Wave Life Sciences Ltd.

1. THE COMPANY

Organization

Wave Life Sciences Ltd. (together with its subsidiaries, “Wave” or the “Company”) is a clinical-stage biotechnology company focused on unlocking the broad potential of ribonucleic acid (“RNA”) medicines (also known as oligonucleotides), or those targeting RNA, to transform human health. The Company’s RNA medicines platform, PRISM®, combines multiple RNA medicines modalities, chemistry innovation, and deep insights in human genetics to deliver scientific breakthroughs that treat both rare and common disorders. The Company’s toolkit of RNA-targeting modalities, including RNA interference (“RNAi”) (SpiNA) and RNA editing (AIMers), provides us with unmatched capabilities for designing and sustainably delivering candidates that optimally address disease biology. The Company’s pipeline is focused on our obesity (WVE-007), alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (“AATD”) (WVE-006) and PNPLA3 I148M liver disease (WVE-008) programs, and also includes clinical programs for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (“DMD”) and Huntington’s disease (“HD”), as well as several preclinical programs utilizing its versatile RNA medicines platform.

The Company was incorporated in Singapore on July 23, 2012 and has its principal U.S. office in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The Company was incorporated with the purpose of combining two commonly held companies, Wave Life Sciences USA, Inc. (“Wave USA”), a Delaware corporation (formerly Ontorii, Inc.), and Wave Life Sciences Japan, Inc. (“Wave Japan”), a company organized under the laws of Japan (formerly Chiralgen., Ltd.), which occurred on September 13, 2012. On May 31, 2016, Wave Life Sciences Ireland Limited (“Wave Ireland”) was formed as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Wave Life Sciences Ltd. On April 3, 2017, Wave Life Sciences UK Limited (“Wave UK”) was formed as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Wave Life Sciences Ltd.

On April 15, 2026, Wave Life Sciences Ltd., a public company limited by shares incorporated under the laws of the Republic of Singapore (“Wave-Singapore”), announced that it has decided to restructure its corporate group to cause the parent company of the group to be a Delaware corporation (the “Redomiciliation”). On June 22, 2026, the Company obtained the shareholder approval required in connection with the Redomiciliation to the United States by way of the implementation of a statutory procedure known as a scheme of arrangement under Section 210 of the Companies Act 1967 of Singapore (the “Scheme of Arrangement”). On July 14, 2026, the Scheme of Arrangement was approved by the High Court of the Republic of Singapore. The Company expects the Redomiciliation to take effect in August 2026. Under generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”), the Scheme of Arrangement required for the Redomiciliation will be accounted for consistent with a reorganization of entities under common control.

The Company’s primary activities have been developing and evolving PRISM to design, develop and commercialize RNA medicines, advancing the Company’s differentiated portfolio, building the Company’s research, development and manufacturing capabilities, advancing programs into the clinic, furthering clinical development of such clinical-stage programs, building the Company’s intellectual property, and assuring adequate capital to support these activities.

Liquidity

Since its inception, the Company has not generated any product revenue and has incurred recurring operating losses. To date, the Company has primarily funded its operations through private placements of debt and equity securities, public and other registered offerings of its equity securities and collaborations with third parties. Until the Company can generate significant revenue from product sales, if ever, the Company expects to continue to finance operations through a combination of public or private equity or debt financings or other sources, which may include upfront and milestone payments from collaborations with third parties. Adequate additional financing may not be available to the Company on acceptable terms, or at all. The inability to raise capital as and when needed would have a negative impact on the Company’s financial condition and ability to pursue its business strategy.

As of June 30, 2026, the Company had cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities of $490.6 million. The Company expects that its existing cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities will be sufficient to fund its operations for at least the next twelve months from the issuance date of these financial statements. The Company has based this expectation on the best information available; however, the Company may use its available capital resources sooner than it currently expects. If the Company’s anticipated operating results are not achieved in future periods, planned expenditures may need to be further reduced in order to extend the time period over which the then-available resources would be able to fund the Company’s operations. In addition, the Company may elect to raise additional funds before it needs them if the conditions for raising capital are favorable due to market conditions or strategic considerations, even if the Company expects it has sufficient funds for its current or future operating plans.

Risks and Uncertainties

The Company is subject to risks common to companies in the biotechnology industry including, but not limited to, new technological innovations, protection of proprietary technology, maintaining internal manufacturing capabilities, dependence on key personnel, compliance with government regulations and the need to obtain additional financing. The Company’s therapeutic programs will require significant additional research and development efforts, including extensive preclinical and clinical testing and regulatory approval, prior to commercialization of any product candidates. These efforts require significant amounts of additional capital, adequate personnel infrastructure and extensive compliance-reporting capabilities. There can be no assurance that the Company’s research and development efforts will be successful, that adequate protection for the Company’s intellectual property will be obtained, that any products developed will obtain necessary government regulatory approval or that any approved products will be commercially viable. Even if the Company’s product development efforts are successful, it is uncertain when, if ever, the Company will generate significant revenue from product sales. The Company operates in an environment of rapid change in technology and substantial competition from pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies.

Basis of Presentation

The Company has prepared the accompanying consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP and in U.S. dollars.

2. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

The significant accounting policies described in the Company’s audited financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2025, and the notes thereto, which are included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on February 26, 2026, as amended on April 30, 2026 (the “2025 Annual Report on Form 10-K”), have had no material changes to the Company's significant accounting policies during the six months ended June 30, 2026 except as set forth below under “Fair Value of Financial Instruments,” and “Marketable Securities.”

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The Company follows the provision of Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements (“ASC 820”), which establishes a fair value hierarchy of inputs used in measuring fair value that maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that the observable inputs be used when available. Observable inputs are inputs that market participants would use in pricing the financial instrument based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect the Company’s assumptions about the inputs that market participants would use in pricing the financial instrument and are developed based on the information available in the circumstances. The fair value hierarchy applies only to the valuation inputs used in determining the reported fair value of the investments and is not a measure of the investment credit quality. The hierarchy defines three levels of valuation inputs:

Level 1—Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date of identical, unrestricted assets.

Level 2—Quoted prices for similar assets, or inputs that are observable, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term through corroboration with observable market data. Level 2 includes investments valued at quoted prices adjusted for legal or contractual restrictions specific to the security.

Level 3—Pricing inputs are unobservable for the asset, that is, inputs that reflect the reporting entity’s own assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset. Level 3 includes private investments that are supported by little or no market activity.

To the extent the valuation is based on models or inputs that are less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of fair values requires more judgment. Accordingly, the degree of judgment exercised by the Company in determining fair value is greatest for instruments categorized as Level 3. A financial instrument’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

Marketable Securities

The Company accounts for marketable securities in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 320, Investments - Debt and Equity Securities. Marketable securities are classified as available-for-sale and consist of government securities and obligations and corporate bonds with stated maturities of more than three months from the purchase date. Available-for-sale securities are recorded on the balance sheet at fair value with unrealized gains or losses reported as a separate component of other comprehensive income (loss). Realized gains or loss recognized upon the sale of marketable securities will be recorded within net income. Marketable securities are classified as current assets or non-current assets based on each security’s time to maturity as of the balance sheet date.

Lease Update

The Company accounts for leases in accordance with ASC Topic 842, Leases (“ASC 842”). At the inception of an arrangement, the Company determines whether the arrangement is or contains a lease based on the unique facts and circumstances present in the arrangement. Most leases with a term greater than one year are recognized on the balance sheet as right-of-use assets and short-term and long-term lease liabilities, as applicable. The Company typically only includes an initial lease term in its assessment of a lease arrangement. Options to renew a lease are not included in the Company’s assessment unless there is reasonable certainty that the Company will renew the lease. The Company monitors its plans to renew its leases on a quarterly basis.

During the three months ended June 30, 2026, the Company entered into an amendment to extend the term of its Lexington, Massachusetts lease for its manufacturing facility through January 2038. As a result, the Company remeasured the related operating lease liability and recorded a corresponding increase of approximately $30.0 million to its operating lease right-of-use asset and operating lease liability.

Unaudited Interim Financial Data

The accompanying interim consolidated balance sheet as of June 30, 2026, the related interim consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, the consolidated statements of Series A preferred shares and shareholders’ equity for the three months ended March 31 and June 30, 2026 and 2025, the consolidated statements of cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, and the related interim information contained within the notes to the unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the rules and regulations of the SEC for interim financial information. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and the notes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. The financial data and other information disclosed in these notes related to the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025 are unaudited. In the opinion of management, the unaudited interim consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments, consisting of normal and recurring adjustments, necessary for the fair presentation of the Company’s financial position and results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025. The results of operations for the interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the year ending December 31, 2026 or any other interim period or future year or period.

3. FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

The following table presents information about the Company’s financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis and indicates the level of the fair value hierarchy utilized to determine such fair values (in thousands):

The Company’s cash equivalents and marketable securities are carried at fair value, determined according to the fair value hierarchy. The carrying value of the Company’s accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate their fair values due to the short-term nature of these liabilities. As of December 31, 2025, cash and cash equivalents were comprised of funds held in checking and money market accounts and were classified as Level 1.

Money market funds and commercial paper included within cash equivalents are classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy because they are valued using quoted market prices in active markets. Government securities and obligations and corporate bonds are included within cash equivalents and marketable securities are classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy because pricing inputs are other than quoted prices in active markets, which are either directly or indirectly observable as of the reporting date, and fair value is determined through using models or other valuation methodologies.

There were no transfers into or out of Level 3 in the periods presented.

4. MARKETABLE SECURITIES

The following table summarizes the Company’s available-for-sale marketable securities:

The amortized cost of marketable debt securities is adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts to maturity. There wereno realized gains or losses recognized on the sale or maturity of marketable securities for thethree and six months ended June 30, 2026 and, as a result, the Company didnot reclassify any amounts out of accumulated other comprehensive loss for either period. The Company didnot hold marketable securities as of December 31, 2025.

5. ACCRUED EXPENSES AND OTHER CURRENT LIABILITIES

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consist of the following:

6. SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION

The Wave Life Sciences Ltd. 2021 Equity Incentive Plan was approved by the Company’s shareholders and went into effect on August 10, 2021 and was amended effective as of August 9, 2022, August 1, 2023, August 6, 2024, and August 5, 2025 (as amended, the “2021 Plan”). The 2021 Plan serves as the successor to the Wave Life Sciences Ltd. 2014 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended (the “2014 Plan”), such that outstanding awards granted under the 2014 Plan continue to be governed by the terms of the 2014 Plan, but no awards may be made under the 2014 Plan after August 10, 2021. The aggregate number of ordinary shares authorized for issuance of awards under the 2021 Plan was originally 5,450,000 ordinary shares, and was subsequently increased to 11,450,000,17,950,000,22,950,000, and 30,950,000 in August 2022, August 2023, August 2024, and August 2025, respectively, plus the number of ordinary shares underlying any awards under the 2014 Plan that are forfeited, cancelled or otherwise terminated (other than by exercise or withheld by the Company to satisfy any tax withholding obligation) on or after August 10, 2021.

The 2021 Plan authorizes (and the 2014 Plan previously authorized) the Company’s board of directors or a committee of the board of directors to, among other things, grant non-qualified share options, restricted awards, which include restricted shares and restricted share units (“RSUs”), and performance awards to eligible employees, consultants, and non-employee directors of the Company. The Company accounts for grants to its non-employee directors as grants to employees.

Options generally vest over periods ofone tofour years, and options that are forfeited or cancelled are available to be granted again. The contractual life of options is generally five years in the case of non-employees orten years in the case of employees, in each case from the grant date. RSUs can be time-based or performance-based. Time-based RSUs generally vest over a period ofone tofour years. Vesting of the performance-based RSUs is contingent on the occurrence of certain regulatory or commercial milestones. Any RSUs that are forfeited are available to be granted again.

During the six months ended June 30, 2026, the Company granted an aggregate of 5,235,284 options to employees and non-employee directors and 1,798,975 time-based RSUs to employees and non-employee directors.

As of June 30, 2026,3,662,474 ordinary shares remained available for future grant under the 2021 Plan.

The table below shows the options and RSUs outstanding as of June 30, 2026 and 2025.

The Wave Life Sciences Ltd. 2019 Employee Share Purchase Plan, as amended (the “ESPP”), allows full-time and certain part-time employees to purchase the Company’s ordinary shares at a discount to fair market value. Eligible employees may enroll in a six-month offering period beginning every January 15th and July 15th. Ordinary shares are purchased at a price equal to 85% of the lower of the fair market value of the Company’s ordinary shares on the first business day or the last business day of an offering period. The aggregate number of ordinary shares authorized for issuance under the ESPP was originally 1,000,000 and was subsequently increased to 3,000,000 in August 2023. During thesix months ended June 30, 2026,90,479 ordinary shares were issued under the ESPP. As of June 30, 2026, there were 2,070,902 ordinary shares available for issuance under the ESPP.

7. COLLABORATION AGREEMENTS

GSK Collaboration and Equity Agreements

On December 13, 2022, Wave USA and Wave UK entered into a Collaboration and License Agreement (the “GSK Collaboration Agreement”) with GlaxoSmithKline Intellectual Property (No. 3) (“GSK”). Pursuant to the GSK Collaboration Agreement, Wave and GSK agreed to collaborate on the research, development, and commercialization of oligonucleotide therapeutics, which originally included an exclusive global license to WVE-006. The discovery collaboration component has an initial four-year research term and combines Wave’s proprietary discovery and drug development platform, PRISM, with GSK’s unique genetic insights and its global development and commercial capabilities. On January 27, 2023, the GSK Collaboration Agreement became effective, and GSK paid Wave an upfront payment of $120.0 million.

Simultaneously with the execution of the GSK Collaboration Agreement, Wave entered into a Share Purchase Agreement (the “SPA”) on December 13, 2022, with Glaxo Group Limited (“GGL”), an affiliate of GSK, pursuant to which Wave agreed to sell 10,683,761 of its ordinary shares to GGL at a purchase price of $4.68 per share (the “GSK Equity Investment”). The GSK Equity Investment closed on January 26, 2023, following the completion of customary closing conditions. The ordinary shares purchased by GGL in the GSK Equity Investment carry certain registration rights customary for transactions of this kind. The Company did not incur any material costs in connection with the issuance of the ordinary shares under the SPA.

The GSK Collaboration Agreement originally had three components: (1) a discovery collaboration which enables the Company to advance up to three programs leveraging targets informed by GSK’s novel genetic insights (“Wave’s Collaboration Programs”); (2) a discovery collaboration which enables GSK to advance up to eight programs leveraging PRISM and the Company’s oligonucleotide expertise and discovery capabilities (the “Discovery Research Collaboration”); and (3) an exclusive global license for GSK to WVE-006, the Company’s AATD program, that uses the Company’s proprietary AIMer technology (the "AATD Collaboration"). On February 2, 2026, the Company announced that it regained full rights to WVE-006, an investigational GalNAc-conjugated RNA editing oligonucleotide for alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, which was originally the subject of an exclusive global license to GSK under the GSK Collaboration Agreement.

Under the GSK Collaboration Agreement, each party grants to the other party certain licenses to the collaboration products to enable the other party to perform its obligations and exercise its rights under the GSK Collaboration Agreement, including license grants to enable each party to conduct research, development and commercialization activities pursuant to the terms of the GSK Collaboration Agreement. The parties’ exclusivity obligations to each other are limited on a target-by-target basis with regard to targets in the collaboration. GSK may terminate the GSK Collaboration Agreement for convenience, in its entirety or on a target-by-target basis. Subject to certain exceptions, each party has the right to terminate the GSK Collaboration Agreement on a target-by-target basis if the other party, or a related party, challenges the patentability, enforceability or validity of any patents within the licensed technology that cover any product that is subject to the GSK Collaboration Agreement. In the event of any material breach of the GSK Collaboration Agreement by a party, subject to cure rights, the other party may terminate the GSK Collaboration Agreement in its entirety if the breach relates to all targets or on a target-by-target basis if the breach relates to a specific target. In the event that GSK and its affiliates cease development, manufacturing and commercialization activities with respect to compounds or products subject to the GSK Collaboration Agreement and directed to a particular target, the Company may terminate the GSK Collaboration Agreement with respect to such target. Either party may terminate the GSK Collaboration Agreement for the other party’s insolvency. In certain termination circumstances, the Company would receive a license from GSK to continue researching, developing and manufacturing certain products.

The GSK Collaboration Agreement, unless terminated earlier, will continue until the date on which: (i) with respect to a validation target, the date on which such validation target is not advanced into a collaboration program; or (ii) with respect to a collaboration target, the royalty term has expired for all collaboration products directed to the applicable collaboration target. The GSK Collaboration Agreement includes options to extend the research term for up to three additional years, which would increase the number of programs available to both parties. The Company will lead all preclinical research for GSK and the Company’s collaboration programs up to investigational new drug (“IND”)-enabling studies. The Company will lead IND-enabling studies, clinical development and commercialization for the Company’s collaboration programs. GSK collaboration programs will transfer to GSK for IND-enabling studies, clinical development and commercialization.

The GSK Collaboration Agreement is managed by a joint steering committee in which both parties are represented equally. In addition, the AATD Collaboration was overseen by a joint development committee, a joint patent committee advises on intellectual property activities, and the Discovery Research Collaboration is overseen by a joint research committee. Both parties are represented equally for these committees and report to the joint steering committee.

The Company assessed this arrangement in accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”) and concluded that the contract counterparty, GSK, is a customer for the AATD Collaboration prior to GSK exercising its option and, for the Discovery Research Collaboration programs during the target validation research term. The Company identified the following material promises under the arrangement: (1) the exclusive global license for WVE-006; (2) the research and development services for WVE-006 through the Phase 1/2 study; (3) the discovery research services under the Discovery Research Collaboration to perform target validation programs; (4) research and development license for the Discovery Research Collaboration; and (5) the research and development services for the GSK collaboration programs through completion of a candidate selection. The research and development services for WVE-006 were determined to not be distinct from the exclusive global license and should therefore be combined into a single performance obligation for the AATD Collaboration. The research and development services for the Discovery Research Collaboration were determined to not be distinct from the research and development license for the Discovery Research Collaboration and should therefore be combined into a single performance obligation. In addition, the Company determined the standalone selling price for the option to advance up to eight programs from the Discovery Research Collaboration and determined it did not provide a material right to GSK.

Based on these assessments, the Company identified two performance obligations in the GSK Collaboration Agreement: (1) AATD Collaboration consisting of the research and development services through completion of the Phase 1/2 study and research and development license for WVE-006 and (2) Discovery Research Collaboration which consists of research and development services for validating the targets for a research and development license for targets.

At the outset of the arrangement, the transaction price included fixed consideration of the $120.0 million upfront, the $15.4 million in premium related to the GSK Equity Investment and the fixed consideration related to the additional target validation research funding. The Company allocated the estimated variable consideration relating to the target validation research to the Discovery Research Collaboration and the variable consideration relating to the development milestone to the AATD Collaboration and then allocated the fixed consideration to the performance obligations on a relative standalone selling price basis. The Company determined that the GSK Collaboration Agreement did not contain a significant financing component. The program initiation fees to advance up to eight programs from the Discovery Research Collaboration to preclinically develop the GSK collaboration programs and the additional potential milestone payments were excluded from the transaction price, as all milestone amounts were fully constrained at the inception of the GSK Collaboration Agreement. The Company will reevaluate the transaction price at the end of each reporting period, and as uncertain events are resolved or other changes in circumstances occur, the Company will adjust its estimate of the transaction price.

Under the GSK Collaboration Agreement, GSK can advance up to eight programs (the “GSK Collaboration Programs”) leveraging the Company's PRISM platform and multiple RNA-targeting modalities (RNAi, RNA editing, splicing, and antisense) with target validation work ongoing across multiple therapy areas. The advancement to a development candidate following the achievement of target validation results in a GSK Collaboration Program performance obligation. In January 2026, GSK selected a fourth program to advance to development candidate following achievement of target validation. Under the GSK Collaboration Agreement, GSK has paid an aggregate of $32.0 million in program initiation payments related to these four programs.

The following table summarizes the allocation of the total transaction price to the identified performance obligation under the GSK Collaboration Agreement, and the amount of the transaction price unsatisfied as of June 30, 2026 (in thousands):

(1)The unsatisfied transaction price will be recognized over the remaining applicable research or program term.

The Company developed the estimated standalone selling price for the global license for WVE-006, under the AATD Collaboration, using a discounted cash flow model. For the performance obligation associated with the research and development services under the Discovery Research Collaboration and the research and development services for WVE-006 under the AATD Collaboration, the Company determined the standalone selling price using estimates of the costs to perform the research and development services, including expected internal and external costs for services and supplies, adjusted to reflect a profit margin. The total estimated cost of the research and development services reflected the nature of the services to be performed and the Company’s best estimate of the length of time required to perform the services.

Revenue associated with the AATD Collaboration performance obligation was being recognized as the research and development services were provided using an input measure, according to the costs incurred and the total costs expected to be incurred to satisfy the performance obligation. The Company recognized the remaining deferred revenue related to the AATD performance obligation, which was fully satisfied upon the termination of the AATD license, in the first quarter of 2026. The revenue associated with the Discovery Research Collaboration performance obligation is being recognized as the research and development services are provided using an input measure, according to the costs incurred and the total costs expected to be incurred to satisfy the performance obligation. The amounts received that have not yet been recognized as revenue are recorded in deferred revenue on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. Additional funding related to the Company’s research activities related to Discovery Research Collaboration will be recorded as accounts receivable when contractually enforceable and recorded as deferred revenue, or as revenue as the services are provided.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company achieved a developmental milestone which pertained to the initiation of dosing in healthy volunteers in the RestorAATion clinical trial program, triggering a $20.0 million milestone payment to the Company from GSK, which was collected in the first quarter of 2024. During the year ended December 31, 2025, GSK acknowledged the Company’s achievement of another development milestone for the AATD program, triggering a $10.0 million milestone payment to the Company from GSK, which was collected during the fourth quarter of 2025.

For the three months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, the Company recognized revenue of $2.3 million and $8.7 million, respectively, under the GSK Collaboration Agreement using the input method described above. For the six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, the Company recognized revenue of $40.5 million and $17.9 million, respectively, under the GSK Collaboration Agreement using the input method described above. Through June 30, 2026, the Company has recognized collaboration revenue of$186.5 million under the GSK Collaboration Agreement in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

The aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to the Company’s unsatisfied and partially unsatisfied performance obligations and recorded in deferred revenue on June 30, 2026 is approximately$22.6 million, of which approximately$8.7 million was included in current liabilities and approximately$13.9 million was included in long-term liabilities. The aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to the Company’s unsatisfied and partially unsatisfied performance obligations and recorded in deferred revenue on December 31, 2025 was approximately $52.2 million, of which approximately $44.4 million was included in current liabilities and $7.8 million was included in long-term liabilities.

8. NET LOSS PER ORDINARY SHARE

In connection with the underwritten public offering that the Company completed in December 2025, the Company sold pre-funded warrants to purchase up to 2,631,578 ordinary shares, which are included in the total vested and exercisable pre-funded warrants (the Company's pre-funded warrants outstanding are collectively referred to as the “Pre-Funded Warrants”). As of June 30, 2026 and 2025, there were 10,777,604 and 8,968,679, respectively, vested and exercisable Pre-Funded Warrants outstanding to purchase ordinary shares for the exercise price of $0.0001 per share, provided that, unless and until the Company obtains shareholder approval for the issuance of the shares underlying the Pre-Funded Warrants, a holder will not be entitled to exercise any portion of any Pre-Funded Warrant, which, upon giving effect to such exercise, would cause (i) the aggregate number of our ordinary shares beneficially owned by the holder (together with its affiliates) to exceed 4.99% (or at the election of such holder,9.99% or 19.99%) of the number of our ordinary shares outstanding immediately after giving effect to the exercise, or (ii) the combined voting power of our securities beneficially owned by the holder (together with its affiliates) to exceed 4.99% (or at the election of such holder,9.99% or 19.99%) of the combined voting power of all of our securities then outstanding immediately after giving effect to the exercise, as such percentage ownership is determined in accordance with the terms of the Pre-Funded Warrants. The Pre-Funded Warrants are included in the weighted-average shares outstanding used in the calculation of basic net loss per share as the exercise price is negligible and the warrants are fully vested and exercisable.

Basic loss per share is computed by dividing net loss attributable to ordinary shareholders and Pre-Funded Warrant holders by the weighted-average number of ordinary shares and Pre-Funded Warrants outstanding.

The Company’s potentially dilutive shares, which include outstanding share options to purchase ordinary shares and RSUs, are considered to be ordinary share equivalents and are only included in the calculation of diluted net loss per share when their effect is dilutive. In March 2026, the Company’s previously outstanding Series A preferred shares were converted to ordinary shares on a one-to-one basis and included in the calculation of net loss per share as of the date of conversion.

The following potential ordinary shares, presented based on amounts outstanding at each period end, were excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share attributable to ordinary shareholders for the periods indicated because including them would have had an anti-dilutive effect:

9. INCOME TAXES

During the six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, the Company recordedno income tax benefit or provision. The Company maintained a full valuation allowance for thethree and six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025 in all jurisdictions due to uncertainty regarding future taxable income.

10. GEOGRAPHIC DATA

Substantially all of the Company’s long-lived assets were located in the United States as of June 30, 2026 and December 31, 2025.

11. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

The Company had the following related party transactions:

•

Pursuant to the terms of various contract research service agreements with Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories Ltd., a contract research organization and one of the Company’s shareholders, and its affiliates (together, “SNBL”), the Company paid SNBL $1.9 million and $4.8 million, respectively, during thethree and six months ended June 30, 2026. The Company paid SNBL $0.1 million during thethree and six months ended June 30, 2025. Through June 30, 2026, the Company has paid an aggregate of $8.2 million to SNBL for the aforementioned various service agreements. During thethree and six months ended June 30, 2026, the Company incurred expenses of approximately $0.8 million and $2.2 million, respectively, related to the aforementioned various service agreements. During thethree and six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company incurred expenses of approximately $1.0 million and $1.6 million, respectively, related to the aforementioned various service agreements.

12. SEGMENT INFORMATION

Operating segments are defined as components of an entity for which separate financial information is available and that is regularly reviewed by the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) in deciding how to allocate resources to an individual segment and in assessing performance. The Company operates as asingle reporting segment, focused on developing its proprietary RNA medicines platform, PRISM, to develop and commercialize a broad pipeline of RNA medicines in a variety of therapeutic areas. Consistent with the Company’s operational structure, the Company’schief executive officer (“CEO”), as the CODM, manages and allocates resources on a consolidated basis at the global corporate level. The results of our operations are reported on a consolidated basis for purposes of segment reporting. The CEO uses consolidated net loss that is reported on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the purposes of assessing performance, allocating resources and planning, monitoring budget versus actual results, and forecasting future periods.

The following table is representative of the significant expense categories regularly provided to the CODM when managing the Company's single reporting segment. A reconciliation to consolidated operating expenses as the Company’s single segment operating loss for thethree and six months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025 is included in the table below:

(1)Includes expenses related to other research and development programs, identification of potential drug discovery candidates, compensation-related expenses, internal manufacturing expenses, equipment repairs and maintenance expense, facility-related expenses, and other operating expenses, which are not allocated to specific programs.