company completed a merger with Amplitude Healthcare Acquisition Corporation and became a public company.

NOTE 2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Presentation

The condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes are unaudited and have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) and applicable rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) for financial reporting.

The accompanying condensed financial statements are consolidated and include the accounts of Jasper Therapeutics, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Jasper Tx Corp. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated upon consolidation.

Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in the financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. Accordingly, these condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and the related notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2024 included in the Company’s Annual Report on the Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 28, 2025. The information as of December 31, 2024, included in the condensed consolidated balance sheets was derived from the Company’s audited financial statements. These unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the Company’s annual consolidated financial statements and, in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments, which include only normal recurring adjustments necessary for a fair statement of the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2025 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2025 or for any other interim period or for any other future year.

Going Concern

In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 205-40, Going Concern, the Company evaluated whether there are conditions and events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the condensed consolidated financial statements are issued. This evaluation initially does not take into consideration the potential mitigating effect of the Company’s plans that have not been fully implemented as of the date the financial statements are issued. When substantial doubt exists under this methodology, the Company evaluates whether the mitigating effect of its plans sufficiently alleviates substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. The mitigating effect of the Company’s plans, however, is only considered if both (1) it is probable that the plans will be effectively implemented within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued, and (2) it is probable that the plans, when implemented, will mitigate the relevant conditions or events that raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the condensed consolidated financial statements are issued. In performing this analysis, the Company excluded certain elements of its operating plan that cannot be considered probable.

The Company has incurred significant losses and negative cash flows from operations since its inception. During the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company incurred net losses of $21.2 million and $13.7 million, respectively. During the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company had negative operating cash flows of $22.8 million and $15.7 million, respectively. As of March 31, 2025, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $262.1 million. The Company expects to continue to incur substantial losses, and its ability to achieve and sustain profitability will depend on the successful development, approval and commercialization of product candidates and on the achievement of sufficient revenues to support the Company’s cost structure.

Management expects to finance the Company’s future cash needs through equity or debt financings, collaborations or a combination of these approaches. However, due to several factors, including those outside management’s control, there can be no assurance that the Company will be able to complete additional financings. The Company’s ability to raise additional funds may be adversely impacted by negative global economic conditions and any disruptions to and volatility in the credit and financial markets in the United States and worldwide or other factors. There can be no assurance that the Company will be successful in acquiring additional funding at levels sufficient to fund its operations or on terms favorable or acceptable to the Company. If the Company is unable to obtain adequate financing when needed or on terms favorable or acceptable to it, the Company may be forced to delay, reduce the scope of or eliminate one or more of its research and development programs. The Company concluded the likelihood that its plan to successfully obtain sufficient funding or adequately delay or reduce expenditures, while reasonably possible, is less than probable. As of March 31, 2025, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of $48.8 million. The Company’s management expects that the existing cash and cash equivalents will not be sufficient to fund the Company’s operating plans for at least twelve months from the issuance date of these condensed consolidated financial statements. Accordingly, the Company has concluded that substantial doubt exists about its ability to continue as a going concern.

The accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and satisfaction of liabilities in the ordinary course of business. These unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of recorded asset amounts or the amounts and classification of liabilities that might result from the outcome of the uncertainties described above.

Reverse Stock Split

On January 4, 2024, the Company effected a 1-for-10 reverse stock split (the “Reverse Stock Split”) of its common stock. The par value per share and the number of authorized shares were not adjusted as a result of the Reverse Stock Split. The shares of common stock underlying outstanding stock options, common stock warrants and other equity instruments were proportionately reduced and the respective exercise prices, if applicable, were proportionately increased in accordance with the terms of the agreements governing such securities. In addition, the shares available for grants under the Company’s incentive plans were adjusted as a result of the Reverse Stock Split.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates, assumptions and judgements that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent liabilities as of the date of the condensed consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of income and expenses during the reporting periods. Significant estimates and assumptions made in the condensed consolidated financial statements include, but are not limited to, the determination of the accrued research and development expenses, and the measurement of stock-based compensation expense. The Company evaluates its estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis using historical experience and other factors and adjusts those estimates and assumptions when facts and circumstances dictate. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates.

Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the condensed consolidated balance sheets that sum to the total amount shown in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows (in thousands):

Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash held in operating accounts and investments in money market funds. Restricted cash relates to the letter of credit secured in conjunction with the operating lease (Note 7).

Concentrations of Credit Risk and Other Risks and Uncertainties

The Company’s cash and cash equivalents are maintained with financial institutions in the United States of America. Cash balances are held at financial institutions and account balances may exceed federally insured limits. To date, the Company has not experienced any losses on its cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities’ balances and periodically evaluates the creditworthiness of its financial institutions.

The Company is subject to risks common to companies in the development stage, including, but not limited to, development and regulatory approval of new product candidates, development of markets and distribution channels, dependence on key personnel, and the ability to obtain additional capital as needed to fund its product plans. To achieve profitable operations, the Company must successfully develop and obtain requisite regulatory approvals for, manufacture, and market its product candidates. There can be no assurance that any such product candidate can be developed and approved or manufactured at an acceptable cost and with appropriate performance characteristics, or that such product will be successfully marketed. These factors could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s future financial results.

Products developed by the Company require approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (the “FDA”) or other international regulatory agencies prior to commercial sales. There can be no assurance that the Company’s future products will receive the necessary clearances. If the Company were denied such clearances or such clearances were delayed, it could have a materially adverse impact on the Company.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company measures its stock options granted to employees and non-employees based on the estimated fair values of the awards as of the grant date using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The model requires management to make a number of assumptions, including expected volatility, expected term, risk-free interest rate and expected dividend yield. For restricted stock unit awards, the estimated fair value is the fair market value of the underlying stock on the grant date. The Company expenses the fair value of its equity-based compensation awards on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, which is the period in which the related services are received. The Company accounts for award forfeitures as they occur. The expense for stock-based awards with performance conditions is recognized when it is probable that a performance condition is met during the vesting period.

Segment Reporting

The Company hasone reportable and operating segment. Financial information about the Company’s operating segment is presented in Note 12.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. This ASU requires public entities, on an annual basis, to provide disclosure of specific categories in the rate reconciliation, as well as disclosure of income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction. ASU No. 2023-09 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company does not expect the adoption of this ASU to have a significant impact on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income-Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses to improve financial reporting by requiring that public business entities disclose additional information about specific expense categories in the notes to financial statements at interim and annual reporting periods. In January 2025, the FASB issued ASU No. 2025-01, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Clarifying the Effective Date (“ASU 2025-01”). The amendments do not change or remove current expense disclosure requirements; however, the amendments affect where such information appears in the notes to financial statements because entities are required to include certain current disclosures in the same tabular format disclosure as the other disaggregation requirements in the amendments. The amendments are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting this ASU to its condensed consolidated financial statements.

NOTE 3. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

The Company measures certain financial assets and liabilities at fair value on a recurring basis. Fair value is an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or a liability. A three-tier fair value hierarchy is established as a basis for considering such assumptions and for inputs used in the valuation methodologies in measuring fair value:

In determining fair value, the Company utilizes valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs to the extent possible as well as considers counterparty credit risk in its assessment of fair value.

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The Company’s assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires management to make judgments and consider factors specific to the asset or liability.

The fair value of Level 1 securities is determined using quoted prices in active markets for identical assets. Level 1 securities consist of highly liquid money market funds. In addition, restricted cash collateralized by money market funds is a financial asset measured at fair value and is a Level 1 financial instrument under the fair value hierarchy.

Financial assets and liabilities are considered Level 2 when their fair values are determined using inputs that are observable in the market or can be derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data, such as pricing for similar securities, recently executed transactions, cash flow models with yield curves, and benchmark securities. In addition, Level 2 financial instruments are valued using comparisons to like-kind financial instruments and models that use readily observable market data as their basis. The Company had no financial instruments classified at Level 2 as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Financial assets and liabilities are considered Level 3 when their fair values are determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques and at least one significant model assumption or input is unobservable. The Company had no financial instruments classified at Level 3 as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

There were no transfers within the hierarchy during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.

The following tables set forth the fair value of the Company’s financial assets and liabilities measured on a recurring basis by level within the fair value hierarchy (in thousands):

NOTE 4. CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET COMPONENTS

Prepaid expenses and other current assets

The following table summarizes the details of prepaid expenses and other current assets as of the dates set forth below (in thousands):

Property and equipment, net

The following table summarizes the details of property and equipment, net as of the dates set forth below (in thousands):

Depreciation and amortization expense for each of the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 was $0.3 million.

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities

The following table summarizes the details of accrued expenses and other current liabilities as of the dates set forth below (in thousands):

NOTE 5. CIRM GRANT

In November 2020, California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (“CIRM”) awarded the Company $2.3 million in support of the research project related to a monoclonal antibody that depletes blood stem cells and enables chemotherapy-free transplants. The award is payable to the Company upon achievement of milestones that are primarily based on patient enrollment in the Company’s clinical trials. CIRM could permanently cease disbursements if milestones are not met within four months of the scheduled completion date. Additionally, if CIRM determines, in its sole discretion, that the Company has not complied with the terms and conditions of the grant, CIRM may suspend or permanently cease disbursements. Funds received under this grant may only be used for allowable project costs specifically identified with the CIRM-funded project. Such costs can include, but are not limited to, salary for personnel, itemized supplies, consultants, and itemized clinical study costs. Under the terms of the grant, both CIRM and the Company will co-fund the research project and the amount of the Company’s co-funding requirement is predetermined as a part of the award. Under the terms of the CIRM grant, the Company is obligated to pay royalties and licensing fees based on 0.1% of net sales of CIRM-funded inventions per $1.0 million of CIRM grant. As an alternative to revenue sharing, the Company has the option to convert the award to a loan. In the event the Company exercises its right to convert the award to a loan, it would be obligated to repay the loan within ten business days of making such election. Repayment amounts vary dependent on when the award is converted to a loan, ranging from 60% of the award granted to amounts received plus interest at the rate of the three-month LIBOR rate plus 25% per annum. Since the Company may be required to repay some or all of the amounts awarded by CIRM, the Company accounted for this award as a liability. Given the uncertainty in amounts due upon repayment, the Company has recorded amounts received without any discount or interest recorded, and upon determination of amounts that would become due, the Company will adjust accordingly. In the absence of explicit U.S. GAAP guidance on contributions received by business entities from government entities, the Company has applied to the CIRM grant the recognition and measurement guidance in Accounting Standards Codification Topic 958-605 by analogy. The Company has received an aggregate of $2.3 million from CIRM through March 31, 2025. As of March 31, 2025, the CIRM grant has been closed and there are no further amounts available for future distribution to the Company under the grant. As of each of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the amount of CIRM grant received of $2.3 million is included in other non-current liabilities in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

NOTE 6. SIGNIFICANT AGREEMENTS

Stanford License Agreements

In March 2021, the Company entered into an exclusive license agreement with Stanford (the “2021 Stanford License Agreement”). In July 2023, the Company entered into an amendment to the 2021 Stanford License Agreement to modify certain milestones set forth thereunder. The Company received a worldwide, exclusive license, with a right to sublicense, for briquilimab in the field of depleting endogenous blood stem cells in patients for whom hematopoietic cell transplantation is indicated. Stanford transferred to the Company certain know-how and patents related to briquilimab (together, the “Licensed Technology”). Under the terms of this agreement, the Company is required to use commercially reasonable efforts to develop, manufacture and sell licensed product and to develop markets for a licensed product. In addition, the Company is required to use commercially reasonable efforts to meet the milestones as specified in the agreement over the six years from execution of the 2021 Stanford License Agreement and must notify Stanford in writing as each milestone is met.

The Company is obligated to pay annual license maintenance fees, beginning on the first anniversary of the effective date of the agreement and ending upon the first commercial sale of a product, method, or service in the licensed field of use, as follows: $25,000 for each first and second year, $35,000 for each third and fourth year and $50,000 at each anniversary thereafter ending upon the first commercial sale. The Company is also obligated to pay late-stage clinical development milestone payments and first commercial sales milestone payments of up to $9.0 million in total. The Company will also pay low single-digit royalties on net sales of licensed products, if approved. The Company paid $35,000 license maintenance fee in March 2024, and recognized this as research and development expense in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the three months ended March 31, 2024. No license maintenance fee was paid during the three months ended March 31, 2025.

The 2021 Stanford License Agreement expires on a country-by-country basis on the last-to-expire valid claim of a licensed patent in such country. The Company may terminate the agreement by giving Stanford written notice at least 12 months in advance of the effective date of termination. The Company may also terminate the agreement solely with respect to any particular patent application or patent by giving Stanford written notice at least 60 days in advance of the effective date of termination. Stanford may terminate the agreement after 90 days from a written notice by Stanford, specifying a problem, including a delinquency on any report required pursuant to the agreement or any payment, missing a milestone or a material breach, unless the Company remediates the problem in that 90-day period.

In December 2024, the Company entered into a co-exclusive license agreement with Stanford (the “2024 Stanford License Agreement”). The Company received a co-exclusive license in the United States, with a right to sublicense, for a certain patent to be used in the field of the treatment and prevention of human diseases, including the use of anti-CD117 antibodies (other than JSP191) for the purpose of depleting endogenous blood stem cells in patients for whom hematopoietic cell transplantation is indicated (the “Co-Exclusive Licensed Field of Use”) and an exclusive license in the United States for the use of the same patent in the field provided in the 2021 Stanford License Agreement (the “Exclusive Licensed Field of Use”). Stanford will have at most one other commercial license for the licensed patent in the Co-Exclusive Licensed Field of Use. Under the terms of this agreement, the Company is required to use commercially reasonable efforts to develop, manufacture and sell a licensed product and to develop markets for a licensed product. In addition, the Company is required to use commercially reasonable efforts to meet the milestones as specified in the agreement over approximately 4.5 years from the execution of the agreement and must notify Stanford in writing when, and if, each milestone is met.

The Company was obligated to pay a license issue fee of $75,000, following the execution of the agreement, which was paid in January 2025. The Company is also obligated to pay annual license maintenance fees, beginning on the first anniversary of the effective date of the agreement, as follows: $25,000 for each of the first through third years, $50,000 for each of the fourth through sixth years and $65,000 at each anniversary thereafter. The Company is also obligated to pay clinical development milestone payments of up to $1.3 million and sales milestone payments of up to $7.0 million in total. The Company will pay low single-digit royalties on net sales of licensed products, if approved. The Company will pay Stanford a portion of sublicensee consideration if a sublicense is granted.

The Company may terminate the agreement by giving Stanford written notice at least 30 days in advance of the effective date of termination. Stanford may terminate the agreement by giving the Company 90 days written notice for a problem, including a delinquency on any report required pursuant to the agreement, missing a milestone or a material breach, and by giving the Company 30 days written notice for a payment default, unless the Company remediates the problem in that 90-day or 30-day period.

NOTE 7. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Operating Leases

As of March 31, 2025, the Company leased approximately 25,900 square feet of laboratory and office space in Redwood City, California, under an operating lease that expires in August 2026.

In conjunction with signing the lease, the Company secured a letter of credit in favor of the lessor in the amount of $0.4 million. The funds related to this letter of credit are presented as restricted cash on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. The lease agreement includes an escalation clause for increased base rent and a renewal provision allowing the Company to extend this lease for an additional 60 months at the prevailing rental rate, which the Company is not reasonably certain to exercise.

In March 2025, the Company extended its existing short-term lease for 12,500 square feet of laboratory and office space in Redwood City, California, through August 2026. As a result, the Company recorded a right-of-use asset and lease liability of $1.1 million in March 2025.

In addition to base rent, the Company pays its share of operating expenses and taxes. These variable costs are recorded as lease expense as incurred and presented as operating expenses in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

The components of lease costs, which were included in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, are as follows (in thousands):

Supplemental information related to the Company’s operating leases is as follows:

The following table summarizes a maturity analysis of the Company’s operating lease liabilities showing the aggregate lease payments as of March 31, 2025 (in thousands):

License Agreements

In March 2021, the Company entered into the 2021 Stanford License Agreement (Note 6), which was amended in July 2023, pursuant to which the Company is required to pay annual license maintenance fees, clinical development and commercial sales milestone payments of up to an aggregate of $9.0 million, and low single-digit royalties on net sales of licensed products. All products were in development as of March 31, 2025, and no royalties were due as of such date. The Company paid $35,000 license maintenance fee in March 2024, and recognized this as a research and development expense in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the three months ended March 31, 2024. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, no milestones were probable to be achieved and payable.

In December 2024, the Company entered into the 2024 Stanford License Agreement (Note 6), pursuant to which the Company is required to pay a license issue and annual license maintenance fees, clinical development and commercial sales milestone payments of up to an aggregate of $8.3 million and low single-digit royalties on net sales of licensed products. All products were in development as of March 31, 2025, and no royalties were due as of such date. As of March 31, 2025, no milestones were probable to be achieved and payable.

Legal Proceedings

The Company, from time to time, may be party to litigation arising in the ordinary course of business. The Company was not subject to any material legal proceedings during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, and, to the best of its knowledge, no material legal proceedings are currently pending.

Guarantees and Indemnifications

In the normal course of business, the Company enters into agreements that contain a variety of representations and provide for general indemnification. The Company’s exposure under these agreements is unknown because it involves claims that may be made against the Company in the future. To date, the Company has not paid any claims or been required to defend any action related to its indemnification obligations. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company does not have any material indemnification claims that were probable or reasonably possible and consequently has not recorded related liabilities.

NOTE 8. COMMON STOCK

The Company is authorized to issue 490,000,000 shares of voting common stock,2,000,000 shares of non-voting common stock, and 10,000,000 shares of undesignated preferred stock. There were 15,022,122 shares of voting common stock, no shares of non-voting common stock and no shares of preferred stock issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2025.

Holders of the voting common stock and the non-voting common stock have similar rights, except that non-voting stockholders are not entitled to vote, including for the election of directors. Holders of voting common stock do not have conversion rights, while holders of non-voting common stock have the right to convert each share of non-voting common stock held by such holder into one share of voting common stock at such holder’s election by providing written notice to the Company, provided that as a result of such conversion, such holder, together with its affiliates, would not beneficially own in excess of 9.9% of the Company’s voting common stock following such conversion. There were no outstanding shares of non-voting common stock as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had common stock reserved for future issuance as follows:

Shelf Registration Statement

On April 28, 2023, the Company filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 (the “Prior S-3”) with the SEC, which was declared effective on May 5, 2023. The Company could sell from time to time up to $250.0 million of common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants, rights, units or depositary shares comprised of any combination of these securities, for the Company’s own account in one or more offerings under the Prior S-3.

On March 19, 2025, the Company filed a new shelf registration statement on Form S-3 (the “New S-3”) with the SEC, which was declared effective on March 26, 2025 and superseded the Prior S-3. As of March 31, 2025, the Company can sell from time to time up to $300.0 million of common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants, rights, units and depositary shares comprised of any combination of these securities, for the Company’s own account in one or more offerings under the New S-3. The terms of any offering under the New S-3 will be established at the time of such offering and will be described in a prospectus supplement to the New S-3 filed with the SEC prior to the completion of any such offering.

ATM Offering

In November 2022, the Company entered into a Controlled Equity Offering SM Sales Agreement (the “Cantor Sales Agreement”) with Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. (“Cantor”), pursuant to which the Company could offer and sell through or to Cantor, as sales agent or principal, shares of the Company’s common stock from time to time (the “Prior ATM Offering”). On November 10, 2022 and May 5, 2023, the Company filed with the SEC prospectuses under the Prior S-3 in connection with the Prior ATM Offering, pursuant to which the Company could offer and sell shares of common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $15.5 million and $75.0 million, respectively. In January 2023, the Company issued and sold an aggregate of 233,747 shares of common stock for net proceeds of $4.5 million. On March 14, 2025, the Company and Cantor terminated the Cantor Sales Agreement.

On March 19, 2025, the Company entered into an Open Market Sale Agreement SM with Jefferies LLC (“Jefferies”), pursuant to which the Company may offer and sell through or to Jefferies, as sales agent or principal, shares of common stock from time to time (the “ATM Offering”). On March 26, 2025, the Company filed with the SEC a prospectus under the New S-3 in connection with the ATM Offering (the “ATM Prospectus”), pursuant to which the Company may offer and sell shares of common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $100.0 million.

As of March 31, 2025, $100.0 million remained available under the ATM Prospectus.

Underwritten Offering

In February 2024, the Company entered into an underwriting agreement with Cowen and Company, LLC and Evercore Group L.L.C., as the representatives of the several underwriters named therein, related to an underwritten offering under the Prior S-3 of 3,900,000 shares of common stock. The Company received net proceeds of $47.2 million.

As of March 31, 2025, $200.0 million remained available and unallocated under the New S-3.

NOTE 9. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION

As of March 31, 2025,2,762,719 shares were reserved for issuance under the 2024 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2024 Plan”), of which 1,199,754 shares were available for future grant and 1,562,965 shares were subject to outstanding options and restricted stock units (“RSUs”), including performance-based awards of 65,894. As of March 31, 2025, options to purchase 143,835 shares of common stock remained outstanding and unexercised and continue to be governed by the 2019 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2019 EIP”). As of March 31, 2025,29,802 shares have been issued under the 2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “2021 ESPP”) and 18,630 shares under the 2024 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “2024 ESPP”). As of March 31, 2025,1,000,000 shares were reserved under the 2024 ESPP and 981,370 shares were available for future issuance. As of March 31, 2025,550,000 shares were reserved for issuance under the 2022 Inducement Equity Incentive Plan (the “2022 Inducement Plan”), of which 50,574 shares were available for future grant and 499,426 shares were subject to outstanding stock options.

Stock Option Activity

The following table summarizes the stock option activities, including performance-based stock options, under the 2024 Plan, the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2021 Plan”), the 2022 Inducement Plan and the 2019 EIP for the three months ended March 31, 2025:

The aggregate intrinsic value represents the difference between the estimated fair value of the underlying common stock and the exercise price of outstanding, in-the-money options. The total intrinsic value of the options exercised during the three months ended March 31, 2024 was $0.4 million, and no options were exercised during the three months ended March 31, 2025.

The total fair value of options that vested during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 was $2.7 million and $1.7 million, respectively. The weighted-average grant date fair value of options granted during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 was $4.92 and $15.17 per share, respectively.

Unamortized stock-based compensation expense as of March 31, 2025 was $15.0 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.9 years.

Performance-Based Stock Options

There was no performance-based stock option activity under the 2024 Plan or the 2021 Plan for the three months ended March 31, 2025.

Restricted Stock Units (RSUs)

As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had no unvested outstanding RSUs and no RSUs were granted during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.

Performance Restricted Stock Units (PSUs)

The following table provides a summary of PSU activity under the 2024 Plan during the three months ended March 31, 2025:

In June 2024, the Company granted PSUs for 20,000 shares that will vest in full if the closing price of the Company’s common stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market reaches or exceeds $35.00 per share (subject to adjustment for recapitalizations, stock splits and similar transactions) for thirty consecutive calendar days within two years from the grant date. If the vesting condition is not met within two years from the grant date, the PSUs will be forfeited. The Company concluded that issued PSUs are equity-based awards and include a market based vesting condition. The Company used a Monte Carlo simulation model to estimate the fair value of the PSUs with the following assumptions: common stock fair value of $23.95, which was the closing market price of the Company’s common stock at the grant date, volatility of 133.00%, risk free rate of 4.87%, and vesting term of 2.0 years. Total estimated fair value of $0.4 million was recognized as stock-based compensation expense over 0.4 years, the derived requisite service period from the grant date.

Employee Stock Purchase Plans

The Company issued no shares of common stock under the 2021 ESPP and the 2024 ESPP during each of the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, and recognized $0.1 million andzero compensation expense related to the 2021 ESPP and the 2024 ESPP during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. There wasno unamortized stock-based compensation for shares issuable under the 2021 ESPP as of March 31, 2025. There was $0.5 million unamortized stock-based compensation for shares issuable under the 2024 ESPP as of March 31, 2025, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.3 years. The Company recorded $0.3 million in accrued expenses and other current liabilities related to contributions withheld as of March 31, 2025.

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

The following table presents stock-based compensation expenses related to options, PSUs and RSUs granted to employees and non-employees, employee stock purchase plan awards and restricted common stock shares issued to founders (in thousands):

The Company recognized zero and less than $0.1 million of stock-based compensation expense related to performance-based options and RSUs during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Valuation of Stock Options

The grant date fair value of stock options was estimated using a Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following assumptions:

NOTE 10. NET LOSS PER SHARE ATTRIBUTABLE TO COMMON STOCKHOLDERS

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders (in thousands, except share and per share data):

The potential shares of common stock that were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders for the periods presented because including them would have had an antidilutive effect were as follows:

NOTE 11. RELATED PARTIES

The Company entered into consulting agreements with two founders, one of whom is also a member of the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board”), and each of whom also received founders’ common stock shares for services and assigned patents. The Company recorded $0.1 million for advisory and consulting services performed by Professor Judith Shizuru, one of the founders of the Company and a member of the Board, for each of the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024. These expenses were recorded as research and development expenses in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The Company recorded $0.1 million in accounts payable and accrued expenses related to advisory and consulting services performed by Dr. Shizuru as of each of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. Also, the Company’s Licensed Technology from Stanford (see Note 6) was created in the Stanford laboratory of Dr. Shizuru.

In the first quarter of 2024, a senior executive of the Company joined the board of directors of an information technology service provider that the Company has utilized to support a broad array of the Company’s systems infrastructure as well as for general information technology support services. For the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company paid that service provider $0.2 million and $0.6 million, respectively, for various information technology support services.

NOTE 12. SEGMENT INFORMATION

The Company has determined it operates as a single operating and reportable segment, which is the research and development of therapeutic products in the fields of chronic urticaria and asthma. The Company’s chief operating decision maker, its Chief Executive Officer (the “CEO”), manages the Company’s operations on a consolidated basis. The CEO assesses the segments performance and allocates resources based on review of various development, manufacturing and clinical programs expenses, along with the segment’s personnel and general and overhead costs.

In addition to the significant expense categories included within net loss presented on the Company's condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, see below for disaggregated amounts that comprise total operating expenses (in thousands):

All long-lived assets are located in the United States.