Vicarious Surgical Inc.

(in thousands, except for share and per share data)

1. NATURE OF BUSINESS AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION

Nature of Business

Vicarious Surgical Inc. (including its subsidiaries, “Vicarious” or the “Company”) (formerly D8 Holdings Corp. (“D8”)) was incorporated in the Cayman Islands on May 6, 2020. The Company’s legal name became Vicarious Surgical Inc. following a business combination between the Company and Vicarious Surgical Inc., a Delaware corporation, on September 17, 2021 (the “Business Combination”). The Company is headquartered in Waltham, Massachusetts.

The Company is currently developing its differentiated surgical robotic system using proprietary de-coupled actuators to virtually transport surgeons inside the patient to perform minimally invasive surgical procedures.

Going Concern

Since inception, the Company has generated negative cash flows from operations and has an accumulated deficit of $195,935. The Company has not yet generated any revenue from operations. Additional risks to which the Company is exposed include uncertainties related to the ability to achieve a revenue-generating product; current and potential competitors with greater financial, technological, production, and marketing resources; dependence on key management personnel; and raising additional capital, as needed. The Company’s ability to continue as a going concern is dependent upon the ability to raise additional debt or equity capital. There can be no assurance that such capital will be available in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to the Company.

Management does not believe that the Company’s cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments balance at December 31, 2024 of $49,097 will be sufficient to support our operations for the next twelve months from the date of issuance of these financial statements, and accordingly, this raises substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. To address the Company’s capital needs, the Company must continue to actively pursue additional equity or debt financing. The Company has been in ongoing discussions with potential investors with respect to such financing. Adequate financing opportunities might not be available to the Company, when and if needed, on acceptable terms or at all. If the Company is unable to obtain additional financing in sufficient amounts or on acceptable terms under such circumstances, the Company’s operating results and prospects will be adversely affected. The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and satisfaction of liabilities in the ordinary course of business. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of recorded asset amounts or the amounts and classification of liabilities that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements of the Company are prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“US GAAP”) and pursuant to the regulations of the U.S Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Any reference in these notes to applicable guidance is meant to refer to GAAP as found in the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) and Accounting Standards Updates (“ASU”) promulgated by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”).

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

The accompanying financial statements reflect the application of certain significant accounting policies as described in this note and elsewhere in the accompanying consolidated financial statements and notes.

Reverse Stock Split

On June 12, 2024, the Company effected a 1-for-30 reverse stock split (“Reverse Split”) of its issued and outstanding shares of Class A and Class B common stock. The Reverse Split did not change the number of authorized shares of Class A and Class B common stock. All references in these consolidated financial statements to shares, share prices, exercise prices, and other per share information in all periods have been adjusted, on a retroactive basis, to reflect the Reverse Split (see Note 11, “Stockholders’ Equity and Stock-Based Compensation – Reverse Stock Split”).** **

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with US GAAP requires the Company’s management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting periods presented. Estimates are used for, but are not limited to, the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern, depreciation of property and equipment, fair value of financial instruments, and contingencies. Actual results may differ from those estimates.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

US GAAP requires disclosure of fair value information about financial instruments, whether or not recognized in the balance sheet, for which it is practicable to estimate that value. The framework provides a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs for the valuation techniques. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements) and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs. The most observable inputs are used, when available. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are described as follows:

Level 1— Inputs to the valuation methodology are unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the Company has the ability to access.

Level 2— Inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in markets that are not active; inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability; and inputs that are derived from, or corroborated by, observable market data by correlation or other means.

Level 3— Inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents consist of checking accounts, money market funds, U.S. treasury securities and U.S. government agency securities. The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of 90 days or less at the date of purchase to be cash equivalents.

Restricted Cash

The Company has an agreement to maintain a cash balance of $936 at December 31, 2024 and 2023 as collateral for a letter of credit related to the Company’s lease. The balance is classified as long-term on the Company’s balance sheets as the lease period ends in March 2032.

Short-Term Investments

All of the Company’s investments, which consist of U.S. treasury securities and U.S. government agency securities, are classified as available-for-sale and are carried at fair value. There were unrealized gains of $40 and $10 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Concentrations of Credit Risk and Off-Balance-Sheet Risk

The Company has no significant off-balance-sheet risk, such as foreign exchange contracts, option contracts, or other foreign hedging arrangements. Financial instruments that potentially expose the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist mainly of cash and cash equivalents. The Company maintains its cash and cash equivalents principally with accredited financial institutions of high-credit standing. Periodically, there may be times when the deposits exceed the FDIC insurance limits.

Warrant Liabilities

The Company does not use derivative instruments to hedge its exposures to cash flow, market or foreign currency risks. Management evaluates all of the Company’s financial instruments, including issued warrants to purchase its Class A common stock, to determine if such instruments are derivatives or contain features that qualify as embedded derivatives, pursuant to ASC 480 and ASC 815-15. The classification of derivative instruments, including whether such instruments should be recorded as liabilities or as equity, is re-assessed at the end of each reporting period.

As part of the Business Combination, the Company assumed 17,249,991 publicly traded warrants (the “Public Warrants”) and 10,400,000 warrants sold in a private placement (the “Private Placement Warrants”), each exercisable to purchase shares of Class A common stock. All of the Company’s outstanding warrants are recognized as derivative liabilities in accordance with ASC 815-40. Accordingly, the Company recognizes the warrants as liabilities at fair value and adjusts the warrant liability to fair value at each reporting period. The liabilities are subject to re-measurement at each balance sheet date until exercised, and any change in fair value is recognized in the statement of operations. The fair value of Public Warrants was determined from their trading value on public markets. The fair value of Private Placement Warrants was calculated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are recorded at cost. Expenditures for repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred. When assets are retired or disposed of, the assets and related accumulated depreciation are eliminated from the accounts, and any resulting gain or loss is included in the determination of net loss. Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

The Company continually evaluates whether events or circumstances have occurred that indicate that the estimated remaining useful life of its long-lived assets may warrant revision or that the carrying value of these assets may be impaired. The Company does not believe that any events have occurred through December 31, 2024, that would indicate its long-lived assets are impaired.

Guarantees and Indemnifications

As permitted under Delaware law, the Company indemnifies its officers, directors, consultants and employees for certain events or occurrences that happen by reason of the relationship with, or position held at, the Company. Through December 31, 2024, the Company had not experienced any losses related to these indemnification obligations, and no claims were outstanding. The Company does not expect significant claims related to these indemnification obligations and, consequently, concluded that the fair value of these obligations is negligible, and no related liabilities have been established.

Research and Development

Research and development costs are expensed in the period incurred. Research and development costs include payroll and personnel expenses, consulting costs, software and web services, legal, raw materials and allocated overhead such as depreciation and amortization, rent and utilities. Advance payments for goods and services to be used in future research and development activities are recorded as prepaid expenses and are expensed over the service period as the services are provided or when the goods are consumed.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company accounts for all stock-based compensation, including stock options, performance-based stock options (“PSOs”), restricted stock units (“RSUs”), performance-based RSUs (“PSUs”), warrants and other forms of equity issued as compensation for services, at fair value and recognizes stock-based compensation expense for those equity awards, net of actual forfeitures, over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period of the respective award.

The fair value of the Company’s stock options and PSOs on the date of grant is determined by a Black-Scholes option pricing model utilizing key assumptions such as stock price, expected volatility and expected term. The Company’s estimates of these assumptions are primarily based on the fair value of the Company’s stock, historical data, peer company data used in combination with the Company’s data for volatility, and judgment regarding future trends. The Company uses its publicly traded stock price as the fair value of its common stock.

The fair value of RSUs and PSUs are based on the closing stock price on the grant date.

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method pursuant to ASC 740, Accounting for Income Taxes, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements. Under this method, the Company determines deferred tax assets and liabilities on the basis of the differences between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities by using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

The Company recognizes deferred tax assets to the extent that management believes that these assets are more likely than not to be realized in the future. In making such a determination, management considers all available positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, tax-planning strategies, and results of recent operations.

The Company provides reserves for potential payments of taxes to various tax authorities related to uncertain tax positions. Amounts recognized are based on a determination of whether a tax benefit taken by the Company in its tax filings or positions is “more likely than not” to be sustained on audit. The amount recognized is equal to the largest amount that is more than 50% likely to be sustained. Interest and penalties associated with uncertain tax positions are recorded as a component of income tax expense.

Net Loss Per Share

Basic net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is computed by dividing the net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is computed by dividing the net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period, including potential dilutive common stock. For the purpose of this calculation, outstanding stock options, PSOs, RSUs, PSUs and stock warrants are considered potential dilutive common stock and are excluded from the computation of net loss per share as their effect is anti-dilutive.

Accordingly, in periods in which the Company reports a net loss, such losses are not allocated to such participating securities. In periods in which the Company reports a net loss attributable to common stockholders, diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is the same as basic net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, since dilutive common shares are not assumed to be outstanding when their effect is anti-dilutive.

Emerging Growth Company Status

The Company is an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (the “JOBS Act”). Pursuant to the JOBS Act, an emerging growth company is provided the option to adopt new or revised accounting standards that may be issued by Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) or the SEC either (i) within the same periods as those otherwise applicable to non-emerging growth companies or (ii) within the same time periods as private companies. We currently take advantage of the exemption for complying with new or revised accounting standards within the same time periods as private companies and intend to continue to do so as long as we qualify as an emerging growth company. Accordingly, the information contained herein may be different than the information you receive from other public companies. The Company’s emerging growth company status will expire on December 31, 2025.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07,Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which requires all public entities, including public entities with a single reportable segment, to provide in interim and annual periods one or more measures of segment profit or loss used by the chief operating decision maker to allocate resources and assess performance. Additionally, the standard requires disclosures of significant segment expenses and other segment items as well as incremental qualitative disclosures. The guidance in this update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods after December 15, 2024. The Company adopted ASU 2023-07 on January 1, 2024. The adoption did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024.

In December 2023, the FASB also issued ASU 2023-09,Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which requires enhanced income tax disclosures, including specific categories and disaggregation of information in the effective tax rate reconciliation, disaggregated information related to income taxes paid, income or loss from continuing operations before income tax expense or benefit, and income tax expense or benefit from continuing operations. The requirements of the ASU are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently in the process of evaluating the impact of this pronouncement on our related disclosures.

3. SHORT-TERM INVESTMENTS

Short-term investments consist of U.S. treasury and U.S. government agency securities and are classified as available-for-sale.

Available-for-sale investments are reported at fair value, with unrealized gains or losses reported in accumulated other comprehensive income. The fair values of our available-for-sale cash and cash equivalents securities are Level 1 measurements, based on quoted prices from active markets for identical assets. The fair values of our available-for-sale short-term investments securities are Level 2 measurements, based on quoted prices from inactive markets for identical assets.

The amortized cost, gross unrealized holding gains, gross unrealized holding losses and fair value of our marketable securities by type of security as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 was as follows:

The aggregate fair value of available-for-sale debt securities in an unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 was $4,528 and $31,568, respectively. We did not have any investments in a continuous unrealized loss position for more than twelve months as of December 31, 2024. As of December 31, 2024, we believe that the cost basis of our available-for-sale debt securities is recoverable. No allowance for credit losses was recorded as of December 31, 2024.

4. PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT, NET

Property and equipment, net consist of the following:

Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $2,107 and $1,854, respectively.

5. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

The following fair value hierarchy table presents information about the Company’s financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis and indicates the fair value hierarchy of the inputs the Company utilized to determine such fair value:

Money market funds are classified as cash and cash equivalents. U.S. treasury securities are classified as cash equivalents when the date from initial purchase to maturity is less than 90 days. The remaining investments are classified as short-term investments.

The carrying values of prepaid expenses, right of use assets, accounts payable, and accrued expenses approximate their fair values due to the short-term nature of the instruments. The fair values of our short-term investments are Level 2 measurements as the US government securities are not the most recent offerings and are therefore not traded in an active market.

The fair value of the Public Warrants was determined from their trading value on public markets. The fair value of the Private Placement Warrants was calculated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The assumptions used in the model were the Company’s stock price, exercise price, expected term, volatility, interest rate, and dividend yield.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recognized a gain to the statement of operations resulting from a decrease in the fair value of liabilities of $43 presented as a change in fair value of warrant liabilities on the accompanying statement of operations.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recognized a gain to the statement of operations resulting from a decrease in the fair value of liabilities of $5,191 presented as a change in fair value of warrant liabilities on the accompanying statement of operations.

The Company estimates the volatility of its warrants based on implied volatility from the Company’s Public Warrants and from historical volatility of select peer companies’ common stock that matches the expected remaining life of the warrants. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury zero-coupon yield curve on the grant date for a maturity similar to the expected remaining life of the warrants. The expected life of the warrants is assumed to be equivalent to their remaining contractual term. The dividend rate is based on the historical rate, which the Company anticipates remaining at zero.

The following table provides quantitative information regarding the inputs used in determining the fair value of the Company’s Level 3 liabilities:

The following table shows the change in number and value of the warrants since December 31, 2023:

6. ACCRUED EXPENSES AND OTHER CURRENT LIABILITIES

The following table summarizes the Company’s components of accrued expenses and other current liabilities:

7. DEBT

Equipment Loans

In March 2019, the Company entered into two equipment loans with a vendor for the purchase of manufacturing machinery. The equipment loans had an aggregate principal balance of $185 at inception, with forty-eight equal monthly payments of principal and interest due beginning ninety days after taking possession of the machinery. The equipment loans were collateralized by the underlying machinery. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the aggregate outstanding principal balance of the equipment loans was $0 and $0, respectively. The equipment loans were fully paid off in April 2023.

8. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

From time to time, the Company may face legal claims or actions in the normal course of business. At each reporting date, the Company evaluates whether a potential loss amount or a potential range of loss is probable and reasonably estimable under the provisions of the authoritative guidance that addresses accounting for contingencies. The Company expenses as incurred the costs related to its legal proceedings.

9. LEASES

The Company leases its office facility under a noncancelable operating lease agreement that expires in March 2032. The operating lease includes variable lease payments, which are primarily related to common area maintenance and taxes. Lease expense for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $2,137 and $2,137, respectively.

A summary of the components of lease costs for the Company under ASC 842 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:

Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information related to leases for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was as follows:

The weighted-average remaining lease term and discount rate are as follows:

The following table presents the maturity of the Company’s operating lease liabilities as of December 31, 2024:

10. INCOME TAXES

The Company’s entire pretax loss for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were from its U.S. domestic operations.

The Company recorded a tax loss for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. Therefore, the Company recorded no current or deferred income tax expense or benefit for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

A reconciliation of the Company’s statutory income tax rate to the Company’s effective income tax rate is as follows:

The Company’s deferred tax assets and (liabilities) are as follows:

The deferred tax assets consist principally of net operating loss carryforwards and research and development tax credits. The future realization of the tax benefits from existing temporary differences and tax attributes ultimately depends on the existence of sufficient taxable income. In assessing the realization of the deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Management considers the scheduled reversal of projected future taxable income, and tax planning strategies in making this assessment. After consideration of all available evidence, both positive and negative, the Company has determined that it was more likely than not that the Company would not recognize the benefits of its federal and state net deferred tax assets. Accordingly, the Company has a full valuation allowance against the deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. The change in the valuation allowance for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was an increase of $17.5 million and $23.3 million, respectively.

The Company has incurred losses since inception that would generally be available to reduce future taxable income. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had U.S. federal net operating loss carryforwards of $165.1 million which includes $2.8 million that expire at various dates from 2034 through 2037, and $162.3 million that have an unlimited carryforward period. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had state net operating loss carryforwards of $154.9 million which expire at various dates from 2035 through 2044.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company had U.S. federal research and development tax credits of $10.3 million, which begin to expire in 2035. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had state research and development tax credits of $5.8 million, which begin to expire in 2035.

The future realization of the Company’s net operating loss carryforwards and other tax attributes may also be limited by the change in ownership rules under Code Section 382. Under Section 382 of the Code, if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change” (as defined in Section 382 of the Code), the corporation’s ability to utilize its net operating loss carryforwards and other tax attributes to offset income may be limited. The Company has not completed a study to assess whether an ownership change has occurred or whether there have been multiple ownership changes.

The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and in any state and local jurisdiction in which it operates. The Company is subject to tax examination by various taxing authorities. The Company is not currently under examination and is not aware of any issues under review that could result in significant payments, accruals or material deviation from its tax positions. To the extent the Company has tax attribute carryforwards, the tax years in which the attribute was generated may still be adjusted upon examination by the Internal Revenue Service and state and local tax authorities to the extent utilized in a future period. As of December 31, 2024, the tax years from 2019 to present remain open to examination by relevant taxing jurisdictions to which the Company is subject. However, to the extent the Company utilizes net operating losses from years prior to 2019, the statute remains open to the extent of the net operating losses or other credits that are utilized.

The calculation and assessment of the Company’s tax exposures generally involve the uncertainties in the application of complex tax laws and regulations for federal, state and local jurisdictions. A tax benefit from an uncertain tax position may be recognized when it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination, including resolutions of any related appeals or litigation, on the basis of the technical merits. As of December 31, 2024, the Company has not recorded any liabilities related to uncertain tax positions in its financial statements. Similarly, the Company has not accrued any interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions as of December 31, 2024. The Company recognizes accrued interest and penalties, if any, related to uncertain tax positions in tax expense in its financial statements.

11. STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY AND STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION

Reverse Stock Split

At the Company’s annual shareholder meeting held on June 10, 2024, the Company’s shareholders granted the Company’s board of directors (the “Board of Directors”) the discretion to effect a reverse stock split of the Company’s issued and outstanding Class A and Class B common stock through an amendment (the “Certificate of Amendment”) to the Company’s Certificate of Incorporation. The Board of Directors approved effecting a 1-for-30 reverse stock split and authorized the filing of the Certificate of Amendment for the Reverse Split with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware. The Reverse Split became effective in accordance with the terms of the Certificate of Amendment on June 12, 2024. The Certificate of Amendment did not change the number of authorized shares of common stock or the par value. All references in these financial statements to shares, share prices, exercise prices, and other per share information in all periods have been adjusted, on a retroactive basis, to reflect the Reverse Split.

Authorized Shares

At December 31, 2024, the Company’s authorized shares consisted of 300,000,000 shares of Class A common stock, $0.0001 par value;22,000,000 shares of Class B common stock, $0.0001 par value; and 1,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value of $0.0001 per share.

Preferred Stock

Preferred stock shares authorized may be issued from time to time in one or more series, with each series terms, voting, dividend, conversion, redemption, liquidation and other rights to be determined by the Board of Directors at the time of issuance. As of December 31, 2024, there wereno shares of preferred stock issued and outstanding.

Warrants

The Company’s outstanding warrants include Public Warrants, which were issued as one-half of a redeemable Public Warrant per unit issued in D8’s initial public offering on July 17, 2020, and Private Placement Warrants sold in a private placement to D8’s sponsor (the “Sponsor”) in connection with the closing of the initial public offering and in connection with the conversion of D8 working capital loans.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company had 17,248,601 Public Warrants exercisable for 574,953 shares of Class A common stock, and 10,400,000 Private Placement Warrants exercisable for 346,666 shares of Class A common stock outstanding.

Thirty (30) whole warrants are exercisable for one share of Class A common stock at an exercise price of $345.00 per share. If and when the warrants become redeemable by the Company, the Company may exercise its redemption right even if it is unable to register or qualify the underlying securities for sale under all applicable state securities laws. The Company filed a registration statement with the SEC that was declared effective as of October 22, 2021 covering the shares of Class A common stock issuable upon exercise of the warrants and is maintaining a current prospectus relating to those shares of Class A common stock until the warrants expire, are exercised or redeemed, as specified in the warrant agreement.

The warrants will expire on September 17, 2026 or earlier upon redemption or liquidation.

Redemption of warrants when the price per share of Class A common stock equals or exceeds $540.00. The Company may call the Public Warrants for redemption:

Redemption of warrants when the price per share of Class A common stock equals or exceeds $300.00. The Company may call the Public Warrants for redemption:

The Private Placement Warrants are identical to the Public Warrants, except that the Private Placement Warrants and the shares of Class A common stock issuable upon exercise of the Private Placement Warrants, so long as they are held by the Sponsor or its permitted transferees, (i) are not redeemable by the Company, (ii) may be exercised by the holders on a cashless basis and (iii) are entitled to registration rights. If the Private Placement Warrants are held by holders other than the Sponsor or its permitted transferees, the Private Placement Warrants will be redeemable by the Company and exercisable by the holders on the same basis as the Public Warrants.

Common Stock

Classes of Common Stock

Class A common stock receivesone vote per share. Subject to preferences that may be applicable to any outstanding preferred stock, the holders of shares of Class A common stock are entitled to receive ratably such dividends, if any, as may be declared from time to time by the Board of Directors out of funds legally available for such purposes. In the event of any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our affairs, the holders of Class A common stock are entitled to share ratably in all assets remaining after payment of our debts and other liabilities, subject to prior distribution rights of preferred stock or any class or series of stock having a preference over the Class A common stock, then outstanding, if any.

Class B common stock receives 20 votes per share and converts into Class A at a one-to-one conversion rate per share. Holders of Class B common stock will share ratably together with each holder of Class A common stock, if and when any dividend is declared by the Board of Directors. Holders of Class B common stock have the right to convert shares of their Class B common stock into fully paid and non-assessable shares of Class A common stock, on a one-to-one basis, at the option of the holder at any time. Upon the occurrence of certain events, holders of Class B common stock automatically convert into Class A common stock, on a one-to-one basis. In the event of any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our affairs, the holders of Class B common stock are entitled to share ratably in all assets remaining after payment of our debts and other liabilities, subject to prior distribution rights of preferred stock or any class or series of stock having a preference over the Class B common stock, then outstanding, if any.

Stock Based Compensation

2021 Plan — In connection with the closing of the Business Combination, the Company’s stockholders approved the Vicarious Surgical Inc. 2021 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2021 Plan”), pursuant to which 219,667 shares of Class A common stock were reserved for future equity grants under the 2021 Plan and 393,136 shares of Class A common stock were reserved for issuance under the 2021 Plan upon exercise of outstanding option awards assumed by the Company in connection with the Business Combination. On June 1, 2022, the Company’s stockholders approved an amendment to the 2021 Plan, which provides for the granting of up to 219,667 additional shares of Class A common stock under the 2021 Plan as determined by the Board of Directors. On June 1, 2023, the Company’s stockholders approved an amendment to the 2021 Plan, which provides for the granting of up to 232,361 additional shares of Class A common stock under the 2021 Plan as determined by the Board of Directors. On June 10, 2024, the Company’s stockholders approved an amendment to the 2021 Plan, which provides for the granting of up to 166,667 additional shares of Class A common stock under the 2021 Plan as determined by the Board of Directors.

The 2021 Plan provides for the granting of incentive and nonqualified stock options, restricted stock, and other stock-based awards to employees, officers, directors, consultants, and advisors of the Company. Under the 2021 Plan, incentive and nonqualified stock options may be granted at not less than 100% of the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant. If an incentive stock option is granted to an individual who owns more than 10% of the combined voting power of all classes of the Company’s capital stock, the exercise price may not be less than 110% of the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant and the term of the option may not be longer than five years. PSOs include threshold, target, and maximum achievement levels based on the achievement of specific performance measures. PSOs are subject to forfeiture if applicable performance measures are not attained. The expense is recognized over the vesting period, based on the best available estimate of the number of share units expected to vest. Estimates are subsequently revised if there is any indication that the number of share units expected to vest differs from previous estimates. Any cumulative adjustment prior to vesting is recognized in the current period. In June 2024,123,510 PSOs were granted and represent the maximum achievement levels based on the achievement of specific performance measures.

The 2021 Plan authorizes the Company to issue up to 1,231,498 shares of common stock (either Class A or Class B) pursuant to awards granted under the 2021 Plan. The Board of Directors administers the 2021 Plan and determines the specific terms of the awards. The contractual term of options granted under the 2021 Plan is not more than 10 years. The 2021 Plan will expire on April 13, 2031 or an earlier date approved by a vote of the Company’s stockholders or Board of Directors.

The Company issues RSUs of Class A common stock to certain employees and members of the Board of Directors. The RSUs vest over a four-year period. PSUs are issued in the form of performance share units. PSUs include threshold, target, and maximum achievement levels based on the achievement of specific performance measures. PSUs are subject to forfeiture if applicable performance measures are not attained. The expense is recognized over the vesting period, based on the best available estimate of the number of share units expected to vest. Estimates are subsequently revised if there is any indication that the number of share units expected to vest differs from previous estimates. Any cumulative adjustment prior to vesting is recognized in the current period. In July 2023,83,680 PSUs were granted and an additional 83,680 PSUs could have been earned if certain performance measures had been overachieved. As of December 31, 2024, there are no outstanding PSUs from this July 2023 grant. The activity for common stock subject to vesting is as follows:

Total stock-based compensation related to RSUs and PSU’s during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, was $5,799 and $6,120, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, the total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to unvested RSUs aggregated $6,736 and is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.6 years. The aggregate intrinsic value of the RSUs granted and vested during the year ended December 31, 2024 was $283 and $652, respectively. The aggregate intrinsic value of RSUs outstanding at December 31, 2024 was $973.

The Company grants stock options to employees at exercise prices deemed by the Board of Directors to be equal to the fair value of the Class A common stock at the time of grant. For options with a service condition, the fair value of the Company’s stock options on the date of grant is determined by a Black-Scholes pricing model utilizing key assumptions such as common stock price, risk-free interest rate, dividend yield, expected volatility and expected life. The Company’s estimates of these assumptions are primarily based on the fair value of the Company’s stock, historical data and judgement regarding future trends. The Company uses its publicly traded stock price as the fair value of its common stock.

During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company granted options to purchase 373,304 and 140,578 shares, respectively of Class A common stock, to employees and consultants with a fair value of $2,236 and $5,651, respectively, calculated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following assumptions:

The risk-free interest rate assumption is based upon observed interest rates appropriate for the term of the related stock options. The expected life of employee and non-employee stock options was calculated using the average of the contractual term of the option and the weighted-average vesting period of the option, as the Company does not have sufficient history to use an alternative method to calculate an expected life for employees. The Company does not pay a dividend and is not expected to pay a dividend in the foreseeable future.

As of December 31, 2024, there was $7,363 of total gross unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to unvested stock options. The costs remaining as of December 31, 2024 are expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.88 years.

Total stock-based compensation expense related to all of the Company’s stock-based awards granted is reported in the statements of operations as follows:

The Company plans to generally issue previously unissued shares of common stock for the exercise of stock options.

There were 151,586 shares available for future equity grants under the 2021 Plan at December 31, 2024.

The option activity of the 2021 Plan for the year ended December 31, 2024, is as follows:

The weighted average grant date fair value of options granted during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $5.99 and $1.34, respectively. The aggregate intrinsic value of options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, was $10 and $1,774, respectively. The aggregate intrinsic value of options outstanding at December 31, 2024 was $2,221.

Common Stock Reserved for Future Issuance

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company has reserved the following shares of Class A Common Stock for future issuance (in thousands):

12. EMPLOYEE RETIREMENT PLAN

The Company maintains the Vicarious Surgical Inc. 401(k) plan, under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, covering all eligible employees. Employees of the Company may participate in the 401(k) plan after one month of service and must be 18 years of age or older. The Company offers company-funded matching contributions which totaled $853 and $894 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

13. NET LOSS PER SHARE

The Company computes basic loss per share using net loss attributable to Company common stockholders and the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during each period. Diluted loss per share includes shares issuable upon exercise of outstanding stock options and stock-based awards where the conversion of such instruments would be dilutive.

For the year ended December 31, 2024,1,705,481 shares of the Company’s common stock were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share because the exercise prices of the stock options and warrants were greater than or equal to the average price of the common shares and were therefore anti-dilutive. For the year ended December 31, 2023,1,518,449 shares of the Company’s common stock were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share because the exercise prices of the stock options and warrants were greater than or equal to the average price of the common shares and were therefore anti-dilutive.

14. SEGMENT REPORTING

We operate asone operating segment, and thereforeone reportable segment. We manage business activities on a consolidated basis through the development of the surgical robotic system. Our determination that we operate as a single operating segment is consistent with the financial information regularly reviewed by the chief operating decision maker for purposes of evaluating performance, allocating resources, setting incentive compensation targets, and planning and forecasting for future periods. Our chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) is the Chief Executive Officer.

For our segment, the CODM uses net loss, that is reported on the consolidated statements of operations as consolidated net loss, to allocate resources (including employees, property, and financial resources), predominantly during the annual budget and forecasting process. The chief operating decision maker also uses consolidated net loss, along with non-financial inputs and qualitative information, to evaluate our performance, establish compensation, monitor budget versus actual results, and decide the level of investment in our various operating activities and other capital allocation activities. The measure of segment assets is reported on the consolidated balance sheet as total consolidated assets. The accounting policies for our single operating segment are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies.

15. RELATED PARTIES

On January 17, 2025, the Company entered into a three-year consulting agreement (the “Consulting Agreement”) with William Kelly, Vicarious Surgical’s former Chief Financial Officer. For his services under the Consulting Agreement, Mr. Kelly will receive (i) during the period from January 2, 2025 to June 30, 2025, $10,000 per month, and (ii) during the period from July 1, 2025 to December 31, 2028, an hourly rate. The consulting agreement includes, but is not limited to, financial, accounting, and investor relations advisory services.

16. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

Management has evaluated subsequent events occurring through the date that these financial statements were issued and determined that no subsequent events have occurred that would require recognition or disclosure in these financial statements.