CVB FINANCIAL CORP

Liquidity and Cash Flow

The objective of liquidity management is to ensure that funds are available in a timely manner to meet our financial obligations when they come due without incurring unnecessary cost or risk, or causing a disruption to our normal operating activities. This includes the ability to manage unplanned decreases or changes in funding sources, accommodating loan demand and growth, funding investments, repurchasing securities, paying creditors as necessary, and other operating or capital needs.

We regularly assess the amount and likelihood of projected funding requirements through a review of factors such as historical deposit volatility and funding patterns, present and forecasted market and economic conditions, individual customer funding needs, as well as current and planned business activities. Management has an Asset/Liability Committee that meets monthly. This committee analyzes the cash flows from loans, investments, deposits and borrowings, as well as the input assumptions and results from various models. In addition, the Company has a Balance Sheet Management Committee of the Board of Directors that meets at least quarterly to review the Company’s balance sheet and liquidity position. This committee provides oversight to the balance sheet and liquidity management process and recommends policy guidelines for the approval of our Board of Directors, and courses of action to address our actual and projected liquidity needs.

In general, our liquidity is managed daily by controlling the level of liquid assets as well as the use of funds provided by the cash flow from the investment portfolio, loan demand, deposit fluctuations, and borrowings. Our definition of liquid assets includes cash and cash equivalents in excess of minimum levels needed to fulfill normal business operations, short-term investment securities, and other anticipated near term cash flows from investments. In addition to on balance sheet liquidity, we have significant off-balance sheet sources of liquidity. To meet unexpected demands, lines of credit are maintained with correspondent banks, FHLB and the Federal Reserve, although availability under these lines of credit are subject to certain conditions. In addition to $425.2 million of cash and cash equivalents on the balance sheet at March 31, 2026, we had substantial sources of off-balance sheet liquidity. These sources of available liquidity include $4.0 billion of secured and unused capacity with FHLB, $1.2 billion of secured unused borrowing capacity at the Fed’s discount window, more than $134.0 million of unpledged AFS securities that could be pledged at the discount window and $305.0 million of unsecured lines of credit. In addition to these borrowing sources, the Bank has capacity to utilize additional brokered deposits as of March 31, 2026. We can also obtain additional liquidity from deposit growth by utilizing state and national wholesale markets.

Our primary sources of funds for the Company are deposits, customer repurchase agreements and borrowings. Total deposits and customer repos of $12.44 billion at March 31, 2026 decreased $123.1 million, or 0.98%, compared to total deposits and customer repos of $12.56 billion at December 31, 2025. As of March 31, 2026, total borrowings, consisted of $500 million of FHLB advances, at an average cost of approximately 4.55%. Our deposit levels and cost of deposits may fluctuate from period-to-period due to a variety of factors, including the stability of our deposit base, prevailing interest rates, and market conditions. At March 31, 2026, our deposits and customer repurchase agreements that are neither collateralized nor insured were approximately $5.67 billion, or 46% of our total deposits and customer repos.

Additional sources of liquidity include principal and interest payments from our investment portfolio. Our total investment portfolio totaled $4.84 billion at March 31, 2026, a decrease of $116.3 million from $4.95 billion at December 31, 2025. The decrease was primarily due to a $93.9 million decline in AFS securities and a $22.4 million decrease in HTM securities, resulting from repayments and maturities. At March 31, 2026, our AFS investment securities totaled $2.59 billion, inclusive of a pre-tax net unrealized loss of $310.4 million. Pre-tax unrealized loss declined by $2.6 million from prior year end, resulting primary from fluctuation in market interest rates. Market risk is partly managed by $700 million notional pay fixed swaps hedging the fair value of the AFS portfolio. The increase in fair value of our AFS securities was partially offset by a $4.7 million decrease in the fair value of our derivatives that hedge the change in value of our AFS portfolio.

CVB is a holding company separate and apart from the Bank that must provide for its own liquidity and must service its own obligations. Substantially all of CVB’s revenues are obtained from dividends declared and paid by the Bank to CVB. There are statutory and regulatory provisions that could limit the ability of the Bank to pay dividends to CVB. In addition, our regulators could limit the ability of the Bank or CVB to pay dividends or make other distributions.

Below is a summary of our average cash position and statement of cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025. For further details see our “Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)” under Part I, Item 1 of this report.

For the three months ended March 31, 2026, average cash and cash equivalents increased by $109.4 million, or 34.6%, to $425.2 million, compared to $315.8 million for the same period last year.

At March 31, 2026, cash and cash equivalents totaled $452.4 million. This represented an increase of $76.0 million, or 20.19%, from $376.4 million at December 31, 2025. Of this total, cash on deposit at the Federal Reserve increased by $44.9 million compared to December 31, 2025.

Interest Rate Sensitivity Management

During periods of changing interest rates, the ability to re-price interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities can influence net interest income, the net interest margin, and consequently, our earnings. Interest rate risk is managed by attempting to control the spread between rates earned on interest-earning assets and the rates paid on interest-bearing liabilities within the constraints imposed by market competition in our service area. The primary goal of interest rate risk management is to control exposure to interest rate risk, within policy limits approved by the Board of Directors. These limits and guidelines reflect our risk appetite for interest rate risk over both short-term and long-term horizons. We measure these risks and their impact by identifying and quantifying exposures through the use of sophisticated simulation and valuation models, which, as described in additional detail below, are employed by management to understand net interest income (“NII”) at risk and economic value of equity (“EVE”) at risk. Net interest income at risk sensitivity captures asset and liability repricing mismatches and is considered a shorter term measure, while EVE sensitivity captures mismatches within the period end balance sheets through the financial instruments’ respective maturities or estimated durations and is considered a longer term measure.

One of the primary methods that we use to quantify and manage interest rate risk is simulation analysis, which we use to model NII from the Company’s balance sheet under various interest rate scenarios. We use simulation analysis to project rate sensitive income under many scenarios. The analyses may include rapid and gradual ramping of interest rates, rate shocks, basis risk analysis, and yield curve scenarios. Specific balance sheet management strategies are also analyzed to determine their impact on NII and EVE. Key assumptions in the simulation analysis relate to the behavior of interest rates and pricing spreads, the changes in product balances, and the behavior of loan and deposit clients in different rate environments. This analysis incorporates several assumptions, the most material of which relate to the re-pricing characteristics and balance fluctuations of deposits with indeterminate or non-contractual maturities, and prepayment of loans and securities.

Our interest rate risk policy measures the sensitivity of our net interest income over both a one-year and two-year cumulative time horizon.

The simulation model estimates the impact of changing interest rates on interest income from all interest-earning assets and interest expense paid on all interest-bearing liabilities reflected on our balance sheet. This sensitivity analysis is compared to policy limits, which specify a maximum tolerance level for net interest income exposure over a one and two year horizon assuming no balance sheet growth, given a 200 basis point upward and a 200 basis point downward shift in interest rates depending on the level of current market rates. The simulation model uses a parallel yield curve shift that adjusts rates up or down on a pro rata basis ramped over 12-months and measures the resulting net interest income sensitivity over both the 12-month and 24-month time horizons.

The following depicts the Company’s net interest income sensitivity analysis for the periods presented below, when rates are adjusted by ramping up 200 bps or ramping down 200 bps over a 12-month and 24-month time horizons.

(1)

Percentage change from base scenario.

Based on our current simulation models, we believe that the interest rate risk profile of the balance sheet is modestly asset sensitive over both a one-year and a two-year horizon. The estimated sensitivity does not necessarily represent a forecast and the results may not be indicative of actual changes to our net interest income. These estimates are based upon a number of assumptions including: the nature and timing of interest rate levels including yield curve shape, re-pricing characteristics and balance fluctuations of deposits with indeterminate or non-contractual maturities, prepayments on loans and securities, pricing strategies on loans and deposits, and replacement of asset and liability cash flows. While the assumptions used are based on current economic and local market conditions, there is no assurance as to the predictive nature of these conditions including how customer preferences or competitor influences might change.

We also perform valuation analysis, which incorporates all cash flows over the estimated remaining life of all material balance sheet and derivative positions. The valuation of the balance sheet, at a point in time, is defined as the discounted present value of all asset cash flows and derivative cash flows minus the discounted present value of all liability cash flows, the net of which is referred to as EVE. The sensitivity of EVE to changes in the level of interest rates is a measure of the longer-term re-pricing risk and options risk embedded in the balance sheet. EVE uses instantaneous changes in rates, as shown in the table below. Assumptions about the timing and variability of balance sheet cash flows are critical in the EVE analysis. Particularly important are the assumptions driving prepayments and the expected duration and pricing of the indeterminate deposit portfolios. EVE sensitivity is reported in both upward and downward rate shocks. At March 31, 2026 and December 31, 2025, the EVE profile indicates a decline in net balance sheet value due to instantaneous downward changes in rates. From December 31, 2025 to March 31, 2026, our EVE sensitivity to declining interest rates was modestly lower. Our overall sensitivity of EVE to changes in interest rates is generally modest.

Economic Value of Equity Sensitivity

As EVE measures the discounted present value of cash flows over the estimated lives of instruments, the change in EVE does not directly correlate to the degree that earnings would be impacted over a shorter time horizon (i.e., the current year). Further, EVE does not take into account factors such as future balance sheet growth, changes in asset and liability mix, changes in yield curve relationships, and changing product spreads that could mitigate the adverse impact of changes in interest rates.