PUBLIC SERVICE ELECTRIC & GAS CO

In the ordinary course of our business, we are subject to regulation by, and are party to various claims and regulatory proceedings with FERC, the BPU, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) and various state and federal environmental regulators, among others. For information regarding material matters, other than those discussed below, see Item 8. Note 12. Commitments and Contingent Liabilities. In addition, information regarding PSE&G’s specific filings pending before the BPU is discussed in Item 8. Note 5. Regulatory Assets and Liabilities.

Federal Regulation

FERC is an independent federal agency that regulates the transmission of electric energy and natural gas in interstate commerce and the sale of electric energy and natural gas at wholesale pursuant to the FPA and the Natural Gas Act. PSE&G and certain operating subsidiaries of PSEG Power are public utilities as defined by the FPA. FERC has extensive oversight over such public utilities. FERC approval is usually required when a public utility seeks to: sell or acquire an asset that is regulated by FERC (such as a transmission line or a generating station); collect costs from customers associated with a new transmission facility; charge a rate for wholesale sales under a contract or tariff; or engage in certain mergers and internal corporate reorganizations.

FERC also regulates RTOs/ISOs, such as PJM, and their regional transmission planning processes as well as their energy and capacity markets.

Transmission Regulation

FERC has exclusive jurisdiction to establish the rates and terms and conditions of service for interstate transmission. We currently have FERC-approved formula rates in effect to recover the costs of our transmission facilities. Under this formula, rates are put into effect in January of each year based upon our internal forecast of annual expenses and capital expenditures. Rates are subsequently trued up to reflect actual annual expenses and capital expenditures.

Transmission Rate Proceedings and ROE—From time to time, various matters are pending before FERC relating to, among other things, transmission planning and transmission rates and returns, including incentives. Depending on their outcome, any of these matters could materially impact our results of operations and financial condition.

In a rulemaking proceeding issued in 2021, FERC proposed to eliminate the existing 50 basis point adder for RTO membership, which is currently available to PSE&G and other transmission owners in RTOs. Elimination of the RTO adder for RTO membership would reduce PSE&G’s annual Net Income and annual cash inflows by approximately $40 million.

Transmission Planning Proceedings—In May 2024, FERC issued a Final Rule to reform regional transmission planning and cost allocation. This order requires transmission providers like PJM to engage in long-term regional planning of not less than 20 years. It also requires certain reforms to the local planning process, including enhancing the transparency of that process and evaluating whether local transmission facilities that need replacing can be “right-sized” to meet broader regional needs.

In December 2025, both PJM and its Transmission Owners made compliance filings at FERC seeking to implement the Final Rule’s requirements, including establishing a comprehensive set of long-term transmission needs based on a 20-year planning horizon, providing a role for the states in identifying needs and solutions, and establishing procedures for identifying and planning “right-sized” replacement facilities. If approved by FERC, these changes will provide a regulatory framework for the planning of transmission infrastructure to help address resource adequacy challenges in PJM. Separately, the PJM Transmission Owners, including PSE&G, are working with the states to develop cost allocation rules to decide who will pay for these long-term transmission facilities, with a FERC filing to be made later in 2026.

In December 2024, a coalition of industrial customers and state ratepayer advocates filed a complaint at FERC against various named public utilities and RTOs/ISOs, including PJM. The complaint alleges that local planning has produced inefficient planning and projects that are not cost-effective, and therefore requests that FERC require the application of regional planning requirements, including relevant competitive solicitation processes, to all transmission facilities over 100kV. The complaint also requests that FERC require RTOs/ISOs to appoint an “Independent System Planner” to oversee transmission planning. While PSEG is not a named party in the complaint, our local planning authority and rights may be impacted by the resolution of this proceeding. We cannot predict the outcome of this proceeding.

Regulation of Wholesale Sales—Generation/Market Issues/Market Power

Under FERC regulations, public utilities that wish to sell power at market rates must receive FERC authorization (market-based rate (MBR) authority) to sell power in interstate commerce before making power sales. They can sell power at cost-based rates or apply to FERC for authority to make MBR sales. For a requesting company to receive MBR authority, FERC must first determine that the requesting company lacks market power in the relevant markets and/or that market power in the relevant markets is sufficiently mitigated. Certain PSEG companies are public utilities and currently have MBR authority. These companies, which include PSEG Energy Resources & Trade LLC, PSEG Nuclear LLC and PSE&G must file at FERC every three years to update their market power analyses. At the end of 2025, PSEG filed an updated market power analysis.

In October 2024, FERC issued a Final Rule that eliminates compensation for reactive power in circumstances when the generator is operating within the normal power factor range specified in its interconnection agreement. FERC denied rehearing of this order in June 2025 and in August 2025 accepted a PJM filing that establishes a June 1, 2026 date for elimination of reactive power compensation. In August 2025, PSEG sought judicial review of FERC’s decision. This appeal is pending and we cannot predict the outcome. The loss of reactive power compensation is not expected to have a material impact on PSEG's results of operations.

In addition, there are ongoing proceedings at FERC that may impact the interconnection of large loads such as data centers to the power grid, including addressing the issue of what transmission services and charges should be paid by future co-located customers. In February 2025, FERC issued a “show cause” order directing PJM and PJM transmission owners to explain why the PJM tariff is just and reasonable or, alternatively, what revisions might be necessary to address perceived gaps in the PJM tariff with respect to co-located load arrangements. In December 2025, FERC issued an order in this proceeding finding the PJM tariff to be unjust and unreasonable, directing PJM to file tariff revisions to reflect new types of transmission services that will be made available to co-located loads and establishing a paper hearing to set the appropriate level of charges to be paid by co-located load customers.

Relatedly, in October 2025, in response to a directive by the Secretary of Energy, FERC initiated a rulemaking proceeding to establish rules by the end of April 2026 to facilitate the interconnection of large load customers to the transmission system through a queue process. We cannot predict the outcome of these matters.

Energy Clearing Prices

Energy clearing prices in the markets in which we operate are generally based on bids submitted by generating units. Under FERC-approved market rules, bids are subject to price caps and mitigation rules applicable to certain generation units. FERC rules also govern the overall design of these markets. At present, all units, including those owned by PSEG, within a delivery zone receive a clearing price based on the bid of the marginal unit (i.e., the last unit that must be dispatched to serve the needs of load) which can vary by location.

Capacity Market Issues

PJM operates a capacity market called the Reliability Pricing Model (RPM), the rules for which are approved by FERC. RPM incorporates a forward auction for installed capacity. Under the RPM, generators located in constrained areas within PJM are paid more for their capacity as an incentive to ensure adequate supply where generation capacity is most needed.

Over the past few years, RPM has been under considerable scrutiny at both the federal and state level as clearing prices in the capacity auctions have reached unprecedented levels and there is growing concern that the capacity market is not procuring sufficient generation to meet increasing demand for electricity.

In PJM’s most recent capacity auction run in December 2025, the auction cleared at the FERC-approved price cap of $333.44/MW-day, and PJM indicated that without the price cap the clearing price would have been $529.80/MW-day. Furthermore, for the first time, PJM was unable to procure enough generation to meet its reliability requirement, which incorporates a 20% reserve margin to meet demand during times of system stress. In fact, PJM fell 6,625 MW short of meeting this reliability requirement.

In January 2026, the White House’s National Energy Dominance Council and governors from all 13 states in PJM signed an agreement urging PJM to expeditiously reform its capacity market to ensure reliability and lower costs to consumers. Specifically, the agreement seeks to provide “15 year price certainty,” which may be accomplished by having PJM conduct a reliability backstop auction to procure new generation capacity. The agreement also supports an extension of the existing price collar for two more Base Residual Auctions, which PJM has recently indicated it supports. Over the next few months, PJM will be developing rules that will enable it to run such an auction in September 2026 following FERC approval of rules changes. One of the open questions is which set of customers will pay the generation procurement costs, and whether zones where demand exceeds supply will pay a proportionately larger allocation of costs. PJM will also be considering other reforms to its markets.

Compliance

Reliability Standards—PSEG is required to comply with the North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) Reliability Standards, promulgated by NERC and approved by FERC, which are designed to ensure the security and reliability of the United States electric transmission and generation system (the “electric grid”). As a result, PSEG is subject to requirements governing the planning and operation of the electric grid, and requirements governing the physical and cyber security of PSEG assets that are used to protect and operate the electric grid. Due to the increasing sophistication of physical and cyber security threats to the security and reliability of the electric grid, it is anticipated that FERC and NERC will continue to promulgate new Reliability Standards, and modify existing Reliability Standards, to meet these challenges.

CFTC

In accordance with the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the SEC and the CFTC continue to implement a regulatory framework for swaps and security-based swaps. The rules are intended to reduce risk, increase transparency and promote market integrity within the financial system by providing for the registration and comprehensive regulation of swap dealers and by imposing recordkeeping, data reporting, margin and clearing requirements with respect to swaps. We are currently subject to recordkeeping and data reporting requirements applicable to commercial end users. The CFTC finalized rules establishing federal position limits for trading in certain commodities, such as natural gas. Entities such as PSEG began complying with the rules in 2022.

Nuclear

Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)

Our operation of nuclear generating facilities is subject to comprehensive regulation by the NRC, a federal agency established to regulate nuclear activities to ensure the protection of public health and safety, as well as the environment. Such regulation involves testing, evaluation and modification of all aspects of plant operation in light of NRC safety, security, cybersecurity, and environmental requirements. Continuous demonstration to the NRC that plant operations meet requirements is necessary.

The NRC has the ultimate authority to determine whether any U.S. nuclear generating unit may operate. The NRC conducts ongoing reviews of nuclear industry operations experience and may issue or revise regulatory requirements. We are unable to predict the final outcome of these reviews or the cost of any actions we would need to take to comply with any new regulations, including possible modifications to the Salem, Hope Creek and Peach Bottom facilities, but such costs could be material.

The current operating licenses of our nuclear facilities expire in the years shown in the following table:

In 2024, PSEG submitted a letter to the NRC regarding a potential timeline to seek a second license renewal for our Salem and Hope Creek units. This second license renewal would extend the operating licenses through 2056 and 2060 for Salem Units 1 and 2, respectively, and 2066 for Hope Creek.

In 2022, the NRC issued an order related to its review of the subsequent license renewal (SLR) application for the Peach Bottom nuclear units which concluded that the previous environmental review required by the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) was incomplete and changed the expiration dates for the licenses to 2033 and 2034, until the completion of the NEPA analysis. The NEPA analysis was completed in 2025 and the NRC reinstated the 2053 and 2054 license expiration dates for the Peach Bottom units.

State Regulation

Our principal state regulator is the BPU, which oversees electric and natural gas distribution companies in New Jersey. We are also subject to various other states’ regulations due to our operations in those states.

Our New Jersey utility operations are subject to comprehensive regulation by the BPU including, among other matters, regulation of retail electric and gas distribution rates and service, the issuance and sale of certain types of securities and compliance matters.

In addition to base rates, we recover certain costs or earn on certain investments pursuant to mechanisms known as adjustment clauses. These clauses permit the flowthrough of costs to, or the recovery of investments from, customers related to specific programs, outside the context of base rate proceedings. Recovery of these costs or investments is subject to BPU approval for which we make periodic filings. Delays in the pass-through of costs or recovery of investments under these mechanisms could result in significant changes in PSE&G’s cash flow. PSE&G’s participation in solar, EV and EE programs is also regulated by the BPU, as the terms and conditions of these programs are approved by the BPU. BPU regulation can also have a direct or indirect impact on our power generation business as it relates to energy supply agreements and energy policy in New Jersey.

New Jersey Energy Master Plan (EMP) and Future of Gas Stakeholder Proceeding—In June 2022, the BPU commenced a proceeding to update New Jersey’s EMP. An effort was subsequently undertaken during 2023 through early 2025 to create a revised plan, including a series of stakeholder meetings and comments. In March 2025, BPU Staff and a third-party consultant discussed the results of their modeling. The main themes presented were: a need for continued reliability and affordability; challenges for New Jersey to achieve greenhouse gas reduction goals; the new capacity additions that are needed to maintain system reliability, and that these additions can be “clean firm” additions (without details of the meaning of “clean firm”); and the need for new strategies to guide the evolution of natural gas. Following the receipt of additional comments, in November 2025 the BPU released the updated EMP.

The updated EMP included a set of what was presented as “No Regrets” recommendations, described as strategies the state should pursue regardless of any other planning scenarios or steps taken as a broader energy planning strategy. These recommendations include accelerated deployment of clean energy generation sources (for example, solar, wind, advanced nuclear); continued investment in energy efficiency; grid modernization; transportation electrification; workforce development; and expansion of customer assistance programs. In addition to these strategies, the EMP also presents modeling based on 2023-2024 data for alternative pathways to achieve state goals (high electrification, hybrid electrification and remaining at the current state). Given the new administration took office in January 2026, it is not clear how the EMP might influence New Jersey’s energy policy and we cannot predict the impact on our business that might result.

Stakeholder Proceeding on Gas Competition, BGSS—In February 2023, the BPU announced that it would open a new docket to conduct a stakeholder proceeding regarding gas supply issues previously raised by competitive gas suppliers, including third-party suppliers’ participation in New Jersey gas distribution companies’ annual BGSS filings, and other aspects of the existing BGSS construct. There has been no public activity in this matter since May 2023.

Regional Energy Access (REA) Expansion Project— In September 2024, the United States Circuit Court for the District of Columbia Circuit vacated FERC approval of the REA Expansion Project, which involves a natural gas pipeline running through New Jersey and several other states, and in which PSEG Energy Resources & Trade, LLC, the provider of gas supplies to satisfy PSE&G’s BGSS customers, is a customer. The court found that FERC failed to properly consider the environmental consequences of the project, and the alleged lack of market demand for additional natural gas capacity in New Jersey. In January 2025, FERC responded to the Circuit Court’s concerns and reinstated its approval of the project. In February 2025, a subset of intervenors filed a rehearing request seeking to overturn FERC’s reinstatement of the REA certificate. The same subset of intervenors also filed a motion for an evidentiary hearing. In March 2025, the rehearing request was denied by operation of law, and in August 2025 FERC addressed the arguments raised on rehearing while confirming the denial of the rehearing request and motion for evidentiary hearing.

Energy Efficiency, Triennial Review—In November 2025, BPU Staff issued its straw proposal for the third triennium framework and requirements for energy efficiency programs. The proposed framework suggests changes that, if adopted as proposed, would increase risk to utilities implementing these programs to meet energy efficiency targets that are required by law. PSE&G submitted responsive comments recommending changes to the proposed framework that, if accepted, could better enable optimization of investments and benefits including achieving energy savings targets. Depending on the timing of BPU approval of a final framework, utilities could be expected to file triennium 3 program proposals during 2026 for a program to begin in July 2027. We cannot predict the outcome of this review and straw proposal at this time.

BGS Process—In July 2025, New Jersey’s EDCs, including PSE&G, filed their annual joint proposal for the conduct of the February 2026 BGS auction covering energy years 2027 through 2029. The February 2025 BGS auction resulted in a significant cost increase for electricity supplied by PSE&G and all other New Jersey electric distribution companies that was reflected in customers’ rates beginning June 1, 2025. The cost increases were in large part due to higher prices from the PJM capacity market (base residual auction). Rates resulting from the February 2026 BGS auction will become effective June 1, 2026.

Grid Modernization—In June 2022, following a stakeholder proceeding, the BPU Staff issued a report containing findings and recommendations to update the BPU’s interconnection regulations and processes. In furtherance of the recommendations, in June 2024 the BPU amended its interconnection rules to speed up the interconnection of renewable resources to the distribution grid. Separately, in July 2024, BPU Staff convened a working group to develop recommendations for integrated distribution planning for distributed energy resources. In July 2025 and January 2026, the BPU adopted various regulations intended to streamline the process for utility interconnection applications and ensure compliance with a recently enacted law mandating that EDCs in New Jersey improve the interconnection process for certain grid supply solar and energy storage facilities. We cannot predict the impact on our business or results of operations from this Grid Modernization plan or any laws, rules or regulations promulgated as a result thereof, particularly as they may relate to PSE&G’s electric distribution assets.

Cybersecurity Regulation

Federal—NERC Critical Infrastructure Protection standards establish cybersecurity and physical security protections for critical systems and facilities. These standards are also designed to promote coordination, threat sharing and interaction between utilities and various government agencies regarding potential cyber and physical threats against the nation’s electric grid. The Critical Infrastructure Protection standards are designed to protect Bulk Electric System (BES) Cyber Systems that would impact the reliable operation of the BES. PSE&G is obligated to comply with the NERC Critical Infrastructure Protection standards. NERC continues to examine revising criteria for low-impact cyber systems, which could result in expanding the Critical Infrastructure Protection standards to a larger set of applicable cyber assets.

NERC Critical Infrastructure Protection standards do not apply to nuclear facilities which are instead governed by the NRC for purposes of physical and cyber security. NRC has a number of risk-informed, performance-based security programs in place to effectively protect U.S. commercial nuclear facilities. NRC has existing requirements, effective processes, and the expertise to regulate and inspect cybersecurity to ensure the federal requirements are met.

NRC requires operating nuclear power plant licensees and license applicants to ensure that digital computer and communication systems associated with a nuclear power plant’s safety, security, and emergency preparedness functions are protected from cyberattacks. As a result, computer systems at operating power plants that monitor and control safety systems and help the reactor operate are isolated from external communications. Security systems that provide safeguards of the facility are also isolated from external communications, including the Internet.

NRC’s Office of Nuclear Security and Incident Response established the Cyber Security Branch (CSB) to strengthen internal governance of the agency’s regulatory activities. The CSB plans, coordinates, and manages agency activities related to cybersecurity for NRC applicants and licensees, such as security programs’ development and policy enhancements to prevent malevolent cyber acts against NRC-licensed facilities. The CSB’s cybersecurity-related responsibilities include developing rules and guidance, reviewing licensing actions, developing policy enhancements, and overseeing NRC-licensed facilities.

NRC regularly monitors the threats associated with cybersecurity, including potential threats against NRC-licensed facilities. Within the CSB there is a cyber assessment team that assesses real-world cyber events at NRC-licensed facilities. The team evaluates whether an identified threat could impact licensed facilities and makes recommendations for NRC actions and communications to the licensees. Furthermore, the NRC has established liaison relationships with the intelligence and law enforcement communities to include the National Counterterrorism Center, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security’s (DHS) Computer Emergency Response Team, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation.

The Transportation Security Administration, an agency of the DHS, has issued multiple security directives since May 2021 designed to mitigate cybersecurity threats to natural gas pipelines.

State—The BPU requires utilities, including PSE&G, to, among other things, implement a cybersecurity program that defines and implements organizational accountabilities and responsibilities for cyber risk management activities, and establishes policies, plans, processes and procedures for identifying and mitigating cyber risk to critical systems. Additional requirements of this order include, but are not limited to (i) annually inventorying critical utility systems; (ii) annually assessing risks to critical utility systems; (iii) implementing controls to mitigate cyber risks to critical utility systems; (iv) monitoring log files of critical utility systems; (v) reporting cyber incidents to the BPU; and (vi) establishing a cybersecurity incident response plan and conducting biennial exercises to test the plan. In addition, New York’s Stop Hacks and Improve Electronic Data Security (SHIELD) Act, which became effective in March 2020, requires businesses that own or license computerized data that includes New York State residents’ private information to implement reasonable safeguards to protect that information.