RenovoRx, Inc.

An investment in our securities is speculative and involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risk factors below, as well as the other information in this Report, including our unaudited interim condensed financial statements and the related notes and the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” and in our other public filings in evaluating our business, including those risk factors included in our 2025 Annual Report and our other filings with the SEC. The occurrence of any of the events or developments described in our 2025 Annual Report, or summarized below or described elsewhere in this Report or otherwise in our SEC filings could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations, growth prospects or stock price. In such an event, the market price of our common stock could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also impair our business operations and the market price of our common stock.

Risk Factors Summary

The following is a summary of principal factors and uncertainties that make investing in shares of our common stock risky and impact our ability to execute on our business strategy include risks regarding the following. This summary is not exhaustive, and readers are therefore encouraged to review the “Risk Factors” section herein and the “Risk Factors” section in our 2025 Annual Report in their entirety:

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We have no drug/device combination products approved for commercial sale, only limited experience as a company in the commercialization of standalone medical devices and no extended operating history as a revenue generating company. These factors make it difficult to evaluate our current business and predict our future success and viability.

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We have incurred significant net losses in each pe3riod since inception, and we expect to continue to incur net losses until we receive FDA approval for our product candidate or until our commercial strategy for RenovoCath generates sufficient revenues.

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We are executing on a commercial strategy for selling our RenovoCath device on a standalone basis, which is a relatively new activity for our company and subject to significant inherent risks. Such risks make it challenging to predict our results of operations from our commercialization efforts.

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Our estimates and projections of our total addressable market, potential revenues from commercial activities, the number of cancer centers using our product and the number of centers which we are targeting, and similar metrics related to our commercialization efforts for RenovoCath may prove inaccurate, particularly given that our commercialization efforts are relatively new and are evolving.

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Revenue recognition from our RenovoCath commercialization activities could be complex and uncertain. We may also be required to defer recognition of revenues under policies which we develop. Our inability to properly recognize revenue could have a material adverse effect on our estimates of our future revenue performance and on our actual financial results.

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Our revenues and results of operations, particularly as they relate to RenovoCath sales, are difficult to predict and may fluctuate from quarter to quarter, which could adversely affect our business and the market price of our common stock.

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We face the risk that we may need to raise additional capital over the longer term to both develop and commercialize IAG (assuming FDA approval) and to separately engage in sales and marketing activities for RenovoCath as a standalone device. Our failure to obtain funding when needed may force us to delay, reduce or eliminate our product development programs, commercial efforts or collaboration efforts. Moreover, if we do not obtain adequate and timely funding, we may not be able to continue as a going concern.

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We may consider strategic alternatives in order to maximize stockholder value, including financing, strategic alliances, and licensing arrangements. We may not be able to identify or consummate any suitable strategic alternatives and any consummated strategic alternatives may not be successful.

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The commercial viability of IAG or other product candidates remains subject to current and future preclinical studies, clinical trials (notably our Phase III TIGeR-PaC study), regulatory approvals, and the risks generally inherent in the development of a drug-device product candidate. If we are unable to successfully advance or develop IAG or any other product candidate, our business will be materially harmed.

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As our ongoing TIGeR-PaC study is our most advanced clinical trial to date, the failure of the study to achieve its clinical endpoints, or our failure to file and receive NDA approval for IAG, could materially harm our reputation and stock price.

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If we do not achieve our projected commercial or development goals in the timeframes we announce and expect, our stock price may decline and our results of operations would be harmed.

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Our product candidates may exhibit undesirable side effects when used alone or in combination with other approved pharmaceutical products or investigational new drugs, which may delay or preclude further development or regulatory approval or limit their use if approved.

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If the results of preclinical studies or clinical trials for our product candidates are negative, we could be delayed or precluded from the further development or commercialization of our product candidates, which could materially harm our business.

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If we are unable to satisfy regulatory requirements, we may not be able to commercialize our product candidates.

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If our product candidates are unable to compete effectively with marketed drugs targeting similar indications as our product candidates, our commercial opportunity will be reduced or eliminated.

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We may delay or terminate the development of our product candidates at any time if we believe the perceived market or commercial opportunity does not justify further investment, which could materially harm our business.

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Our future success depends on our ability to retain our key personnel and to attract, retain, and motivate qualified personnel, especially in light of an acute workforce shortage and hyper-competitive compensation environment.

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If we are unable to protect our intellectual property effectively, we may be unable to prevent third parties from using our technologies, which would impair our competitive advantage.

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The patents issued to us may not be broad enough to provide any meaningful protection, one or more of our competitors may develop more effective technologies, designs, or methods without infringing our intellectual property rights and one or more of our competitors may design around our proprietary technologies.