Armlogi Holding Corp

1. Organization and principal activities

Armlogi Holding Corp. and its consolidated subsidiaries (the “Company”) operate as a third-party logistics company, providing multi-model transportation and logistics services primarily in the United States.

The Company’s primary transportation services involve arranging shipments, on behalf of its customers, of materials that are generally larger than shipments handled by integrated carriers of primarily small parcels, such as FedEx, and UPS, including arranging and monitoring all aspects of material flow activity utilizing advanced information technology systems. The Company also provides other value-added logistics services, including warehousing services, materials management and distribution services, and customs house brokerage services, to complement its core transportation service offering.

2. Summary of significant accounting policies

Principal of consolidation

The audited consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries. All transactions and balances among the Company and its subsidiaries have been eliminated upon consolidation.

Use of estimates

The preparation of financial statements and related disclosures in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (‘U.S. GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. There were no critical accounting estimates affecting the audited consolidated financial statements for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023.

Cash

Cash consists of petty cash on hand and cash held in banks, which is highly liquid and has original maturities of three months or less and is unrestricted as to withdrawal or use.

Restricted Cash

Restricted cash represents the cash restricted for two standby letters of credit with Eastwest Bank as collateral for certain of the Company’s lease agreements. The terms of the letters of credit start from August 1, 2023 and November 7, 2023, respectively. The letters of credit are renewable on an annual basis until the termination of thereof.

Certain risks and concentration

The Company’s financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to significant concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and restricted cash, receivables, loan receivables and other current assets. As of June 30, 2024 and 2023, substantially all of the Company’s cash and restricted cash were held in EastWest Bank located in the U.S., which management considers to be of high credit quality.

During the year ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, the Company’s five largest customers collectively accounted for approximately 53.0% and 62.0% of its total revenue, respectively. During the year ended June 30, 2024, the Company’s top five suppliers collectively accounted for 60% (2023:69%) of its total purchases. One supplier accounted for approximately 50% and 62% of the total purchases during the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, and no other suppliers accounted for more than 10% of the total purchases over the same period.

As of June 30, 2024 and 2023, the largest three accounts receivable balances from customers accounted for 58% and 41% of the total balance of accounts receivable and other receivables, respectively.

Accounts receivable and other receivables

The Company’s receivables are recorded when billed and represent amounts owed by third-party customers. The carrying value of the Company’s receivables, net of the expected credit loss, represents their estimated net realizable value. The Company evaluates the expected credit loss of accounts receivable and other receivables on a loss rate method based on historical information adjusted for current conditions and future estimated economic performance. The Company’s credit term generally ranged from 3-30 days.

Property and equipment

Property and equipment are recorded at cost, less accumulated depreciation and impairment. Depreciation of property and equipment is calculated on a straight-line basis, after consideration of expected useful lives and estimated residual values. The estimated annual deprecation rates of these assets are generally as follows:

Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred. Gains and losses on disposals are the differences between net sales proceeds and carrying amounts of the relevant assets and are recognized in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income.

Long-Lived Assets

Long-lived assets, such as property and equipment, and definite-lived intangible assets, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable. If circumstances require a long-lived asset or asset group to be tested for possible impairment, the Company compares the undiscounted expected future cash flows to be generated by that asset or asset group to its carrying amount. If the carrying amount of the long-lived asset or asset group is not recoverable on an undiscounted cash flow basis, an impairment charge is recognized to the extent the carrying amount of the asset or asset group exceeds the fair value. Fair values of long-lived assets are determined through various techniques, such as applying probability weighted, expected present value calculations to the estimated future cash flows using assumptions a market participant would utilize or through the use of a third-party independent appraiser or valuation specialist. No impairment losses of long-lived assets were recorded during the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023.

Intangible assets consist of software and security systems, which are amortized using the straight-line method over five toseven years.

Revenue recognition

The Company provides one-stop logistic services. The Company’s revenue is primarily from transportation services, which include the arrangement of freight services. The Company generates its transportation services revenue by purchasing transportation from direct carriers and reselling those services to its customers.

In general, each shipment transaction or service order constitutes a separate contract with the customer. A performance obligation is created once a customer agreement with an agreed-upon transaction price exists. The transaction price is typically fixed and not contingent upon the occurrence or non-occurrence of any other event. The Company’s transportation transactions provide for the arrangement of the movement of freight to a customer’s destination. The transportation services that are provided to the customer, including certain ancillary services, such as loading/unloading, freight insurance, and customs clearance, represent a single performance obligation, as these promises are not distinct in the context of the contract. This performance obligation is satisfied over time and recognized in revenue upon the transfer of control of the services over the requisite transit period as the customer’s goods move from origin to destination. The Company determines the period to recognize revenue in transit based on the departure date and the delivery date. Determination of the transit period and the percentage of completion of the shipment as of the reporting date will affect the timing of revenue recognition. The Company has determined that revenue recognition over the transit period provides a reasonable estimate of the transfer of services to its customers as it depicts the pattern of the Company’s performance under the contracts with its customers. The change in contract liabilities is due to the timing of customer deposits for orders offset by customer deposits recognized as revenue during the period. We expect to recognize revenue for any performance obligations within a twelve-month period and have elected not to provide disclosures regarding remaining performance obligations for contracts with a term of 1 year or less.

The Company also provides warehousing services for its customers. These warehousing service contracts include two performance obligations: i) inventory management and order fulfilment and ii) storage services. The Company’s performance obligation for inventory management and order fulfilment is satisfied at a point in time as services are generally priced based on the number of items processed and handled. The benefits are consumed by the customers at the point in time when such specific services are performed by the Company. Performance of such services generally takes less than one day to process. The performance obligation for storage services is satisfied over time as the storage service is based on a term period and the customers simultaneously receive and consume the services provided by the Company as they are performed. The transaction price for the warehousing services is based on the consideration specified in the contract with the customer and contains fixed and variable consideration. In general, the fixed consideration component of a contract represents reimbursement for facility and equipment costs incurred to satisfy the performance obligation and is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the contract. The variable consideration component is comprised of cost reimbursement per unit pricing for time and pricing for materials used and is determined based on cost plus a mark-up for hours of services provided and materials used and is recognized based on the level of activity volume.

Other services include primarily customs house brokerage services sold on a stand-alone basis as a single performance obligation. The Company recognizes revenue from this performance obligation at a point in time, which is the completion of the services. Duties and taxes collected from the customer and paid to the customs agent on behalf of the customers are excluded from revenue.

The Company uses independent contractors and third-party carriers in the performance of its transportation services. The Company evaluates who controls the transportation services to determine whether its performance obligation is to transfer services to the customer or to arrange for services to be provided by another party. The Company determined it acts as the principal for its transportation services performance obligation since it is in control of establishing the prices for the specified services, managing all aspects of the shipment process, and assuming the risk of loss for delivery and collection. Such transportation services revenue is presented on a gross basis in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income.

Revenue recognition(cont.)

A summary of the Company’s revenue disaggregated by major service lines is as follows:

Contract liabilities

Contract liabilities represent payments received from customers in excess of revenue recognized. The contract liabilities are reported in a net position on a customer-by-customer basis at the end of each reporting year. We classify these customer deposits as short-term contract liabilities, as we expect to satisfy these obligations within our normal operating cycle, which is generally one year. For the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, the amounts transferred from contract liabilities at the beginning of the fiscal year to revenue were $424,182 andnil, respectively.

Practical Expedients

The Company has elected to not disclose the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to performance obligations that are unsatisfied as of the end of the period, as the Company’s contracts with its transportation customers have an expected duration of one year or less.

For the performance obligation to transfer warehousing services in contracts with customers, revenue is recognized in the amount for which the Company has the right to invoice the customer, as this amount corresponds directly with the value provided to the customer for the Company’s performance completed to date.

The Company also applies the practical expedient that permits the recognition of employee sales commissions related to transportation services as an expense when incurred, since the amortization period of such costs is less than one year. These costs are included in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income.

Leases

The Company adopted ASC 842*— Leases*for its fiscal year beginning on July 1, 2021. There were some insignificant forklift finance leases subject to ASC 842 upon the adoption of the new standard. Since these forklift finance leases are classified as finance leases under ASC 842 and were also previously classified as finance leases under the legacy ASC 840, the adoption of the ASC 842 did not result in material adjustments to these finance leases compared to ASC 840.

The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Leases are classified as either operating leases or finance leases pursuant to ASC 842.

Leases(cont.)

i) Operating leases

Operating leases are recognized as right-of-use (“ROU”) assets in non-current assets and lease liabilities in current and non-current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets if the initial lease term is greater than 12 months. For leases with an initial term of 12 months or less, the Company recognizes those lease payments on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

ROU assets represent the right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at the commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As most of the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, management uses the incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. Management uses the implicit rate when readily determinable. Lease expenses for lease payments are recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term and are included in general and administrative expenses, costs of sales and other expenses.

ii) Finance leases

Finance lease ROU assets are included in ROU and current lease liabilities, and other non-current lease liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.

Finance lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at the commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As most of the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, management uses the incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. Management uses the implicit rate when readily determinable. Finance lease ROU assets are generally amortized over the lease term and are included in depreciation expenses. The interest on the finance lease liabilities is included in interest expense.

Annually, the Company performs an impairment analysis on ROU assets, and as of June 30, 2024 and 2023, there was no material impairment to ROU assets.

The Company has elected the accounting policy to account for leases with both lease and non-lease components as a single lease component. For leases with an initial term of 12 months or less, the Company elected the exemption from recording ROU assets and lease liabilities for all leases that qualify, and records rent expenses on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Taxation

Current income taxes are provided on the basis of net profit for financial reporting purposes, adjusted for income and expense items which are not assessable or deductible for income tax purposes, in accordance with the regulations of the relevant tax jurisdictions.

Deferred income taxes are recognized for temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the consolidated financial statements, net operating loss carry forwards and credits. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Current income taxes are provided in accordance with the laws of the relevant taxing authorities. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted rates expected to apply to taxable income in which temporary differences are expected to be reversed or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of changes in tax rates is recognized in the statement of operations in the period of the enactment of the change.

Taxation(cont.)

The Company considers positive and negative evidence when determining whether a portion or all of its deferred tax assets will more likely than not be realized. This assessment considers, among other matters, the nature, frequency, and severity of current and cumulative losses, forecasts of future profitability, the duration of statutory carry-forward periods, its experience with tax attributes expiring unused, and its tax planning strategies. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon its ability to generate sufficient future taxable income within the carry-forward periods provided for in the tax law and during the periods in which the temporary differences become deductible. When assessing the realization of deferred tax assets, the Company has considered possible sources of taxable income, including (i) future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, (ii) future taxable income exclusive of reversing temporary differences and carry-forwards, (iii) future taxable income arising from implementing tax planning strategies, and (iv) specific known trend of profits expected to be reflected within the industry.

The Company recognizes a tax benefit associated with an uncertain tax position when, in its judgment, it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination by a taxing authority. For a tax position that meets the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold, the Company initially and subsequently measures the tax benefit as the largest amount that the Company judges to have a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with a taxing authority. The Company’s liability associated with unrecognized tax benefits is adjusted periodically due to changing circumstances, such as the progress of tax audits, case law developments and new or emerging legislation. Such adjustments are recognized entirely in the period in which they are identified. The Company’s effective tax rate includes the net impact of changes in the liability for unrecognized tax benefits and subsequent adjustments as considered appropriate by management. The Company classifies interest and penalties recognized on the liability for unrecognized tax benefits as income tax expense. The Company did not have any unrecognized tax benefits as of June 30, 2024 and 2023.

Earnings per share

Basic earnings per share of common stock are computed by dividing net income allocable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding. Diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing net income allocable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares outstanding, plus the number of additional shares that would have been outstanding if the potential shares, such as restricted stock awards and stock options, had been issued and were considered dilutive.

Segment Reporting

The Company follows FASB ASC Topic 280, Segment Reporting, which requires that companies disclose segment data based on how management makes decisions about allocating resources to segments and evaluating their performance. Reportable operating segments include components of an entity about which separate financial information is available and which operating results are regularly reviewed by the chief operating decision maker to make decisions about resources to be allocated to the segment and assess each operating segment’s performance.

Based on the guidance provided by ASC Topic 280, management has determined that the Company operates in one segment and consists of one reporting unit, given the similarities in economic characteristics between its operations and the common nature of its services and customers. All the Company’s business activities for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 were conducted in the U.S.

Fair value measurement

Fair value is the price that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. When determining the fair value measurements for assets and liabilities required or permitted to be recorded at fair value, the Company considers the principal or most advantageous market in which it would transact and it considers assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability.

The established fair value hierarchy requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. A financial instrument’s categorization within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value are as follows:

The Company’s financial instruments include cash and restricted cash, accounts receivable and other receivables, loan receivables, long-term loan receivable, other current assets, due from related parties, accounts payable and accrued liabilities, income tax payable, due to related parties, and lease liabilities. The carrying amounts of cash and restricted cash, accounts receivable and other receivables, loan receivables, other current assets, due from related parties, accounts payable and accrued liabilities and income tax payable, due to related parties, and short-term lease liabilities approximate their fair values due to the short-term nature of these instruments. The carrying value of the Company’s long-term loan receivable and long-term lease liabilities would not differ significantly from fair value (based on Level 2 inputs) if recalculated based on current interest rates.

The Company noted no transfers between levels during any of the periods presented. The Company did not have any instruments that were measured at fair value on a recurring or non-recurring basis as of June 30, 2024 and 2023.

Costs of sales

Costs of sales primarily consist of amortization and depreciation, equipment lease and warehouse lease expenses, freight expenses, port handling and customs fees, salary and benefits, temporary labor expenses, warehouse expenses, utilities and other expenses.

General and administrative expenses

General and administrative expenses primarily consist of office equipment and furniture depreciation expenses, office expenses, professional fees, office space rental expenses, repairs and maintenance, salary and benefits, sundry costs, vehicle expenses, tax and licenses, credit loss expenses, and other expenses.

Recently issued accounting standards

Management does not believe that any recently issued, but not yet effective, accounting standards, if currently adopted, would have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

3. Accounts Receivable and Other Receivables, Net

Accounts receivable and other receivables, net consisted of the following:

The movement of allowance for credit loss for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023:

4. Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment, net consisted of the following:

Depreciation expenses are recorded in costs of sales and general and administrative expenses. The Company recorded depreciation expenses of US$1,827,231 and US$1,111,088 during the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Specifically, US$1,513,947 and US$905,384 of the depreciation expenses were recorded in costs of sales for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. US$313,284 and US$205,704 of the depreciation expenses was recorded in general and administrative expenses for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

5. Intangible Assets, Net

Intangible assets, net consisted of the following:

The Company recorded amortization of US$35,319 and US$30,607, which were included in costs of sales, for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

6. Loan Receivable

During the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, the Company’s loan receivables were consisted of the following:

As of June 30, 2024, the Company recorded a loan receivable balance of US$1,877,131 and long-term loan receivable of US$2,908,636, including accrued interest income of US$35,767.

As of June 30, 2023, the Company recorded a loan receivable balance of US$2,449,956, including accrued interest income of US$24,956.

7. Leases

As of June 30, 2024, the Company had operating and finance leases for office space, warehouse space, and forklifts. Lease terms expire at various dates from August 2024 through July 2034 with options to renew for varying terms at the Company’s sole discretion. The Company has not included these options to extend or terminate in the calculation of ROU assets or lease liabilities, as there is no reasonable certainty, as of the date of this report, that these options will be exercised. The Company had certain sublease contracts and recognized US$2,850,368 and US$267,000 lease income, recorded in other income, during the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

As of June 30, 2024, the Company recognized additional operating lease liabilities of US$67,489,859 compared to the June 30, 2023 balance of US$49,852,679, as the result of entering into three new operating lease agreements. The ROU assets were recognized at the discount rate range from 10.50% -10.75%, resulting in US$81,927,507 on the commencement dates.

7. Leases (cont.)

The components of lease expenses were as follows:

The Company recorded operating lease expenses of US$27,056,232 and US$11,739,168 during the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Specifically, US$24,710,718 and US$11,330,605 of the operating lease expenses were recorded in costs of sales for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. US$351,201 and US$408,563 of the operating lease expenses were recorded in general and administrative expenses for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. US$1,994,313 andnil of the operating lease expenses were recorded in other expenses for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

As of June 30, 2024, maturities of lease liabilities for each of the following fiscal years ending June 30 and thereafter were as follows:

Supplemental cash flow and other information for the year ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 related to leases was as follow:

7. Leases (cont.)

Weighted average remaining lease term:

Weighted average discount rate:

During the year ended June 30, 2024, US$1,377,312 (2023: US$730,669) lease expense was recognized in costs of sales under short-term leases.

8. Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities

Accounts payable and accrued liabilities consisted of the following:

Other liabilities as of June 30, 2024 and 2023 mainly consisted of tenant’s deposit.

9. Other Income (Expenses)

Other income and expenses consisted of the following:

10. Income Taxes

Under the current California state and U.S. federal income tax, the Company’s California subsidiaries are subject to the California state corporate income tax at a rate of 8.84% and federal income tax at a flat rate of 21%.

10. Income Taxes (cont.)

The Company’s provision for income taxes consisted of the following:

The following table reconciles income taxes based on the U.S. statutory tax rate to the Company’s income tax expense:

Significant components of deferred income tax assets and liabilities were as follows:

11. Stockholders’ Equity

The Company is authorized to issue 100,000,000 shares of common stock, par value US$0.00001 per share,41,634,000 and 40,000,000 shares were issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

On May 15, 2024, the Company closed its initial public offering (the “IPO”) of 1,600,000 shares of common stock, par value of US$0.00001 per share, for a price of US$5.00 per share for aggregate gross proceeds of $8 million from the offering. The total net proceeds to the Company from the IPO, less certain underwriting discounts and expenses, were approximately $5.2 million. In connection with the IPO, the Company entered into an underwriting agreement (the “Underwriting Agreement”) with EF Hutton LLC, and granted a 45- day option to purchase up to 240,000 additional shares of common stock from the Company at the offering price of US$5.00 per share. As of the reporting date, the underwriter has exercised the option to purchase 34,000 additional shares of common stock from the Company.

On May 15, 2024, the Company issued to the Representative and its affiliates warrants, exercisable during the five-year period from the commencement of sales of this offering, entitling the Representative to purchase an aggregate of up to 80,000 shares of common stock at a per share price equal to 125.0% of the public offering price per share in the IPO, or US$6.25 (the “Representative’s Warrants”). The fair value of US$268,430 of the Representative’s Warrants, using the Black Scholes Model with the following weighted-average assumptions: market value of underlying share of $4.62, risk free rate of 4.46%, expected term offive years; exercise price of the warrants of $6.25, volatility of 100%; and expected future dividends ofnil, was recorded in the Additional Paid-in Capital.

12. Earnings per Share

Basic and diluted net earnings per share for the year ended June 30, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:

Basic earnings per share is computed using the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share is computed using the weighted average number of shares and dilutive share equivalents outstanding during the period.

13. Commitments and Contingencies

Other commitments

Other than the standby letters of credit with Eastwest Bank in the aggregate amount of $2,061,673 (see Note 2) and the operating and finance leases (See Note 7), the Company did not have other significant commitments, long-term obligations, or guarantees as of June 30, 2024 and 2023.

Contingencies

The Company is subject to legal proceedings and regulatory actions in the ordinary course of business. The results of such proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty, but the Company does not anticipate that the final outcome arising out of any such matter will have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position, cash flows or results of operations taken as a whole. As of June 30, 2024 and 2023, the Company was not a party to any material legal or administrative proceedings.

14. Related Party Transactions and Balances

Related Parties

Related Party transactions

The Company had the following related party transactions:

14. Related Party Transactions and Balances (cont.)

Related Party transactions(cont.)

Due from related party balance

The Company’s balances due from related parties as of June 30, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:

The due from related party balances as of June 30, 2023 are unsecured, bear interest at a rate of 3.2%, and are due on demand.

Due to related party balance

The Company’s balances due to related parties as of June 30, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:

The due to related party balances as of June 30, 2024 and 2023 are unsecured, interest-free, and are due on demand.

15. Subsequent Events

The Company has evaluated the impact of events that have occurred subsequent to June 30, 2024, through the date the consolidated financial statements were available to issue, and concluded that no subsequent events have occurred that would require recognition in the consolidated financial statements or disclosure in the notes to the consolidated financial statements.