Eledon Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Note 1. Description of Business

Eledon Pharmaceuticals, Inc. is a clinical stage biotechnology company using its immunology expertise in targeting the CD40 Ligand (“CD40L”) pathway to develop therapies to protect transplanted organs and prevent rejection, and to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (“ALS”). The Company’s lead compound in development is tegoprubart, an IgG1, anti-CD40L antibody with high affinity for the CD40L, a well-validated biological target that we believe has broad therapeutic potential. Unless otherwise indicated, references to the terms “Eledon,” “our,” “us,” “we,” or the “Company” refer to Eledon Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries, on a consolidated basis.

On September 14, 2020, Eledon acquired Anelixis Therapeutics, Inc. (“Anelixis”), a privately held clinical stage biotechnology company developing a next generation anti-CD40L antibody as a potential treatment for organ and cellular transplantation, autoimmune diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. The Company maintains its corporate headquarters in Irvine, California and has research and development facilities in Burlington, Massachusetts.

Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”) and Article 8 of Regulation S-X requirements as set forth by the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) for interim financial information and reflect all adjustments and disclosures, which are, in the opinion of management, of a normal and recurring nature, and considered necessary for a fair presentation of the financial information contained herein. Pursuant to these rules and regulations, the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements do not include all information and notes necessary for a complete presentation of results of operations and comprehensive loss, financial position, and cash flows in conformity with GAAP.

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and notes should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes of Eledon for the year ended December 31, 2025 included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed by the Company with the SEC on March 19, 2026. The results of operations and comprehensive loss for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 are not necessarily indicative of results expected for the full fiscal year or any other future period.

Principles of Consolidation

Eledon, a Delaware corporation, owns 100% of the issued and outstanding common stock or other ownership interest in Anelixis Therapeutics, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, and Otic Pharma, Ltd., a private limited company organized under the laws of the State of Israel (“Otic”). Otic owns 100% of the issued and outstanding common stock or other ownership interest in its U.S. subsidiary, Otic Pharma, Inc.

The functional currency of the Company’s foreign subsidiary is the U.S. Dollar; however, certain expenses, assets and liabilities are transacted at the local currency. These transactions are translated from the local currency into U.S. Dollars at exchange rates during or at the end of the reporting period. The activities of the Company’s foreign subsidiary are not significant to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

All significant intercompany accounts and transactions among the entities have been eliminated from the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

Use of Estimates

Thepreparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make informed estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and expenses and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities in the Company’s consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. The most significant estimates in the Company’s consolidated financial statements relate to stock-based compensation expense, warrant liabilities, the fair value of right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and liabilities, accruals for liabilities, impairment of long-lived assets, and other matters that affect the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. Management basesits estimates on historical experience and on various other market-specific and relevant assumptions that management believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates under different assumptions or conditions and the differences may be material to the consolidated financial statements.

Concentration of Credit Risk

Financial instruments which potentially subject the Company to significant concentration of credit risk consists of cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments. The Company maintains deposits in federally insured institutions in excess of federally insured limits and invests in short-term investments with the primary objective of seeking to preserve principal, achieve liquidity requirements and safeguard invested funds. We believe that the Company is not exposed to significant credit risk due to the financial position of the depository institution in which those deposits are held and the nature, including the credit ratings, of our cash equivalents and short-term investments, but we have not eliminated all credit risk.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with original maturities ofthree months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents include cash in readily available checking accounts, money market funds, U.S. government securities and U.S. government agency securities. Cash and cash equivalents are valued at cost, which approximates their fair value due to the short-term maturities of these investments.

Risks, Liquidity, and Going Concern

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern, which contemplates the realization of assets and satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business, and do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Since inception, the Company has devoted substantially all of its resources to research and development activities, including pre-clinical studies and clinical trials, establishing and maintaining its intellectual property portfolio, hiring personnel, raising capital, and providing general and administrative support for these operations. The Company has incurred recurring net losses and negative cash flows from operating activities since its inception and expects to continue to incur significant operating losses and negative cash flows from operations for the foreseeable future as it advances the clinical development of its product candidates.

The Company recorded a net loss of$70.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2026. As of June 30, 2026, the Company had cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments of$88.8 million, working capital of$81.3 million and an accumulated deficit of$471.9 million. Based on the Company's current operating plan, the Company expects that, within the next twelve months, its existing cash, cash equivalents, short-term investments and other available resources will not be sufficient to fund its planned operations and satisfy its obligations as they become due unless it obtains additional financing. Based on these conditions and events that are known and reasonably knowable as of the date these condensed consolidated financial statements are issued, management has concluded that substantial doubt exists about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern.

Accordingly, the Company intends to seek additional capital through public or private equity or debt financings, including through its at-the-market equity offering program, strategic collaborations, licensing arrangements, credit or loan facilities and other available sources. The Company's ability to obtain additional financing is dependent on a number of factors, including, but not limited to, market conditions, investor demand for the Company's common stock or other securities, the progress of its development programs and other business risks and uncertainties. There can be no assurance that additional financing will be available when needed or on terms acceptable to the Company.

Although management intends to obtain additional financing through the sources described above, these plans are subject to market conditions and other factors outside the Company's control. Accordingly, management has concluded that its plans do not alleviate the substantial doubt about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern.

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of assets, or the amounts and classification of liabilities, or any other adjustments that might be necessary should the Company be unable to continue as a going concern.

Reportable Segments

Operating segments are defined as components of an entity for which separate financial information is available and that is regularly reviewed by the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Company operates asone operating andone reportable segment, focused on the development of tegoprubart, to develop therapies to protect transplanted organs and prevent rejection, and to treat ALS. The Company’s measure of segment profit or loss is net loss. The CODM is thechief executive officer. The CODM manages and allocates resources to the operations of the Company on a total company basis. Managing and allocating resources on a consolidated basis enables the CODM to assess the overall level of resources available and how to best deploy these resources across functions, therapeutic areas and research and development projects that are in line with the Company’s long-term company wide strategic goals. Consistent with this decision-making process, the CODM uses consolidated net income (loss) for purposes of evaluating performance, forecasting future period financial results, allocating resources and setting incentive targets. Operating expenses are used to monitor budget versus actual results. The measure of segment assets is reported on the balance sheet as total consolidated assets.

The following table is representative of the significant expense categories regularly provided to the CODM when managing the Company’ssingle reporting segment. A reconciliation to the consolidated net loss for thethree and six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025 is included at the bottom of the table below (in thousands):

• Other segment items included in total operating expenses primarily consist of consulting, professional fees, facilities, insurance and information technology.

In-Process Research and Development

Amounts allocated to in-process research and development (“IPR&D”) in connection with a business combination are recorded at fair value and are considered indefinite-lived intangible assets until completion or abandonment of the associated research and development efforts. If and when development is complete, which generally occurs when regulatory approval to market a product is obtained, the associated assets are deemed finite-lived and amortized over a period that best reflects the economic benefits provided by these assets. During the period the assets are considered indefinite-lived, they will not be amortized but will be tested annually for impairment or more frequently if indicators of impairment exist.

The Company first assesses qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the IPR&D is less than its carrying amount as a basis for determining whether it is necessary to perform a quantitative assessment. If, after assessing qualitative factors, the Company determines it is not more likely than not that the fair value is less than its carrying amount, then a quantitative assessment is unnecessary. If the quantitative assessment is deemed necessary, the excess of the carrying value over fair value will be recorded as an impairment. The qualitative assessment focuses on the key inputs, assumptions and rationale utilized in the establishment of the carrying value and related changes since the last quantitative assessment. Based on the results of the Company’s annual qualitative assessment, the Company concluded that it is not more likely than not that IPR&D was impaired for any of the periods presented.

Research and development expenses include personnel and facility-related expenses, outside contracted services including clinical trial costs, manufacturing and process development costs, research costs and other consulting services and non-cash stock-based compensation. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Amounts due under contracts with third parties may be either fixed fee or fee for service, and may include upfront payments, monthly payments and payments upon the completion of milestones or receipt of deliverables. Non-refundable advance payments under agreements are capitalized and expensed as the related goods are delivered or services are performed.

The Company contracts with third parties to perform various clinical trial activities in the on-going development of potential products. The financial terms of these agreements are subject to negotiation, vary from contract to contract and may result in uneven payment flows to its vendors. Payments under the contracts depend on factors such as the achievement of certain events, successful enrollment of patients, and completion of portions of the clinical trial or similar conditions. The Company’s accrual for clinical trials is based on estimates of the services received and efforts expended pursuant to contracts with clinical trial centers and clinical research organizations. These contracts may be terminated by the Company upon written notice and the Company is generally only liable for actual effort expended by the organizations to the date of termination, although in certain instances the Company may be further responsible for termination fees and penalties. The Company estimates its research and development expenses and the related accrual as of each balance sheet date based on the facts and circumstances known to the Company at that time.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company recognizes compensation expense for all stock-based awards based on the grant-date estimated fair value.

The fair value of stock options is determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, using assumptions which are subjective and require significant judgment and estimation by management. The risk-free rate assumption was based on observed yields from governmental zero-coupon bonds with an equivalent term. The expected volatility assumption was based on historical volatilities of a group of comparable industry companies whose share prices are publicly available. The peer group was developed based on publicly traded biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies with comparable business characteristics, clinical stages of development, and organizational scale, including employee headcount, primarily consisting of companies with Phase II or Phase III clinical programs. The expected term of stock options represents the weighted-average period that the stock options are expected to be outstanding. Because the Company does not have historical exercise behavior, the Company determined the expected life assumption using the simplified method for stock options granted to employees, which is an average of the options’ ordinary vesting period and the contractual term. For stock options granted to the Company’s board of directors (the “Board”), the Company determined the expected life assumption using the simplified method as the starting point with an average period of 12 months added to take into account the extended range of time of 12 to 18 months that vested stock options granted to Board members may be exercised upon termination. The expected dividend assumption was based on the Company’s history and expectation of dividend payouts. The Company has not paid and does not expect to pay dividends at any time in the foreseeable future. The Company recognizes forfeitures on an actual basis and as such did not estimate forfeitures to calculate stock-based compensation.

Restricted Stock Units (“RSUs”) are measured and recognized based on the quoted market price of our common stock on the date of grant.

Employee Benefit Plan

The Company maintains a defined contribution retirement savings plan under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code covering all employees who meet eligibility requirements. Participants may contribute a portion of their compensation subject to IRS limitations. The Company provides matching contributions in accordance with the terms of the plan.

The Company recognized expense related to employer contributions to the plan of $0.1 million for each of thethree months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025 and $0.3 million and $0.2 million for thesix months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively.

Net Loss Per Share

Basic and diluted net loss per share are calculated using the two-class method in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 260, Earnings Per Share. The two-class method allocates undistributed losses to the

Company’s outstanding common stock, and the Series X and Series X 1 non-voting convertible preferred stock, $0.001 par value (the “Preferred Stock”), based on each class’s proportionate share of the total weighted-average shares outstanding. Since the Company has never declared dividends, net loss and undistributed losses are equi valent. The process is used for both common stock and Preferred Stock.

Basic net loss per common share is calculated by dividing the net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period, without consideration for potentially dilutive securities. Diluted net loss per share is computed by dividing the net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares and potentially dilutive securities outstanding for the period determined using the treasury-stock and if-converted methods. As the rights and preferences of the Preferred Stock are substantially identical to each other, they are considered a single class of common stock for earnings per share purposes.

Common Stock Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants

The Company accounts for issued common stock warrants and pre-funded warrants either as a liability or equity in accordance with ASC 480-10, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity (“ASC 480-10”) and ASC 815-40, Derivatives and Hedging — Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (“ASC 815-40”). The Company first evaluates the warrants under ASC 480-10 to determine whether the instruments should be classified as liabilities, including whether the warrants embody an obligation to repurchase the Company’s shares, require or may require cash settlement, or represent obligations to issue a variable number of shares with a monetary value that is fixed or indexed to something other than the Company’s stock. If liability classification is not required under ASC 480-10, the Company then applies ASC 815-40. Under ASC 815-40, contracts that may require settlement for cash are liabilities, regardless of the probability of the occurrence of the triggering event. Liability-classified warrants are measured at fair value on the issuance date and at the end of each reporting period. Any change in the fair value of the warrants after the issuance date is recorded in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss as a gain or loss. If warrants do not require liability classification under ASC 815-40, in order to conclude warrants should be classified as equity, the Company assesses whether the warrants are indexed to its common stock and whether the warrants are classified as equity under ASC 815-40 or other applicable GAAP standard. Equity-classified warrants are accounted for at fair value on the issuance date with no changes in fair value recognized after the issuance date.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements Issued But Not Adopted

In November 2024, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2024-03, “Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40) Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses,” which requires disaggregated disclosure of income statement expenses for public business entities (“PBEs”). In January 2025, the FASB issued ASU No. 2025-01 “Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40),” which clarified the effective date for ASU 2024-03. These amendments are intended to provide more information about types of expenses in commonly presented expense captions. The amendments in this update are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027, and early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In September 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-07, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815) and Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (“ASU 2025-07”), which amends the accounting guidance to exclude from derivative accounting non-exchange-traded contracts with underlyings that are based on operations or activities specific to one of the parties to the contract. ASU 2025-07 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Other recent accounting pronouncements issued by the FASB (including its Emerging Issues Task Force), the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, and the SEC did not, or are not believed by management to, have a material impact on the Company’s present or future financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Note 3. Short-Term Investments

The objectives of the Company’s investment policy are to preserve principal, meet the Company’s liquidity requirements and safeguard invested funds. Short-term investments consist of U.S. treasuriesand U.S. government securities. The Company has classified these investments as available-for-sale securities, as the sale of such investments may be required prior to maturity to implement management strategies, and therefore has classified all investments with maturity dates beyond three months at the date of purchase as current assets in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. Any premium or discount arising at purchase is amortized and/or accreted to interest income as an adjustment to yield using the straight-line method over the life of the instrument. The amortized cost of available-for-sale securities is adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts to maturity. Investments are reported at their estimated fair value. Unrealized gains and losses are included in accumulated other comprehensive loss as a component of stockholders' equity until realized.

The following is a summary of short-term investments, which were classified as available-for-sale securities as of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025 (in thousands):

All of the Company’s available-for-sale securities have a stated maturity of less than one year.

Note 4. Fair Value Measurements

Financial assets and liabilities are recorded at fair value.

The Company classifies fair value measurements using a three-level hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value. This hierarchy requires entities to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The three levels of inputs used to measure fair value are as follows:

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Level 1—Quoted market prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets and liabilities.

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Level 2—Observable inputs other than quoted market prices included in Level 1, such as quoted market prices for markets that are not active or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.

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Level 3—Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities, including certain pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies and similar techniques that use significant unobservable inputs. These fair values are obtained from independent pricing services which utilize Level 1 and Level 2 inputs.

Financial Assets

The following table summarizes the Company’s financial asset instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025 (in thousands). Included within cash and cash equivalents on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets, but excluded from the fair value hierarchy table, are cash deposits held at financial institutions.

Warrant Liabilities

The following table summarizes the Company’s warrant liabilities (see Note 8. Preferred Stock and Stockholders’ Equity) measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025 (in thousands) and was based on significant inputs not observable in the market, which represents a Level 3 measurement within the fair value hierarchy.

The following table provides a roll-forward of the aggregate fair value of the warrant liability categorized with Level 3 inputs (in thousands):

The change in fair value of warrant liabilities of$28.6 million was recorded in the unaudited condensed consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss for the six months ended June 30, 2026.

Note 5. Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets

Prepaid expenses and other current assets consisted of the following as of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025 (in thousands):

Note 6. Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities

Accrued expenses and other liabilities consisted of the following as of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025 (in thousands):

Note 7. Commitments and Contingencies

Contract Obligations

As of June 30, 2026, the Company has non-cancelable purchase obligations related to manufacturing totaling$15.3 million. The Company expects to fulfill its commitments within the next twelve months under these agreements in the normal course of business, therefore, no related liability has been recorded on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets as of that date.

Operating Leases

The Company leases office space under various operating leases. Total rent expense for all operating leases in the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss was $0.1 million for each of the three months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025 and $0.2 million for each of thesix months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025.

On April 19, 2024, the Company entered into a 38-month operating lease for 5,817 square feet of office space in Irvine, California, that expires on June 30, 2027 (the “Irvine Lease Agreement”). On April 19, 2024, in conjunction with the Irvine Lease Agreement, the Company terminated an existing operating lease for 5,197 square feet of office space in Irvine, California, that was set to expire on December 31, 2024.

On September 4, 2024, the Company entered into a 36-month operating lease for 6,138 square feet of office space in Burlington, Massachusetts, that expires on November 21, 2027 (the “Burlington Lease Agreement”). The prior lease expired on November 20, 2024. On November 21, 2024, the effective date of the Burlington Lease Agreement, the Company recognized additional net ROU assets and lease liabilities in the amount of $0.5 million.

The Company determines if a contract contains a lease at inception. Our office leases have a remaining term of approximately less than 1.3 years and do not include options to extend the leases for additional periods.

Operating lease assets and liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date. Operating lease liabilities represent the present value of lease payments not yet paid. Operating lease assets represent our right to use an underlying asset and are based upon the operating lease liabilities as adjusted for prepayments or accrued lease payments, initial direct costs, lease incentives, and impairment of operating lease assets. To determine the present value of lease payments not yet paid, we estimate incremental secured borrowing rates corresponding to the maturities of the leases. As we haveno outstanding debt nor committed credit facilities, secured or otherwise, we estimate this rate based on prevailing financial market conditions, comparable company and credit analysis, and management’s judgment.

Our leases contain rent escalations over the lease term. We recognize expense for these leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Additionally, tenant incentives used to fund leasehold improvements are recognized when earned and reduce our ROU asset related to the lease. These are amortized through the ROU asset as reductions of expense over the lease term. Our lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants.

While we do not currently have any lease agreement with lease and non-lease components, we elected to account for lease and non-lease components as separate components.

We have elected the short-term lease recognition exemption for all applicable classes of underlying assets. Short-term disclosures include only those leases with a term greater than one month and 12 months or less, and expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less, that do not include an option to purchase the underlying asset that we are reasonably certain to exercise, are not recorded on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet.

The components of lease expense were as follows (in thousands):

Other supplemental cash flow information related to leases were as follows (in thousands):

Other supplemental balance sheet information related to our operating leases (in thousands, except lease term and discount rate):

As of June 30, 2026, future minimum payments under non-cancelable operating leases, were as follows (in thousands):

Grants and Licenses

ALS Therapy Development Institute License Agreement

In May 2015, Anelixis executed a License Agreement (the “ALS TDI Agreement”), which is an exclusive patent rights agreement with ALS Therapy Development Institute (“ALS TDI”) for certain patents and “know-how” of ALS TDI. The ALS TDI Agreement continues until the licensee terminates the agreement with ninety days written notice. The ALS TDI Agreement requires license fees payable to ALS TDI, subject to the achievement of certain milestones and other conditions.

The first and second milestones of the ALS TDI Agreement are the dosing of the first subjects in a first toxicity study in non-human primates and the dosing of the first patient in a Phase I Clinical Trial, respectively. Both of these milestones were achieved prior to 2024. The fee due upon achievement of each milestone was $1.0 million, and as the payments became due, the Company settled the obligations through the issuance of common stock in lieu of cash payments.

The ALS TDI Agreement was amended and restated in February 2020, and a first amendment to the restated license agreement was executed in September 2020. As amended in September 2020, the remaining milestone payments for a first licensed product total $6.0 million. In the event that the Company develops a second licensed product, the Company is obligated to pay up to $2.5 million in additional milestone payments.

In addition to the milestone payments, the Company is required to pay ALS TDI an amended annual license maintenance fee of $0.1 million beginning on the earlier of January 1, 2022, the Company’s first sublicense, or change in control, as defined in the ALS TDI Agreement. The Company has made a $0.1 million annual license maintenance fee each year since 2022.

Furthermore, the Company is required to pay ALS TDI fees based on reaching certain levels of annual net sales of any product produced with the patent rights. A royalty in the low single digits will be due on aggregate net sales. Upon the first calendar year of reaching $500.0 million in aggregate net sales, the Company will be required to pay ALS TDI a one-time milestone payment of $15.0 million. Upon the first calendar year of reaching $1.0 billion in aggregate net sales, the Company is obligated to pay ALS TDI a one-time milestone payment of $30.0 million.

There wereno milestones achieved during thesix months ended June 30, 2026 or 2025.

Lonza Sales AG License Agreement

In September 2018, Anelixis executed a License Agreement (the “Lonza Agreement”), which is a manufacturing know-how rights agreement with Lonza Sales AG (“Lonza”) for the use of certain processes and know-how related to the manufacture of tegoprubart. The Lonza Agreement continues until the later of the last Valid Claim (as defined therein) or ten years from the First Commercial Sale of tegoprubart, as defined and subject to the conditions therein. A royalty in the low single digits will be due on aggregate net sales of tegoprubart that is manufactured by Lonza or any other third-party or licensee. For the six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, the Company hasnot paid any royalties under the Lonza Agreement.

Legal Matters

The Company and its subsidiaries are not a party to or the subject of any claim or lawsuit that individually or in the aggregate is anticipated to have a material effect on the Company’s results of operations, financial condition or cash flows.

Indemnifications

In the normal course of business, the Company enters into contracts and agreements that contain a variety of representations and warranties and provide for general indemnification. The Company’s exposure under these agreements is unknown because it involves future claims that may be made against the Company but have not yet been made. To date, the Company has not paid any claims or been required to defend any action related to its indemnification obligations. However, the Company may record charges in the future because of these indemnification obligations. No amounts associated with such indemnifications have been recorded to date.

Contingencies

From time to time, the Company may have certain contingent liabilities that arise in the ordinary course of business activities. The Company accrues a liability for such matters when it is probable that future expenditures will be made, and such expenditures can be reasonably estimated. There have beenno contingent liabilities requiring accrual as of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025.

Note 8. Preferred Stock and Stockholders’ Equity

Convertible Preferred Stock

The Company has 5,000,000 authorized shares of preferred stock with a par value of $0.001 per share:

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Series X non-voting convertible preferred stock,10,000 shares designated;4,422 shares issued and outstanding at each at June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively; and

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Series X 1 non-voting convertible preferred stock,515,000 shares designated;75,800 and 110,086 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025, respectively.

Each share of the Preferred Stock is convertible into 55.5556 shares of common stock, at the option of the holder at any time, subject to certain limitations, including, that the holder will be prohibited from converting the Preferred Stock into common stock if, as a result of such conversion, the holder, together with its affiliates, would beneficially own a number of shares of common stock above a conversion blocker, which is initially set at 9.99% or 9.9% of the total common stock then issued and outstanding immediately following the conversion of such shares of Series X Preferred Stock or Series X 1 Preferred Stock, respectively. The holder of the Preferred Stock is entitled to receive dividends on shares of the Preferred Stock equal (on an as-if-converted-to-common-stock basis and without regard to any beneficial ownership limitations) to and in the same form as dividends actually paid on shares of the common stock. No other dividends will be paid on shares of the Preferred Stock. In the event of any liquidation, dissolution or winding up, the holder of the Preferred Stock will be entitled to receive out of the assets, whether capital or surplus, the same amount that a holder of common stock would receive if the Preferred Stock were fully converted to common stock, which amounts shall be paid pari passu with all holders of common stock. Shares of the Preferred Stock will generally have no voting rights, except as required by law and except that the consent of a majority of the holders of either series of outstanding Preferred Stock will be required to amend the terms of such series.

The Preferred Stock includes a provision that, in the event of a tender or exchange offer by a third party in which more than 50% of the common stockholders receive cash or other assets, allows holders of Preferred Stock, upon any subsequent conversion, to redeem their shares for the same form of consideration. In August 2025, the Company concluded that because this redemption right may be triggered by an event outside the Company’s control and could result in settlement in cash, the Preferred Stock is classified as temporary equity. As of the current reporting date, a tender offer is not probable, and the Preferred Stock is not deemed probable of becoming redeemable. Because redemption is not considered probable, the Preferred Stock is not subsequently remeasured to its redemption value.

On April 9, 2026, the Company issued an aggregate of 1,248,832 shares of its common stock upon the conversion of an aggregate of 22,479 shares of its Series X 1 non-voting convertible preferred stock held by Biotechnology Value Fund, L.P., Biotechnology Value Fund II, L.P., Biotechnology Value Trading Fund OS LP and MSI BVF SPV, LLC, in accordance with the Certificate of Designation of Preferences, Rights and Limitations of the Series X 1 non-voting convertible preferred stock. The conversion did not result in any cash proceeds to the Company.

On June 30, 2026, the Company issued an aggregate of 655,943 shares of its common stock upon the conversion of an aggregate of 11,807 shares of its Series X 1 non-voting convertible preferred stock held by Biotechnology Value Fund, L.P., Biotechnology Value Fund II, L.P., Biotechnology Value Trading Fund OS LP and MSI BVF SPV, LLC, in accordance with the Certificate of Designation of Preferences, Rights and Limitations of the Series X 1 non-voting convertible preferred stock. The conversion did not result in any cash proceeds to the Company.

Common Stock

On June 10, 2025, the Company held its 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the “2025 Annual Meeting”). At the 2025 Annual Meeting, the Company’s stockholders approved an amendment to the Company’s Restated Certificate of Incorporation (as amended, the “Certificate of Incorporation”) to increase the number of authorized shares of common stock from 200,000,000 to 300,000,000 shares.

On June 18, 2026, the Company held its 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the “2026 Annual Meeting”). At the 2026 Annual Meeting, the Company’s stockholders approved an amendment to the Company’s Certificate of Incorporation to increase the number of authorized shares of common stock from 300,000,000 to 450,000,000 shares.

2023 Securities Purchase Agreement

On April 28, 2023, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with certain investors, pursuant to which the Company issued and sold, in a private placement, (i) in an initial closing (a) an aggregate of 15,151,518 shares of common stock, or pre-funded warrants in lieu thereof, and (b) common stock warrants exercisable into an aggregate of 15,151,518 shares of common stock (or pre-funded warrants in lieu thereof) (the “Common Warrants”), (ii)in a second closing, an aggregate of 909,088 shares of common stock; and (iii) in a third closing, an aggregate of 1,727,400 shares of common stock. The Common Warrants have an exercise price of $3.00 per share and a term of five years from issuance.

In August 2024, the Company concluded that the Common Warrants do not meet the conditions to be classified as equity instruments under ASC 815-40 and must instead be recorded as liabilities on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets at their fair value and remeasured at fair value for each subsequent reporting period. The valuation of the Common Warrants is adjusted to fair value (Level 3) at each balance sheet date until the Common Warrants are settled or expired.

The following table presents the assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the fair value of the Common Warrants as of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025 as follows:

2024 Equity Distribution Agreement

On September 20, 2024, the Company entered into an Open Market Sale Agreement (the “Sales Agreement”) with Guggenheim Securities, LLC (“Guggenheim Securities”) to sell shares of the Company’s common stock, having aggregate sales proceeds of up to $75.0 million, from time to time, through an “at-the-market” equity offering program under which Guggenheim Securities will act as sales agent. In connection with the Sales Agreement, the Company filed on September 20, 2024 a registration statement on Form S-3 containing a prospectus and prospectus supplement (the “Initial Shelf Registration Statement”)with the SEC. The Initial Shelf Registration Statement became effective on October 2, 2024. In advance of the expiration of the Initial Shelf Registration Statement, the Company filed on May 1, 2026 a new registration statement on Form S-3 containing a prospectus and prospectus supplement with the SEC, which became effective on May 11, 2026 and replaces the Initial Shelf Registration Statement. As of June 30, 2026, the Company has not sold any shares under the Sales Agreement.

2025 Underwritten Offering

On November 12, 2025, the Company entered into an underwriting agreement (the “Underwriting Agreement”) with Leerink Partners, LLC, as representative of the several underwriters named therein (the “Underwriters”), in connection with the underwritten public offering and sale by the Company (the “2025 Underwritten Offering”) of 15,152,485 shares of the Company’s common stock at a public offering price of $1.65 per share (the “Common Stock Purchase Price”), and pre-funded warrants (the “2025 Offering Pre-Funded Warrants”) at a public offering price of $1.649 per 2025 Offering Pre-Funded Warrant, which are exercisable to purchase up to 15,151,515 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $0.001 per share. In addition, pursuant to the Underwriting Agreement, the Company granted the Underwriters an option (the “Option”), exercisable for 30 days, to purchase up to 4,545,600 additional shares of common stock at the Common Stock Purchase Price less the underwriting discounts and commissions, which Option was exercised in full by the Underwriters.

The 2025 Underwritten Offering closed on November 13, 2025 and resulted in gross proceeds of $57.5 million or net proceeds of approximately $53.6 million after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses. The 2025 Underwritten Offering was made pursuant to the Initial Shelf Registration Statement and a prospectus supplement relating to the 2025 Underwritten Offering dated November 12, 2025.

The 2025 Offering Pre-Funded Warrants were classified as a component of permanent stockholders’ equity within additional paid-in-capital. The 2025 Offering Pre-Funded Warrants are equity classified because they are freestanding financial instruments that are legally detachable and separately exercisable from the equity instruments, are immediately exercisable, do not embody an obligation for the Company to repurchase its shares, permit the holders to receive a fixed number of common shares upon exercise, are indexed to the Company’s common stock and meet the equity classification criteria. In addition, the 2025 Offering Pre-Funded Warrants do not provide any guarantee of value or return.

A holder of the 2025 Offering Pre-Funded Warrants (together with its affiliates) may not exercise any portion of a 2025 Offering Pre-Funded Warrant to the extent that, after giving effect to such exercise, the holder (together with the holder’s affiliates, and any other persons acting as a group together with the holder or any of the holder’s affiliates) would beneficially own in excess of 4.99% of the number of shares of the Company’s common stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the issuance of shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of such 2025 Offering Pre-Funded Warrant. A holder may increase or decrease such beneficial ownership limitation, provided that in no event shall the limitation exceed 19.99% of the number of shares of the common stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the issuance of shares of common stock upon exercise of the 2025 Offering Pre-Funded Warrant.

2025 Warrant Exchange Agreement

On December 30, 2025, the Company entered into an exchange agreement (the “Warrant Exchange Agreement”) with Coastl ands Capital Partners LP (“Coastlands Capital”), pursuant to which Coastlands Capital agreed to exchange 4,203,764 shares of the Company’s common stock for a pre-funded warrant to purchase an aggregate of 4,203,764 shares of common stock (the “Exchange Warrant”), and the Company cancelled the 4,203,764 shares of common stock delivered in the exchange.

Coastlands Capital (together with its affiliates) may not exercise any portion of the Exchange Warrant to the extent that, after giving effect to such exercise, Coastlands Capital (together with its affiliates and any other persons acting as a group together with Coastlands Capital or any of its affiliates) would beneficially own in excess of 4.99%of the number of shares of the Company’s common stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the issuance of shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the Exchange Warrant. Coastlands Capital may increase or decrease such beneficial ownership limitation, provided that in no event shall the limitation exceed 19.99% of the number of shares of the common stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the issuance of shares of common stock upon exercise of the Exchange Warrant.

On June 4, 2026, the Company issued 2,999,138 shares of its common stock to Coastlands Capital Partners LP upon the cashless exercise of 3,000,000 pre-funded warrants in accordance with the terms of the pre-funded warrant issued pursuant to the Warrant Exchange Agreement, dated December 30, 2025, by and between the Company and Coastlands Capital Partners LP. The exercise did not result in any cash proceeds to the Company.

Common Stock Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants

As of June 30, 2026, common stock warrants and pre-funded warrants exercisable for an aggregate of 48,693,790 shares of common stock were outstanding. The pre-funded warrants are exercisable for shares of common stock at a nominal exercise price and were fully paid for at issuance, except for the nominal exercise amount. The pre-funded warrants are intended to be economically equivalent to the Company’s common stock. The common stock warrants are exercisable for shares of common stock at an exercise price of $3.00 per share and expire on May 5, 2028.

On April 10, 2026, the Company issued 87,269 shares of its common stock to MSI BVF SPV, LLC upon the cashless exercise of 87,300 pre-funded warrants in accordance with the terms of the pre-funded warrants issued pursuant to the underwriting agreement, dated October 29, 2024, by and between the Company and Leerink Partners, LLC, as representative of the several underwriters named therein. The exercise did not result in any cash proceeds to the Company.

The following table shows the warrants to purchase common stock activity:

As of June 30, 2026 the Company’s outstanding warrants to purchase shares of common stock consisted of the following:

Note 9. Stock-Based Compensation

On July 10, 2024, the Company held its 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the “2024 Annual Meeting”). At the 2024 Annual Meeting, the Company’s stockholders approved an amendment to the Company’s 2020 Long Term Incentive Plan (the “2020 Plan”). The 2020 Plan, as amended, (i) reflects an increase in the limit on the aggregate number of shares of the Company’s common stock that may be delivered pursuant to all awards granted under the 2020 Plan by an additional 3,500,000 shares so that the new aggregate share limit under the 2020 Plan is 17,960,000 shares, and (ii) extends the date through which the Company may grant new awards under the 2020 Plan from November 15, 2030 to April 28, 2034.

The Company’s 2014 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2014 Plan”) was closed to new grants following the approval of the 2020 Plan, and therefore, there wereno shares reserved for issuance under the 2014 Plan as of June 30, 2026. The number of shares reserved for issuance under the 2020 Plan and the Company’s Employee Stock Purchase Plan was 3,370,859 and 24,077 shares, respectively, as of June 30, 2026.

Total stock-based compensation expense was recognized in our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss as follows (in thousands):

Note 10. Net Loss Per Share

Basic and diluted net loss per share are calculated using the two-class method in accordance with ASC Topic 260, Earnings Per Share. The two-class method allocates undistributed losses to the Company’s outstanding common stock, and the Preferred Stock, based on each class’s proportionate share of the total weighted-average shares outstanding. Since the Company has never declared dividends, net loss and undistributed losses are equivalent.

Basic net loss per common share is calculated by dividing the net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period, without consideration for potentially dilutive securities. Diluted net loss per share is computed by dividing the net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares and potentially dilutive securities outstanding for the period determined using the treasury-stock and if-converted methods. The process is used for both common stock and Preferred Stock. As the rights and preferences of the Preferred Stock are substantially identical to each other, they are considered a single class of common stock for earnings per share purposes.

For purposes of the diluted net loss per share calculation, incentive stock options, RSUs and common warrants are considered to be potentially dilutive securities and are excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share because their effect would be anti-dilutive. Basic weighted average shares outstanding as of June 30, 2026 and 2025 include 33,542,272 and 17,274,293 shares, respectively, underlying pre-funded warrants to purchase common shares. As the shares underlying these pre-funded warrants can be issued for little consideration (an exercise price per share equal to $0.001 per share), these shares are deemed to be issued for purposes of basic earnings per share.

The calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share for our common stock and Preferred Stock were as follows:

The following table presents potentially dilutive securities outstanding based on the market price of the Company’s common stock as of June 30, 2026 and 2025 that were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share because their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive. These securities consist of incentive stock options, RSUs and common warrants (other than pre-funded warrants) outstanding during the respective periods.