Envoy Medical Inc

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1. Nature of the Business and Basis of Presentation

Envoy Medical, Inc. (“Envoy Medical” or the “Company”) is a hearing health company focused on providing innovative medical technologies across the hearing loss spectrum. Envoy Medical’s technologies are designed to shift the paradigm within the hearing industry and bring both providers and patients the hearing devices they desire. The Company’s first commercial product, the Esteem FI-AMEI, is a fully implanted active middle ear hearing device. The Esteem FI-AMEI was approved for sale in 2010 by the United States Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”).

Envoy Medical believes the fully implanted Acclaim® Cochlear Implant is a first-of-its-kind cochlear implant. Envoy Medical’s fully implanted technology includes a sensor designed to leverage the natural anatomy of the ear instead of a microphone to capture sound. The Acclaim CI is designed to address severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss that is not adequately addressed by hearing aids. The Acclaim CI will only be indicated for adults who have been deemed adequate candidates by a qualified physician. The Acclaim Cochlear Implant received the Breakthrough Device Designation from the FDA in 2019. However, the process of medical device development is inherently uncertain and there is no guarantee that this designation will accelerate the timeline for FDA approval or make it more likely that the Acclaim CI will be approved.

On September 29, 2023 (the “Closing Date”), a merger transaction between Envoy Medical Corporation (“Envoy”), Anzu Special Acquisition Corp I (“Anzu”) and Envoy Merger Sub, Inc., a directly, wholly owned subsidiary of Anzu (“Merger Sub”) was completed (the “Merger” or “Business Combination”, see Note 3) pursuant to the business combination agreement, dated April 17, 2023 (as amended, the “Business Combination Agreement”). In connection with the closing of the Merger (the “Closing”), Merger Sub merged with Envoy, with Envoy surviving the merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of Anzu. In connection with the Closing, Anzu changed its name to Envoy Medical, Inc. The Company’s Class A common stock, par value $0.0001 per share (“New Envoy Class A Common Stock”), and the Company’s warrants commenced trading on the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”) on October 2, 2023 under the symbols “COCH” and “COCHW,” respectively.

On April 17, 2023, prior to entering into the Business Combination Agreement, Anzu and Envoy entered into an agreement (as amended to date, the “Forward Purchase Agreement” or “FPA”) with Meteora Special Opportunity Fund I, LP (“MSOF”), Meteora Capital Partners, LP (“MCP”), Meteora Select Trading Opportunities Master, LP (“MSTO”) and Meteora Strategic Capital, LLC (“MSC” and, collectively with MSOF, MCP and MSTO, the “Sellers” or “Meteora parties”) for an over-the-counter equity prepaid forward transaction.

Pursuant to the terms of the Forward Purchase Agreement, on the Closing Date, the Sellers purchased 425,606 shares of New Envoy Class A Common Stock (the “Recycled Shares”) directly from the redeeming stockholders of Anzu. Also on the Closing Date, the Company paid to the Sellers a prepayment amount of $4.5 million required under the Forward Purchase Agreement directly from the trust account and transferred to the Sellers 8,512 shares of New Envoy Class A Common Stock (the “Share Consideration”).

In addition, pursuant to the subscription agreement, dated April 17, 2023 (as amended to date, the “Subscription Agreement”), by and between Anzu and Anzu SPAC GP I LLC (the “Sponsor”), the Company issued, and certain affiliates of the Sponsor purchased, concurrently with the Closing, an aggregate of 1,000,000 shares of the Company’s Series A preferred stock, par value $0.0001 per share (“Series A Preferred Stock”) in a private placement (the “PIPE Transaction”) at a price of $10.00 per share for an aggregate purchase price of $10 million.

Pursuant to the convertible promissory note, dated April 17, 2023, between Envoy and GAT Funding, LLC (as amended to date, the “Envoy Bridge Note”), the Company issued 1,000,000 shares of the Company’s Series A Preferred Stock to GAT Funding, LLC in exchange for the conversion of the Envoy Bridge Note in full, concurrently with the Closing.

The consolidated financials include the accounts of Envoy Medical, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries Envoy Medical Corporation and Envoy Medical GmbH (Ansbach) (GmbH), which operates a sales office in Germany. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements are presented in U.S. dollars in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for financial information and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”).

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Going Concern

Since inception, the Company has incurred cumulative losses from operations and has an accumulated deficit of $257.2 million at December 31, 2023. The Company has funded its operations and capital needs primarily through net proceeds from the issuances of convertible debt (see Note 9) and the sale of Envoy redeemable convertible preferred stock. In September 2023, the Company received $11.7 million proceeds from the Business Combination, Forward Purchase Agreement, and the PIPE Transaction, net of transaction costs. The Company had cash of $4.2 million as of December 31, 2023.

Management believes that its existing cash balances combined with future capital raises, and cash receipts from product sales will be sufficient to fund ongoing operations through at least one year from the date the consolidated financial statements are issued. However, there can be no assurance that the Company will be successful in achieving its strategic plans, that the Company’s cash balances and future capital raises will be sufficient to support its ongoing operations, or that any additional financing will be available in a timely manner or on acceptable terms, if at all. If the Company is unable to raise sufficient financing when needed or events or circumstances occur such that the Company does not meet its strategic plans, the Company may be required to reduce certain discretionary spending, be unable to develop new or enhanced production methods, or be unable to fund capital expenditures, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position, results of operations, cash flows, and ability to achieve its intended business objectives. These matters raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. The consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming the Company will continue as a going concern and do not include adjustments to reflect the possible effects on the recoverability and classification of assets or the amounts and classification of liabilities that may result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant estimates and assumptions reflected in these consolidated financial statements include but are not limited to the useful lives of property and equipment, inventory reserves, warranty liability, the fair value of common stock, the fair value of convertible notes payable, the fair value of forward purchase agreement assets, the fair value of forward purchase agreement warrant liability, the fair value of warrants and the outcome of litigation. Estimates and assumptions are reviewed periodically and the effect of changes, if any, are reflected in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Reclassification

Certain items in prior financial statements have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation.

Out of Period Reclassification

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 the Company recorded an out-of-period reclassification of approximately $0.5 million its consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss to decrease cost of goods sold, and increase research and development expenses, and were made to update expense allocations for the year ended December 31, 2022. The Company determined that the reclassifications did not have a material impact to its current or prior period consolidated financial statements.

Concentration of Credit Risk and Significant Customers

Financial instruments that potentially expose the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and accounts receivable, net. Periodically, the Company maintains deposits in accredited financial institutions in excess of federally insured limits. The Company maintains its cash with financial institutions that management believes to be of high credit quality. The Company has not experienced any losses on such accounts and does not believe it is exposed to any unusual credit risk beyond the normal credit risk associated with commercial banking relationships.

With respect to accounts receivable, the Company performs credit evaluations of its customers and does not require collateral. There have been no material losses on accounts receivable. There were no customers that accounted for 10.0% or more of sales for the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. There were no customers that accounted for 10.0% or more of the accounts receivable balance as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

Cash and Restricted Cash

The Company maintains cash balances in bank accounts which, at times, may exceed federally insured limits. The Company is required to maintain an amount equal to the first-year dividend payments required under the terms of the Series A Preferred Stock. As of December 31, 2023 the Company was unable to comply with this requirement. Please see Note 5 for further discussion.

Accounts Receivable, Net of Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

Accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and do not bear interest. The Company grants credit to customers in the normal course of business, but generally does not require collateral or other security to support amounts due. Accounts receivable are presented net of an allowance for doubtful accounts. Management performs ongoing credit evaluations of its customers based on financial information provided by the customer. Accounts receivable outstanding longer than the contractual payment terms are considered past due. The Company estimates its allowance for doubtful accounts by considering numerous factors, including delinquency trends along with ongoing customer credit evaluations. The Company writes off accounts receivable when they become uncollectible and payments subsequently received on such receivables are credited to the allowance for doubtful accounts. The Company had no material bad debt expense and there were no material contract assets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. The allowance for doubtful accounts was not material as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined using the first-in, first-out method. The Company records write-downs of inventories which are obsolete or in excess of anticipated demand or net realizable value based on a consideration of marketability and product life cycle stage, historical net sales and demand forecasts which consider the assumptions about future demand and market conditions. Inventory on hand that is not expected to be sold or utilized is considered excess, and the Company recognizes the write-down in cost of revenue at the time of such determination. The write-down is determined by the excess of cost over net realizable value. Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable cost of completion, disposal and transportation. At the time of loss recognition, a new cost basis is established and subsequent changes in facts and circumstances would not result in an increase in the cost basis.

Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Additions and improvements that extend the lives of the assets are capitalized, while expenditures for repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred. When assets are retired or otherwise disposed of, their costs and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and resulting gains or losses are included in operating results. Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the asset, which ranges from three toseven years for property and equipment.

Operating Leases

Effective January 1, 2022, the Company adopted the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-02, Leases (“Topic 842”) as subsequently amended. The Company adopted Topic 842, as amended, under the alternative modified retrospective transition approach, with no cumulative-effect adjustment on the opening balance of accumulated deficit as of the effective date (the effective date method). Under the effective date method, financial results reported in periods prior to January 1, 2022, are unchanged. The Company elected not to recognize the right to use an underlying asset (right-of-use “ROU” asset) and lease liabilities for short-term leases, which are those that have a lease term of twelve months or less, and includes renewal options in the measurement of lease liabilities only when the option to purchase or renew lease for the underlying asset is reasonably certain to be exercised. The Company has elected as an accounting policy to account for lease components and associated non-lease components as a single component.

The Company leases its headquarters office space under an operating lease with a related party. The Company also leases office space in Germany under an operating lease (see Note 7). The determination of whether an arrangement is, or contains, a lease is performed at the inception of the arrangement and as necessary at modification. Operating leases are recorded on the consolidated balance sheets with operating lease assets representing the right to use the ROU asset for the lease term and lease liabilities representing the obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. The Company excludes variable lease payments in measuring ROU assets and lease liabilities, other than those that depend on an index, a rate or are in-substance fixed payments.

ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. In addition, ROU assets include initial direct costs incurred by the lessee as well as any lease payments made at or before the commencement date and exclude lease incentives. The discount rate implicit within the Company’s leases is generally not determinable; therefore, the Company determines the discount rate using its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Long-lived assets held and used by the Company, including equipment and ROU assets, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in business circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. An impairment loss is recognized when estimated future undiscounted cash flows related to the assets are less than its carrying value. The amount of the impairment loss to be recorded, if any, is calculated by the excess of the asset’s carrying value over its fair value. The Company did not incur any impairment charges during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Fair Value Measurement

The Company determines the fair value of financial assets and liabilities using the fair value hierarchy established in Accounting Standards Codification “ASC” Topic 820, “Fair Value Measurement” (“ASC 820”). ASC 820 identifies fair value as the exchange price, or exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. The hierarchy describes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value, as follows:

A financial instrument’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The Company elected the fair value option for the convertible notes payable (related party) under ASC Topic 825, “Financial Instruments”, with changes in fair value recorded in income (loss) from changes in fair value of convertible notes payable (related party) each reporting period. The convertible notes payable (related party) consists of convertible notes issued between 2012 and 2022 (“Convertible Notes”) and the Envoy Bridge Note. The Company’s forward purchase agreement asset, forward purchase agreement warrant liability, and warrant liability (related party) are also Level 3 financial instruments at fair value and are described below (see Note 4).

Derivative Financial Instruments

The Company does not use derivative instruments to hedge exposures to cash flow, market, or foreign-currency risks. The Company evaluates its financial instruments to determine if such instruments are derivatives or contain features that qualify as embedded derivatives in accordance with ASC Topic 815, “Derivatives and Hedging”. For derivative financial instruments that are accounted for as liabilities, the derivative instrument is initially recorded at its fair value on the grant date and is then re-valued at each reporting date, with changes in the fair value reported in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The classification of derivative instruments, including whether such instruments should be recorded as liabilities or as equity, is evaluated at the end of each reporting period. Derivative liabilities are classified in the consolidated balance sheets as current or non-current based on whether or not net-cash settlement or conversion of the instrument could be required within 12 months of the balance sheet date.

The Company accounts for its warrant liability in accordance with ASC 815-40. Accordingly, the Company recognizes the warrant instruments as a liability at fair value and adjusts the instruments to fair value at each reporting period. The warrant liability is subject to re-measurement at each balance sheet date until exercised, and any change in fair value is recognized in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

The Company accounts for its Forward Purchase Agreement in accordance with ASC 815-40. Accordingly, the Company recognizes the FPA put option liability and the forward purchase agreement warrant liability at fair value at each reporting period. The liabilities are subject to re-measurement at each balance sheet date, and any change in fair value is recognized in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Warrant Liability

The Company classifies certain warrants issued to stockholders to purchase Envoy Common Stock (see Note 10) as a liability on its consolidated balance sheets as these warrants are a free-standing financial instrument that may require the Company to transfer assets upon exercise. The warrant liability was initially recorded at fair value upon the date of issuance and is subsequently remeasured to fair value at each reporting date. Changes in the fair value of the warrant liability are recognized in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Changes in the fair value of the warrant liability will continue to be recognized until the warrants are exercised, expire or qualify for equity classification.

SPAC Excise Tax Liability

The Company recognizes excise tax as an incremental cost to repurchase the treasury shares, with an offsetting tax liability recognized. The SPAC excise tax liability was recorded in accrued expenses in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.

Revenue Recognition

The Company recognizes revenue in accordance with ASC Topic 606, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers”, which provides a five-step model for recognizing revenue from contracts with customers as follows:

Revenue is recognized as performance obligations under the terms of a contract are satisfied, which generally occurs as control of the promised products or services is transferred to customers. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for transferring products or services to a customer (“transaction price”). To the extent the transaction price includes variable consideration, the Company estimates the amount of variable consideration that should be included in the transaction price using either the expected value or most likely amount method. Variable consideration is included in the transaction price if, in the Company’s judgment, it is probable that a significant future reversal of cumulative revenue under the contract will not occur. Estimates of variable consideration and determination of whether to include estimated amounts in the transaction price are based largely on an assessment of the Company’s anticipated performance and all information that is reasonably available.

The Company primarily derives revenue from the sale of its hearing device products. Revenue from product sales is recognized upon transfer of control of the product to a customer, which occurs at a point in time, at the time the Company is notified the product has been implanted or used by the customer in a surgical procedure. The Company also sells extended warranty plans on a limited basis. Revenue from extended warranty plans is recognized ratably over time and is immaterial. Amounts received from a customer prior to fulfillment of the performance obligation are included as accrued expenses on the consolidated balance sheets and are immaterial as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The Company has elected to account for shipping and handling activities performed as activities to fulfill the promise to transfer the products, and therefore these activities are not assessed as a separate performance obligation to its customers.

Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration the Company expects to receive, which is based on the invoiced price. The majority of the Company’s contracts have a single performance obligation and are short term in nature. The Company’s contracts do not include variable consideration.

Payment terms differ by geography and customer, but payment is generally required within 30 days from the date of product utilization. The Company also offers extended payment plans on a limited basis. Amounts due to the Company under payment plans that extend beyond 12 months are immaterial as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, therefore the Company does not adjust the promised amount of consideration for the effects of a significant financing component.

Cost of Goods Sold

Cost of goods sold is comprised of the costs of merchandise sold, as well as the related inbound freight costs and labor directly attributable to bringing certain goods to a saleable condition. In categorizing costs, the Company captures applicable depreciation and costs to maintain and run revenue generating technology, equipment related costs and any personnel-related costs as cost of goods sold.

Product Warranty

The Company provides a limited warranty for implantable components. At the time product revenue is recognized, the Company reserves for estimated future costs that may be incurred under its warranties based on historical experience. The limited warranty liability is recorded in accrued expenses in the consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the amount of accrued limited warranty was immaterial and the Company’s warranty payments were immaterial.

During 2013, the Company offered a lifetime warranty to clinical trial patients to cover battery and surgery related costs. The Company estimates the costs that may be incurred under this lifetime warranty and records a liability in the amount of such costs at its present value. The lifetime warranty is recorded in warranty liability in the consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, warranty liability was $2.2 million and $2.5 million, respectively, of which $0.3 million and $0.3 million, respectively, was classified as a current liability in the consolidated balance sheets.

Patents

All patent-related costs incurred in connection with filing and prosecuting patent applications are expensed as incurred due to the uncertainty about the recovery of the expenditure. Amounts incurred are classified as general and administrative expenses.

Research and Development Costs

Expenditures for research and development activities are charged to operations as incurred. Research and development costs include salaries, employee benefits and laboratory testing expenses.

Income Taxes

Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax base and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The Company has recorded a full valuation allowance against the net deferred tax asset due to the uncertainty of realizing the related benefits.

The Company recognizes the financial statement benefit of a tax position only to the extent the position is more likely than not to be sustained upon audit based on the technical merits of the position. For tax positions meeting the more-likely-than-not threshold, the amount recognized in the consolidated financial statements is the largest benefit that has a greater than 50 percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with the relevant tax authority. The Company has elected to recognize interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in the provision for income taxes.

Foreign Currency Translation

The Euro is the functional currency for the Company’s foreign subsidiary in Germany. The assets and liabilities of the Company’s foreign operations are translated into U.S. dollars at the end-of-the-period exchange rates, and the revenues and expenses are translated at weighted-average rates for the year. Unrealized translation gains and losses are recorded as a translation adjustment, which is included in the consolidated statements of redeemable convertible preferred stock and shareholders’ deficit as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss.

Net Loss per Share

The Company applies the two-class method to compute basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common shareholders, when shares meet the definition of participating securities. The two-class method determines net loss per share for each class of common and participating securities according to dividends declared or accumulated and participation rights in undistributed earnings. The two-class method requires income (loss) available to common shareholders for the period to be allocated between common and participating securities based upon their respective rights to share in the earnings as if all income (loss) for the period had been distributed. The Company reported a net loss attributable to common shareholders for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing the net loss attributable to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted net loss per share is computed by dividing the net loss attributable to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of shares outstanding, plus the impact of potential common shares, if dilutive, resulting from the potential exercise of warrants or options, and the potential conversion of preferred stock or convertible notes, into common stock, under the if-converted method. Due to the net losses for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, basic and dilutive net loss per share were the same, as the effect of potentially dilutive securities would have been anti-dilutive.

Stock-based Compensation

Stock-based compensation is measured at the grant date, based on the fair value of the award, and is recognized as an expense over the requisite service period. The fair value of stock-based payment awards is estimated using the Black-Scholes option model with a volatility figure derived from using a determined peer group of other companies’ stock prices since the trading history of the Company’s stock is too short to provide accurate data. The Company accounts for the expected term of options in accordance with the “simplified” method, which is used for “plain-vanilla” options, as defined in ASC 718, “Share-based payment”. The risk-free interest rate was determined from the implied yields of U.S. Treasury zero-coupon bonds with a remaining life consistent with the expected term of the options.

The Company has adopted the guidance from ASC 2016-09 and has determined not to apply a forfeiture rate and has made the accounting election that forfeitures will be recognized when the actual forfeiture takes place therefore no estimated forfeiture rate will be recorded.

Segments

Operating segments are identified as components of enterprise about which discrete financial information is available for evaluation by the chief operating decision-maker (“CODM”) in deciding resource allocation and assessing performance. The Company has determined that its CODM is its Chief Executive Officer. The Company’s CODM reviews financial information presented on a consolidated basis for the purposes of making decisions, allocating resources and evaluating performance. Consequently, the Company has determined it operates inone operating and reportable segment.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements and Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Effective

In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-13, “Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments” (“ASU No 2016-13”). This guidance introduces a new model for recognizing credit losses on financial instruments based on an estimate of current expected credit losses. The Company adopted Topic 326 with an adoption date of January 1, 2023 using the modified retrospective approach. As a result, the Company changed its accounting policy for allowance for credit losses. The Company monitors accounts receivables and estimates the allowance for lifetime expected credit losses. Estimates of expected credit losses are based on historical collection experience and other factors, including those related to current market conditions and events. The adoption did not have a material effect on the Company’s accompanying consolidated financial statements.

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, “Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures”, which will add required disclosures of significant expenses for each reportable segment, as well as certain other disclosures to help investors understand how the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) evaluates segment expenses and operating results. The new standard will also allow disclosure of multiple measures of segment profitability if those measures are used to allocate resources and assess performance. The amendments will be effective for public companies for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this accounting standard update on its consolidated financial statements.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures”, which requires disaggregated information about a reporting entity’s effective tax rate reconciliation as well as information on income taxes paid. The standard is intended to benefit investors by providing more detailed income tax disclosures that would be useful in making capital allocation decisions. The standard will be effective for public companies for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this accounting standard update on its consolidated financial statements.

Other than the item noted above, there have been no new accounting pronouncements not yet effective or adopted in the current year that have a significant impact, or potential significant impact, to these consolidated financial statements.

3. Merger

As discussed in Note 1*,* on September 29, 2023, the Company completed the Merger. Upon the Closing, the following occurred:

The proceeds received by the Company from the Merger, the PIPE Transaction, and the Forward Purchase Agreement, net of transaction costs, totaled $11.7 million.

The Merger was accounted for as a reverse recapitalization in accordance with GAAP. Under this method of accounting, Anzu was treated as the acquired company for financial reporting purposes. Accordingly, for accounting purposes, the Merger was treated as the equivalent of the Company issuing shares for the net assets of Anzu, accompanied by a recapitalization. The net assets of Anzu were stated at historical cost with no goodwill or other intangible assets recorded.

The following table presents the total shares of New Envoy Class A Common Stock and Series A Preferred Stock outstanding immediately after the Closing:

4. Fair Value Measurement

The following tables provide information related to the Company’s assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

The fair values of the FPA put option liability and the forward purchase agreement warrant liability were estimated using Monte Carlo Simulation models, which are Level 3 fair value measurements. The following table presents the quantitative information regarding Level 3 fair value measurements of the FPA put option liability and the forward purchase agreement warrant liability:

The fair value of the Convertible Notes was based on a probability-weighted expected return model (“PWERM”), which is a Level 3 measurement. The valuation includes significant assumptions such as the discount rate, the fair value of the Company’s common stock, volatility, probability of the Convertible Notes being held to maturity, the probabilities of certain exit events, including a qualified financing, initial public offering or merger with a SPAC, and estimated recovery in the event of default.

The significant inputs that were used in the valuation of the Convertible Notes are presented below (in thousands, except per share amounts):

Significant judgment is required in selecting the inputs. On December 31, 2022, an evaluation was performed to assess those inputs and general market conditions potentially affecting the fair value of the Convertible Notes. Should the probability of default increase or decrease by 5.0%, the fair value of the Convertible Notes on December 31, 2022 could decrease or increase by $2.6 million, respectively. Should the discount rate increase or decrease by 5.0%, the fair value of the Convertible Notes could decrease by $1.5 million or increase by $1.6 million, respectively. The fair value of the Convertible Notes is subject to variation should the expected future cash flows vary significantly from the estimates.

Effective concurrently with the Merger, the outstanding balance of principal and accrued interest of the Convertible Notes was automatically converted into New Envoy Class A Common Stock and the outstanding balance of principal and accrued interest of the Envoy Bridge Note was converted into Series A Preferred Stock (see Note 3). As such, the Convertible Notes and Envoy Bridge Note were derecognized from the consolidated balance sheet. Immediately prior to the Merger, the fair value of the Convertible Notes was calculated by multiplying the amount of New Envoy Class A Common Stock the Convertible Notes converted into by the fair value of these shares. The fair value of the New Envoy Class A Common Stock was based on the listed prices for the shares, immediately prior to the Merger. Immediately prior to the Merger, the fair value of the Envoy Bridge Note was calculated by multiplying the amount of Series A Preferred Stock the Envoy Bridge Note converted into, by the fair value of these shares. The fair value of the Series A Preferred Stock was estimated using a Monte Carlo Simulation model, which is a Level 3 fair value measurement. The following table presents the quantitative information regarding Level 3 fair value measurements of the Series A Preferred Stock, which was valued at $10.98 per share.

The Company has classified the warrant liability within Level 1 of the hierarchy as the warrant liability is separately listed and traded in an active market. The warrant liability’s listed price in an active market was used as the fair value.

The Company has classified the warrants (related party) within Level 3 of the hierarchy as the fair value is derived using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, which uses a combination of observable (Level 2) and unobservable (Level 3) inputs. Key estimates and assumptions impacting the fair value measurement include (i) the expected term of the warrants, (ii) the risk-free interest rate, (iii) the expected dividend yield and (iv) expected volatility of the price of the underlying common stock. The Company estimated the fair value per share of the underlying common stock based, in part, on the results of third-party valuations and additional factors deemed relevant. The risk-free interest rate was determined by reference to the U.S. Treasury yield curve for time periods approximately equal to the remaining contractual term of the warrants. The Company estimated a 0% expected dividend yield as of December 31, 2022, based on the fact that prior to the Business Combination, the Company had never paid or declared dividends and did not intend to do so in the foreseeable future. Prior to the Business Combination, the Company was a private company and lacked company-specific historical and implied volatility information of its stock, and as such, the expected stock volatility was based on the historical volatility of publicly traded peer companies for a term equal to the remaining expected term of the warrants.

The following table presents the unobservable inputs of the warrant liability (related party):

The following table summarizes the activity for the Company’s Level 3 instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis (in thousands):

There were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2, nor into and out of Level 3, during the periods presented.

5. Cash available for dividend payments

Pursuant to the certificate of designation of the Series A Preferred Stock, the Company is required to maintain the funds allocated for the first four (4) quarterly dividend payments in a separate account, for a total of $5.4 million, for use in the payment of dividends to holders of the Series A Preferred Stock. In the event the Company misses a required dividend payment, an additional dividend on the amount of the unpaid portion of the missed dividend will automatically accrue at the regular dividend rate of 12%.

As of December 31, 2023 the Company was unable to maintain this balance and continue funding normal operations. Notwithstanding its inability to maintain funds in a separate account, as of December 31, 2023 the Company had paid all dividend payments required under the certificate of designation of the Series A Preferred Stock.

6. Inventories

Inventories, consisted of the following (in thousands):

7. Operating Leases

The Company leases its headquarters office space in Minnesota and leases office space in Germany. The lease for the Company’s headquarters office space expires at the end of 2027. This headquarters office space lease is with a stockholder, which is considered a related party. The lease of the office space in Germany is not with a related party and is immaterial.

The components of leases and lease costs were as follows (in thousands):

Other supplemental information of lease amounts recognized in the consolidated financial statements is summarized as follows:

Future lease payments associated with these leases were as follows on December 31, 2023 (in thousands):

8. Product Warranty Liability

Changes in warranty liability were as follows (in thousands):

The assumptions utilized in developing the liability as of December 31, 2023, include an estimated cost per unit of $6 thousand, an average battery life of 5 years, inflationary increase of 3.6%, and an average patient life calculated based on probabilities outlined in the PRI-2012 mortality tables, published from the Society of Actuaries. Additionally, a discount rate of 5.0% was used in the calculation as of December 31, 2023.

9. Convertible Notes Payable (Related Party)

The Company received several loan financings from stockholders from 2012 to 2023, in an aggregate outstanding principal amount of $69.7 million as of September 29, 2023. The Company elected the fair value option for the Convertible Notes and the Envoy Bridge Note under ASC Topic 825, “Financial Instruments”, with changes in fair value recorded in earnings each reporting period. The Convertible Notes and Envoy Bridge Note do not include any financial covenants and are subject to acceleration upon the occurrence of specified events of default. The terms of the Convertible Notes and the Envoy Bridge Note are described below.

2012 Convertible Note

In 2012, the Company issued a convertible note to a controlling stockholder and member of the board of directors (“2012 Convertible Note”), which was subsequently amended and restated. These amendments allowed for the issuance of additional principal under the existing agreements and resulted in various drawdowns since 2012. In March 2021, the 2012 Convertible Note agreement was amended and restated to allow for an additional draw of $10.0 million. The March 2021 amendment also extended the maturity date of both the existing debt and any future draws to December 31, 2025. In June 2022, the 2012 Convertible Note agreement was amended and restated to allow for an additional draw of $10.0 million. These amendments were accounted for as debt modifications. On April 17, 2023, the drawdowns that were made in 2023 with an aggregate principal amount of $4.0 million were transferred to another convertible note with the same stockholder, refer to the Envoy Bridge Note disclosure below.

The outstanding principal amount of the 2012 Convertible Note was $59.0 million as of December 31, 2022. Undrawn principal under the arrangement amounted to $5.0 million as December 31, 2022. The 2012 Convertible Note would have matured on December 31, 2025, and was classified as a long-term liability as of December 31, 2022. The 2012 Convertible Note bore interest at 4.5% per annum. The 2012 Convertible Note was secured by the Company’s assets. The Company granted detachable common stock warrants to the stockholder in connection with the 2012 Convertible Note (see Note 10).

At any time prior to maturity, at the sole discretion of the noteholder, the outstanding principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest may have been converted into shares of Envoy Common Stock at a conversion price of $1.00 per share, subject to various adjustments as defined in the 2012 Convertible Note agreement.

In the event that the Company obtained additional equity financing pursuant to which the Company sold shares of either common or preferred stock, at the sole discretion of the stockholder, the principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest would convert to the class of stock being offered in the financing at a price per share equal to 80% of the price per share paid by investors for the offered shares.

On April 17, 2023, the 2012 Convertible Note was amended as part of the Business Combination Agreement, to provide for automatic conversion immediately prior to the Merger. The conversion formula was not adjusted as part of this amendment. The loan amendment was accounted for as an extinguishment with a related party and treated as a deemed capital contribution.

Effective concurrently with the Merger, the outstanding balance of principal and any unpaid accrued interest was automatically converted into New Envoy Class A Common Stock at a conversion price of $15.72 per share (see Note 3) and the fair value of the 2012 Convertible Notes was derecognized from the consolidated balance sheets.

2013 Convertible Notes

In 2013, the Company issued convertible notes to various stockholders (“2013 Convertible Notes”), which were subsequently amended and restated. The outstanding principal amount of these notes was $0.7 million as of December 31, 2022. The 2013 Convertible Notes mature on December 31, 2023, and were classified as current liabilities as of December 31, 2022. The 2013 Convertible Notes bore interest at 4.5% per annum. The 2013 Convertible Notes were secured by the Company’s assets. The Company granted detachable common stock warrants to the noteholders in connection with the issuance of the 2013 Convertible Notes (see Note 10). The 2013 Convertible Notes were subordinated to the 2012 Convertible Note and included the same conversion features as the 2012 Convertible Note. In addition, in the event the Company completed an equity financing in which it sold a minimum of $2,500,000 of new stock, at the sole discretion of the Company, the principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest would convert into Envoy Common Stock at $1.00 per share. If the effective conversion price was less than $1.00, the price per share shall be equal to 80% of the price per share paid by the other investors.

On April 17, 2023, the 2013 Convertible Notes were amended as part of the Business Combination Agreement to provide for automatic conversion immediately prior to the Merger. The conversion formula was not adjusted as part of this amendment. The loan amendment was accounted for as an extinguishment with a related party and treated as a deemed capital contribution.

Effective concurrently with the Merger, the outstanding balance of principal and any unpaid accrued interest was automatically converted into New Envoy Class A Common stock at a conversion price of $15.72 per share and the fair value of the 2013 Convertible Notes was derecognized from the consolidated balance sheets (see Note 3).

Envoy Bridge Note (“2023 Convertible Note”)

On April 17, 2023, the Company entered into a convertible promissory note agreement with a controlling stockholder and member of the board of directors for an aggregate borrowing capacity of $10.0 million, an interest rate of 4.5% per annum and maturity date of December 31, 2025. The Envoy Bridge Note was unsecured. According to this agreement, $4.0 million of the borrowing capacity was funded via the transfer of $4.0 million in principal from the 2012 Convertible Note. An additional $3.0 million was drawn upon during the second quarter of 2023 and $3.0 million was drawn upon during the third quarter of 2023. The transfer of $4.0 million in principal from the 2012 Convertible Note to the Envoy Bridge Note was accounted for as a debt modification.

The difference between the proceeds received and the issuance-date fair value was recorded as a deemed capital contribution from related party in the consolidated statements of stockholders’ deficit.

The Company could have prepaid the Envoy Bridge Note in whole or in part without premium or penalty. Contingent upon, and effective concurrently with the Merger, the outstanding balance of principal and any unpaid accrued interest, automatically converted to Series A Preferred Stock at a conversion price of $10.00 per share.

If the Business Combination Agreement terminated pursuant to its terms, at the sole discretion of the noteholder, the outstanding principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest could have been converted into shares of Envoy Common Stock at a conversion price of $1.00 per share, subject to various adjustments as defined in the agreement.

If the Business Combination Agreement terminated pursuant to its terms and in the event that the Company obtained additional equity financing pursuant to which the Company sold shares of either common or preferred stock, at the sole discretion of the noteholder, the principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest would have converted to the class of stock being offered in the financing at a price per share equal to 80% of the price per share paid by investors for the offered shares.

On August 23, 2023, the Envoy Bridge Note was amended pursuant to which the Company could have drawn an additional $5.0 million if the Company had less than $5.0 million in cash or net tangible assets immediately following the Merger. In addition, the Company could have drawn up to $2.0 million if the Merger did not occur by September 30, 2023.

Effective concurrently with the Merger, the outstanding balance of principal and any unpaid accrued interest, was automatically converted to Series A Preferred Stock at a conversion price of $10.00 per share and the fair value of the Envoy Bridge Note was derecognized from the consolidated balance sheets.

10. Common Stock

As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company was authorized to issue 400,000,000 shares of New Envoy Class A Common Stock and 232,000,000 shares of Envoy Common Stock, respectively. The voting, dividend and liquidation rights of the holders of the Company’s stock are subject to and qualified by the rights, powers and preferences of the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock (see Note 11).

Contingent Sponsor Shares

Pursuant to the Sponsor Support Agreement,1,000,000 shares of New Envoy Class A Common Stock held by the Sponsor are unvested and subject to the restrictions and forfeiture provisions set forth in the Sponsor Support Agreement (the “Contingent Sponsor Shares”). The Contingent Sponsor Shares will vest upon the United States Food and Drug Administration’s approval of the Company’s Acclaim cochlear implant device (the “FDA Approval”). If a change of control of the Company occurs following the Closing, then the conditions for vesting of any Contingent Sponsor Shares that remain unvested as of immediately prior to the consummation of the change of control will be deemed to have been achieved and such Contingent Sponsor Shares will immediately vest as of immediately prior to the consummation of such change of control.

The Contingent Sponsor Shares meets the definition of a derivative, but meets the criteria to be considered indexed to the Company’s stock and the equity-classification criteria. Accordingly, the Contingent Sponsor Shares are classified as permanent equity.

Common Stock Warrants (Related Party)

Between November 2013 and July 2022, the Company issued warrants to purchase shares of Envoy Common Stock to stockholders in connection with the issuance of the Convertible Notes and the issuance of Envoy Preferred Stock.

In July 2022, the Company issued a warrant to purchase 1,150,000 shares of Envoy Common Stock to one stockholder in connection with the 2012 Convertible Note (see Note 9). Upon issuance, the holder’s exercise of the warrants was conditioned on the Company increasing its authorized shares. As there were insufficient authorized shares available at the time of issuance, the warrant was classified as a liability and measured at fair value as of December 31, 2022. The Company incurred an expense of $0.1 million upon the issuance of the warrant and $0.1 million for the change in the fair value of the warrant liability during the year ended December 31, 2023.

On April 17, 2023, the common stock warrants were amended to provide for automatic cashless exercise or cancellation of the warrants immediately prior to the Merger. On September 29, 2023, the warrants were canceled or converted on a net exercise basis into shares of New Envoy Class A Common Stock. Out of the 8,695,000 warrants outstanding prior to the Merger,70,000 were converted into 2,702 shares of New Envoy Class A Common Stock. Out of the remaining 8,625,000 warrants that were forfeited as part of the Business Combination,1,150,000 were classified as a liability in the Company’s historical financial statements. The forfeiture of the liability classified warrants was recorded as a gain of $0.2 million in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

There were no outstanding common stock warrants (related party) as of December 31, 2023. The following table summarizes the Company’s outstanding common stock warrants (related party) as of December 31, 2022:

11. Series A Preferred Stock

As of December 31, 2023, the Company’s certificate of incorporation, as amended and restated, authorized the Company to issue 100,000,000 shares of $0.0001 par value preferred stock, of which 10,000,000 shares have been designated as Series A Preferred Stock.

Pursuant to the Envoy Bridge Note, the Sponsor Support Agreement and the Subscription Agreement, the Company issued an aggregate of 4,500,000 shares of Series A Preferred Stock (see Note 3) as of December 31, 2023.

The holders of the Series A Preferred Stock has the following rights and preferences:

Voting rights

The holders of the Series A Preferred Stock are not entitled to vote or receive notice of any meeting of stockholders, except in the case that the Company creates any equity or debt instrument that ranks senior or pari passu to the rights of the Series A Preferred Stock or in the case of any adverse change to the powers, preferences or special rights of the Series A Preferred Stock.

Conversion rights

Each share of Series A Preferred Stock shall be convertible, at the option of the holder, at any time after the date of issuance into such number of shares of New Envoy Class A Common Stock as determined by dividing the issuance price of the shares of Series A Preferred Stock of $10.00, by the conversion price, which was $11.50 per share as of December 31, 2023 and is adjustable for certain dilutive events.

At any time from and after 90 days following the Merger, if the closing price per share of New Envoy Class A Common Stock is greater than $15.00 for any twenty (20) trading days within a period of thirty (30) trading days, the Company may elect, in its discretion, to convert all, but not less than all, of the then outstanding shares of Series A Preferred Stock into shares of New Envoy Class A Common Stock. In this case, each share of Series A Preferred Stock then outstanding shall be converted into the number of shares of New Envoy Class A Common Stock equal to the quotient of i) $10.00 divided by ii) $15.00.

Redemption

The holders of Series A Preferred Stock are not entitled to any redemption rights, other than those under their liquidation rights discussed below. The Company does not have the option to redeem the Series A Preferred Stock.

Dividend Rights

The holders of Series A Preferred Stock are entitled to a cumulative dividend which accrues at the rate of 12% of the original issuance price of $10.00 per annum. The dividend accrues on a daily basis from and including the issuance date of such shares, whether or not declared, and will be payable in cash on a quarterly basis. With respect to the first four (4) dividends, the Company is required to maintain the funds allocated for such dividends in a separate account, which as of December 31, 2023 totaled $5.4 million. If the Company fails to pay the dividends on the dividend payment date, then an additional dividend on the amount of the unpaid portion shall automatically accrue at 12%. See Note 5 for further discussion.

Pursuant to the Sponsor Support Agreement, any dividends arising from the portion of Series A Preferred Shares to which the Sponsor Support Agreement applies will accrue and not require timely payment at any time when the Company has less than $10 million of net tangible assets. As of December 31, 2023 the Company determined it had less than $10 million of net tangible assets, accordingly it has deferred payment on 2.5 million of the 4.5 million shares outstanding, or $750 thousand.

There were no common stock dividends declared as of December 31, 2023.

Liquidation preference

In the event of any liquidation, deemed liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company, whether voluntary or involuntary, the holder of the Series A Preferred Stock is entitled to receive, prior and in preference to any distribution of any of the assets or surplus funds of the Company to the holders of any security of the Company that ranks junior to the Series A Preferred Stock, including, but not limited to, the New Envoy Class A Common Stock, an amount per share of Series A Preferred Stock equal to the greater of i) $10.00 plus any unpaid cash dividends and ii) the amount the holder would have received, would such holder, immediately prior to such involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of Company, converted such share of Series A Preferred Stock into New Envoy Class A Common Stock.

12. Stock Options

The Company had a stock incentive plan (the “2003 Stock Option Plan”) that provided for the granting of stock options or other stock incentives to employees, officers, directors and consultants. The 2003 Stock Option Plan was administered by the Board, or a committee designated by the Board, which determined the persons who were to receive awards under the 2003 Stock Option Plan, the number of shares subject to each award and the term and exercise price of each award. The maximum term of options granted under the 2003 Stock Option Plan was ten years. The number of shares of Envoy Common Stock authorized to be issued was 6,400,000 under the 2003 Stock Option Plan.

In March 2013, the Company and its stockholders adopted a new plan (the “2013 Stock Option Plan”) on substantially the same terms and conditions of the 2003 Stock Option Plan. The Company and its stockholders reserved a total of 7,000,000 shares of Envoy Common Stock for issuance under the 2013 Stock Option Plan and reduced the number of shares of Envoy Common Stock available for issuance under the 2003 Stock Option Plan from 6,400,000 to 552,000. As of April 2013, the 2003 Stock Option Plan expired and no further stock options or shares may be granted under that plan.

On April 17, 2023, the Company and the stock option holders for awards outstanding as of the date of the Merger under the 2013 Stock Option Plan, agreed that the stock options will be cancelled and terminated for no consideration upon the Merger.

On April 17, 2023, the Company’s board of directors adopted a new equity incentive plan, and the plan was approved by the stockholders on September 27, 2023 (the “2023 Equity Incentive Plan”). An aggregate of 4,000,000 shares of Common Stock are reserved and may be issued under the 2023 Equity Incentive Plan, provided that until such time as certain milestones are achieved the aggregate number of shares of Common Stock that may be issued pursuant to the 2023 Equity Incentive Plan will be 2,500,000 shares. As of December 31, 2023 there were 1,967,734 options outstanding under the 2023 Equity Incentive Plan. The Company initially values options on the grant date. For awards with periodic vesting, the Company recognizes the related expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for the entire award, generally vesting based on continued service over four years and expireten years from the date of grant, subject to periodic adjustments to ensure that the cumulative amount of expense recognized through the end of any reporting period is at least equal to the portion of the grant date value of the award that has vested through that date. Certain stock options granted in 2023 under the 2023 Equity Incentive Plan have a certain percentage that are exercisable at any time following the date of grant and then vest based on continuous service over three years and expire ten years from the date of grant.

On October 15, 2023, the Company granted 2,085,034 stock options to certain employees and directors with an exercise price of $2.40 per share, out of which,720,505 stock options were fully unvested on the grant date. For any employee or director that received stock options that are fully unvested on the grant date, the vesting conditions are that one-fourth (25%) of these stock options shall vest on the first anniversary of the grant date and the remaining portion (75%) of these stock options shall be vested ratably, on a monthly basis, over a 36-month vesting period. For any employee or director that received stock options that are 25%,50% or 75% vested on the grant date based on service period, the vesting conditions are that the stock options shall vest ratably, on a monthly basis, over a 36-month vesting period.

On December 11, 2023, the Company granted 146,625 stock option to a certain employee with an exercise price of $2.19 per share. One-fourth (25%) of these stock options shall vest on the first anniversary of the grant date and the remaining portion (75%) of these stock options shall be vested ratably, on a monthly basis, over a 36-month vesting period.

The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model to estimate the fair value of stock options. In applying the Black-Scholes option pricing model, the Company used the following assumptions in 2023:

The following table summarizes the Company’s stock option activity for the year ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:

The aggregate intrinsic value of stock options outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 is zero because the fair value of the underlying Envoy Common Stock was less than the exercise price for all options as of each date.

The stock-based compensation expense related to option grants was approximately $1.6 million and $0 during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The aggregate grant-date fair value of options that vested during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2021 was $1,449,611 and $0, respectively. The weighted average grant date fair value of option activity during the year are as follows:

As of December 31, 2023, stock-based compensation related to nonvested option awards of approximately $1.6 million remains unamortized, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 3.53 years as of December 31, 2023.

Total stock-based compensation expense associated with stock options was classified as follows on the statement of operations for the years ended December 31:

13. Income Taxes

The provision for income taxes consisted of the following for the years ended December 31 (in thousands):

The Company has incurred net operating losses since inception. A reconciliation of income tax (benefit) expense to the statutory federal tax rate is as follows:

The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of net deferred tax assets (liabilities) were as follows as of December 31 (in thousands):

The reconciliation of tax contingencies is as follows (in thousands):

The change in valuation allowance was $5.8 million and $0.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company had federal tax net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $180.0 million which will be available to offset earnings during the carryforward period. Additionally, as of December 31, 2023, the Company had state net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $49.0 million. If not used, these carryforwards, including federal tax carryforwards generated prior to December 31, 2017, began to expire in 2022 continuing through 2035. As a result of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, the federal tax net operating loss carryforwards generated in the years ended December 31, 2018 through 2022 do not expire. In addition, significant changes in ownership of the Company as defined in Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code could put limitations on the availability of the net operating loss carryforwards. Currently, no analysis has been performed to determine the applicability of the limitations if any that may have occurred to date.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company had federal research and development credits carryforwards of approximately $1.8 million. Additionally, the Company had gross state research and development credits carryforwards of approximately $0.8 million as of December 31, 2023. Both the federal and state research and development credits carryforwards will be available to offset earnings during the carryforward period. If not used, these credits will expire in 2022 through 2035.

The impact of an uncertain tax position taken or expected to be taken on an income tax return must be recognized in the consolidated financial statements at the largest amount that is more-likely-than-not to be sustained upon audit by the relevant taxing authority. An uncertain income tax position will not be recognized in the consolidated financial statements unless it is more likely than not of being sustained.

The Company has reduced its deferred tax asset for research and development credit by approximately $0.5 million and $0.5 million for uncertain tax positions as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The Company files tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various states. For federal income tax purposes, fiscal 2019 through 2022 tax years remain open for examination by tax authorities under the normal three-year statute of limitations. For state tax purposes, fiscal 2018 through 2022 tax years remain open for examination by the tax authorities under a four-year statute of limitations. Since the Company has net operating losses and credit carryforwards, the IRS is able to make adjustments to these carryforwards back to the carryover period.

14. Related Party Transactions

The Company leases its headquarters office space in Minnesota from an entity controlled by a member of the Company's board of directors and controlling stockholder of the Company, which is considered a related party (see Note 7). The lease is considered a common control leasing arrangement. The lease liability due to the stockholder was approximately $0.6 million at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The rent expense was immaterial for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

The Company received several loan financings from stockholders between 2012 to 2023 (see Note 9).

15. Commitment and Contingencies

The Company is party to various litigation matters arising from time to time in the ordinary course of business. In January 2020, the Company’s controlling stockholder and convertible debt holder, along with current and former directors of the Company were named in a lawsuit brought by minority stockholders (the “Spearman Plaintiffs”). This lawsuit alleges our controlling stockholder of “self-dealing” in order to obtain control of the Company. In February 2020, there was a similar lawsuit referring to and citing the first lawsuit brought up by additional minority stockholders alleging our controlling stockholder and directors of similar wrong-doings. The February 2020 lawsuit was withdrawn in 2021. In June 2023, the Company received an additional complaint from additional stockholders affiliated or associated with the Spearman Plaintiffs, raising claims that were substantially the same as the claims raised in the existing litigation.

On August 25, 2023, the Company entered into a binding agreement in principle to settle all claims and counterclaims in the lawsuit. On September 15, 2023, the parties entered into a binding settlement agreement. The settlement agreement includes a transfer of all of the plaintiff’s stockholdings in Envoy to an entity affiliated with the majority stockholder of the Company, which was completed on September 28, 2023. The settlement agreement did not require any payment to be made by the Company.

On November 14, 2023, the Company, Whitney Haring-Smith (the former chief executive officer and a current director of the Company), Daniel Hirsch (the former chief financial officer of the Company), and Anzu SPAC GP I LLC were named as defendants in a complaint filed by Atlas Merchant Capital SPAC Fund I LP (“Atlas”) in the Delaware Court of Chancery (the “Atlas Complaint”). The Atlas Complaint alleges that Atlas properly requested redemption of its shares of the Company's Class A Common Stock in connection with the Company's business combination transaction and was prevented from redeeming such shares by the Company and the other defendants. Atlas seeks redemption of the shares of Company Class A common stock in the amount of approximately $9,400,000, pre- and post-judgment interest, costs, and reasonable attorneys’ fees. The Company has standard indemnification obligations to Dr. Haring-Smith and Mr. Hirsch. The Company believes that the lawsuit is meritless and has been defending this matter vigorously. The Company is unable to predict the outcome of this legal proceeding.

The Company has business liability insurance to cover litigation costs exceeding $50 thousand. As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company has not recorded accruals for potential losses related to any existing or pending litigation claims as the Company’s management determined that there are no matters where a potential loss is probable and reasonably estimable.

16. Net Loss per Share

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted loss per share (in thousands, except share and per share amounts):

The Company’s potentially dilutive securities have been excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share as the effect would be to reduce the net loss per share. Therefore, the weighted-average number of shares of New Envoy Class A Common Stock outstanding used to calculate both basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to stockholders of New Envoy Class A Common Stock is the same. The Company excluded the following potential shares, presented based on amounts outstanding at each period end, from the computation of diluted net loss per share attributable to stockholders for the periods indicated because including them would have had an anti-dilutive effect:

17. Subsequent Events

The Company has evaluated all events occurring through the date on which these consolidated financial statements were issued, and during which time, nothing has occurred outside the normal course of business operations that would require disclosure, except for the following:

Loan from Related Party

Subsequent to the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company issued a promissory note (the “Note”) with a principal amount of up to $10,000,000 to GAT Funding, LLC (“GAT”), an entity controlled by a member of the Company's board of directors and a controlling stockholder of the Company. Upon meeting certain conditions, the Company may draw funds in $2,500,000 tranches under the Note up to $10,000,000 until the second anniversary of the Note. The Note has afive year term and matures on February 27, 2029. The principal amount drawn bears interest at a rate of 8.0% per annum and is paid quarterly in arrears after the second anniversary of the Note. Interest will accrue and not paid for the first two years of the term and will compound and be added to the principal balance of the Note on the first and second anniversary of the Note. The Company may prepay the accrued interest and principal of the Note without penalty, with 10 day’s notice. At closing the Company drew $5,000,000 in principal from the Note.

As a commitment fee, the Company will issue GAT warrants to purchase 250,000 shares of its Class A Common Stock for each $2,500,000 of principal funded under the Note. The warrants will have an exercise price equal to the closing price on the date of funding of the applicable tranche and a termination date as of the third anniversary of the initial closing for all warrants. At closing of the initial funding, the Company issued GAT warrants to purchase 500,000 shares of Class A Common Stock at an exercise price of $1.24 per share.

Sale of common stock

Subsequent to the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company was informed that the Meteora parties had sold 425,606 shares of the Company’s Class A Common Stock under the FPA agreement (See Note 1). Pursuant to the FPA agreement, the Company received $4.00 per share sold and received approximately $1.7 million as a result of this sale.