JFrog Ltd

1. Organization and Description of Business

JFrog Ltd. (together with its subsidiaries, “JFrog”, or the “Company”) was incorporated under the laws of the State of Israel in 2008. JFrog provides a foundational platform for managing and securing the software supply chain. The JFrog Platform enables organizations to unify software development, security, governance, and distribution across hybrid teams, including developers, security professionals, Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning engineers, and Artificial Intelligence agents. It supports the consumption, creation, and continuous delivery of software from any user to any destination which the Company refers to as “Liquid Software.”

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”), and applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) regarding interim financial reporting, and include the accounts of JFrog Ltd. and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2025 was derived from the audited consolidated financial statements as of that date, but does not include all of the disclosures, including certain notes required by GAAP on an annual reporting basis. Certain information and note disclosures normally included in the financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. Therefore, these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto as of and for the year ended December 31, 2025, included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025 filed with the SEC on February 13, 2026.

In management’s opinion, the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the annual consolidated financial statements and reflect all adjustments, which include only normal recurring adjustments necessary for the fair presentation of the Company’s financial position as of September 30, 2026, the Company’s condensed consolidated results of operations and shareholders’ equity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025, and cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025. The results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2026 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year ending December 31, 2026 or any other future interim or annual period.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the condensed consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods and accompanying notes. Significant items subject to such estimates and assumptions include, but are not limited to, the allocation of transaction price among various performance obligations, the estimated benefit period of deferred contract acquisition costs, the allowance for credit losses, the fair value of acquired intangible assets and goodwill, the useful lives of acquired intangible assets and property and equipment, the incremental borrowing rate for operating leases, and the valuation of deferred tax assets and uncertain tax positions. The Company bases these estimates on historical and anticipated results, trends and various other assumptions that it believes are reasonable under the circumstances, including assumptions as to future events. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Significant Accounting Policies

The Company’s significant accounting policies are discussed in Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025. There have been no significant changes to these policies during the nine months ended September 30, 2026.

Refundable Tax Credits

On March 31, 2026, the Israeli Knesset enacted Chapter 10, “Law for the Encouragement and Incentivization of Research and Development, 2026” (the “R&D Law”). The R&D Law introduces a refundable tax credit regime for qualifying research and development expenditures incurred in Israel, effective for tax years beginning on January 1, 2026. Subject to certain conditions, eligible companies may apply the credit against Israeli income taxes or Israeli qualified domestic minimum top-up tax, or alternatively receive a government grant to the extent the credit is not utilized within a specified period.

On August 2, 2026, the Israeli Minister of Finance enacted the Regulations for the Encouragement of Knowledge-Intensive Industry (Temporary Provision), 2026 (the “2026 Regulations”). The 2026 Regulations, effective for tax years beginning on January 1, 2026, provide that eligible acquiring companies may elect a refundable tax credit instead of the existing acquisition-related tax deduction under the Law for the Encouragement of Knowledge-Intensive Industry (Temporary Provision), 2023. Subject to certain conditions, including requirements related to the acquiring companies’ continued investment in research and development, eligible acquiring companies may elect to receive a government grant to the extent the credit is not utilized within a specified period. The 2026 Regulations apply to acquisitions of control completed during the 2026 tax year and, with respect to undeducted amounts, to acquisitions completed before 2026.

The Company recognizes the credits under both the R&D Law and the 2026 Regulations as a reduction to the related research and development expense when there is reasonable assurance that it complies with required conditions and that the credits will be received.

Interest and other income, net primarily consists of income earned on cash equivalents and short-term investments and foreign exchange gains and losses. Interest income was $8.4 million and $6.6 million for thethree months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively, and $23.3 million and $19.4 million for thenine months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively. Foreign exchange gains (losses) were not material for the periods presented.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncement

In July 2025, the Financial Accounting Standard Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2025-05, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326), Measurement of Credit Losses for Accounts Receivable and Contract Assets, which provides a practical expedient when estimating expected credit losses for current accounts receivable and current contract assets arising from transactions accounted for under Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The practical expedient assumes that current conditions as of the balance sheet date do not change for the remaining life of the assets. The Company adopted this guidance on January 1, 2026 on a prospective basis and elected the practical expedient. The adoption did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosure (Subtopic 220-40), Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses, which requires disclosure of disaggregated information about certain expense captions presented in the Consolidated Statements of Operations as well as disclosure about selling expense. The guidance will be effective for the Company for annual periods beginning January 1, 2027 and interim periods beginning January 1, 2028, with early adoption permitted. It could be applied either prospectively or retrospectively. The Company is currently evaluating the impact on its financial statement disclosures.

In September 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-06, Intangible - Goodwill and Other Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40), Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Internal-Use Software, which modernizes the accounting guidance for costs to develop software for internal use. It removes the previous development stage model and introduces a more judgment-based approach. The guidance is effective for the Company for the first quarter beginning January 1, 2028, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In December 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-10, Government Grants (Topic 832): Accounting for Government Grants Received by Business Entities. The update establishes guidance on the recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure of government grants, including grants related to an asset and grants related to income. The guidance is effective for the Company for the first quarter beginning January 1, 2029, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact on its consolidated financial statements.

3. Revenue Recognition

Disaggregation of Revenue

The following table presents revenue by category:

The following table summarizes revenue by region based on the shipping address of customers:

Contract Balances

Of the $385.8 million and $281.9 million of deferred revenue recorded as of June 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively, the Company recognized $145.6 million and $110.1 million as revenue during thethree months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively. Of the $342.0 million and $274.2 million of deferred revenue recorded as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, the Company recognized $283.8 million and $226.1 million as revenue during thenine months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively.

Remaining Performance Obligation

The Company’s remaining performance obligations represent contracted revenue that has not yet been recognized. It includes deferred revenue and non-cancelable amounts that will be invoiced and recognized in future periods, and excludes usage-based fees from SaaS subscriptions in excess of minimum usage commitments from the remaining performance obligations. As of September 30, 2026, the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations was $812.4 million, which consists of billed considerationsof $422.6 million and unbilled consid erations of $389.8 million, that the Company expects to recognize as revenue. As of September 30, 2026, the Company expects to recognize 60% of its remaining performance obligations as revenue over the next 12 months, and the remainder thereafter.

Cost to Obtain a Contract

Amortization of deferred contract acquisition costs was $7.5 million and $5.1 million for thethree months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively, and $20.0 million and $14.2 million for thenine months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively.

4. Short-Term Investments

Short-term investments consist of bank deposits and marketable securities. As of September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, bank deposits were $200.9 million and $147.5 million, respectively.

Marketable securities consistof the following:

The following table summarizes the Company’s marketable securities by contractual maturities:

The following tables present fair value and gross unrealized losses of the Company’s marketable securities that have been in a continuous loss position, aggregated by length of time:

As of September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the unrealized losses related to marketable securities were determined to be not due to credit related losses. Therefore, the Company didnot recognize an allowance for credit losses. See Note 12, Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), for the realized gains or losses from available-for-sale marketable securities that were reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“AOCI”) during the periods presented.

5. Fair Value Measurements

The following tables present information about the Company’s financial instruments that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

The Company classifies its money market funds within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy because they are valued based on quoted market prices in active markets. The Company classifies its restricted deposits, certificates of deposit, commercial paper, corporate debt securities, municipal securities, government and agency debt, and derivative financial instruments within Level 2 because they are valued using inputs other than quoted prices which are directly or indirectly observable in the market, including readily-available pricing sources for the identical underlying security which may not be actively traded. As of September 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the Company didnot have any assets or liabilities valued based on Level 3 valuations.

6. Derivative Financial Instruments and Hedging

The Company enters into foreign currency forward and option contracts with financial institutions to protect against foreign exchange risks, mainly the exposure to changes in the exchange rate of the New Israeli Shekel (“NIS”) against the U.S. dollar that are associated with forecasted future cash flows and certain existing assets and liabilities for up to eighteen months. The Company’s primary objective in entering into these contracts is to reduce the volatility of earnings and cash flows associated with changes in foreign currency exchange rates. The Company does not use derivative instruments for trading or speculative purposes.

Notional Amount of Foreign Currency Contracts

The notional amounts of outstanding foreign currency contracts in U.S. dollar as of the periods presented were as follows:

Effect of Foreign Currency Contracts on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations

Derivative instruments that hedge the exposure to variability in expected future cash flows are designated as cash flow hedges. The Company records changes in the fair value of these derivatives in AOCI in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, until the forecasted transaction occurs. Upon occurrence, the Company reclassifies the related gains or losses on the derivative to the same financial statement line item in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations to which the derivative relates. In case the Company discontinues cash flow hedges, it records the related amount in interest and other income, net, on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. Derivative instruments that hedge monetary assets and liabilities denominated in certain foreign currencies are not designated as hedges for financial reporting purposes. The Company records changes in the fair value of these derivatives in interest and other income, net in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

The gains (losses) on foreign currency contracts were presented on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations as follows:

Effect of Foreign Currency Contracts on Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income

Net unrealized gains (losses) of foreign currency contracts designated as hedging instruments, net of tax, are recorded in AOCI. See Note 12, Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), for the effect on other comprehensive income (loss) and the reclassification out of AOCI during the periods presented. All of net deferred losses in AOCI as of September 30, 2026 are expected to be recognized as cost of revenue or operating expenses in the same financial statement line item in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations to which the derivative relates over the next twelve months.

7. Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet Components

Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment, net consisted of the following:

Depreciation and amortization expense was$1.1 million and $0.9 million for thethree months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively, and $2.8 million and $2.7 million for thenine months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively.

Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consisted of the following:

8. Intangible Assets, Net

Intangible assets consisted of the following as of September 30, 2026:

Intangible assets consisted of the following as of December 31, 2025:

Gross carrying amount and accumulated amortization of fully amortized intangibles are removed from the preceding tables. Amortization expenses for intangible assets were $3.0 million and $4.8 million for thethree months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively, and $12.4 million and $16.2 million for thenine months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively.

The expected future amortization expenses by year related to the intangible assets as of September 30, 2026 are as follows:

9. Leases

The Company has entered into non-cancelable lease agreements for its offices with lease periods expiring at various dates through May 2036.

Components of operating lease expense were as follows:

Supplementary cash flow information related to operating leases was as follows:

As of September 30, 2026, the weighted-average discount rate is 4.5% and the weighted-average remaining term is 8.9 years. Maturities of the Company’s operating lease liabilities as of September 30, 2026 were as follows:

10. Commitments and Contingencies

Non-cancelable Purchase Obligations

In the normal course of business, the Company enters into non-cancelable purchase commitments with various parties mainly for hosting services, as well as software products and services. As of September 30, 2026, the Company had outstanding non-cancelable purchase obligations with a remaining term of 12 months or longer as follows:

Indemnifications

The Company enters into indemnification provisions under certain agreements with other parties in the ordinary course of business. In its customer agreements, the Company has agreed to indemnify, defend and hold harmless the indemnified party for third party claims and related losses suffered or incurred by the indemnified party from actual or threatened third-party intellectual property infringement claims. For certain large or strategic customers, the Company has agreed to indemnify, defend and hold harmless the indemnified party for certain additional matters including but not limited to non-compliance with certain representations and warranties made by the Company. To date, the Company has not incurred any material costs related to such indemnifications.

Grants from Israeli Innovation Authority

The Company has received in the past grants from the Israeli Innovation Authority (“IIA”) and repaid them in full. Still, as any grant recipient, the Company is subject to the provisions of the Israeli Law for the Encouragement of Research, Development and Technological Innovation in the Industry and the regulations and guidelines thereunder (the “Innovation Law”). Pursuant to the Innovation Law, there are restrictions related to transferring intellectual property outside of Israel. Such transfer requires the approval from the IIA. The approval may be subject to a maximum additional payment amount of approximately $6.0 million. In the past, the Company received an approval from the IIA to perform a limited development of IIA funded know-how outside of Israel, subject to the terms specified in the IIA approval, including that all of its core R&D activities will remain in Israel.

Legal Proceedings

In the ordinary course of business, the Company may be subject from time to time to various proceedings, lawsuits, disputes, or claims. The Company investigates these claims as they arise. Although claims are inherently unpredictable, the Company is currently not aware of any matters that, if determined adversely to the Company, would individually or taken together, have a material adverse effect on its business, financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

11. Shareholders’ Equity and Equity Incentive Plans

Share Repurchases

In February 2026, the Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program authorizing the repurchase of up to $300.0 million of the Company’s ordinary shares. The program became effective in March 2026 and has no expiration date but may be suspended, terminated, or modified at any time. Shares may be repurchased from time to time in the open market or through negotiated transactions at prevailing market rates, or by other means in accordance with U.S. federal securities laws. The timing of the repurchases will depend on certain factors, including market conditions, prices, and management’s discretion. The Company accounted for treasury shares under the cost method.

The Company didnot repurchase any ordinary shares during thethree months ended September 30, 2026. During the nine months ended September 30, 2026, the Company repurchased 47,727 ordinary shares for an aggregate of $2.0 million in the open market. As of September 30, 2026, $298.0 million remained available for repurchases.

Equity Incentive Plans

Effective January 1, 2026, the number of ordinary shares authorized for issuance under the 2020 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2020 Plan”) automatically increased by 6,580,602 shares pursuant to the terms of the 2020 Plan.

Share Options

A summary of share option activity under the Company’s equity incentive plans and related information is as follows:

Restricted Share Units

A summary of restricted share units (“RSU”) activity under the Company’s equity incentive plan and related information is as follows:

The total vest date fair value of RSUs was $270.7 million during thenine months ended September 30, 2026.

Employee Share Purchase Plan

Effective January 1, 2026, the number of ordinary shares authorized for issuance under the 2020 Employee Share Purchase Plan (“ESPP”) automatically increased by 1,196,153 shares pursuant to the terms of ESPP.

Shares Reserved for Future Issuance

The Company has the following ordinary shares reserved for future issuance:

Share-Based Compensation

The share-based compensation expense by line item in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations is summarized as follows:

As of September 30, 2026, unrecognized share-based compensation cost related to unvested share-based compensation awards was $351.9 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.5 years. Additionally, unrecognized share-based compensation cost related to the acquisition holdback arrangement was $6.9 million, which will be recognized over 0.8 years.

12. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

The following table summarizes the changes in AOCI by component, net of tax, during the periods presented:

13. Income Taxes

The Company’s quarterly tax provision and estimates of its annual effective tax rate are subject to variation due to several factors, including variability in pre-tax income (or loss), the mix of jurisdictions to which such income relates, tax law developments, non-deductible expenses, excess tax benefits from share-based compensation awards, and changes in its valuation allowance. Income tax expense (benefit) was$(0.3) million and$1.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively, and$0.8 million and$5.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively. The income tax expense (benefit) for the periods consisted primarily of income taxes related to the Company’s foreign operations.

A valuation allowance is provided when it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Based on the available objective evidence during nine months ended September 30, 2026, the Company believes it is more likely than not that the tax benefits of the Company’s losses incurred in Israel may not be realized.

14. Net Income (Loss) Per Share

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net income (loss) per share for the periods presented:

The potential shares of ordinary shares that were excluded from the computation of diluted net income (loss) per share for the periods presented because including them would have been anti-dilutive are as follows:

15. Segment Information

The Company operates inone operating and reportable segment. The following table summarizes the Company’s segment revenue, significant segment expenses, and segment net income (loss):

(1)Compensation and related expense includes employee salaries, commissions, performance bonuses, payroll taxes, benefits, outsourced labor costs, and amortization of deferred contract acquisition costs related to compensation paid to employees in connection with obtaining customer contracts.

(2)Other segment items include acquisition-related costs, amortization of intangibles, depreciation of property and equipment, hosting costs, marketing expense, professional service fees, reseller commission, software and subscription costs, other overhead expense, refundable tax credits, interest and other income, net, and income tax expense (benefit).

Revenue by geographical region can be found in Note 3, Revenue Recognition. The following table presents the Company’s long-lived assets by geographic region, which consist of property and equipment, net and operating lease right-of-use assets recognized in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification Topic 842, Leases: