PSQ Holdings Inc

Unless the context otherwise requires, throughout this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the words “PSQ,” “PSQH,” “we,” “us,” “PublicSquare” the “registrant” or the “Company” refer to PSQ Holdings, Inc. and its subsidiaries (as applicable).

On February 23, 2023, PSQ completed a stock-for-stock transaction to purchase 100% of the outstanding shares of EveryLife, Inc. (“EveryLife”), a Delaware corporation, in exchange for 1,071,229 shares of common stock, par value $0.001 per share, of Private PSQ (“Private PSQ Common Stock”).

On July 19, 2023 (the “Closing Date”), we consummated the transactions contemplated by that Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of February 27, 2023 (the “Merger Agreement”), each by and among PublicSq. Inc. (f/k/a PSQ Holdings, Inc.), a Delaware corporation (“Private PSQ”), Colombier Acquisition Corp., a Delaware corporation (“Colombier”), Colombier-Liberty Acquisition, Inc., a Delaware corporation and a wholly-owned subsidiary of Colombier (“Merger Sub”), and Colombier Sponsor, LLC (the “Colombier Sponsor”), a Delaware limited liability company, in its capacity as purchaser representative, for the purposes set forth in the Merger Agreement, which, among other things, provided for the merger of Private PSQ into Merger Sub with Private PSQ surviving the merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of Colombier (the “Business Combination”). At the closing of the Business Combination (the “Closing”), Colombier changed its name to “PSQ Holdings, Inc.”.

Our Business

We are a values-aligned platform where users with traditional American values can connect with and patronize business members whose values aligned with their own. Users are able to search for and shop businesses offering products and services both locally and online. The PSQ platform is accessible through the web and mobile devices. Since our nationwide launch in July 2022, we have become the largest values-aligned platform of pro-America businesses and consumers.

Our Values

We are passionate about our mission and that passion guides everything we do. We believe that the Platform is the leading widely accessible repository dedicated to empowering like-minded, patriotic Americans to discover and support companies that share their values. As a company, we strive to connect consumer members with a wide selection of values-aligned and patriotic business members from a wide variety of industries. In order for a new business to join the Platform, a representative of that business must agree that the business will respect the following five core values (the “five core values”) that we strive to uphold and promote within our community:

These five core values are the foundation of our Company’s vision, which connects the consumer members and business members who use the Platform to promote their voice through their purchasing power, or ‘vote with their wallet’.

The Platform

We are free-to-use for users, who can use the Platform to search for and shop from values-aligned business members both locally and nationally. The types of business members found on the Platform currently include, among others, retailers and other merchants, restaurants, banks and other service providers.

The PSQ platform (the “Platform”) can be accessed through two primary means:

Business owners from a wide array of industries, offering a myriad of products and services, can host their business listing on the Platform directory at no cost. Users using the Platform can then identify and patronize these business members. Users are able to review our five core values on the Platform. By accepting the terms and conditions of our application, business members confirm that they have reviewed our five core values and affirm that they will respect these values. We believe that having our business members confirm that they respect our five core values, helps ensure platform mutual trust in order to drive consumer and business satisfaction and retention. We ensure that our business members respect our five core values by having our team routinely review business member profiles and other advertising materials and content on the Platform to ensure that they do not upload any content that we believe does not respect our five core values. Users are encouraged to send reviews and report to our support team if they come across businesses who should be considered noncompliant in relation to our values. When we find noncompliant business members who do not support our five core values, we confirm the validity of the feedback and determine the best course of action with the business member, which may include contacting the business member directly, or removing the business member from the Platform. When joining the Platform, business members upload their respective profiles to be included in the Platform directory at no cost. In addition, they can advertise their services on the application platform, which increases their exposure to the consumer members in our network, for a monthly fee. They can also sync their products in order for users to purchase their product on the app.

For users, our user-friendly app provides different tabs where they can find both local and online business members. The Platform categorizes products and services into industries including but not limited to: coffee & tea, clothing, outdoor recreation, shooting, and vitamins and supplements. Each business profile provides information about the business, such as its location, a description of services and/or products provided by such business, and, in many cases, contact information and a PSQ-specific discount code, if applicable. Users are able to purchase products, bookmark favorite businesses, and share business profiles. A link to each business’ website, when available, is also provided to facilitate ease of shopping by interested consumer members if the business is not set up for e-commerce capabilities.

Our Business Model

Digital Advertising— We currently generate revenue from digital advertising fees from both local and national advertisers. Business members advertising on the Platform pay monthly or purchase certain items a la carte to advertise, with a tiered pricing system. By advertising their services on PSQ, business members can increase their exposure to users on the Platform. All advertisers we conduct business with are listed on the Platform and are required to affirm that they respect our five core values.

Business to Business (“B2B”) Revenue —

Through a B2B initiative that we are in the process of further developing, we currently collaborate with multiple business members on the Platform that primarily serve other business members through revenue sharing arrangements pursuant to which we receive referral fees in the form of commissions based on the dollar amounts of transactions between the business members we connect through our B2B referral initiative. The business members with which we have such relationships currently include, but are not limited to telecommunications, recruiting services, and business and marketing services. We vet these members for quality and values-alignment by researching the business members through publicly available data to assess their public reputation. We then refer them to our business network and either receive fees representing a percentage of the revenue earned by our business members through the relationships that we facilitate or place their advertising in an email distributed to PSQ business members.

E-Commerce Transactional Revenue— We launched e-commerce capabilities on the Platform in November 2023, which provide in-app shopping capabilities with discounts for the PSQ community. The Platform allows consumer members to purchase products and services provided by business members directly on our app and further facilitate and ease their experience, from which we realize transaction-based revenue fees.

*Direct to Consumer (“D2C”) —*We are also in the process of developing networks and relationships to facilitate future direct-to-consumer sales of products which we expect to offer to consumer members through the Platform under our own brands (including our EveryLife brand name). We believe that the level of consumer member demand observed based on utilization of the Platform to date suggests that there is untapped potential to create and sell our own branded products to our customer base, and the success of EveryLife is proof. We believe that our existing (and growing) consumer member base represents an opportunity for us to reach and sell branded products with minimal marketing spend due to our established primary customer acquisition channel on the Platform directory. We launched our first D2C product, disposable diapers and wipes, in July 2023 under our pro-family “EveryLife TM” brand.

Our Constituents and Engagement

Consumer members/users

Our consumer members are like-minded Americans who desire to discover and support business members that share their values. As of December 31, 2023, on the Platform we have more than 1.6 million active consumer members (defined as unique consumer membership accounts for which we have received all required contact information and which have not been deactivated or deleted since our reception) and more than 75,000 business members from a wide variety of industries.

Business members

The business members that choose to participate on the Platform are required to affirm that they agree to respect our five core values. As of December 31, 2023, over 75,000 business members have joined the Platform and our MoM business growth rate (as measured the number of business members that have joined the Platform as of the last day of each month) was 13% for the period from July 1, 2022, through December 31, 2023. Business members listed on the Platform directory come from a diverse group of industries, including but not limited to retailers and other merchants, restaurants, banks and service providers.

Advertisers

While it is free for a business to sign up for the Platform, during the signup process, business owners are asked if they would like to increase their exposure throughout the Platform by purchasing paid advertising. Our monthly advertising packages are offered at different price points depending on the selected features including but not limited to: category promotion, promoted products, ad placements on the “Shop” tab, push notifications, and email advertising to our consumer members.

Brand Customers

EveryLife’s key demographic comprises mothers in their early thirties, navigating parenthood with multiple children. These moms are fervent about supporting companies that mirror their values, placing a strong emphasis on family priorities. In response to a growing discontent with baby brands supporting abortion and progressive causes, EveryLife emerges as a solution, filling a significant market gap.

D2C Brand

Overview

EveryLife is a direct-to-consumer baby care company founded in 2023 with a mission to provide premium products to every miraculous life. Every baby is considered a gift from God and deserves love, protection, and celebration. EveryLife is committed to its core values, ensuring product quality, and demonstrating generosity by donating diapers and wipes to moms in need. This commitment has quickly set EveryLife apart, elevating both its brand and products. Since its launch in July 2023, EveryLife has been delivering high-performing and price-accessible products that align with the values of our consumers.

Our Products and Services

Customers and Markets

EveryLife’s key demographic comprises mothers in their early thirties, navigating parenthood with multiple children. These moms are fervent about supporting companies that mirror their values, placing a strong emphasis on family priorities. In response to a growing discontent with baby brands supporting abortion and progressive causes, EveryLife emerges as a solution, filling a significant market gap.

EveryLife caters to mothers seeking more than just baby care products – they are actively seeking brands that share their values. Positioned as a choice for those making conscious decisions in favor of life-affirming principles, EveryLife contributes to the development of a parallel economy. This concept involves consumers actively supporting businesses that align with their values, and EveryLife, in conjunction with its parent company PSQH, plays a vital role in shaping this distinctive marketplace. By doing so, EveryLife becomes more than just a provider of baby care items; it becomes a symbol of choice for a community of like-minded mothers actively shaping a marketplace aligned with their shared values.

Competition

EveryLife faces competition from a diverse range of players, including both direct-to-consumer companies and retail-exclusive brands. While the quality of EveryLife’s products aligns with that of other well-established diaper brands in households, what sets EveryLife apart is its unique emphasis on pro-life values. Unlike many competitors, EveryLife is singularly dedicated to leading with these values, making it a distinctive choice for consumers who prioritize such principles in their purchasing decisions.

While competitors often extend their offerings beyond diapers and wipes, EveryLife recognizes the importance of catering to a broader spectrum of baby essentials. In response to this, EveryLife is committed to consistently introducing new products, ensuring that parents who share their values can find a comprehensive range of baby essentials under the EveryLife brand. This strategic expansion aims not only to satisfy consumer needs but also to position EveryLife as more than just a diaper company – it aspires to become a trusted brand synonymous with comprehensive baby care.

By evolving into a one-stop-shop for various baby care products, EveryLife seeks to redefine its identity from a mere diaper company to a holistic baby brand. This strategic shift not only aligns with the diverse needs of parents but also strengthens EveryLife’s competitive standing within the dynamic landscape of the baby care industry. As a result, the brand aims to resonate more profoundly with consumers who seek not only quality products but also a shared set of values when it comes to caring for their little ones.

Marketing Strategy

EveryLife’s marketing strategy centers around values-aligned messaging and user acquisition, communicating the mission to protect and celebrate life while providing premium products for every baby. This message is disseminated through various channels, including social media, the PublicSquare app and email list, field marketing, influencer marketing, and digital advertising.

The grassroots Ambassador Program has successfully enlisted nearly 700 moms across the United States who are dedicated to spreading EveryLife’s mission in their communities, local churches, and pregnancy centers.

Manufacturers/Supply Chain & Operations/Third Party Logistics

EveryLife manages a North American-based supply chain of highly qualified, third-party manufacturing and logistics partners to produce and distribute EveryLife products. EveryLife partners with manufacturing partners who are committed to quality, Current Good Manufacturing Practices (“cGMPs”), sustainability, and innovation. EveryLife conducts quality audits of third-party manufacturing partners and requires that they follow EveryLife’s quality standards of controlled documentation, cleaning and safety protocols, and laboratory controls. EveryLife’s third-party manufacturing and fulfillment partners are located in various locations including the United States and Mexico. EveryLife’s Operations team manages these third-party relationships and processes.

EveryLife’s distribution network includes multiple warehouses in the United States with direct-to-consumer (“D2C”) fulfillment capabilities and value-added services. The fulfillment centers are operated by third party logistics (“3PL”) service providers. EveryLife manages inventory by forecasting demand, analyzing product sell-through, and analyzing supply chain with manufacturers to ensure sufficient capacity to support demand.

Product Development

EveryLife is embarking on an exciting expansion beyond diapers and wipes to broaden its product offerings. The first addition to our range will include scented and unscented soaps and lotions, meticulously crafted to be gentle, clean, and proudly made in the USA. This extension aims to enhance the overall baby care experience, catering to the diverse needs and preferences of our discerning customers.

In our continuous commitment to providing premium products, EveryLife is set to introduce training pants as the next expansion. This strategic move allows us to further extend our reach and cater to the evolving needs of families. By diversifying our product line, we position ourselves as more than just a diaper company; we are becoming a comprehensive baby brand, dedicated to offering high-quality essentials that parents can trust.

This expansion is not a one-time endeavor but part of a larger strategy to establish EveryLife as a dynamic and growing player in the baby care industry. Our commitment to meeting the needs of our customers drives us to continuously launch new baby essentials. As we identify opportunities and trends in the market, EveryLife is poised to introduce innovative products that align with our values and resonate with the evolving needs of families.

Team

EveryLife is a vibrant team consisting of three co-founders and a dedicated staff of ten individuals. These team members expertly handle key roles across diverse departments, including finance, operations, marketing, creative, customer support, and strategic partnerships. Each department plays a pivotal role in ensuring the seamless operation and growth of EveryLife, working cohesively to bring our mission to fruition.

As a wholly owned subsidiary of PSQH, EveryLife operates within a synergistic relationship, strategically collaborating to advance the concept of the parallel economy. This partnership allows us to leverage the strengths and resources of PublicSquare, enhancing our ability to create a meaningful impact within the market.

Our co-founders and employees collectively share a passion for EveryLife’s mission, working tirelessly to provide premium products that align with our values. This collaborative effort not only solidifies our position as a dynamic player in the baby care industry but also underscores our commitment to contributing to the development of a parallel economy alongside our parent company, PSQH. Together, we are focused on building a brand that resonates with consumers who prioritize values-driven choices in their purchasing decisions.

Our Competitive Strengths

We believe that the collective expertise of our team, our vision and the strength of the platform we are building, taken together with the following competitive strengths, will allow us to successfully build our business and capitalize on our large market opportunity. We believe we are the only patriotic marketplace that is operating at scale and launching wholly owned subsidiaries that fill the gaps for our users and business members.

Our Growth Strategy

We are currently focusing on the following areas to drive our growth:

We also expect to further scale the scope and form of our advertising and marketing efforts, as briefly described below. One path we are pursuing to further scale our advertising business involves further improving advertising products and tools, organizing and growing our sales force, and investing in media agency and channel partner relationships. We are continuing to invest in our self-serve advertising platform, which will provide the ability for business owners to purchase an advertising package directly from our website and manage their own advertising content. We believe these additions will improve ad relevance and effectiveness. Business owners will have greater control of their own experience, as well as further success measurement. We intend to gain efficiencies in scaling and will be able to focus our salesforce on attracting and retaining larger enterprise partners, with opportunities to upsell and partner with them in more meaningful ways.

We expect that our ongoing product investments will allow us to enable and capture potential new revenue in small business and e-commerce offering for goods and services.

Acquisition of Credova

Credova Merger Agreement

On March 13, 2024, we entered into an agreement and plan of merger (the “Credova Merger Agreement”) with Cello Merger Sub, Inc., a Delaware corporation and our wholly-owned subsidiary (“Merger Sub” and, together with PSQ, the “Buyer Parties”), Credova Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Credova”), and Samuel L. Paul, in the capacity as the Seller Representative in accordance with the terms of the Credova Merger Agreement.

Structure of the Transaction

Pursuant to the Credova Merger Agreement, on March 13, 2024, the transactions which are the subject of the Credova Merger Agreement were consummated (the “Closing”) and Merger Sub merged with and into Credova (the “Merger”), with Credova surviving as a wholly-owned subsidiary of PSQ. In connection with the Merger, each share of Credova was converted into the right to receive newly-issued shares of our Class A common stock (“Class A Common Stock”), delivered to the Credova stockholders at the Closing (“Credova Stockholders”).

Merger Consideration

As consideration for the Merger, Credova stockholders received 2,920,993 newly-issued shares of Class A Common Stock (the “Consideration Shares”). A number of Consideration Shares equal to ten percent (10%) of the Consideration Shares (the “Escrow Shares”) was placed in an escrow account for indemnity claims made under the Credova Merger Agreement. Assuming they are not subject to indemnity claims, the Escrow Shares remaining in escrow upon the 12-month anniversary of the Closing will be released and distributed pro rata to the former stockholders of Credova.

Note Exchange

Prior to the execution of the Credova Merger Agreement, Credova, PSQ and certain holders of outstanding subordinated notes (“Subdebt Notes”) issued by Credova (the “Participating Noteholders”) entered into a Note Exchange Agreement (the “Note Exchange Agreement”) pursuant to which, immediately prior to the Closing, the Participating Noteholders delivered their subdebt notes of Credova for cancellation,, in exchange for newly-issued replacement notes issued by PSQ, convertible into shares of Class A Common Stock (the “Replacement Notes”). The Replacement Notes have 9.75% simple interest per annum and ten-year maturity dates.

Pursuant to the terms of the Replacement Notes, at any time after the Closing, Participating Noteholders may elect to convert their Replacement Notes into a number of shares of Class A Common Stock equal to the quotient obtained by dividing (x) the outstanding principal amount of the Replacement Note to be converted plus accrued and unpaid interest by (y) 4.63641, subject to adjustment for stock splits and other similar transactions (the “Conversion Price”). At any time, the Company may call the Replacement Notes for a cash amount equal to accrued interest plus (i) between the Closing and the first anniversary of the Closing, 120% of the then outstanding principal amount, (ii) between the first anniversary and the second anniversary of the Closing, 105% of the then outstanding principal amount and (iii) after the second anniversary of the Closing, the then outstanding principal amount of the Replacement Note. Further, the Replacement Notes permit the Company, in its discretion, to require conversion of the Replacement Notes into shares of Class A Common Stock if the daily volume-weighted average trading price of the Company Class A Common Stock exceeds 140% of the Conversion Price on each of at least ten consecutive trading days during the twenty trading day period prior to notice of such required conversion.

Credova Subdebt Notes not exchanged for Replacement Notes at Closing were cancelled following payment in full in cash.

Lock-Up Agreement

Concurrently with the execution of the Credova Merger Agreement, Credova Stockholders and recipients Replacement Notes entered into lock-up agreements pursuant to which they will be subject to trading restrictions and restrictions against selling short or hedging PSQ securities for a period of 12 months after the Closing.

Employment Agreements

As a condition to the Closing, certain key employees of Credova entered into and delivered employment agreements to become employees of the Company or subsidiaries thereof from and after the Closing.

Non-Competition and Non-Solicitation Agreement

Concurrently with the execution of the Credova Merger Agreement, Credova stockholders and certain key employees of Credova entered into a non-competition and non-solicitation agreement with the Company and Credova (the “Non-Competition and Non-Solicitation Agreements”), pursuant to which they will agree not to compete with Credova during the two-year period following the Closing and not to solicit employees or customers of Credova.

Registration Rights Agreement

Concurrently with the execution of the Credova Merger Agreement, PSQ, Credova Stockholders and recipients of Replacement Notes entered into a registration rights agreement (the “Registration Rights Agreement”), pursuant to which, among other things, the Company will be obligated to file a registration statement to register the resale of the Consideration Shares and the shares issuable upon conversion of the Replacement Notes within a certain period after the Closing, upon demand by holders of a majority of the registrable securities. The Registration Rights Agreement also provides for certain additional demand registration and “piggy-back” registration rights, subject to certain requirements and conditions.

Description of Credova’s Business

Overview

Credova assists consumers, lenders, and retailers in offering point-of-sale financing products. Credova has developed and maintains an internet-based proprietary retail finance platform and related application programming interfaces (“APIs”) through which Credova, certain FDIC and NCUA insured financial institutions, and other financial institutions authorized by Credova (each a “Financing Partner”), and merchants can dynamically offer certain financing products (collectively, the “Services”).

Credova’s offerings fall into four main categories: (i) Merchant-originated products; (ii) Bank Partner-originated closed-end installment loans; (iii) Credova-originated loan products; (iv) Zero-interest installment product (“Pay-in-4”).

The Services and products offered by Credova promote convenience in the borrowing community by providing interest bearing and non-interest bearing financial products that cover the majority of the credit spectrum. Credova’s proprietary software and application offers consumers a near frictionless application process with high-quality security to protect the consumer’s information. Financing products are facilitated and signed through Credova’s internet-based platform and closed and funded by Credova or a Financing Partner. Credova relies on a third-party servicer to service its financing products. Credova intends to comply with all applicable state and federal statutes and regulations. Credova has adopted rigorous compliance policies and procedures, engages in regular internal and external audits of its practices, and has implemented a schedule of continuous learning and training for its employees.

Market

Credova’s Services allow merchants to offer point of sale financing options for the purchase of consumer goods online and in store. The intended market includes consumers making purchases from retailers with a focus on those in the outdoor recreation industry and others. The creditworthiness of consumers is largely determined based on credit scores provided by national credit reporting agencies and other proprietary underwriting criteria.

Marketing

Credova operates Credova.com, which provides information to potential retailer partners about the benefits of partnering with Credova. In addition, Credova looks for retail partners by utilizing an in-house sales team, referrals, and online marketing. Credova provides merchants with compliant advertising and other marketing content that will advertise the retailer’s products and the financing solutions facilitated by Credova. These campaigns include email, web banners, and display ads.

Corporate Information

Credova is a Delaware limited liability company organized in 2018 with its principal office location in Bozeman, Montana.

Our Technology

Our investments in technology are currently focused on the following areas: business solutions, cloud infrastructure and development principles.

Intellectual Property

Our intellectual property includes trademarks, copyrights and trade secrets. In addition, the Platform is powered by proprietary technology and certain open-source software. We rely on, and expect to continue to rely on, a combination of development, assignment, and confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants, and third parties with whom we have relationships, as well as trademark, trade dress, domain name, copyright, and trade secret laws, to protect our brands, proprietary technology, and other intellectual property rights.

Marketing and Advertising

To date, a majority of our marketing and advertising activity has been conducted by our management team and employees, through our Outreach Program, earned media exposure, social media exposure, word of mouth growth, and guerrilla marketing (creating viral videos to capitalize on current events, engaging with content creators through superchats, press campaigns to support local business members, and culturally relevant merch drops). To a lesser extent, we also have prioritized digital advertising on platforms such as Rumble and Meta, and podcast advertising on shows such as Allie Stuckey’s “Relatable”, The “Charlie Kirk Show”, Steve Bannon’s “War Room”, and others.

Business to Business (“B2B”) Partnerships

As discussed above, we currently operate in partnership with multiple business members on the Platform that primarily serve other business members. These include, but are not limited to, telecommunications, recruiting services, and business and marketing services.

Product Development

Since our inception, we have focused on continuous improvement of the Platform and user experience, with our product and engineering teams working in an environment focused on efficiency and speed combined with end-user value. As we continue to grow, we believe it will be important to maintain and enhance this culture and scale our business as we look to bring new innovations to consumer members and business members.

Our product organization focuses on creating and improving digital products for all of our consumer members and business owners. As of December 31, 2023, we had over 1.6 million active consumer members (defined as unique consumer membership accounts for which we have received all required contact information and which have not been deactivated or deleted since our inception) and over 75,000 business members on the Platform, respectively. Using machine-learning and proprietary technology, we surface relevant business listings, keeping members informed while supporting growth for business members of all sizes.

Employees

As a mission-driven technology company, we believe our employees are our most valuable resource. As of December 31, 2023, we had 82 full-time employees (including employees of wholly-owned subsidiaries), all of whom are based in the United States. We believe we have good relationships with our employees. Our human capital resources objectives include identifying, recruiting, retaining, incentivizing, and integrating our existing and additional employees. The principal purposes of our equity incentive plans are to attract, retain, and motivate key employees and directors through the granting of share-based compensation awards.

Competition

We compete with, among other business members, traditional e-commerce platforms, business directories and online retailers, as well as some smaller competitors who also position themselves as values-aligned platforms. The competitive landscape in the app and website platform markets is complex and constantly evolving. There are participants of many different sizes with different operational capabilities, platform reach and financial resources. Some of the companies we compete with include but are not limited to Yelp, Angi, Etsy, and Amazon. Many of these companies are much larger and more well capitalized than we are. Other companies that position themselves as values-aligned platforms include New Founding and Mammoth Nation. We also compete with companies such as The Honest Company, Hello Bello, Huggies and Coterie, among others, with our current D2C offerings of disposable diapers and wipes that are sold under our “EveryLife TM” brand. We compete with all of these companies to attract, engage, and retain consumer members and business members. We believe that we are a unique platform for value-aligned business members and consumer members who feel increasingly ignored or alienated by many of our competitors and who want to support patriotic, traditional pro-American business members that share their values, and that we can compete effectively on that basis. As we introduce future products, as the Platform evolves, or as other companies introduce new products and services, we may become subject to additional competition.

Government Regulation

We are subject to a number of U.S. federal and state laws and regulations, as well as foreign ones, that involve matters that are important to, or may otherwise impact, our business and that may affect companies conducting business on the internet, including, but not limited to, internet and e-commerce, labor and employment, anti-discrimination, payments, whistleblowing and worker confidentiality obligations, product liability, intellectual property, consumer protection and warnings, import/export, marketing, taxation, privacy, data security, competition, arbitration agreements and class action waiver provisions, terms of service, and mobile application and website accessibility. These regulations are often complex and subject to varying interpretations, in many cases due to their lack of specificity, and as a result, their application in practice may change or develop over time through judicial decisions or as new guidance or interpretations are provided by regulatory and governing bodies in the United States and abroad, such as federal, state, and local administrative agencies. Many of these laws and regulations are subject to change or uncertain interpretation, and could result in claims, changes to our business practices, monetary penalties, increased cost of operations, declines in user growth or engagement, negative publicity, or other harm to our business. See the section titled “Risk Factors —* We are or may be subject to numerous risks relating to the need to comply with data and information privacy laws*.” Many of these laws and regulations are subject to change or uncertain interpretation, and could result in claims, changes to our business practices, monetary penalties, increased cost of operations, declines in user growth or engagement, negatively publicity, or other harm to our business. As a result, we could be subject to actions based on negligence, various torts and trademark and copyright infringement, among other actions. See the sections titled “Risk Factors —If we infringe on the intellectual property (“IP”) of others, we could be exposed to substantial losses and face restrictions on our operations,” “Risk Factors* — Litigation or legal proceedings could expose us to significant liabilities and have a negative impact on our reputation or business*.” The varying and rapidly evolving regulatory framework on privacy and data protection across jurisdictions could result in claims, changes to our business practices, monetary penalties, increased cost of operations, or declines in user growth or engagement, or otherwise harm our business. See “Risk Factors*— Compliance obligations imposed by new privacy laws, laws regulating social media platforms and online speech in the U.S., or industry practices may adversely affect our business*.”

In the ordinary course of our business, we may process a significant volume of personal information and other regulated information from our users, employees and other third parties. Accordingly, we are, or may become, subject to numerous privacy and data protection obligations, including federal, state, local, and foreign laws, regulations, guidance, and industry standards related to privacy and data protection. Such obligations may include, without limitation, the Federal Trade Commission Act, the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 (“CCPA”), and the California Privacy Rights Act (“CPRA”).

The Platform facilitates online payments, including subscription fees, and therefore we will be subject to a variety of laws governing online transactions, payment card transactions and the automatic renewal of online agreements. In the U.S., these matters are regulated by, among other things, the federal Restore Online Shoppers Confidence Act (“ROSCA”) and various state laws.