Kentucky First Federal Bancorp

The Kentucky First Federal Bancorp (“Kentucky First” or the “Company”) was incorporated under federal law in March 2005 and is the mid-tier holding company for First Federal Savings and Loan Association of Hazard, Hazard, Kentucky (“First Federal of Hazard”) and Frankfort First Bancorp, Inc. (“Frankfort First”). Frankfort First is the holding company for First Federal Savings Bank of Kentucky, Frankfort, Kentucky (“First Federal of Kentucky”). First Federal of Hazard and First Federal of Kentucky (hereinafter collectively the “Banks”) are Kentucky First’s primary operations, which consist of operating the Banks as two independent, community-oriented savings institutions.

In December 2012, the Company acquired CKF Bancorp, Inc., a savings and loan holding company which operated three banking locations in Boyle and Garrard Counties in Kentucky. In accounting for the transaction, the assets and liabilities of CKF Bancorp were recorded on the books of First Federal of Kentucky in accordance with accounting standard ASC 805, Business Combinations.

Note 1. Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, which represent the condensed consolidated balance sheets and results of operations of the Company, were prepared in accordance with the instructions for Form 10-Q and, therefore, do not include information or footnotes necessary for a complete presentation of financial position, results of operations and cash flows in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. However, in the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of only normal recurring adjustments) which are necessary for a fair presentation of the condensed consolidated financial statements have been included. The results of operations for the six-month period ended December 31, 2023, are not necessarily indicative of the results which may be expected for an entire fiscal year. The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of June 30, 2023, has been derived from the audited consolidated balance sheet as of that date. Certain information and note disclosures normally included in the Company’s annual financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles have been condensed or omitted. These condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Form 10-K annual report for 2023 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

Principles of Consolidation - The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company, Frankfort First, and its wholly-owned banking subsidiaries, First Federal of Hazard and First Federal of Kentucky (collectively hereinafter “the Banks”). All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

**Investments –**Management determines the classification of debt securities at purchase as held-to-maturity, trading, or available-for-sale. Held-to-maturity securities are those we have both the intent and ability to hold to maturity and are reported at amortized cost. Securities that are not considered held-to-maturity are considered either trading or available-for-sale securities in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 320,*Investments – Debt Securities,*and are reported at fair value in the statement of financial position. We have no trading securities. The adjustment to fair value for available-for-sale securities for unrealized gains and losses is included as a separate component of shareholders’ equity, net of tax.

**Loans –**Loans for which we have the ability and intent to hold until maturity and/or payoff are reported at the carrying value of the unpaid principal reduced by unearned interest, an allowance for credit losses and unamortized deferred fees and costs and premiums. Interest income is accrued on a level yield basis. In circumstances where management believes that collection of interest income is uncollectible on specific loans, after considering economic and business conditions, collateral value and collection efforts, interest accrual is discontinued. Interest income may be recognized on the cash basis when received unless a determination has been made by management to apply all of the payment against principal.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates (continued)

**Allowance for Credit Losses –**We account for the allowance for credit losses under ASC 326, Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which is commonly known as CECL. We measure expected credit losses of financial assets on a weighted average remaining maturity (WARM) basis.

We maintain an allowance for credit losses (“ACL”) at a level that is appropriate to cover estimated credit losses on individually evaluated loans, as well as estimated credit losses inherent in the estimated life of the loan portfolio. Credit losses are charged to and recoveries are credited to the ACL.

Loans with similar risk characteristics are evaluated on a collective basis within homogeneous loan pools under ASC 326. Our homogeneous loan pools are primarily determined by loan purpose and collateral type. Pools include residential real estate (composed of one-to four-family, multi-family, and construction), land, farm, nonresidential real estate, commercial and industrial, and consumer loans (composed of Loans on deposit, home equity, automobile, and unsecured). Credits that are nonaccrual status are subject to individual evaluation.

Historical loss rates for loans are adjusted for significant factors that, in management’s judgment, reflect the impact of any current conditions on loss recognition. Qualitative factors used to derive our ACL include delinquency trends, current economic conditions and trends, strength of supervision and administration of the loan portfolio, levels of underperforming loans, trends in loan losses and underwriting exceptions. Reasonable and supportable economic forecasts that may offset collectibility are also included as factors in our ACL model. Management continually reevaluates the other subjective factors included in its ACL analysis.

**Income Taxes –**Income tax expense is based on the taxes due on the consolidated tax return plus deferred taxes on the expected future tax benefits and consequences of temporary differences between carrying amounts and tax bases of assets and liabilities, using enacted tax rates.

New Accounting Standards

FASB ASC 326 - In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. This standard requires credit losses on most financial assets and certain other instruments to be measured using an expected loss model, which is referred to as the current expected credit loss (CECL) model. Under this model entities estimate credit losses over the entire contractual term of the instrument (considering estimated prepayments, but not expected extensions or modifications) from the date of initial recognition of that instrument. The ASU replaces the current accounting model for purchased credit impaired and debt securities. The allowance for credit losses for purchased financial assets with a more-than-insignificant amount of credit deterioration since origination (referred to as “PCD assets”), should be determined in a similar manner to other financial assets measured on an amortized cost basis. However, upon initial recognition, the allowance for credit losses is added to the purchase price to determine the initial amortized cost basis. The subsequent accounting for PCD financial assets is the same expected loss model described herein.

New Accounting Standards (continued)

The Company will now use forward-looking information to enhance its credit loss estimates. The amendment requires enhanced disclosures to aid investors and other users of financial statements to better understand significant estimates and judgments used in estimating credit losses, as well as the credit quality and underwriting standards of our portfolio. The largest impact to the Company was on its allowance for loan and lease losses, although the ASU also amends the accounting for credit losses on available-for-sale debt securities, held-to-maturity securities, and purchased financial assets with credit deterioration. The standard was effective for public companies for annual periods and interim periods within those annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019. However, the FASB delayed the implementation of the ASU for smaller reporting companies until years beginning after December 15, 2022, or in the Company’s case the fiscal year beginning July 1, 2023. ASU 2016-13 was applied through a cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings (modified-retrospective approach).

In addition, ASC 326 made changes to the accounting for available-for-sale (“AFS”) debt securities. One such change requires credit losses to be presented as an allowance rather than as a write-down on AFS securities. Management does not intend to sell or believes that it is more likely than not that they will be required to sell.

We adopted ASC 326 effective July 1, 2023, using the modified retrospective method for all financial assets measured at amortized cost and off-balance sheet (“OBS”) credit exposures. Results for reporting periods beginning after July 1, 2023 are presented under ASC 326, while prior period amounts continue to be reported in accordance with previously applicable GAAP.

Upon adoption of the ASU we recorded an increase in the allowance for credit loss (“ACL”) for loans which represented a $497,000 increase from the Allowance for Loan Losses (“ALLL”) at June 30, 2023. This transaction further resulted in an increase of $54,000 to the ACL for unfunded commitments, a decrease of $414,000 to retained earnings and a deferred tax asset of $137,000.

The following table illustrates the impact of ASC 326 at July 1, 2023:

New Accounting Standards (continued)

ASU 2019-05, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses, Targeted Transition Relief, allows entities to irrevocably elect, upon adoption of ASU 2016-13, the fair value option on financial instruments that (1) were previously recorded at amortized cost and (2) are within the scope of ASC 326-20, if the instruments are eligible for the fair value option under ASC 825-10. The fair value option election does not apply to held-to-maturity debt securities. Entities are required to make this election on an instrument-by-instrument basis. ASU 2019-05 has the same effective date as ASU 2016-13. We adopted ASU 2019-05 on July 1, 2023, and did not elect the fair value option on any financial instruments.

ASU No. 2022-02, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures, eliminates the accounting guidance for troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”) by creditors in Subtopic 310-40, Receivables-Troubled Debt Restructurings by Creditors, for entities that have adopted the current expected credit loss model introduced by ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. ASU 2022-02 also requires disclosure by public business entities of current-period gross write-offs by year of origination for financing receivables and net investments in leases within the scope of Subtopic 326-20, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses-Measured at Amortized Cost. The Company adopted the standard on July 1, 2023.

Other accounting standards that have been issued or proposed by the FASB or other standards-setting bodies are not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Note 2. Earnings Per Share

Diluted earnings per share is computed taking into consideration common shares outstanding and dilutive potential common shares to be issued or released under the Company’s share-based compensation plans. The factors used in the basic and diluted earnings per share computations follow:

There wereno stock option shares outstanding for the six- or three-month periods ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Note 3. Investment Securities

The following table summarizes the amortized cost and fair value of securities available-for-sale and securities held-to-maturity at December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2023, the corresponding amounts of gross unrealized gains recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income and gross unrecognized gains and losses:

At December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2023 the Company’s debt securities consisted of mortgage-backed securities, which do not have a single maturity date. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities, because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

Our pledged securities totaled $0 and $5.9 million at December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2023, respectively. In addition, at December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2023, our pledged assets included overnight deposits of $0 and $1.5 million, respectively. The Banks began utilizing FHLB letters of credit to secure public deposits in the recently ended quarter.

We evaluated securities in unrealized loss positions for evidence of credit loss, considering duration, severity, financial condition of the issuer, our intention to sell or requirement to sell. Those securities were agency mortgage-backed securities, which carry a very limited amount of risk. Also, we have no intention to sell nor feel that we will be compelled to sell such securities before maturity. Based on our evaluation, no reserve for credit loss was considered necessary. Debt securities in an unrealized loss position as a percent of total debt securities were 99.9% and 100% at December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2023, respectively. The following table provides the amortized cost, gross unrealized losses, fair value, and length of time the individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2023.

Available-for-Sale

Note 3. Investment Securities (continued)

Held to Maturity

June 30, 2023

Available-for-Sale

Held to Maturity

Note 4. Loans receivable

Loans that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or payoff are reported at the principal amount outstanding, adjusted for deferred loan origination costs, net, discounts on purchased loans, and the allowance for credit losses. Interest income is accrued on the unpaid principal balance unless the collectability of the loan is in doubt. Loan origination fees, net of certain direct origination costs, are deferred and recognized in interest income using the level-yield method without anticipating prepayments. Interest income on one- to four-family residential loans is generally discontinued at the time a loan is 180 days delinquent and on other loans at the time a loan is 90 days delinquent. All other loans are moved to non-accrual status in accordance with the Company’s policy, typically 90 days after the loan becomes delinquent. Past due status is based on the contractual terms of the loan. In all cases, loans are placed on nonaccrual or charged-off at an earlier date if collection of principal or interest is considered doubtful. Nonaccrual loans and loans past due 90 days still on accrual include both smaller balance homogeneous loans that are collectively evaluated for impairment and individually classified impaired loans.

Note 4. Loans receivable(continued)

The composition of the loan portfolio was as follows:

The amounts above include net deferred loan costs of $314,000 and $330,000 as of December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2023, respectively.

The allowance for credit losses is a valuation allowance that is deducted from the loans’ amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected for the loans. Loan losses are charged off against the allowance when management believes the uncollectability of a loan balance is confirmed. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance.

Management estimates the allowance balance required using relevant available information, from internal and external sources, relating to past events, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Historical credit loss experience, derived from the Company’s data, provides the basis for estimation of expected credit losses, although management also compares the Company’s data with peer group data. Adjustments to historical loss information may be made for differences in: lending policy, procedures and practice; economic conditions; the nature and volume of the loan portfolio; volume delinquent and problem loans; the current and anticipated economic conditions in the primary lending area; and other external factors. Allocations of the allowance may be made for specific loans, but the entire allowance is available for any loan that, in management’s judgment, should be charged off.

Loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis. Loans evaluated individually are not included in the pool evaluation. When management determines that foreclosure is probable or when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty at the reporting date and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the sale of the collateral, the expected credit losses are based on the fair value of the collateral at the reporting date, less any discounts and selling costs.

Management monitors loan performance on a monthly basis and performs a quarterly evaluation of the adequacy of the ACL. The Banks begin enhanced monitoring of all loans rated 5-Watch or worse and obtain a new appraisal or asset valuation for most loans placed on nonaccrual status. New appraisals are usually not obtained on loans with outstanding principal amounts of $50,000 or less. Management, at its discretion, may determine that additional adjustments to the appraisal or valuation are required. Valuation adjustments will be made as necessary based on factors, including, but not limited to: the economy, deferred maintenance, industry, type of collateral, age of the appraisal, etc., and the knowledge Management has about a particular situation. In addition, the cost to sell or liquidate the collateral is also estimated and deducted from the valuation in order to determine the net realizable value to the Banks. When determining the ACL, certain factors involved in the evaluation are inherently subjective and require material estimates that may be susceptible to significant change, including the amounts and timing of future cash flows. Management monitors the adequacy of the ACL on an ongoing basis and reports its adequacy quarterly to the Board of Directors. Management believes the ACL at December 31, 2023 is adequate.

Expected credit losses are estimated over the contractual term of the loans, adjusted for expected prepayments, when appropriate. The contractual term excludes expected extensions, renewals, and modifications unless either of the following applies: management has a reasonable expectation at the reporting date that a modification will be executed with an individual borrower or the extension or renewal options are included in the original or modified contract at the reporting date and are not unconditionally cancellable by the Banks.

The Banks categorize loans into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt such as: current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, and current economic trends, among other factors. Management utilizes a risk rating scale ranging from 1-Highest Pass to 9-Loss to evaluate loan quality. Consumer purpose loans are identified as either performing or nonperforming based on the payment status of the loans. Nonperforming consumer loans are loans that are nonaccrual or 90 days or more past due and still accruing.

Our portfolio segments include residential real estate, nonresidential real estate, farm, land, commercial and industrial, and consumer and other loans. Risk factors associated with our portfolio segments are as follows:

Residential Real Estate

Our primary lending activity is the origination of mortgage loans, which enable a borrower to purchase or refinance existing homes in the Banks’ respective market areas. We further classify our residential real estate loans as one- to four-family (owner-occupied vs nonowner-occupied), multi-family or construction. We believe that our first mortgage position on loans secured by residential real estate presents lower risk than our other loans, with the exception of loans secured by deposits.

We offer a mix of adjustable-rate and fixed-rate mortgage loans with terms up to 30 years for owner-occupied properties. For these properties a borrower may be able to borrow up to 97% of the value with private mortgage insurance. Alternatively, the borrower may be able to borrow up to 90% of the value through other programs offered by the bank.

We offer loans on one- to four-family rental properties at a maximum of 80% loan-to-value (“LTV”) ratio and we generally charge a slightly higher interest rate on such loans.

We also originate loans to individuals to finance the construction of residential dwellings for personal use or for use as rental property. We lend to builders for construction of speculative or custom residential properties for resale. Construction loans are generally less than one year in length, do not exceed 80% of the appraised value, and provide for the payment of interest only during the construction phase. Funds are disbursed as progress is made toward completion of the construction.

Multi-family Loans

We offer mortgage loans secured by residential multi-family (five or more units). Generally, these loans are originated for 25 years or less and do not exceed 80% of the appraised value. Loans secured by multi-family generally have larger balances and involve a greater degree of risk than one- to four-family residential mortgage loans. These loans depend on the borrower’s creditworthiness and the feasibility and cash flow potential of the project. Payments on loans secured by income properties often depend on successful operation and management of the properties. As a result, repayment on such loans may be subject to a greater extent to adverse conditions in the real estate market or economy than owner-occupied residential loans.

Nonresidential Loans

We offer mortgage loans secured by nonresidential real estate comprised generally of commercial office buildings, churches and properties used for other purposes. Generally, these loans are originated for 25 years or less and do not exceed 80% of the appraised value. As with multi-family loans, commercial real estate loans generally have larger balances and involve a greater degree of risk than one- to four-family residential mortgage loans and these loans depend on the borrower’s creditworthiness, as well as the feasibility and cash flow potential of the project. Payments on loans secured by nonresidential properties often depend on successful operation and management of the properties. As a result, repayment on such loans may be subject to a greater extent to adverse conditions in the real estate market or economy than owner-occupied residential loans.

Consumer lending

Our consumer loans include home equity lines of credit, loans secured by savings deposits, automobile loans, and unsecured loans. Home equity loans are generally second mortgage loans subordinate only to first mortgages also held by the bank and do not exceed 80% of the estimated value of the property. We do offer home equity loans up to 90% of the estimated value to qualified borrowers and these loans carry a premium interest rate. Loans secured by savings are originated up to 90% of the depositor’s savings account balance and bear interest at a rate higher than the rate paid on the deposit account. Because the deposit account must be pledged as collateral to secure the loan, the inherent risk of this type of loan is minimal. Loans secured by automobiles are made directly to consumers (there are no relationships with dealers) and are based on the value of the vehicle and the borrower’s creditworthiness. Vehicle loans present a higher level of risk because of the natural decline in the value of the property as well as its mobility. Unsecured loans are based entirely on the borrower’s creditworthiness and present the highest level of risk to the bank.

Impaired loans

The Banks choose the most appropriate method for accounting for impaired loans. For secured loans, which make up the vast majority of the loans in the Banks’ portfolio, this method involves determining the fair value of the collateral, reduced by estimated selling costs. Where appropriate, the Banks would account for impaired loans by determining the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate.

A loan is considered impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that a creditor will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Although most of our loans are secured by collateral, we rely heavily on the capacity of our borrowers to generate sufficient cash flow to service their debt. As a result, our loans do not become collateral-dependent until there is deterioration in the borrower’s cash flow and financial condition, which makes it necessary for us to look to the collateral for our sole source of repayment. Collateral-dependent loans which are more than ninety days delinquent are considered to constitute more than a minimum delay in repayment and are evaluated for impairment under the policy at that time.

We utilize updated independent appraisals to determine fair value for collateral-dependent loans, adjusted for estimated selling costs, in determining our specific reserve. In some situations, management does not secure an updated independent appraisal. These situations may involve small loan amounts or loans that, in management’s opinion, have an abnormally low loan-to-value ratio.

With respect to the Banks’ investment in troubled debt restructurings, multi-family and nonresidential loans, and the evaluation of impairment thereof, such loans are nonhomogenous and, as such, may be deemed to be collateral-dependent when they become more than 90 days delinquent. We obtain updated independent appraisals in these situations or when we suspect that the previous appraisal may no longer be reflective of the property’s current fair value. This process varies from loan to loan, borrower to borrower, and also varies based on the nature of the collateral

The following table presents the activity in the ACL by portfolio segment for the six months ended December 31, 2023, after restatement of beginning balance for adoption of ASC 326:

For the six months ended December 31, 2023, the provision for credit losses totaled $20,000 including $15,000 for provision for credit loss on loans and $5,000 for credit losses on unfunded commitments. At December 31, 2023, the allowance for credit losses on unfunded commitments totaled $58,000.

The following table presents the activity in the ALLL by portfolio segment for the six months ended December 31, 2022:

The following table presents the activity in the allowance for loan losses by portfolio segment for the three months ended December 31, 2023:

The following table presents the activity in the allowance for loan losses by portfolio segment for the three months ended December 31, 2022:

The following table presents the amortized cost basis of collateral-dependent loans by portfolio class as of December 31, 2023. The recorded investment in loans excludes accrued interest receivable due to immateriality.

Real estate stands as collateral for loans individually evaluated for impairment.

The following tables present the balance in the ALLL and the recorded investment in loans by portfolio class and based on impairment method as of December 31, 2023.

The following tables present the balance in the allowance for loan losses and the recorded investment in loans by portfolio class and based on impairment method as of June 30, 2023.

June 30, 2023:

The following table presents interest income on loans individually evaluated for impairment by class of loans for the six months ended December 31:

The following table presents interest income on loans individually evaluated for impairment by class of loans for the three months ended December 31:

The following table presents the recorded investment in nonaccrual and loans past due over 90 days still on accrual by class of loans as of December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2023:

One- to four-family loans in process of foreclosure totaled $1.2 million and $766,000 at December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2023, respectively.

Troubled Debt Restructurings:

Prior to the adoption of ASC 326 a Troubled Debt Restructuring (“TDR”) was the situation where the Bank granted a concession to the borrower that the Banks would not otherwise have considered due to the borrower’s financial difficulties. All TDRs are considered “impaired.”

At June 30, 2023, the Company had $1.4 million of loans classified as TDRs.

During the six months ended December 31, 2023 there were no loans modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty.

The following table presents the aging of the principal balance outstanding in past due loans as of December 31, 2023, by class of loans:

The following tables present the aging of the principal balance outstanding in past due loans as of June 30, 2023, by class of loans:

June 30, 2023:

Credit Quality Indicators:

The Company categorizes loans into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt such as: current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information, and current economic trends, among other factors. The Company analyzes loans individually by classifying the loans as to credit risk. This analysis is performed on an annual basis. The Company uses the following definitions for risk ratings:

Special Mention. Loans classified as special mention have a potential weakness that deserves management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the loan or of the institution’s credit position at some future date.

**Substandard.**Loans classified as substandard are inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans so classified have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the institution will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.

**Doubtful.**Loans classified as doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified as substandard, with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions and values, highly questionable and improbable.

Loans not meeting the criteria above that are analyzed individually as part of the above-described process are considered to be pass rated loans. Loans listed that are not rated are included in groups of homogeneous loans and are evaluated for credit quality based on performing status. See the aging of past due loan table above. As of December 31, 2023, and based on the most recent analysis performed, the risk category of loans by class of loans is as follows:

At December 31, 2023, the risk category of loans by class of loans was as follows:

At June 30, 2023, the risk category of loans by class of loans was as follows:

Purchased Credit Impaired Loans:

The Company purchased loans during fiscal year 2013 for which there was, at acquisition, evidence of deterioration of credit quality since origination and it was probable, at acquisition, that all contractually required payments would not be collected. The carrying amount of those loans, net of a purchase credit discount of $88,000 and $88,000 at December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2023, respectively, is as follows:

Accretable yield, or income expected to be collected, is as follows:

For purchased loans, the Company made no increase in allowance for loan losses for the year ended June 30, 2023, nor for the six-month period ended December 31, 2023. Neither were any allowance for loan losses reversed during those periods.

Note 5. Disclosures About Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities

ASC topic 820 defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants (exit price) at the measurement date. ASC topic 820 also establishes a fair value hierarchy which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The standard describes six levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:

Level 1 – Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2 – Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in active markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

Level 3– Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

Following is a description of the valuation methodologies used for instruments measured at fair value, as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy.

Securities

Where quoted market prices are available in an active market, securities are classified within Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. If quoted market prices are not available, then fair values are estimated by using pricing models, quoted prices of securities with similar characteristics. Level 2 securities include agency mortgage-backed securities and agency bonds.

Financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis are summarized below:

There were no assets or liabilities which were measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis at December 31, 2023, and June 30, 2023.

The following is a disclosure of the fair value of financial instruments, both assets and liabilities, whether or not recognized in the consolidated balance sheet, for which it is practicable to estimate that value. For financial instruments where quoted market prices are not available, fair values are based on estimates using present value and other valuation methods.

The methods used are greatly affected by the assumptions applied, including the discount rate and estimates of future cash flows. Therefore, the fair values presented may not represent amounts that could be realized in an exchange for certain financial instruments.

December 31, 2022

Note 5. Disclosures About Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities (continued)

Based on the foregoing methods and assumptions, the carrying value and fair value of the Company’s financial instruments at December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2023 are as follows:

December 31, 2022

Note 6. Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

The Company’s other comprehensive income is comprised solely of unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities. The following is a summary of the accumulated other comprehensive income balances, net of tax:

Other comprehensive income (loss) components and related tax effects for the periods indicated were as follows: