CVB FINANCIAL CORP

1. BUSINESS

The condensed consolidated financial statements include CVB Financial Corp. (referred to herein on an unconsolidated basis as “CVB” and on a consolidated basis as “we”, “our” or the “Company”) and its wholly owned subsidiary: Citizens Business Bank (the “Bank” or “CBB”), after elimination of all intercompany transactions and balances. The Company hasone inactive subsidiary, Chino Valley Bancorp.

The Company’s primary operations are related to traditional banking activities. This includes the acceptance of deposits and the lending and investing of money through the operations of the Bank. The Bank also provides trust and investment-related services to customers through its CitizensTrust Division. The Bank’s customers consist primarily of small to mid-sized businesses and individuals located throughout California. As of September 30, 2025, the Bank operated 62 banking centers andthree trust office locations. The Company is headquartered in the city of Ontario, California.

2. BASIS OF PRESENTATION

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and notes thereto have been prepared in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) for Form 10-Q and conform to practices within the banking industry and include all of the information and disclosures required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial reporting. The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments (consisting only of normal recurring adjustments), which are necessary for a fair presentation of financial results for the interim periods presented. The results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 are not necessarily indicative of the results for the full year. Certain information and note disclosures normally included in annual financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements, accounting policies and financial notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, filed with the SEC. A summary of the significant accounting policies consistently applied in the preparation of the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements follows.

Reclassification — Certain amounts in the prior periods’ unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and related footnote disclosures have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation with no impact on previously reported net income or stockholders’ equity.

3. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Except as discussed below, our accounting policies are described in Note 3 –Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, of our audited consolidated financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 as filed with the SEC (“Form 10-K”).

Use of Estimates in the Preparation of Financial Statements — The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. A material estimate that is particularly susceptible to significant change in the near term relates to the determination of the allowance for credit losses. Other significant estimates, which may be subject to change, include fair value determinations and disclosures, impairment of investments, goodwill, loans, as well as valuation of deferred tax assets.

Business Segments— We regularly assess our strategic plans, operations, reporting structures and financial information provided to the Chief Executive Officer, our chief operating decision maker ("CODM"), to identify our reportable segments. At September 30, 2025 and since September 30, 2018, we have operated as one reportable segment. Changes to our reportable segments are expected to be infrequent.

The factors considered in making this determination included the nature of products and services offered, geographic regions in which we operate, the applicable regulatory environment, and the materiality of discrete financial information reviewed by our CODM. Through our network of banking centers, we provide relationship-based banking products, services and solutions for small to mid-sized companies, real estate investors, non-profit organizations, professionals and other individuals. Our products include loans for commercial businesses, commercial real estate, multi-family, construction, land, dairy & livestock and agribusiness, consumer and government-guaranteed small business loans. We also provide business deposit products and treasury cash management services, as well as deposit products to the owners and employees of the businesses we serve. Our operations are throughout the state of California.

The Company has determined that all of its banking divisions meet the aggregation criteria of ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting, as its current operating model is structured whereby banking divisions serve a similar base of primarily commercial clients utilizing a company-wide offering of similar products and services managed through similar processes and platforms, and therefore operates one line of business that is collectively reviewed by the CODM. The CODM regularly assesses performance of the aggregated single reporting segment and decides how to allocate resources based on net income calculated on the same basis as net income reported in the Company's consolidated statements of earnings and comprehensive income. The CODM is also regularly provided with expense information at a level consistent with that disclosed in the Company's consolidated statements of earnings and comprehensive income. No additional qualitative segment disclosures are required based on this assessment.

4. INVESTMENT SECURITIES

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of investment securities are summarized below. The majority of securities held are available-for-sale ("AFS") securities with fair value based on quoted prices for similar assets in active markets or quoted prices for identical assets in markets that are not active. Estimated fair values were obtained from an independent pricing service based upon market quotes.

(1)

Represents the amount of portfolio layer method basis adjustments related to AFS MBS securities hedged in a closed portfolio. Under U.S. GAAP, portfolio layer method basis adjustments are not allocated to individual securities, however the amounts impact the unrealized gains or losses for the individual securities being hedged. Refer to Note 3 and Note 9 for additional information.

(2)

(1)

Represents the amount of portfolio layer method basis adjustments related to AFS MBS securities hedged in a closed portfolio. Under U.S. GAAP, portfolio layer method basis adjustments are not allocated to individual securities, however the amounts impact the unrealized gains or losses for the individual securities being hedged. Refer to Note 3 and Note 9 for additional information.

(2)

The following table provides information about the amount of interest income earned on investment securities which is fully taxable, and interest income on investment securities which is exempt from regular federal income tax.

Approximately 90% of the total investment securities portfolio at September 30, 2025 represents securities issued by the U.S. government or U.S. government-sponsored enterprises, with the implied guarantee of payment of principal and interest. The remaining securities are predominately AA or better general-obligation municipal bonds. The allowance for credit losses for held-to-maturity investment securities under the CECL model waszero at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

The following table presents the Company’s available-for-sale and held-to-maturity investment securities, by investment category, in an unrealized loss position for which an allowance for credit losses has not been recorded as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

At September 30, 2025, investment securities with carrying values of $2.70 billion were pledged to secure various types of deposits. In addition, investment securities with carrying values of $1.86 billion were pledged to secure $569 million for repurchase agreements, $1.24 billion for unused borrowing capacity and approximately $57 million for other purposes as required or permitted by law.

At December 31, 2024, investment securities with carrying values of $2.79 billion were pledged to secure various types of deposits. In addition, investment securities with carrying values of $1.63 billion were pledged to secure $372.5 million for repurchase agreements, $1.8 billion for outstanding borrowings, $796 million for unused borrowing capacity and approximately $51 million for other purposes as required or permitted by law.

The amortized cost and fair value of debt securities at September 30, 2025, by contractual maturity, are shown in the following table. Although mortgage-backed and CMO/REMIC securities have weighted average remaining contractual maturities of approximately 25 years, expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have theright to prepay such obligations without penalty. Mortgage-backed and CMO/REMIC securities are included in maturity categories based upon estimated average lives which incorporate estimated prepayment speeds.

The Bank is a member of the FHLB and members are required to own a certain amount of FHLB stock based on the level of borrowings and other factors. The investment in FHLB stock is periodically evaluated for impairment based on, among other things, the capital adequacy of the FHLB and its overall financial condition. No impairment losses have been recorded through September 30, 2025.

5. LOANS AND LEASE FINANCE RECEIVABLES AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES

The following table provides a summary of total loans and lease finance receivables by type.

As of September 30, 2025, 80.59% of the Company’s total loan portfolio consisted of real estate loans, with commercial real estate loans representing 77.2% of total loans. The Company’s real estate loans and construction loans are secured by real properties primarily located in California. As of September 30, 2025, $411.4 million, or 6.30% of the total commercial real estate loans included loans secured by farmland, compared to $449.8 million, or 6.91%, at December 31, 2024. The loans secured by farmland included $102.0 million for loans secured by dairy & livestock land and $309.4 million for loans secured by agricultural land at September 30, 2025, compared to $109.1 million for loans secured by dairy & livestock land and $340.7 million for loans secured by agricultural land at December 31, 2024. As of September 30, 2025, dairy & livestock and agribusiness loans of $293.0 million were comprised of $246.7 million of dairy & livestock loans and $46.2 million of agribusiness loans, compared to $419.9 million comprised of $385.3 million of dairy & livestock loans and $34.6 million of agribusiness loans December 31, 2024.

Loans with carrying value of $6.43 billion were pledged to secure the borrowings and available lines of credit from the FHLB and the Federal Reserve Bank totaling $4.48 billion and $4.44 billion at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

There wereno outstanding loans held-for-sale as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Credit Quality Indicators

We monitor credit quality by evaluating various risk attributes and utilize such information in our evaluation of the appropriateness of the allowance for credit losses. Internal credit risk ratings, within our loan risk rating system, are the credit quality indicators that we most closely monitor.

An important element of our approach to credit risk management is our loan risk rating system. The originating officer assigns each loan an initial risk rating, which is reviewed and confirmed or changed, as appropriate, by credit management. Approvals are made based upon the amount of inherent credit risk specific to the transaction and are reviewed for appropriateness by senior line and credit management personnel. Credits are monitored by line and credit management personnel for deterioration or improvement in a borrower’s financial condition, which would impact the ability of the borrower to perform under the contract. Risk ratings are adjusted as necessary.

Loans are risk rated into the following categories: Pass, Special Mention, Substandard, Doubtful and Loss. Each of these groups is assessed for the proper amount to be used in determining the adequacy of our allowance for losses. These categories can be described as follows:

Pass — These loans, including loans on the Bank’s internal watch list, range from minimal credit risk to lower than average, but still acceptable, credit risk. Watch list loans usually require more than normal management attention. Loans on the watch list may involve borrowers with adverse financial trends, higher debt/equity ratios, or weaker liquidity positions, but not to the degree of being considered a defined weakness or problem loan where risk of loss may be apparent.

Special Mention — Loans assigned to this category have potential weaknesses that deserve management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in the deterioration of the repayment prospects for the asset or the Company’s credit position at some future date. Special mention assets are not adversely classified and do not expose the Company to sufficient risk to warrant adverse classification.

Substandard — Loans classified as substandard are inadequately protected by the current sound worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Assets so classified must have a well-defined weakness, or weaknesses, that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. Substandard loans are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Company will sustain some loss if deficiencies are not corrected.

Doubtful — Loans classified as doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified substandard with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or the liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions and values, highly questionable and improbable.

Loss — Loans classified as loss are considered uncollectible and of such little value that their continuance as bankable assets is not warranted. This classification does not mean that the loan has absolutely no recovery or salvage value, but rather that it is not practical or desirable to defer writing off this asset with insignificant value even though partial recovery may be affected in the future.

The following tables summarize loans by type and origination year, according to our internal risk ratings as of the dates presented.

Allowance for Credit Losses ("ACL")

The Company's allowance models calculate reserves over the average life of the loan, which includes the remaining time to maturity, adjusted for estimated prepayments applied as an adjustment to our commercial real estate and commercial and industrial loans. Our allowance for credit losses is based upon lifetime loss rate models developed from an estimation framework that uses historical lifetime loss experiences to derive loss rates at a collective pool level. We measure the expected credit losses on a collective (pooled) basis for those loans that share similar risk characteristics. We have three collective loan pools: Commercial Real Estate, Commercial and Industrial, and Consumer. A substantial portion of the ACL relates to loans within the Commercial Real Estate and Commercial and Industrial methodologies, each evaluated on a collective basis. Our ACL amounts are largely driven by portfolio characteristics, including loss history, internal risk grading, various risk attributes, and the economic outlook for certain macroeconomic variables. Risk attributes for commercial real estate loans include Original Loan to Value ratios ("OLTV"), origination year, loan seasoning, and macroeconomic variables that include Real GDP growth, commercial real estate price index and unemployment rate. Risk attributes for commercial and industrial loans include internal risk ratings, borrower industry sector, loan credit spreads and macroeconomic variables that include unemployment rate and BBB spread. The macroeconomic variables for Consumer include unemployment rate and GDP. The Commercial Real Estate methodology is applied over commercial real estate loans, a portion of construction loans, and a portion of SBA loans. The Commercial and Industrial methodology is applied over a substantial portion of the Company’s commercial and industrial loans, all dairy & livestock and agribusiness loans, municipal lease receivables, as well as the remaining portion of SBA loans (excluding Paycheck Protection Program loans). The Consumer methodology is applied to SFR mortgage loans, consumer loans, as well as the remaining construction loans. In addition to determining the quantitative life of loan loss rate to be applied against the amortized cost basis of the portfolio segments, management reviews current conditions and forecasts to determine whether adjustments are needed to ensure that the life of loan loss rates reflect both the current state of the portfolio, and expectations for macroeconomic changes. The Company’s ACL estimate incorporates a reasonable and supportable forecast of various macroeconomic variables over the remaining average life of our loans. This forecast incorporates an assumption that each macroeconomic variable will revert to a long-term expectation, starting in years two through three, of the reasonable and supportable forecast period, with the reversion largely completed within the first five years of the forecast. The economic forecast is based on probability weighted scenarios to address macroeconomic uncertainty. Our methodology for assessing the appropriateness of the allowance is reviewed on a regular basis and considers overall risks in the Bank’s loan portfolio. Refer to Note 3 –Summary of significant Accounting Policies included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 for a more detailed discussion concerning the allowance for credit losses.

The ACL totaled$79.3 million at September 30, 2025, compared to $80.1 million at December 31, 2024. The$0.8 million decreasein the ACL from December 31, 2024 to September 30, 2025 was comprised of$1.0 million in recapture of provision for credit losses, offset partially by $0.2 million in net charge-offs. At September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the ACL as a percentage of total loans and leases, at amortized cost, was 0.94%. Our economic forecast continues to be a blend of multiple forecasts produced by Moody’s. These U.S. economic forecasts include a baseline forecast as well as multiple forecasts weighted for both upside and downside risks to the baseline forecast. The baseline forecast continues to represent the largest weighting in our multi-weighted forecast scenario, with downside risks weighted among multiple forecasts. As of September 30, 2025, the resulting weighted forecast reflects lower GDP in 2027 and 2028. GDP growth is forecasted to be below 1.5% until the end of 2027 and will not reach 2% until 2028. The unemployment rate is forecasted to increase, with unemployment averaging 5% by the beginning of 2026 and staying above 5% through 2028.

Management believes that the ACL was appropriate at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024. Due to inflationary pressures, changing interest rates, lower commercial real estate values, international tariffs, and geopolitical events, no assurance can be given that economic conditions that adversely affect the Company’s service areas or other circumstances will not be reflected in increased provisions for credit losses in the future.

The following tables present the balance and activity related to the allowance for credit losses for held-for-investment loans by type for the periods presented.

Past Due and Nonperforming Loans

We seek to manage asset quality and control credit risk through diversification of the loan portfolio and the application of policies designed to promote sound underwriting and loan monitoring practices. The Bank’s Credit Management Division is responsible for monitoring asset quality, establishing credit policies and procedures and enforcing the consistent application of these policies and procedures across the Bank. Reviews of nonperforming, past due loans and larger credits, designed to identify potential charges to the allowance for credit losses, are conducted on a regular and ongoing basis. These reviews consider such factors as the financial strength of borrowers and any guarantors, the value of the applicable collateral, loan loss experience, estimated credit losses, growth in the loan portfolio, prevailing economic conditions and other factors. Refer to Note 3 –Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, for additional discussion concerning the Bank’s policy for past due and nonperforming loans.

The following table presents the recorded investment in, and the aging of, past due loans (including nonaccrual loans), by type of loans as of the dates presented.

(1)

Speculative construction loans are generally for properties where there is no identified buyer or renter.

(1)

Speculative construction loans are generally for properties where there is no identified buyer or renter.

Amortized cost of our finance receivables and loans that are on nonaccrual status, including loans with no allowance are presented as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 by type of loan.

(1)

As of September 30, 2025, $705,000 of nonaccruing loans were current, $27.1 million were 90+ days past due.

(2)

Excludes $272,000 of guaranteed portion of nonaccrual SBA loans that are in process of collection.

(1)

As of December 31, 2024, $1.4 million of nonaccruing loans were current, $102,000 were 60-89 days past due, and $26.3 million were 90+ days past due.

Collateral Dependent Loans

A loan is considered collateral-dependent when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral. The following table presents the recorded investment in collateral-dependent loans by type of loans as of the date presented.

Reserve for Unfunded Loan Commitments

The allowance for off-balance sheet credit exposure relates to commitments to extend credit, letters of credit and undisbursed funds on lines of credit. The Company evaluates credit risk associated with the off-balance sheet loan commitments in the same manner as it evaluates credit risk associated with the loan and lease portfolio. The Bank's ACL methodology produced an allowanceof $7.3 million for the off-balance sheet credit exposures as of September 30, 2025. There was a$1.0 million provision forunfunded loan commitments for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to a $1.3 million recapture of provision for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the balance in this reserve was $7.3 million and $6.3 million, respectively, and was included in other liabilities.

Modifications of Loans to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty

There were 16 loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that were modified during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 with an amortized cost totaling $10.8 million as of September 30, 2025, including seven commercial real estate loans totaling $8.4 million, eight commercial and industrial loans totaling $1.9 million and a dairy & livestock and agribusiness loan of $395,000.

The tables below reflect the amortized cost of loans by type made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that were modified as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, a commercial real estate loan defaulted within 12 months after the loan was modified with a term extension. The amortized cost of the loan was $244,300. Payment default is defined as movement to nonaccrual (nonperforming) status, foreclosure or charge-off, whichever occurs first.

The following table presents the recorded investment in, and the aging of, past due loans at amortized cost (including nonaccrual loans), by type of loans, made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty as of September 30, 2025.

6. BORROWINGS

Customer Repurchase Agreements

The Bank offers a repurchase agreement product to its customers. This product, known as Citizens Sweep Manager, sells our investment securities overnight to our customers under an agreement to repurchase them the next day at a price which reflects the market value of the use of funds by the Bank for the period concerned. These repurchase agreements are signed with customers who want to invest their excess deposits, above a pre-determined balance in a demand deposit account, in order to earn interest. As of September 30, 2025, total funds borrowed under these agreements were$451.3 million, with an average rate of 2.00% during the third quarter of 2025, compared to $261.9 millionat December 31, 2024, with an average rate of 1.33% during 2024.

Federal Home Loan Bank Advances and Other Borrowings

As of September 30, 2025, borrowings totaled$500 million, which consisted of FHLB advances at an average rate of 4.55%. The FHLB advances included $300 million, at a fixed rate of 4.73%, maturing in May 2026, and $200 million, at a fixed rate of 4.27%, maturing in May 2027.

As of September 30, 2025,$6.43 billion of loansand $4.56 billion of investment securities, at carrying value, were pledged to secure public deposits, repurchase agreements, borrowing lines, and for other purposes as required or permitted by law.

7. EARNINGS PER SHARE RECONCILIATION

Basic earnings per common share are computed by dividing income allocated to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during each period. The computation of diluted earnings per common share considers the number of shares issuable upon the assumed exercise of outstanding common stock options. Antidilutive common shares are not included in the calculation of diluted earnings per common share. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, shares deemed to be antidilutive, and thus excluded from the computation of earnings per common share, were 505,000 and 701,000, respectively. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, shares deemed to be antidilutive, and thus excluded from the computation of earnings per common share, were 778,000 and 1,210,000, respectively.

The table below shows earnings per common share and diluted earnings per common share and reconciles the numerator and denominator of both earnings per common share calculations.

8. FAIR VALUE INFORMATION

Fair Value Hierarchy

Fair value is the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date.

The valuation methodologies for financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring and non-recurring basis are described in Note 17 —Fair Value Information, included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The tables below present the balances of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of the dates presented.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Non-Recurring Basis

We may be required to measure certain assets at fair value on a non-recurring basis in accordance with GAAP. These adjustments to fair value usually result from application of lower of cost or fair value accounting or impairment write-downs of individual assets.

For assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis that were held on the balance sheet at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the following tables provide the level of valuation assumptions used to determine each adjustment and the carrying value of the related assets that had losses during the period.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The following disclosure presents the estimated fair value of our financial instruments. The estimated fair value amounts have been determined by the Company using available market information and appropriate valuation methodologies. However, considerable judgment is required to develop the estimates of fair value. Accordingly, the estimates presented below are not necessarily indicative of the amounts the Company may realize in a current market exchange as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. The use of different market assumptions and/or estimation methodologies may have a material effect on the estimated fair value amounts.

The fair value estimates presented herein are based on pertinent information available to management as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively. Although management is not aware of any factors that would significantly affect the estimated fair value amounts, such amounts have not been comprehensively revalued for purposes of these financial statements since that date, and therefore, current estimates of fair value may differ significantly from the amounts presented above.

9. DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments

The Bank is exposed to certain risks relating to its ongoing business operations and utilizes interest rate swap agreements (“swaps”) as part of its asset/liability management strategy to help manage its interest rate risk position. As of September 30, 2025, the Bank has entered into 107 interest-rate swap agreements with customers with an aggregate notional amount totaling $347.1 million. The Bank then entered into identical offsetting swaps with counterparties in each instance. The swap agreements are not designated as hedging instruments. The purpose of entering into offsetting derivatives not designated as a hedging instrument is to provide the Bank a variable-rate loan receivable and to provide the customer the financial effects of a fixed-rate loan without creating significant volatility in the Bank’s earnings.

The structure of the swaps is as follows. The Bank enters into an interest rate swap with its customers in which the Bank pays the customer a variable rate and the customer pays the Bank a fixed rate, thereby allowing customers to in effect convert variable rate loans to fixed rate loans. At the same time, the Bank enters into a swap with a counterparty bank in which the Bank pays the counterparty a fixed rate and the counterparty in return pays the Bank a variable rate. The net effect of the transaction allows the Bank to receive interest on the loan from the customer at a variable rate based on Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") plus a spread. The changes in the fair value of the swaps primarily offset each other and therefore should not have a material impact on the Company’s results of operations, although the Company does incur credit and counterparty risk with respect to performance on the swap agreements by the Bank’s customer and counterparty, respectively. These instruments contain language outlining collateral pledging requirements for each counterparty, whereby collateral must be posted if market value exceeds certain agreed upon threshold limits. Cash or securities are pledged as collateral. Our interest rate swap derivatives are subject to a master netting arrangement with our counterparties. None of our derivative assets and liabilities are offset in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheet.

We believe our risk of loss associated with our counterparty borrowers related to interest rate swaps is mitigated as the loans with swaps are underwritten to take into account potential additional exposure, although there can be no assurances in this regard since the performance of our swaps is subject to market and counterparty risk.

Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments

Fair Value Hedges

To manage interest rate risk on our AFS securities portfolio, we have entered into pay-fixed, receive-floating interest rate swap contracts to hedge against exposure to changes in the fair value of such securities resulting from changes in interest rates. We designate these interest rate swap contracts as fair value hedges that qualify for hedge accounting under ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging. We elected to account for the fair value hedges using the portfolio layer method in accordance with ASU 2022-01. We record the interest rate swaps in the line items "accrued interest receivable and other assets" and "other liabilities" on our consolidated balance sheet. For qualifying fair value hedges, both the changes in the fair value of the derivative and the portion of the fair value adjustments associated with the portfolio layer attributable to the hedged risk are recognized into earnings as they occur. Derivative amounts impacting earnings are recognized consistent with the classification of the hedged item in the line item "investment securities available for sale" as part of interest income, a component of consolidated net income.

In June 2023, fair value hedging transactions were executed in which $1 billion notional pay-fixed interest rate swaps were consummated with maturities ranging from four tofive years, wherein the Company paid a weighted average fixed rate of approximately 3.8% and received daily SOFR. In December 2024, we terminated one of these swaps which had a notional value of $300 million, a maturity date of June 2027, and a pay-fixed rate of 3.95%. In May 2025, the remaining $700 million notional pay-fixed interest rate swaps, with a weighted average fixed rate of approximately 3.7%, that were scheduled to mature in June of 2028 were terminated and replaced with new pay-fixed interest rate swaps with maturity dates in May of 2029, 2030 and 2031, with a weighted pay-fixed rate of 3.68%. The new $700 million of fair value hedges have approximately equal nominal values maturing each of the three years and had a fair value which totaled$10.8 million and was reflected as a liability at September 30, 2025.

Cash Flow Hedges

Tomanage our interest rate risk associated with brokered CDs, FHLB advances or other fixed rate advances for specified periods, the Company enters into interest rate derivative contracts that are designated as qualifying cash flow hedges to hedge the exposure to variability in expected future cash flows attributable to changes in a contractually specified interest rates. During thefirst quarter of 2024, $300 million of 3-month term brokered CDs were issued and cash flow hedging transactions were also executed in which $300 million notional pay-fixed interest rate swaps were consummated with maturities of three years, wherein the Company pays a weighted average fixed rate of approximately 4.2% and receives daily SOFR. The $300 million of brokered CDs were renewed for 3-month terms during the second quarter of 2025 and as of September 30, 2025, the cash flow hedges have remaining maturities of approximately 20 months.

To qualify for hedge accounting, a formal assessment is prepared to determine whether the hedging relationship, both at inception and on an ongoing basis, is expected to be highly effective in achieving offsetting cash flows attributable to the hedged risk during the term of the hedge if a cash flow hedge. At inception a statistical regression analysis is prepared to determine hedge effectiveness. At each reporting period thereafter, a statistical regression or qualitative analysis is performed to determine hedge effectiveness. If it is determined that hedge effectiveness has not been or will not continue to be highly effective, then hedge accounting ceases and any gain or loss in AOCI is recognized in earnings immediately. The cash flow hedges are recorded at fair value in other assets and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets with changes in fair value recorded in AOCI, net of tax. All related cash flows are reported in the operating activities section of the consolidated statement of cash flows. Amounts recorded to AOCI are reclassified into earnings in the same period in which the hedged asset or liability affects earnings and are presented in the same income statement line item as the earnings effect of the hedged asset or liability.

Balance Sheet Classification of Derivative Financial Instruments

As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the notional amount, the location of the asset and liability, and their respective fair values, are summarized in the tables below.

The Effect of Derivatives Financial Instruments on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Earnings

The following table summarizes the effect of derivative financial instruments on the condensed consolidated statements of earnings for the periods presented.

10. OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

The table below provides a summary of the components of other comprehensive income (“OCI”) for the periods presented.

11. BALANCE SHEET OFFSETTING

Assets and liabilities relating to certain financial instruments, including, derivatives and securities sold under repurchase agreements (“repurchase agreements”), may be eligible for offset in the condensed consolidated balance sheets as permitted under accounting guidance. As noted above, our interest rate swap derivatives are subject to master netting arrangements. Our interest rate swap derivatives require the Company to pledge investment securities as collateral based on certain risk thresholds. Investment securities that have been pledged by the Company to counterparties continue to be reported in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets unless the Company defaults. We offer a repurchase agreement product to our customers, which include master netting agreements that allow for the netting of collateral positions. This product, known as Citizens Sweep Manager, sells certain of our securities overnight to our customers under an agreement to repurchase them the next day. The repurchase agreements are not offset in the Company’s condensed consolidated balances.

In June 2023, fair value hedging transactions were executed in which $1 billion notional pay-fixed interest rate swaps were consummated with original maturities ranging from four to five years, wherein the Company paid a weighted average fixed rate of approximately 3.8% and received daily SOFR. In December 2024, we terminated one of these swaps which had a notional value of $300 million, a maturity date of June 2027, and a paid fixed rate of 3.95%. The remaining $700 million notional pay-fixed interest swaps were terminated and replaced in May 2025. The fair value of the replacement instruments totaled $10.8 million and were reflected as a liability on September 30, 2025

During the first quarter of 2024, cash flow hedging transactions were executed in which $300 million notional pay-fixed interest rate swaps were consummated with maturities ofthree years, wherein the Company pays a weighted average fixed rate of approximately 4.2% and receives daily SOFR. The fair value of these instruments totaled $2.8 million and were reflected as a liability on September 30, 2025.

Refer to Note 9 -Derivative Financial Instruments of the notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of this report for additional information.

12. LEASES

The Company’s operating leases, where the Company is a lessee, include real estate, such as office space and banking centers. Lease expense for operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease and is reflected in the consolidated statement of earnings. Right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and lease liabilities are included in other assets and other liabilities, respectively, on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheet.

While the Company has, as a lessor, certain equipment finance leases, such leases are not material to the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

The tables below present the components of lease costs and supplemental information related to leases as of and for the periods presented.

(1)

Includes short-term leases and variable lease costs, which are immaterial.

The Company’s lease arrangements that have not yet commenced as of September 30, 2025 and the Company’s short-term lease costs and variable lease costs, for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 are not material to the consolidated financial statements. The future lease payments required for leases that have initial or remaining non-cancelable lease terms in excess of one year as of September 30, 2025, excluding property taxes and insurance, are as follows:

13. REVENUE RECOGNITION

The following presents noninterest income, segregated by revenue streams in-scope and out-of-scope of Topic 606, for the periods indicated.

Refer to Note 3 –Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Note 22 –Revenue Recognition, included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 for a more detailed discussion about noninterest revenue streams that are in-scope of Topic 606.

14. INCOME TAXES

The Company invests in low income housing tax credit and solar tax funds that are designed to generate a return primarily through the realization of federal tax credits. The Company accounts for these investments by amortizing the cost of tax credit investments over the life of the investment using a proportional amortization method and tax credit investment amortization expense is a component of the provision for income taxes.

The following table presents the balances of the Company's tax credit investments and related unfunded commitments at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

The following table presents other information related to the Company's tax credit investments at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

On June 27, 2025, California Senate Bill 132 ("SB 132") was passed and signed into law by Governor Newsom. Effective for taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 2025, SB 132 amends California Revenue and Tax Code ("CRTC") to require financial institutions to apportion income using the single sales factor formula. Prior to this change, businesses were required by CRTC Section 25128 (b) to use an evenly weighted three-factor apportionment formula contemplating a payroll factor, property and sales factor. The impact on the Company's tax expense as of September 30, 2025 is not material. The Company will continue to evaluate the impact of this bill on its deferred tax assets and liabilities.

The One Big Beautiful Bill Act (“OBBBA”) was signed and enacted into law by the President of the United States on July 4, 2025. Except for certain provisions, the Tax Act is effective for tax years beginning on or after January 1, 2025. Changes from OBBBA include modifications to allow for immediate expensing of certain business investments and provides certain permanent extensions of key business tax breaks originally enacted under the 2017 Tax Cuts and Job Act. We believe the impact of the OBBBA on Company's tax expense as of September 30, 2025 is not material.