GENWORTH FINANCIAL INC

(1) Nature of Business

Genworth Holdings, Inc. (“Genworth Holdings”) (formerly known as Genworth Financial, Inc.) was incorporated in Delaware in 2003 in preparation for an initial public offering (“IPO”) of its common stock, which was completed on May 28, 2004. On April 1, 2013, Genworth Holdings completed a holding company reorganization pursuant to which Genworth Holdings became a direct,100% owned subsidiary of a new public holding company that it had formed. The new public holding company was incorporated in Delaware on December 5, 2012, in connection with the reorganization, and was renamed Genworth Financial, Inc. (“Genworth Financial”) upon the completion of the reorganization.

The accompanying financial statements include on a consolidated basis the accounts of Genworth Financial and its affiliate companies in which it holds a majority voting interest or power to direct activities of certain variable interest entities (“VIEs”), which on a consolidated basis is referred to as “Genworth,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” or “our” unless the context otherwise requires. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. References to “Genworth Financial” refer solely to Genworth Financial, Inc., and not to any of its consolidated subsidiaries.

We manage our business through the following three reportable segments:

In addition to ourthree reportable segments, we also have Corporate and Other, which includes debt financing expenses that are incurred at the Genworth Holdings level, unallocated corporate income and expenses, and eliminations of inter-segment transactions. Corporate and Other also includes the results of other businesses that are not individually reportable, such as

start-up

results of our CareScout business (“CareScout”) related to our aging care growth initiatives and certain international businesses.

On July 31, 2023, Genworth Financial’s Board of Directors authorized an additional $350 million of share repurchases under the existing share repurchase program that began in May 2022. Pursuant to the program, during 2024, Genworth Financial repurchased 28,566,288 shares of its common stock at an average price of $6.52 per share for a total cost of $188

million, including excise taxes and other costs paid in connection with acquiring the shares. The repurchased shares were recorded at cost and presented as treasury stock in a separate caption in equity in our consolidated balance sheets. Genworth Financial also executed share repurchases in 2025 through a Rule 10b5-1 trading plan under which

2,789,970

shares of its common stock were repurchased through February

,

2025 at an average price of $7.17 per share, leaving approximately

$135

million available for repurchase under the share repurchase program as of February 2

, 2025. Under the program, share repurchases may be made at Genworth’s discretion from time to time in open market transactions, privately negotiated transactions or other means, including through Rule 10b5-1 trading plans. The timing and number of future shares repurchased under the share repurchase program will depend on a variety of factors, including Genworth Financial’s stock price and trading volume, and general business and market conditions, among other factors. The authorization has no expiration date and may be modified, suspended or terminated at any time.

(2) Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the basis of U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”). Preparing financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts and related disclosures. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation.

a) Premiums

For traditional long-duration insurance contracts, we report premiums as earned when due. For monthly mortgage insurance contracts, we report premiums as revenue over the period that coverage is provided. For single premium mortgage insurance contracts, we report premiums over the estimated policy life in accordance with the expected pattern of risk emergence as further described in our accounting policy for unearned premiums. In addition, we refund post-delinquent premiums received to the insured party if the delinquent loan goes to claim. We record a liability for premiums received on the delinquent loans consistent with our expectations of the rates at which delinquencies go to claim (“claim rates”).

Premiums received under annuity contracts without significant mortality risk and premiums received on investment and universal life insurance products are not reported as revenues but rather as deposits and are included in liabilities for policyholder account balances.

b) Net Investment Income and Net Investment Gains and Losses

Net investment income consists primarily of interest and dividends. Interest is recognized on an accrual basis and reflects amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts on an effective yield basis. Income or loss upon call or prepayment of

fixed maturity securities is recognized in net investment income, except for hybrid securities where the income or loss upon call is recognized in net investment gains and losses.

Investment income on mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities is initially based upon yield, cash flow and prepayment assumptions at the date of purchase. Subsequent revisions in those assumptions are recorded using the retrospective or prospective method. Under the retrospective method used for mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities of high credit quality (ratings equal to or greater than “AA” or that are backed by a U.S. agency), which cannot be contractually prepaid in such a manner that we would not recover a substantial portion of the initial investment, amortized cost of the security is adjusted to the amount that would have existed had the revised assumptions been in place at the date of purchase. The adjustments to amortized cost are recorded as a charge or credit to net investment income. Under the prospective method, which is used for all other mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities, future cash flows are estimated and interest income is recognized going forward using the new internal rate of return.

Net investment gains and losses consist primarily of realized gains and losses from the sale of our

fixed maturity securities and equity securities, changes to the allowance for credit losses, and unrealized gains and losses on equity securities, limited partnership investments and derivative instruments. Investment gains and losses are calculated on the basis of specific identification on the trade date.

c) Policy Fees and Other Income

Policy fees and other income consists primarily of insurance charges assessed on universal and term universal life insurance contracts and fees assessed against customer account values. For universal and term universal life insurance contracts, charges to policyholder accounts for cost of insurance are recognized as revenue when due. Variable product fees are charged to variable annuity contractholders based upon the daily net assets of the contractholder’s and policyholder’s account values and are recognized as revenue when charged. Policy surrender fees are recognized as income when the policy is surrendered.

d) Investment Securities

At the time of purchase, we designate our fixed maturity securities as either

or trading and report them in our consolidated balance sheets at fair value. Our portfolio of fixed maturity securities comprises primarily investment grade securities. Changes in the fair value of

fixed maturity securities, net of the effect on policyholder contract balances and deferred income taxes, are reflected as unrealized investment gains or losses in a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Equity securities are recorded at fair value in our consolidated balance sheets and changes in the fair value are reflected in net investment gains (losses).

Allowance for Credit Losses and Write-Downs of

Available-For-Sale

Fixed Maturity Securities

We regularly review securities in an unrealized loss position to determine whether the decline in fair value is related to credit losses or other factors. If we have either (i) the intent to sell the security, or (ii) it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security prior to recovering the amortized cost, we record a reduction to the security’s amortized cost and recognize the loss in net investment gains (losses) for the difference between the security’s amortized cost and fair value. If neither of the two preceding conditions exist, we determine whether the decline in fair value is related to credit losses or not completely due to other factors. In making this assessment, we assess the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency/agencies and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other considerations. If a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security is compared to the amortized cost basis of the security and a credit loss allowance is recognized in net investment gains (losses), limited to the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Losses are written off against the allowance when deemed uncollectible or when we intend to sell or expect we will be required to sell a security prior to recovering its amortized cost. When there is an allowance for credit losses, we reassess the credit losses each balance sheet date and subsequent increases or decreases are recorded as an adjustment to the allowance for credit losses, with a corresponding gain or loss recorded in net investment gains (losses).

Estimating the cash flows expected to be collected is a quantitative and qualitative process that incorporates information received from third-party sources along with internal assumptions and judgments. When developing the estimate of cash flows expected to be collected at the individual security level, we utilize an analytical model that provides for various loss scenarios and consider the industry sector, current levels of subordination, geographic location and other relevant characteristics of the security or underlying assets, as well as reasonable and supportable forecasts. We regularly monitor our investment portfolio to ensure that securities with a credit loss are identified in a timely manner and any losses are recognized in the proper period.

Accrued interest is included in accrued investment income in our consolidated balance sheet and had a carrying value of $

million and $

million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. We exclude accrued interest related to

fixed maturity securities from the estimated allowance for credit losses. Accrued interest on

fixed maturity securities is deemed uncollectible and typically written off after 90 days; therefore, we do not measure an allowance for credit losses related to accrued interest. Amounts written off related to accrued interest are recorded as a credit loss expense included in net investment gains (losses).

e) Fair Value Measurements

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. We have fixed maturity securities, equity securities, short-term investments, limited partnerships, derivatives, embedded derivatives, separate account assets and certain other financial instruments, which are carried at fair value.

Fair value measurements are based upon observable and unobservable inputs. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect our view of market assumptions in the absence of observable market information. We utilize valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. All assets and liabilities carried at fair value are classified and disclosed in one of the following three categories:

Level 1 primarily consists of financial instruments whose value is based on quoted market prices such as actively traded equity securities and actively traded mutual fund investments.

Level 2 includes those financial instruments that are valued using industry-standard pricing methodologies, models or other valuation methodologies. These models are primarily industry-standard models that consider various inputs, such as interest rate, credit spread and foreign exchange rates for the underlying financial instruments. All significant inputs are observable, or derived from observable information in the marketplace or are supported by observable levels at which transactions are executed in the marketplace. Financial instruments in this category primarily include certain public and private corporate fixed maturity and equity securities, government or agency securities, certain mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities, certain

non-exchange-traded

derivatives such as interest rate or foreign currency swaps and short-term investments.

Level 3 comprises financial instruments whose fair value is estimated based on industry-standard pricing methodologies and internally developed models utilizing significant inputs not based on, nor corroborated by, readily available market information. In certain instances, this category may also utilize

non-binding

broker quotes. This category primarily consists of certain less liquid fixed maturity and equity securities, certain derivative instruments or embedded derivatives where we cannot corroborate the significant valuation inputs with market observable data and market risk benefits (“MRBs”).

As of each reporting period, all assets and liabilities recorded at fair value are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Our assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment and considers factors specific to the asset or liability, such as changes in fair value attributable to a particular input. We review the fair value hierarchy classifications each reporting period. Changes in the observability of the valuation attributes may result in a reclassification of certain financial assets or liabilities. Such reclassifications are reported as transfers in and out of Level 3 at the beginning fair value for the reporting period in which the changes occur. See note 19 for additional information related to fair value measurements.

f) Commercial Mortgage Loans

The carrying value of commercial mortgage loans is stated at principal amounts outstanding, net of unamortized premium or discount, deferred expenses and allowance for credit losses. Interest on loans is recognized on an accrual basis at the applicable interest rate on the principal amount outstanding. Loan origination fees and direct costs, as well as premiums and discounts, are amortized as level yield adjustments over the respective loan terms. Unamortized net fees or costs are recognized upon early repayment of the loans. Loan commitment fees are deferred and amortized on an effective yield basis over the term of the loan. Commercial mortgage loans are considered past due when contractual payments have not been received from the borrower by the required payment date.

Loans are placed on

status when, in management’s opinion, the collection of principal or interest is not probable, typically when the collection of principal or interest is 90 days or more past due. In determining whether it is probable that we will be unable to collect all amounts due, we consider current payment status, debt service coverage ratios, occupancy levels and current

loan-to-value.

Income on loans on

status is not recognized until we believe it is probable that we will collect all future contractual principal and interest. Commercial mortgage loans are written off against the allowance to the extent principal or interest is deemed uncollectible.

We determine the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses utilizing an analytical model that provides various loss scenarios based on historical experience adjusted for current events, trends, economic conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts that result in a loss in the loan portfolio over the estimated life of the loans. We revert to historical credit loss experience for periods beyond forecasts that are reasonable and supportable. The allowance for credit losses is measured on a collective basis with consideration for debt service coverage ratio,

debt-to-value,

property type and geographic location. Key inputs into the analytical model include exposure, weighted-average life, return, historical loss rates and forecast scenarios. Actual amounts realized over time could differ from the amounts estimated for the allowance for credit losses reported in the consolidated financial statements. Additions and reductions to the allowance through periodic provisions or benefits are recorded in net investment gains (losses). See note 4 for additional disclosures related to commercial mortgage loans.

Accrued interest related to commercial mortgage loans is included in accrued investment income in our consolidated balance sheet and had a carrying value of $23

million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. We do not measure an allowance for credit losses related to accrued interest as uncollectible accrued interest related to our commercial mortgage loans is written off after 90 days and once collectability is determined to be uncertain and not probable. Amounts written off related to accrued interest are recorded as a credit loss expense included in net investment gains (losses).

g) Limited Partnerships

Limited partnerships are accounted for at fair value when our partnership interest is considered minor (generally less than 3% ownership in the limited partnerships) and we exercise no influence over operating and financial policies. For limited partnerships that do not have a readily determinable fair value, we utilize the net asset value (“NAV”) from the underlying fund statements as a practical expedient for fair value. Changes in the estimated fair value of these investments are included in net investment gains (losses) and income and expenses are reported in net investment income. Investment distributions are evaluated to determine whether the distribution is a return on investment, such as capital gains, interest income and dividend income, or a return of capital. If our ownership percentage exceeds the minor threshold, limited partnerships are accounted for using the equity method of accounting. Our proportionate share of the earnings or losses for limited partnerships accounted for using the equity method of accounting is included in net investment income. In applying either method, we use financial information provided by the investee generally on a

one-

to three-month lag. However, we consider whether an adjustment to the value is necessary when the measurement date is not aligned with our reporting date.

h) Derivatives

Derivative instruments are used to mitigate or reduce our exposure to interest rate, equity market and foreign currency exchange risk associated with assets and liabilities held and forecasted transactions.

On the date we enter into a derivative contract, management designates the derivative as a hedge of the identified exposure (cash flow or foreign currency). If a derivative does not qualify for hedge accounting, the changes in its fair value and all scheduled periodic settlement receipts and payments are reported in net income (loss).

We formally document all relationships between hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as our risk management objective and strategy for undertaking various hedge transactions. In this documentation, we specifically identify the asset, liability or forecasted transaction that has been designated as a hedged item, state how the hedging instrument is expected to hedge the risks related to the hedged item and set forth the method that will be used to retrospectively and prospectively assess the hedging instrument’s effectiveness. We generally determine hedge effectiveness based on total changes in fair value of a perfectly effective hypothetical derivative for hedges of forecasted transactions and the total changes in fair value of the derivative instrument.

We discontinue hedge accounting prospectively when: (i) it is determined that the derivative is no longer effective in offsetting changes in the cash flows of a hedged item; (ii) the derivative expires or is sold, terminated or exercised; (iii) the derivative is

de-designated

as a hedge instrument; or (iv) it is no longer probable that the forecasted transaction will occur.

For all qualifying and highly effective cash flow hedges, changes in fair value of the derivative instrument are reported as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). When hedge accounting is discontinued because it is probable that a forecasted transaction will not occur, the derivative continues to be carried in the consolidated balance sheets at its fair value, and gains and losses that were accumulated in other comprehensive income (loss) (“OCI”) are recognized immediately in net income (loss). When the hedged forecasted transaction is no longer probable, but is reasonably possible, the accumulated gain or loss remains in OCI and is recognized when the transaction affects net income (loss); however, prospective hedge accounting for the transaction is terminated. In all other situations in which hedge accounting is discontinued on a cash flow hedge, amounts previously deferred in OCI are reclassified into net income (loss) when net income (loss) is impacted by the variability of the cash flow of the hedged item.

We may enter into contracts that are not themselves derivative instruments but contain embedded derivatives. For each contract, we assess whether the economic characteristics of the embedded derivative are clearly and closely related to those of the host contract and determine whether a separate instrument with the same terms as the embedded instrument would meet the definition of a derivative instrument.

If it is determined that the embedded derivative possesses economic characteristics that are not clearly and closely related to the economic characteristics of the host contract, and that a separate instrument with the same terms would qualify as a derivative instrument, the embedded derivative is separated from the host contract and accounted for as a stand-alone derivative. Such embedded derivatives are recorded in the consolidated balance sheets at fair value and are classified consistent with their host contract. Changes in their fair value are recognized in current period net income (loss). If we are unable to properly identify and measure an embedded derivative for separation from its host contract, the entire contract is carried in the consolidated balance sheets at fair value, with changes in fair value recognized in current period net income (loss).

Changes in the fair value of

non-qualifying

derivatives, including embedded derivatives, are reported in net investment gains (losses) with the exception of financial futures, which are associated with our MRBs and are reported in changes in fair value of market risk benefits and associated hedges.

The majority of our derivative arrangements require the posting of collateral upon meeting certain net exposure thresholds. The amounts recognized for derivative counterparty collateral received by us are recorded in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash with a corresponding amount recorded in other liabilities to represent our obligation to return the collateral retained by us. We heldno cash collateral from counterparties as of December 31, 2024. As of December 31, 2023, the amount of cash collateral received from counterparties was

$17 million. We also receive

collateral that is not recognized in our consolidated balance sheet unless we exercise our right to sell or

re-pledge

the underlying asset. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the fair value of

collateral received was $11 million and $2 million, respectively, and the underlying assets were not sold or

re-pledged.

We pledged $1,592 million and $1,100 million of fixed maturity securities as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Fixed maturity securities that we pledge as collateral remain in our consolidated balance sheet within fixed maturity securities

available-for-sale.

Any cash collateral pledged to a derivative counterparty is derecognized with a receivable recorded in other assets for the right to receive our cash collateral back from the counterparty. Daily changes in the fair value of the derivative contract, commonly referred to as variation margin, for derivatives cleared through a central clearing party, such as the Chicago Mercantile Exchange, are treated as daily settlements of the derivative contract.

i) Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

Certificates of deposit, money market funds and other highly liquid investments with original maturities ofthree months or less are considered cash equivalents in the consolidated balance sheets and consolidated statements of cash flows. Items with maturities greater than three months but less thanone year at the time of acquisition are generally considered short-term investments.

j) Deferred Acquisition Costs

Acquisition costs include costs that are directly related to the successful acquisition of new or renewal insurance contracts and are capitalized in the period incurred and deferred.

Acquisition costs related to our long-duration insurance contracts primarily include commissions in excess of ultimate renewal commissions and for contracts issued, certain other costs such as underwriting, medical inspection, premium taxes and issuance expenses. Deferred acquisition costs (“DAC”) is measured on a grouped basis consistent with cohorts used to estimate the related liability for future policy benefits. DAC is deferred and amortized on a constant level basis for each cohort over the expected term of the related contracts, which approximates straight-line amortization.

For our long-term care insurance products, DAC is amortized in proportion to total life count. For our life insurance products, DAC is amortized in proportion to the face amount

in-force.

For our fixed and variable annuity products, DAC is amortized in proportion to policy count. Assumptions used to amortize DAC are consistent with the assumptions used to estimate the related liability for future policy benefits. Revised assumptions are recognized prospectively over the remaining term of the related contract. The amortization rate is applied at the beginning of the current reporting period and reflects information available through the end of the current reporting period, including assumption updates, if applicable, and actual experience.

Policyholders can elect to modify the benefits of certain products. If a contract modification results in substantial changes to the contract, the DAC on the original contract is written off immediately through income and any new deferrable costs associated with the new contract are deferred. If a contract modification does not substantially change the contract, the DAC on the original contract will continue to be amortized and any acquisition costs associated with the related modification are expensed immediately.

Acquisition costs related to our mortgage insurance contracts primarily consist of underwriting costs and are amortized in proportion to estimated gross profit to the extent they are recoverable from future profits.

k) Intangible Assets

Present Value of Future Profits.

In conjunction with the acquisition of a block of insurance policies or investment contracts, a portion of the purchase price is assigned to the right to receive future gross profits arising from existing insurance and investment contracts. This intangible asset, called PVFP, represents the actuarially estimated present value of future cash flows from the acquired policies. PVFP is amortized in a manner consistent with the amortization of DAC, which is in proportion to the face amount

for life insurance products. We test PVFP annually for recoverability as part of premium deficiency testing.

Deferred Sales Inducements to Contractholders.

We defer sales inducements to contractholders for features on variable annuities that entitle the contractholder to an incremental amount to be credited to the account value upon making a deposit, and for fixed annuities with crediting rates higher than the contract’s expected ongoing crediting rates for periods after the inducement. Deferred sales inducements to contractholders are reported as a separate intangible asset and amortized in benefits and other changes in policy reserves using the same methodology and assumptions used to amortize DAC.

Other Intangible Assets

. We amortize the costs of other intangibles over their estimated useful lives unless such lives are deemed indefinite. Amortizable intangible assets are tested for impairment based on undiscounted cash flows, which requires the use of estimates and judgment, and are written down to fair value if impaired. Intangible assets with indefinite lives are tested at least annually for impairment using a qualitative or quantitative assessment and are written down to fair value as required.

l) Reinsurance

Premium revenue, benefits and acquisition and operating expenses, net of deferrals, are reported net of the amounts relating to reinsurance ceded to other companies in the consolidated statements of income. Amounts due from reinsurers for incurred and estimated future claims are reflected in the reinsurance recoverable asset in the consolidated balance sheets. Amounts received from reinsurers that represent recovery of acquisition costs are netted against DAC so that the net amount is capitalized. The cost of reinsurance, or the difference between amounts paid and the liabilities ceded at the inception of the reinsurance agreement, is deferred and amortized in a manner consistent with DAC over the terms of the related reinsurance treaties using the same assumptions as those used to account for the underlying reinsured policies. Premium revenue, benefits and acquisition and operating expenses, net of deferrals, for reinsurance contracts that do not qualify for reinsurance accounting are accounted for under the deposit method of accounting.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Reinsurance Recoverables

The allowance for credit losses related to reinsurance recoverables is evaluated based on historical loss experience adjusted for current events and reasonable and supportable forecasts from both internal and external sources. The allowance is measured by reinsurer, taking into consideration the reinsured product type and collateral type, and is calculated based on an externally reported probability of default corresponding to the reinsurer’s credit rating and the expected duration of the reinsurer’s contractual obligation to reimburse us for ceded claims on the underlying policies. Our estimate of the allowance reflects consideration for collateral securing the reinsurance agreements and expected recoveries of amounts previously charged off and expected to be charged off. We also consider other credit risk factors, including, among other factors, the historical frequency and severity of the associated insurance claims, aging of recoverables and regulatory, legal and economic factors, to determine if an additional incremental allowance for credit losses is required. No reversion adjustments are necessary as the starting point for our allowance for credit losses reflects historical loss experience covering the expected duration of the reinsurer’s contractual obligation to reimburse us. If available facts and circumstances indicate the reinsurance recoverable does not reflect expectations consistent with the collective analysis, the reinsurance recoverable is assessed on a separate basis. Write-offs are deducted from the allowance in the period the reinsurance recoverable is determined to be uncollectible.

m) Separate Accounts

Separate account assets represent funds for which the investment income and investment gains and losses accrue directly to the contractholders and are reflected in our consolidated balance sheets at fair value, reported as summary total separate account assets with an equivalent summary total reported for liabilities. Amounts assessed against the contractholders for mortality, administrative and other services are included in revenues. Net investment income and net investment gains (losses) accrue to the benefit of the contractholder and are offset within the same line item in the consolidated statements of income; as a result, there is no impact to net income (loss). There are no gains or losses on transfers of assets from the general account to the separate account.

n) Insurance Reserves

Future Policy Benefits

The liability for future policy benefits is equal to the present value of expected future benefits and claim-related expenses, less the present value of expected future net premiums. Cash flow assumptions, as applicable, used to estimate the liability for future policy benefits include health care experience (including type of care and cost of care), policyholder persistency or lapses (i.e., the probability that a policy or contract will remain

from one period to the next), insured mortality (i.e., life expectancy or longevity), insured morbidity (i.e., frequency and severity of claim, including claim termination rates and benefit utilization rates) and estimates of future

rate actions, which include premium rate increases and benefit reductions associated with our long-term care insurance. Estimates of future

rate actions include those that are approved or anticipated to be approved, including premium rate increases and associated benefit reductions not yet filed. In addition, we have reached three legal settlements regarding alleged disclosure deficiencies in premium increases for long-term care insurance policies. Benefit reductions include those from

rate actions as well as the net impact of legal settlements, which also includes cash payments made to policyholders who elect certain reduced benefit options in connection with legal settlements, referred to as settlement payments. Claim termination rates for our long-term care insurance represent the expected rates at which claims end, and benefit utilization rates represent the available policy benefits expected to be used. Both claim termination rates and benefit utilization rates are influenced by, among other things, gender, age at claim, diagnosis, type of care needed, benefit period and daily benefit amount.

All payments under an insurance contract, including future expected claims and claims incurred, as well as related expenses, are measured together as an integrated reserve. As a result, the aggregate liability is presented as one line item within the liability for future policy benefits in our consolidated balance sheets, excluding amounts related to our Enact segment and certain life insurance and fixed annuity products.

The net premium ratio for long-duration traditional and limited-payment contracts is the portion of gross premiums required to provide for all future benefits. The net premium ratio is equal to the present value of actual historical and expected future benefits and expenses divided by the present value of actual historical and expected future gross premiums. For the purposes of calculating the net premium ratio, traditional and limited-payment long-duration insurance contracts are generally grouped into annual calendar-year cohorts based on the contract issue date, product type and company. Limited-payment contracts are grouped into cohorts separately from other traditional products, and riders are combined with the associated base policies. Acquired contracts are grouped by acquisition date, and reinsurance recoverables are grouped by treaty effective date.

Cash flow assumptions used to estimate the liability for future policy benefits are monitored quarterly and are updated if emerging experience indicates a change is necessary. As a result, we expect to update the cash flow assumptions related to the implementation timing and approval amounts of our long-term care insurance

rate actions on a quarterly basis. We update the net premium ratio quarterly for actual historical experience; therefore, during interim reporting periods we replace forecasted cash flow assumptions with actual cash flows with any difference recorded in net income (loss).

In addition, all cash flow assumptions are reviewed at least annually in the same period each year. We conduct a formal review and update cash flow assumptions as necessary based on experience studies during the fourth quarter each year. Changes in cash flow assumptions are recorded using a retrospective approach with a cumulative

catch-up

adjustment by recalculating the net premium ratio using actual historical experience and updated future cash flow estimates over the expected remaining life of the contracts.

The liability for future policy benefits is measured using two different discount rates, a current discount rate and a

discount rate. The current discount rate is used to remeasure the liability for future policy benefits recorded in the consolidated balance sheets and is a current upper-medium grade fixed-income instrument yield, commonly interpreted to be a

rated bond rate, with the same duration as the corresponding liability. The current discount rate is updated quarterly, and the difference between the liability measured using the

rate and the liability measured using the current rate is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). The methodology used to determine the current discount rate assumption maximizes the use of relevant observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs. The current discount rate assumption is based on a

curve published by a market data service. For cash flows projected beyond the observable curve, we use estimation techniques consistent with Level 3 fair value measurements to interpolate from the last observable rate to an estimated ultimate long-term rate.

The

discount rate is used to determine amounts recorded to net income (loss) and is held constant for the purposes of calculating the net premium ratio and interest accretion on the liability for future policy benefits. For policies

prior to January 1, 2021, the

discount rate is equal to the discount rate in effect immediately prior to January 1, 2021. For contracts issued on or after January 1, 2021, the

discount rate for each issue-year cohort is determined as a single discount rate, calculated as the weighted-average monthly

fixed-income instrument forward curves over the calendar year determined using the methodology used for the current discount rate assumption, weighted using annualized premiums, face amounts and monthly premiums for long-term care insurance, life insurance and fixed and variable annuities, respectively.

When the net premium ratio is updated, the liability for future policy benefits is remeasured at the beginning of the current reporting period using the updated cash flows and revised net premium ratio discounted by the

discount rate. The remeasured liability for future policy benefits is compared to the liability for future policy benefits as of the prior reporting period using the

discount rate, with any difference recorded as liability remeasurement (gains) losses in current period net income (loss). If the present value of future expected benefits and claim-related expenses exceeds the present value of future expected gross premiums, the net premium ratio is capped at 100% and the liability for future policy benefits is increased with a corresponding adjustment to net income (loss). In the event the liability for future policy benefits is negative as a result of the present value of future net premiums exceeding the present value of future expected benefits, we record a flooring adjustment to ensure the liability for future policy benefits for each cohort is not less than zero. This is most prevalent in our term life insurance products due to their product design of a level premium period followed by annual premium rate increases. Impacts for flooring adjustments are recorded to benefits and other changes in policy reserves in current period net income (loss).

Estimates and actuarial assumptions used for establishing the liability for future policy benefits involve the exercise of significant judgment, and changes in assumptions or deviations of actual experience from assumptions can have, and in the past have had, material impacts on our liability for future policy benefits and net income (loss). Assumptions are based on management’s best estimate and consider a variety of factors including historical and industry experience and trends, as well as market conditions and other factors. Refer to note 8 for additional information related to deviations between actual and expected experience during the period.

Deferred Profit Liability

We establish a deferred profit liability within the liability for future policy benefits in the consolidated balance sheets for limited-payment products at the time of contract issuance for any amount of gross premiums received in excess of net premiums, which is amortized and recognized in benefits and other changes in policy reserves in net income (loss) in proportion to expected future benefit payments for our fixed annuity products. We accrue interest on the unamortized deferred profit liability balance using the

discount rate for the related liability for future policy benefits. Cash flow assumptions related to the deferred profit liability are consistent with the assumptions used to estimate the related liability for future policy benefits and are updated at the same time as the related liability for future policy benefits. We recalculate the deferred profit liability using updated cash flow assumptions as of the beginning of the current reporting period and compare it to the carrying amount as of the prior reporting period, with any difference recorded as liability remeasurement (gains) losses in current period net income (loss).

Policyholder Account Balances

The liability for policyholder account balances represents the contract value that has accrued to the benefit of the policyholder as of the balance sheet date for investment-type and universal and term universal life insurance contracts.

Investment-type contracts are broadly defined to include contracts without significant mortality or morbidity risk. Payments received from sales of investment contracts are recorded as deposits to the policyholder account balance. The policyholder account balance liability consists of accumulated account deposits, plus interest credited, less policyholder withdrawals and other charges assessed against the account balance. Interest rates credited to investment contracts are guaranteed for the initial policy term with renewal rates determined as necessary by management.

In addition, some indexed crediting features included in our fixed annuity and universal life insurance products are accounted for as embedded derivatives. See notes 5 and 19 for additional information on these embedded derivatives and related fair value measurement disclosures.

Additional Insurance Liabilities

Additional insurance liabilities consist of secondary guarantees or product features in addition to the policyholder account balance on universal and term universal life insurance contracts that do not meet the criteria to be classified as MRBs or embedded derivatives. The additional insurance liability is equal to the sum of cumulative assessments multiplied by the current benefit ratio plus accrued interest, less excess payments. These additional benefit reserves are included in the liability for policyholder account balances in the consolidated balance sheets. The benefit ratio is equal to the present value of total expected benefit payments over the life of the contract divided by the present value of total expected assessments over the life of the contract, discounted by the projected crediting rate. The assumptions used to calculate the benefit ratio include insured mortality (i.e., life expectancy or longevity), interest rates and policyholder persistency or lapses, among other assumptions. The change in the additional insurance liability from the beginning of the current quarterly reporting period to the end of the current quarterly reporting period due to applying a revised benefit ratio is recorded as liability remeasurement (gains) losses in current period net income (loss).

The calculation of our additional insurance liabilities includes investment performance. Therefore, we are required to analyze the impacts from net unrealized investment gains and losses on our available

for-sale

investment securities backing our additional insurance liabilities, as if those unrealized investment gains and losses were realized. These “shadow adjustments” result in the recognition of unrealized gains and losses on our additional insurance liabilities in a manner consistent with unrealized gains and losses on

investment securities, which are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Changes to net unrealized investment gains and losses on

investment securities backing our additional insurance liabilities may increase or decrease the shadow adjustments recorded within our additional insurance liabilities balance from period to period.

Premium Deficiency Testing

We conduct annual premium deficiency testing for all reserves related to our universal and term universal life insurance products included in additional insurance liabilities. A premium deficiency exists when the total liability currently established plus the current present value of expected future gross premiums (expected deposits to be paid by the policyholders, including any unearned revenue, and anticipated investment income) is less than the current present value of expected future benefits and settlement costs (including any unamortized PVFP). If it is determined a premium deficiency exists, PVFP is first written off, followed by an accrual for a premium deficiency reserve, if necessary. If a premium deficiency is recorded, PVFP amortization and the associated liabilities are remeasured using updated assumptions.

o) Market Risk Benefits

MRBs are benefit features associated with our fixed and variable annuity contracts that provide protection to the contractholder from and expose the insurer to other-than-nominal capital market risk. MRBs are measured at fair value using an income-based valuation model. Changes in fair value of market risk benefits, excluding changes attributable to instrument-specific credit risk (or

non-performance

risk) are reported as changes in fair value of market risk benefits and associated hedges in current period net income (loss). The portion of the change in fair value attributable to instrument-specific credit risk is recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).

We offer certain minimum guarantees associated with our fixed annuity contracts that are classified as MRBs, including living benefits such as a guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefit (“GMWB”). The GMWB allows contractholders to withdraw a

pre-defined

percentage of account value or benefit base each year, either for a specified period of time or for the contractholders’ lifetime.

In addition, we offer certain minimum guarantees associated with our variable annuity contracts that are classified as MRBs. Our variable annuity contracts usually contain a basic guaranteed minimum death benefit (“GMDB”) which provides a minimum benefit to be paid upon the annuitant’s death equal to the larger of account value or the return of net deposits. Some variable annuity contracts permit contractholders to purchase through riders, at an additional charge, enhanced death benefits such as the highest contract anniversary value, accumulated net deposits at a stated rate or a combination thereof. Some of our variable annuity contracts provide the contractholder with living benefits such as a GMWB or certain types of guaranteed annuitization benefits. Additionally, some of our variable annuity contracts provide the contractholder with a guaranteed payout annuity floor (“GPAF”), which provides protection to the contractholder from the capital market risk of the variable annuity payment falling below the guaranteed floor.

See notes 11 and 19 for additional information related to MRBs and related significant inputs, judgments, valuation methods and assumptions used in the fair value measurement.

p) Liability for Policy and Contract Claims

The liability for policy and contract claims, or loss reserves, represents the amount needed to provide for the estimated ultimate cost of settling claims relating to insured events that have occurred on or before the end of the respective reporting period. The estimated liability includes requirements for future payments of: (i) losses that have been reported to the insurer; (ii) losses related to insured events that have occurred but that have not been reported to the insurer as of the date the liability is estimated; and (iii) loss adjustment expenses. Loss adjustment expenses include costs incurred in the claim settlement process such as legal fees and costs to record, process and adjust claims. As is common accounting practice in the mortgage insurance industry and in accordance with U.S. GAAP, we do not establish loss reserves for future claims on insured loans that are not in default or believed to be in default.

Estimates and actuarial assumptions used for establishing the liability for policy and contract claims involve the exercise of significant judgment. Because these assumptions relate to factors that are not known in advance, change over time, are difficult to accurately predict and are inherently uncertain, we cannot determine with precision the ultimate amounts we will pay for actual claims or the timing of those payments. Small changes in assumptions or small deviations of actual experience from assumptions can have, and in the past have had, material impacts on our reserves, results of operations and financial condition.

The liabilities for our mortgage insurance policies represent our best estimates of the liabilities at the time based on known facts, trends and other external factors, including home prices, unemployment, government housing policies, state foreclosure timelines, general economic conditions, interest rates, tax policy, credit availability and mortgage products. Reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses are based on notices of mortgage loan defaults and estimates of defaults that have been incurred but have not been reported by loan servicers. Reserves for losses are established by estimating the number of loans in our inventory of delinquent loans that will result in a claim payment, which is referred to as the claim rate, and further estimating the amount of the claim payment, which is referred to as claim severity. The estimates are determined using a factor-based approach, in which assumptions of claim rates for loans in default and the average amount paid for loans that result in a claim are calculated using traditional actuarial techniques. Over time, as the status of the underlying delinquent loans moves toward foreclosure and the likelihood of the associated claim loss increases, the amount of the loss reserves associated with the potential claims may also increase.

Management considers the liability for policy and contract claims provided to be its best estimate to cover the losses that have occurred. Management monitors actual experience, and where circumstances warrant, will revise its assumptions. Our liability for policy and contract claims is reviewed regularly, with changes in our estimates of future claims recorded in net income (loss). Future developments may result in losses greater or less than the liability for policy and contract claims provided.

q) Unearned Premiums

For single premium mortgage insurance products, we recognize a portion of the revenue in premiums earned in the current period, while the remaining portion is deferred as unearned premiums and earned over time in accordance with the expected pattern of risk emergence. If single premium policies are cancelled and the premium is

non-refundable,

the remaining unearned premium related to each cancelled policy is recognized to earned premiums upon notification of the cancellation. Expected pattern of risk emergence on which we base premium recognition is inherently judgmental and is based on actuarial analysis of historical experience. We periodically review our premium earnings recognition models with any adjustments to the estimates reflected as a cumulative adjustment in current period net income (loss). Our reviews include the consideration of recent and projected loss experience, policy cancellation experience and refinement of actuarial methods.

r) Stock-Based Compensation

For share-based equity awards, we determine fair value on the grant date and recognize the related compensation expense, adjusted for expected forfeitures, through the income statement over the respective vesting period of the awards.

s) Employee Benefit Plans

We provide employees with a defined contribution pension plan and recognize expense throughout the year based on the employee’s age, service and eligible pay. We make an annual contribution to the plan. We also provide employees with defined contribution savings plans. We recognize expense for our contributions to the savings plans at the time employees make contributions to the plans.

Some employees participate in defined benefit pension and postretirement benefit plans. We recognize expense for these plans based upon actuarial valuations performed by external experts. We estimate aggregate benefits by using assumptions for employee turnover, future compensation increases, rates of return on pension plan assets and future health care costs. We recognize an expense for differences between actual experience and estimates over the average future service period of participants. We recognize the overfunded or underfunded status of a defined benefit plan as an asset or liability in our consolidated balance sheets and recognize changes in that funded status in the year in which the changes occur through OCI. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, we recognized a liability for these plans in other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.

t) Income Taxes

We determine deferred tax assets and/or liabilities by multiplying the differences between the financial reporting and tax reporting bases for assets and liabilities by the enacted tax rates expected to be in effect when such differences are recovered or settled if there is no change in law. The effect on deferred taxes of a change in tax rates is recognized in net income (loss) in the period that includes the enactment date. Valuation allowances on deferred tax assets are estimated based on our assessment of the realizability of such amounts.

Under U.S. GAAP, we are generally required to record U.S. deferred taxes on the anticipated repatriation of foreign income as the income is recognized for financial reporting purposes. An exception under certain accounting guidance permits us not to record a U.S. deferred tax liability for foreign income that we expect to reinvest in our foreign operations and for which remittance will be postponed indefinitely. If it becomes apparent that we cannot positively assert that some or all undistributed income will be reinvested indefinitely, the related deferred taxes are recorded in that period based on the expected form of repatriation (i.e., distribution, loan or sale). In determining indefinite reinvestment, we regularly evaluate the capital needs of our domestic and foreign operations considering all available information, including operating and capital plans, regulatory capital requirements, parent company financing and cash flow needs, as well as the applicable tax laws to which our domestic and foreign subsidiaries are subject.

Similarly, under another exception to the recognition of deferred taxes under U.S. GAAP, we do not record deferred taxes on U.S. domestic subsidiary entities for the excess of the financial statement carrying amount over the tax basis in the stock of the subsidiary (commonly referred to as “outside basis difference”) if we have the ability under the tax law and intent to recover the basis difference in a

tax-free

manner. Deferred taxes would be recognized in the period of a change to our ability or intent.

Our companies have elected to file a single U.S. consolidated income tax return (the

“life/non-life

consolidated return”). All companies domesticated in the United States are included in the

life/non-life

consolidated return as allowed by the tax law and regulations. We have a tax sharing agreement in place and all intercompany balances related to this agreement are settled at least annually.

u) Variable Interest Entities

We are involved in certain entities that are considered VIEs as defined under U.S. GAAP, and accordingly, we evaluate the VIE to determine whether we are the primary beneficiary and are required to consolidate the assets and liabilities of the entity. The primary beneficiary of a VIE is the enterprise that has the power to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and has the obligation to absorb losses or receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIE. The determination of the primary beneficiary for a VIE can be complex and requires management judgment regarding the expected results of the entity and how those results are absorbed by variable interest holders, as well as which party has the power to direct activities that most significantly impact the performance of the VIEs.

Our primary involvement related to VIEs includes certain investments, reinsurance transactions and securitization transactions.

We hold investments in certain structures that are considered VIEs. Our investments represent beneficial interests that are primarily in the form of structured securities or limited partnership investments. Our involvement in these structures typically represents a passive investment in the returns generated by the VIE and typically does not result in having significant influence over the economic performance of the VIE. Investments in limited partnerships or similar entities are generally limited partner or

non-managing

member equity investments in a widely held fund that is sponsored and managed by a reputable asset manager. We are not the primary beneficiary of any VIE investment in a limited partnership or similar entity. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the total carrying value of these investments was $

3,104

million and $

2,667

million, respectively. Our maximum exposure to loss is equal to the outstanding carrying value and future funding commitments. We have not contributed, and do not plan to contribute, any additional financial or other support outside of what is contractually obligated.

We have excess of loss reinsurance agreements with entities that are considered VIEs. These entities finance the reinsurance coverage by issuing mortgage insurance-linked notes to unaffiliated investors. The assets of the VIEs are deposited in reinsurance trusts for our benefit that will be the source of reinsurance claim payments. Our involvement with these VIEs represents mortgage insurance claim coverage through excess of loss reinsurance, which includes significant insurance risk and a reasonable possibility of a significant loss but does not result in the unilateral power to direct the activities that most significantly affect the VIEs’ economic performance or result in the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits. Accordingly, consolidation of the VIEs is not required. Refer to note 7 for additional information related to our reinsurance agreements with entities that are considered VIEs.

We have a beneficial interest in a VIE where we are the servicer and transferor of certain assets that were sold to the VIE. Our primary economic interest in this VIE represents the excess interest of the commercial mortgage loans. This securitization entity was designed to have significant limitations on the types of assets owned, the types and extent of permitted activities and decision making rights and is comprised of an entity backed by commercial mortgage loans. As a result of our involvement in the entity’s design or having certain decision making ability regarding the assets held by the securitization entity, consolidation of the VIE is required. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had $10 million and $16 million, respectively, of total securitized assets required to be consolidated. The assets held by the securitization entity are restricted and can only be used to fulfill the obligations of the securitization entity. We do not have any additional exposure or guarantees associated with this securitization entity. There was no new asset securitization activity in 2024.

v) Leases

We have leased assets predominantly classified as operating leases, which are recognized both as a

right-of-use

asset and a corresponding lease liability in our consolidated balance sheets. Our leased assets consist of office space in nine locations in the United States and one location in Mexico. Lease payments included in the calculation of our lease liability include fixed amounts contained within each rental agreement and variable lease payments that are based upon an index or rate. We combine lease and

non-lease

components and as a result,

non-lease

components are included in the calculation of our lease liability. Our remaining lease terms ranged from less thanone year to 14 years and had a weighted-average remaining lease term ofeight years as of December 31, 2024. The implicit rate of our lease agreements was not readily determinable; therefore, we utilized our incremental borrowing rate to discount future lease payments. The weighted-average discount rate was 7.1% as of December 31, 2024. The amount of contractual undiscounted lease obligations due in 2025, 2026, 2027, 2028, and 2029 and thereafter is $12 million, $11 million, $10 million, $4 million and $24 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, the

operating lease liability

recorded in other liabilities in our consolidated balance sheet of $47 million was net of imputed interest of $14 million.

w) Accounting Changes

Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures

On January 1, 2024, we adopted new accounting guidance to improve reportable segment disclosures, which was effective for annual reporting periods beginning on January 1, 2024 and interim reporting periods beginning on January 1, 2025. The guidance requires annual and interim disclosure of significant segment expenses regularly provided to the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) and other segment items. The guidance also requires disclosures about a segment’s profit or loss and assets, previously only required annually, to be disclosed on an interim basis. We adopted this guidance using the retrospective method, which had no impact on our consolidated financial statements but expanded our segment disclosures. The annual disclosures are reflected in note 21 herein, and the required interim disclosures will be reflected in the notes contained in our Form

10-Q

for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2025.

Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions

On January 1, 2024, we adopted new accounting guidance related to the fair value measurement of equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions. The guidance clarified existing fair value guidance on measuring the fair value of an equity security subject to contractual sale restrictions and added new disclosures related to these securities. We adopted this guidance using the prospective method, which did not have any impact on our consolidated financial statements and disclosures.

Long-Duration Targeted Improvements

On January 1, 2023, we adopted new accounting guidance related to the recognition and measurement of long-duration insurance contracts, commonly known as long-duration targeted improvements (“LDTI”). This new accounting guidance significantly changed the recognition and measurement of the assets and liabilities associated with the long-duration insurance contracts in our U.S. life insurance subsidiaries, and also significantly increased our disclosure requirements. The new guidance did not impact our Enact segment or Corporate and Other.

We adopted this new accounting guidance using the modified retrospective transition method for all topics except for MRBs, which was required to be applied using the retrospective transition method. The modified retrospective transition method generally resulted in applying the guidance to contracts on the basis of existing carrying values as of January 1, 2021 (the “Transition Date”). The new accounting guidance, for all topics, was applied as of the Transition Date with an adjustment to beginning retained earnings and accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Our long-term care insurance business was most significantly impacted by the adoption due to the requirement to remeasure the liability for future policy benefits and related reinsurance recoverables at the

bond rate as of the Transition Date, which at that time was materially lower than the

discount rate.

Troubled Debt Restructurings

On April 1, 2022, we elected to early adopt new accounting guidance related to troubled debt restructurings and the vintage disclosures included within the accounting guidance for credit losses on financial instruments. The guidance eliminated the recognition and measurement requirements for troubled debt restructurings and required creditors to instead apply existing guidance related to loan refinancing and restructuring to determine whether a modification results in a new loan or a continuation of an existing loan. The guidance also expanded disclosures for certain loan refinancings and restructurings by creditors when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and required the presentation of gross write-offs by year of origination. We were permitted to early adopt this new accounting guidance as we adopted the accounting guidance related to credit losses on financial instruments on January 1, 2020. In accordance with the new accounting guidance, we adopted this guidance prospectively as of January 1, 2022, which did not have any impact at adoption.

Reference Rate Reform

In March 2020, January 2021 and December 2022, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) issued new accounting guidance related to reference rate reform, which was effective for us on January 1, 2020 and effective for contract modifications made through December 31, 2024. The guidance temporarily eased the potential burden in accounting for, or recognizing the effects of, reference rate reform, which included the transition away from the London Interbank Offered Rate and other interbank offered rates to alternative reference rates, such as the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”). This guidance provided optional practical expedients and exceptions for applying generally accepted accounting principles to investments, derivatives or other transactions affected by reference rate reform such as those that impact the assessment of derivative hedge effectiveness and contract modifications, to include continuing hedge accounting when certain critical terms of a hedging relationship change and modifying certain effectiveness assessments to exclude certain potential sources of ineffectiveness. The guidance was updated to clarify that the optional practical expedients and exceptions can be applied to derivatives that use an interest rate for margining, discounting, or contract price alignment. In addition to the optional practical expedients, the guidance included a general principle that permits an entity to consider contract modifications due to reference rate reform to be an event that does not require contract remeasurement at the modification date or reassessment of a previous accounting determination. We adopted this guidance prospectively and it did not have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements or disclosures.

x) Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

In November 2024, the FASB issued new accounting guidance to require disaggregated disclosures in the notes to the financial statements of certain categories of expenses included in our consolidated statements of income, including employee compensation, depreciation and intangible asset amortization. This guidance is effective for us for annual reporting periods beginning on January 1, 2027 and interim periods beginning on January 1, 2028 using the prospective or retrospective method, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact the guidance may have on our processes, controls and disclosures.

In December 2023, the FASB issued new accounting guidance to improve income tax disclosures. The guidance requires annual disclosure of specific categories in the income tax rate reconciliation, separate disclosure of additional information related to reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold and additional disclosures about income taxes paid, among other qualitative and quantitative disclosure improvements. This guidance is effective for us for annual reporting periods beginning on January 1, 2025 using the prospective or retrospective method, with early adoption permitted, which we do not intend to elect. The guidance will have no impact on our consolidated financial statements but will require expanded disclosures. We are currently evaluating the impact the guidance may have on our processes, controls and disclosures.

(3) Earnings (Loss) Per Share

Basic and diluted earnings (loss) per share are calculated by dividing each income (loss) category presented below by the weighted-average basic and diluted common shares outstanding for the years ended December 31:

(4) Investments

(a) Net Investment Income

Sources of net investment income were as follows for the years ended December 31:

(b) Net Investment Gains (Losses)

The following table sets forth net investment gains (losses) for the years ended December 31:

See note 2 for a discussion of our policy for evaluating and measuring the allowance for credit losses related to our

fixed maturity securities. The following tables represent the allowance for credit losses aggregated by security type for

fixed maturity securities as of and for the years ended December 31:

There was no allowance for credit losses related to our

fixed maturity securities as of and for the year ended December 31, 2022.

(c) Unrealized Investment Gains and Losses

Net unrealized gains and losses on

investment securities reflected as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) were as follows as of December 31:

The change in net unrealized gains (losses) on

investment securities reported in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) was as follows as of and for the years ended December 31:

Amounts reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) to net investment gains (losses) include realized gains (losses) on sales of securities, which are determined on a specific identification basis.

(d) Fixed Maturity Securities

As of December 31, 2024, the amortized cost, gross unrealized gains (losses), allowance for credit losses and fair value of our fixed maturity securities classified as

were as follows:

As of December 31, 2023, the amortized cost, gross unrealized gains (losses), allowance for credit losses and fair value of our fixed maturity securities classified as

were as follows:

The following table presents the gross unrealized losses and fair values of our fixed maturity securities for which an allowance for credit losses had not been recorded, aggregated by investment type and length of time that individual fixed maturity securities had been in a continuous unrealized loss position, as of December 31, 2024:

The following table presents the gross unrealized losses and fair values of our corporate securities for which an allowance for credit losses had not been recorded, aggregated by investment type and length of time that individual investment securities had been in a continuous unrealized loss position, based on industry, as of December 31, 2024:

We did not recognize an allowance for credit losses on securities in an unrealized loss position included in the tables above. Based on a qualitative and quantitative review of the issuers of the securities, we believe the decline in fair value was largely due to increased interest rates since purchase and was not indicative of credit losses. The issuers continue to make timely principal and interest payments. For all securities in an unrealized loss position without an allowance for credit losses, we expect to recover the amortized cost based on our estimate of the amount and timing of cash flows to be collected. We do not intend to sell nor do we expect that we will be required to sell these securities prior to recovering our amortized cost.

The following table presents the gross unrealized losses and fair values of our fixed maturity securities for which an allowance for credit losses had not been recorded, aggregated by investment type and length of time that individual fixed maturity securities had been in a continuous unrealized loss position, as of December 31, 2023:

The following table presents the gross unrealized losses and fair values of our corporate securities for which an allowance for credit losses had not been recorded, aggregated by investment type and length of time that individual investment securities had been in a continuous unrealized loss position, based on industry, as of December 31, 2023:

The scheduled maturity distribution of fixed maturity securities as of December 31, 2024 is set forth below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers of securities may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

As of December 31, 2024, securities issued by finance and insurance, utilities,

consumer—non-cyclical

and technology and communications industry groups represented approximately 26%,15%,14% and 10%, respectively, of our domestic and foreign corporate fixed maturity securities portfolio. No other industry group comprised more than 10% of our investment portfolio.

As of December 31, 2024, we did not hold any fixed maturity securities in any single issuer, other than securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government, which exceeded 10% of stockholders’ equity.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, securities of $44 million and $43 million, respectively, were on deposit with various state government insurance departments in order to comply with relevant insurance regulations.

(e) Commercial Mortgage Loans

Our mortgage loans are collateralized by commercial properties, including multi-family residential buildings. The carrying value of commercial mortgage loans is stated at original cost net of principal payments, amortization and allowance for credit losses.

We diversify our commercial mortgage loans by both property type and geographic region.

The following tables set forth the distribution across property type and geographic region for commercial mortgage loans as of December 31:

As of December 31, 2024, we had one commercial mortgage loan in the industrial property type with an amortized cost of $7 million that was more than 90 days past due and on

status. We

wrote-off

$4

million of this commercial mortgage loan during the year ended December 31, 2024 to adjust the carrying value down to the fair value of its collateral. This loan did not have an allowance for credit losses as of December 31, 2024. We had no other commercial mortgage loans past due or on non-accrual status as of December 31, 2024 and no commercial mortgage loans past due or on non-accrual status as of December 31, 2023. For a discussion of our policy related to placing commercial mortgage loans on non-accrual status, see note 2.

Occasionally, we may make modifications of interest rate reductions, term extensions and/or principal forgiveness related to commercial mortgage loans. An assessment of whether a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty is made on the date of a modification. As the effect of most modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty is already included in the allowance for credit losses as a result of the measurement methodologies used to estimate the allowance, a change to the allowance for credit losses is generally not recorded upon modification.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, we modified twocommercial mortgage loans where the borrower was determined to be experiencing financial difficulty. These loans were included in the office and mixed use property types with an amortized cost of $35 million and $25 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2024, which represented

% and 7% of their total respective property types. The modifications extended the contractual term of each loan byten years and resulted in an increase to the interest rate. The modified commercial mortgage loan in the office property type was previously an interest-only loan and became amortizing as a result of the modification. As of December 31, 2024, these modified commercial mortgage loans remained current and continued to be accounted for as existing loans.

We did not have any other loan modifications or extensions associated with borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that resulted in the consideration of whether to establish a new loan or to continue accounting for the modification or extension under the existing loan during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

The following table sets forth the allowance for credit losses related to commercial mortgage loans as of and for the years ended December 31:

During the year ended December 31, 2024, we increased the provision for credit losses primarily as a result of annual updates to underlying metrics included in the analytical model used to determine the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses, which resulted in higher estimated loss rates.

In evaluating the credit quality of commercial mortgage loans, we assess the performance of the underlying loans using both quantitative and qualitative criteria. Certain risks associated with commercial mortgage loans can be evaluated by reviewing both the

and debt service coverage ratio to understand both the probability of the borrower not being able to make the necessary loan payments as well as the ability to sell the underlying property for an amount that would enable us to recover our unpaid principal balance in the event of default by the borrower. The average

ratio is based on our most recent estimate of the fair value for the underlying property which is evaluated at least annually and updated more frequently if necessary to better indicate risk associated with the loan. A lower

indicates that our loan value is more likely to be recovered in the event of default by the borrower if the property were sold. The debt service coverage ratio is based on “normalized” annual income of the property compared to the payments required under the terms of the loan. Normalization allows for the removal of annual

one-time

events such as capital expenditures, prepaid or late real estate tax payments or

non-recurring

third-party fees (such as legal, consulting or contract fees). This ratio is evaluated at least annually and updated more frequently if necessary to better indicate risk associated with the loan. A higher debt service coverage ratio indicates the borrower is less likely to default on the loan. The debt service coverage ratio is not used without considering other factors associated with the borrower, such as the borrower’s liquidity or access to other resources that may result in our expectation that the borrower will continue to make the future scheduled payments.

The following tables set forth commercial mortgage loans by year of origination and credit quality indicator as of December 31, 2024:

The following tables set forth the

of commercial mortgage loans by property type as of December 31:

The following tables set forth the debt service coverage ratio for fixed rate commercial mortgage loans by property type as of December 31:

(5) Derivative Instruments

Our business activities routinely deal with fluctuations in interest rates, equity prices, currency exchange rates and other asset and liability prices. We use derivative instruments to mitigate or reduce some of these risks. We have established policies for managing each of these risks, including prohibitions on derivatives market-making and other speculative derivatives activities. These policies require the use of derivative instruments in concert with other techniques to reduce or mitigate these risks. While we use derivatives to mitigate or reduce risks, certain derivatives do not meet the accounting requirements to be designated as hedging instruments and are denoted as “derivatives not designated as hedges” in the following disclosures. For derivatives that meet the accounting requirements to be designated as hedges, the following disclosures for these derivatives are denoted as “derivatives designated as hedges,” which include cash flow hedges.

The following table sets forth our positions in derivative instruments as of December 31:

The fair value of derivative positions presented above was not offset by the respective collateral amounts received or provided under these agreements.

The activity associated with derivative instruments can generally be measured by the change in notional value over the periods presented. However, for fixed indexed annuity embedded derivatives and indexed universal life embedded derivatives, the change between periods is best illustrated by the number of policies. The following tables represent activity associated with derivative instruments as of the dates indicated:

Cash Flow Hedges

Certain derivative instruments are designated as cash flow hedges. The changes in fair value of these instruments are recorded as a component of OCI. We designate and account for the following as cash flow hedges when they have met the effectiveness requirements: (i) various types of interest rate swaps to convert floating rate liabilities into fixed rate liabilities; (ii) receive U.S. dollar fixed on foreign currency swaps to hedge the foreign currency cash flow exposure of foreign currency denominated investments; (iii) forward starting interest rate swaps to hedge against changes in interest rates associated with future fixed rate bond purchases and/or interest income; (iv) forward bond purchase commitments to hedge against the variability in the anticipated cash flows required to purchase future fixed rate bonds; and (v) other instruments to hedge the cash flows of various forecasted transactions.

pre-tax

income effects of cash flow hedges for the year ended December 31, 2024:

pre-tax

income effects of cash flow hedges for the year ended December 31, 2023:

pre-tax

income effects of cash flow hedges for the year ended December 31, 2022:

The change for these designated derivatives reported in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) was as follows as of and for the years ended December 31:

The total balance in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) from derivatives designated as cash flow hedges of $492 million, net of taxes, recorded in stockholders’ equity as of December 31, 2024 is expected to be reclassified to net income (loss) in the future, concurrently with and primarily offsetting changes in interest expense and interest income on floating rate instruments and interest income on future fixed rate bond purchases. Of this amount, $125 million, net of taxes, is expected to be reclassified to net income (loss) in the next 12 months. Actual amounts may vary from this amount as a result of market conditions. All forecasted transactions associated with qualifying cash flow hedges are expected to occur by 2057. During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, we reclassified $10 million, $10 million and $11 million, respectively, to net income in connection with forecasted transactions that were no longer considered reasonably possible of occurring.

Derivatives Not Designated As Hedges

We enter into certain

non-qualifying

derivative instruments such as equity index options and financial futures to mitigate the risks associated with liabilities that have guaranteed minimum benefits, fixed indexed annuities and indexed universal life. Our fixed indexed annuity and indexed universal life insurance products with certain features are required to be bifurcated as embedded derivatives. Additionally, we have forward bond purchase commitments to hedge against the variability in the anticipated cash flows required to purchase future fixed rate bonds.

The following table provides the

pre-tax

gain (loss) recognized in net income for the effects of derivatives not designated as hedges for the years ended December 31:

Derivative Counterparty Credit Risk

Most of our derivative arrangements with counterparties require the posting of collateral upon meeting certain net exposure thresholds. The following table presents additional information about derivative assets and liabilities subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement as of December 31:

(6) Deferred Acquisition Costs

The following tables present the balances of and changes in deferred acquisition costs as of and for the years ended December 31:

(7) Reinsurance

We reinsure a portion of our policy risks to other insurance companies in order to reduce our ultimate losses, diversify our exposures and provide capital flexibility. We also assume certain policy risks written by other insurance companies. Reinsurance accounting is followed for ceded transactions when there is adequate insurance risk transfer. Otherwise, the deposit method of accounting is followed.

Reinsurance does not relieve us from our obligations to policyholders. In the event that the reinsurers are unable to meet their obligations, we remain liable for the reinsured claims. We monitor both the financial condition of individual reinsurers and risk concentrations arising from similar geographic regions, activities and economic characteristics of reinsurers to lessen the risk of default by such reinsurers. Other than the relationship discussed below with Union Fidelity Life Insurance Company (“UFLIC”), we do not have significant concentrations of reinsurance with any one reinsurer that could have a material impact on our financial position.

U.S. Life Insurance Subsidiaries

As of December 31, 2024, the maximum amount of individual ordinary life insurance normally retained by us on any one individual life policy was $5 million.

We have several significant reinsurance transactions (“Reinsurance Transactions”) with UFLIC, an affiliate of General Electric Company, which now operates as GE Aerospace (“GE”). In the Reinsurance Transactions, we ceded to UFLIC

blocks of structured settlements issued prior to 2004, substantially all of our

blocks of variable annuities issued prior to 2004 and a block of long-term care insurance policies that we reinsured in 2000 from legal entities now a part of Brighthouse Life Insurance Company. Although we remain directly liable under these contracts and policies as the ceding insurer, the Reinsurance Transactions have the effect of transferring the financial results of the reinsured blocks to UFLIC. To secure the payment of its obligations to us under the reinsurance agreements governing the Reinsurance Transactions, UFLIC has established trust accounts to maintain an aggregate amount of assets with a statutory book value at least equal to the statutory general account reserves attributable to the reinsured business less an amount required to be held in certain claims-paying accounts. A trustee administers the trust accounts and we are permitted to withdraw from the trust accounts amounts due to us pursuant to the terms of the reinsurance agreements that are not otherwise paid by UFLIC. In addition, pursuant to a Capital Maintenance Agreement, GE is obligated to maintain sufficient capital in UFLIC to maintain UFLIC’s risk-based capital (“RBC”) at not less than

% of its company action level, as defined by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”).

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, our reinsurance recoverable related to UFLIC at the

discount rate was $12,773 million and $13,020 million, respectively.

Under the terms of certain reinsurance agreements that our life insurance subsidiaries have with external parties, we pledged assets, including cash, in either separate portfolios or trusts for the benefit of external reinsurers. These assets support the reserves ceded to those external reinsurers. We have pledged fixed maturity securities, commercial mortgage loans and cash of $8,337 million, $413 million and $33 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2024 and $9,683 million, $489 million and $39 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2023 in connection with these reinsurance agreements. However, we maintain the ability to substitute these pledged assets for other qualified collateral, and may use, commingle, encumber or dispose of any portion of the collateral as long as there is no event of default and the remaining qualified collateral is sufficient to satisfy the collateral maintenance level.

The following table sets forth net domestic life insurance

as of December 31:

Enact

Enact Holdings, through Enact Mortgage Insurance Corporation (“EMICO”), its principal U.S. mortgage insurance subsidiary, engages in various reinsurance transactions. EMICO engages in excess of loss transactions either through a panel of traditional reinsurance providers or through collateralized reinsurance with unaffiliated special purpose insurers that are considered VIEs. During the respective coverage periods of these agreements, EMICO retains the first layer of aggregate loss exposure on covered policies while the reinsurer provides the second layer of coverage, up to the defined reinsurance coverage amount, and EMICO retains losses in excess of the respective reinsurance coverage amount. Traditional reinsurance providers collateralize a portion of their coverage by holding funds in reinsurance trust accounts, and the VIEs fully collateralize their coverage by issuing mortgage insurance-linked notes to eligible capital market investors in unregistered private offerings. The notes are non-recourse to EMICO, and to Genworth Financial and its affiliates. EMICO has rights to terminate the reinsurance agreements upon the occurrence of certain events.

On January 27, 2025, EMICO executed two excess of loss reinsurance transactions that provide approximately $225 million and $260

million of reinsurance coverage on a portion of expected new insurance written for the 2025 and 2026 book years, respectively.

In 2024, EMICO executed two excess of loss reinsurance transactions with a panel of reinsurers that provide up to $270 million of reinsurance coverage on a portion of new insurance written for the 2024 book year and approximately $90 million of reinsurance coverage on a portion of mortgage insurance written from July 2023 to December 2023.

In 2023, EMICO executed an excess of loss reinsurance transaction with a panel of reinsurers that provides up to $180 million of reinsurance coverage on a portion of new insurance written in 2023. During 2023, EMICO also obtained $248 million of excess of loss reinsurance coverage from certain special purpose insurers.

EMICO also engages in quota share reinsurance agreements with a panel of third-party reinsurers. Under the agreements, EMICO cedes a percentage of premiums earned, claims and claims expenses on eligible policies. The agreements also include a specific ceding commission and a profit commission that is determined based on ceded claims. EMICO has rights to terminate the reinsurance agreements upon the occurrence of certain events.

In 2024, EMICO entered into quota share reinsurance agreements under which it ceded

21.225%

of a portion of new insurance written for its 2024 book year, and will cede, subject to certain conditions,

27.15% and 27.00%

of a portion of expected new insurance written for its 2025 and 2026 book years, respectively. EMICO executed a quota share reinsurance agreement in 2023 under which it ceded

16.125%

of a portion of new insurance written for its 2023 book year.

In connection with its reinsurance activities, Enact Holdings maintained assets in trust of $142 million and $78

million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, for the benefit of its contractual counterparties.

Premiums Written and Earned

The following table sets forth the effects of reinsurance on premiums written and earned for the years ended December 31:

Reinsurance recoveries recognized as a reduction of benefits and other changes in policy reserves amounted to $2,812 million, $2,702 million and $2,746 million during 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Reinsurance Recoverables

The following table sets forth the changes in the allowance for credit losses related to reinsurance recoverables as of and for the years ended December 31:

Our policy for evaluating and measuring the allowance for credit losses related to reinsurance recoverables utilizes the reinsurer’s credit rating, updated quarterly, to assess the credit quality of reinsurance recoverables. The following tables set forth A.M. Best Company, Inc.’s credit ratings related to our reinsurance recoverables at the

discount rate, gross of the allowance for credit losses, as of December 31:

Reinsurance recoverables are considered past due when contractual payments have not been received from the reinsurer by the required payment date. Claims submitted for payment are generally due in less than one year. As of December 31, 2024, we had less than $1 million of reinsurance recoverables past due and no reinsurance recoverables past due as of December 31, 2023.

We previously established an allowance for credit losses of $36 million related to a prior reinsurance recoverable associated with Scottish Re US Inc. (“Scottish Re”), a reinsurance company domiciled in Delaware that was ordered into receivership for the purposes of rehabilitation in 2019. In 2023, the receiver concluded that Scottish Re should be liquidated based upon adverse changes in its financial condition subsequent to the filing of the proposed and subsequently amended plan of rehabilitation. Scottish Re’s board of directors consented to the liquidation order, which was made final by the court shortly thereafter. In addition, the court’s liquidation order mandated all reinsurance agreements

with Scottish Re be terminated (or expire) by no later than September 30, 2023. In 2023, we determined that the reinsurance recoverable was uncollectible. As a result, we recorded an additional credit loss of $33 million and wrote off the entire reinsurance recoverable of $69 million against the allowance for credit losses. We also recaptured all our life insurance policies from Scottish Re in 2023, which did not have a significant impact on our earnings for the year ended December 31, 2023, as the credit loss recognized during 2023 was offset by the derecognition of ceded premiums payable of approximately $33 million where we had the right of offset for the amounts owed to us by Scottish Re.

Effective December 31, 2023, we executed treaties with a third party to cede, on a yearly renewable term basis, certain term and universal life insurance products recaptured from Scottish Re, as well as some smaller blocks. This transaction resulted in a gain of $34 million that was deferred as cost of reinsurance and recorded as part of the reinsurance recoverable balance as of December 31, 2023; therefore, there was no impact to net income (loss).

(8) Future Policy Benefits

The following table sets forth our liability for future policy benefits as of December 31:

The following tables present the balances of and changes in the liability for future policy benefits as of and for the years ended December 31:

Long-term care insurance

In the fourth quarter of 2024, we completed our annual review of cash flow assumptions including benefit utilization, incidence, mortality and in-force rate actions, among others. The impact of changes in cash flow assumptions in 2024 resulted in an increase of

$146 million

in the liability for future policy benefits primarily related to unfavorable updates to healthy life and near-term benefit utilization assumptions to better align with recent experience, including cost of care inflation. Although we did not make significant changes to our multi-year in-force rate action plan, the increase to the liability for future policy benefits was partially offset by favorable assumption updates for future in-force rate action approvals given our current plans for rate increase filings and our recent experience regarding approvals and regulatory support. The increase to the liability for future policy benefits was also partially offset by favorable updates to our short-term incidence assumptions for incurred but not reported (“IBNR”) claims, reducing sufficiency held through a period of heightened uncertainty around incidence during and immediately following the coronavirus pandemic (“COVID-19”). The unfavorable impact of changes in cash flow assumptions was partially offset in net income as a portion of the unfavorable cash flow assumption updates were related to fully reinsured blocks of business. The impact of actual variances from expected experience in 2024 resulted in an increase of

$280 million

in the liability for future policy benefits primarily due to lower terminations and higher claims.

In the fourth quarter of 2023, we completed our annual review of cash flow assumptions including expected claim incidence and terminations, expenses, interest rates, benefit utilization trend and

rate actions, among other assumptions. The impact of changes in cash flow assumptions in 2023 resulted in a decrease of $16 million

in the liability for future policy benefits primarily as a result of a favorable update to our disabled life mortality assumptions to reflect an expectation that mortality will continue at elevated levels in the near term post-COVID-19. This was partially offset by unfavorable updates to our healthy life assumptions to better reflect near-term experience for cost of care, mortality, incidence and lapse rates. We also evaluated our assumptions regarding expectations of future premium rate increase approvals and benefit reductions and did not make significant changes to our multi-year in-force rate action plan. However, we did increase our assumption for future approvals and benefit reductions given our plans for rate increase filings and our historical experience regarding approvals and regulatory support, as well as benefit reductions and legal settlement results. The impact of actual variances from expected experience in 2023 resulted in an increase

of $315 million in the liability for future policy benefits primarily driven by higher claims and unfavorable timing impacts related to a legal settlement.

There were no significant cash flow assumption changes in the fourth quarter of 2024. The impact of actual variances from expected experience in 2024 resulted in an increase

of $19 million in the liability for future policy benefits primarily due to unfavorable mortality impacts.

In the fourth quarter of 2023, we completed our annual review of cash flow assumptions and increased our liability for future policy benefits by $81 million primarily as a result of unfavorable updates to our mortality assumptions to better reflect emerging experience related to more modest mortality improvement and to include an expectation that mortality will continue at elevated levels in the near term

post-COVID-19.

The impact of actual variances from expected experience in 2023 resulted in an increase of $23 million in the liability for future policy benefits primarily driven by unfavorable mortality experience.

There were no significant cash flow assumption changes in the fourth quarter of 2024. The impact of actual variances from expected experience in 2024 resulted in a decrease of $39 million in the liability for future policy benefits primarily due to favorable mortality.

The impact of changes in cash flow assumptions and actual variances from expected experience in 2023 resulted in decreases of $33 million and $30 million, respectively, in the liability for future policy benefits primarily from favorable mortality.

The following table provides the weighted-average interest rates for the liability for future policy benefits as of December 31:

See note 2 for additional information related to the discount rate used to measure the liability for future policy benefits.

The following table sets forth the amount of undiscounted and discounted expected future gross premiums and expected future benefit payments as of December 31:

During 2024, we recorded a charge of $4 million

to net income for our long-term care insurance products due to expected benefits exceeding expected gross premiums, resulting in net premium ratios capped

at 100% for certain cohorts primarily due to unfavorable impacts of the annual review of cash flow assumptions completed in the fourth quarter of 2024.

During 2024, we recorded a charge of $10 million to net

inco

me for our life insurance products due to expected benefits exceeding expected gross premiums, resulting in net premium ratios capped

at 100% for certain cohorts primarily due to higher claim severity.

The

following table sets forth the amount of revenue and interest accretion (expense) recognized in net income related to our liability for future policy benefits for the years ended December 31:

(9) Policyholder Account Balances

The following table sets forth our liabilities for policyholder account balances as of December 31:

The contracts underlying the minimum guarantees, such as GMWBs and guaranteed annuitization benefits, are considered “in the money” if the present value of the contractholder’s benefits is greater than the account value, or commonly referred to as the net amount at risk. For GMWBs and guaranteed annuitization benefits, the only way the contractholder can monetize the excess of the benefits over the account value of the contract is through lifetime withdrawals or lifetime income payments after annuitization. For those guarantees of benefits that are payable in the event of death, the net amount at risk is generally defined as the current GMDB in excess of the current account balance at the balance sheet date.

The following tables present the balances of and changes in policyholder account balances as of and for the years ended December 31:

The following tables present policyholder account balances by range of guaranteed minimum crediting rate and the related range of the difference between rates being credited to policyholders and the respective guaranteed minimums as of December 31:

Certain of our U.S. life insurance subsidiaries are members of the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) system in their respective regions. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, we held $34 million and $24 million, respectively, of FHLB common stock related to those memberships, which was included in equity securities. The FHLBs have been granted a lien on certain of our invested assets to collateralize our obligations; however, we maintain the ability to substitute these pledged assets for other qualified collateral, and may use, commingle, encumber or dispose of any portion of the collateral as long as there is no event of default and the remaining qualified collateral is sufficient to satisfy the collateral maintenance level. Upon any event of default by us, the FHLB’s recovery on the collateral is limited to the amount of our funding agreement liabilities to the FHLB. These funding agreements as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 were collateralized by fixed maturity securities with a fair value of $360 million and $359 million, respectively. The amount of funding agreements outstanding with the FHLBs was $50 million and $100 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, which was included in policyholder account balances.

(10) Additional Insurance Liabilities

The following table presents the balances of and changes in additional liabilities related to death or other insurance benefits that are included within policyholder account balances related to universal and term universal life insurance products as of and for the years ended December 31:

In the fourth quarter of 2024, as part of our annual review of assumptions, we increased our additional insurance liabilities primarily related to an unfavorable update to mortality assumptions for universal life insurance contracts originating from term life insurance conversions and an unfavorable update to interest rate assumptions given the recent rate environment. The decrease in our additional insurance liabilities from the effect of actual variances from expected experience in 2024 was primarily due to a model refinement related to certain universal life insurance products with secondary guarantees.

In the fourth quarter of 2023, as part of our annual review of assumptions, we increased our additional insurance liabilities primarily to reflect unfavorable updates to our persistency and mortality assumptions to better reflect emerging experience. Our mortality assumption updates included more modest mortality improvement and reflected an expectation that mortality will continue at elevated levels in the near term post-COVID-19.

The following table provides the weighted-average interest rates for our additional insurance liabilities as of December 31:

The following table sets forth the amount of revenue and interest accretion (expense) recognized in net income related to additional insurance liabilities for

t

he

years ended December 31:

(11) Market Risk Benefits

The following table sets forth our market risk benefits by asset and liability position as of December 31:

The following tables present the balances of and changes in market risk benefits as of and for the years ended December 31:

During the year ended December 31, 2024, risk-free interest rates increased and equity markets were favorable, resulting in a decrease in the net MRB liability of our fixed indexed and variable annuity products. This was partially offset by unfavorable updates to our lapse assumptions.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, equity market performance was favorable, resulting in a decrease in the net MRB liability of our variable annuity products.

(12) Separate Accounts

The following table presents the balances of and changes in separate account liabilities, which are primarily comprised of variable annuity products, as of and for the years ended December 31:

Separate Account Assets

The following table presents the aggregate fair value of assets, by major investment asset category, supporting separate accounts as of December 31:

(13) Liability for Policy and Contract Claims

The following table sets forth our liability for policy and contract claims as of December 31:

The following table presents the balances of and changes in our liability for policy and contract claims as of December 31:

The liability for policy and contract claims represents our current best estimate; however, there may be future adjustments to this estimate and related assumptions. Such adjustments, reflecting any variety of new and adverse trends, could be significant and result in increases in reserves by an amount that could be material to our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity. Given the extended period of time that may exist between the reporting of a delinquency and the claim payment in our Enact segment, and changes in economic conditions and the real estate market, significant uncertainty and variability exist on amounts actually paid.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, our Enact segment recorded reserve releases of $252 million primarily related to insured events of prior years, largely driven by favorable cure performance and loss mitigation activities. As part of these reserve releases, Enact decreased its assumptions for the rate at which delinquencies go to claim, primarily resulting from sustained favorable cure performance and lessening uncertainty in the economic environment, impacting reserves for insured events of both current and prior years.

The favorable development related to insured events of prior years for the year ended December 31, 2023 was predominantly associated with $241 million of reserve releases in our Enact segment primarily driven by favorable cure performance, including on delinquencies related to

COVID-19.

In addition, cure performance on delinquencies from 2022 had not been negatively impacted by uncertainty in the economic environment to the extent initially expected.

The favorable development related to insured events of prior years for the year ended December 31, 2022 was largely attributable to $314 million of reserve releases primarily driven by favorable cure performance on

COVID-19

delinquencies in our Enact

segment.

The following table sets forth

information

about incurred claims, net of reinsurance, as well as cumulative number of reported delinquencies and the total of IBNR liabilities plus expected development on reported claims included within the net incurred claims amounts for domestic mortgage insurance in our Enact segment as of December 31, 2024. The information about the incurred claims development for the years ended December 31, 2015 to 2023 and the historical reported delinquencies as of December 31, 2023 and prior are presented as supplementary information.

The following table sets forth paid claims development, net of reinsurance, for domestic mortgage insurance in our Enact segment for the year ended December 31, 2024. The information about paid claims development for the years ended December 31, 2015 to 2023 is presented as supplementary information.

The following table sets forth our average payout of incurred claims by age for domestic mortgage insurance in our Enact segment as of December 31, 2024:

(14) Employee Benefit Plans

(a) Pension and Retiree Health and Life Insurance Benefit Plans

Essentially all of our employees are enrolled in a qualified defined contribution pension plan. The plan is 100

% funded by Genworth. We make annual contributions to each employee’s pension plan account based on the employee’s age, service and eligible pay. Employees are vested in the plan after

three years

of service. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, we recorded a liability related to these benefits of $

million.

In addition, certain employees also participate in

defined contribution plans and in qualified and

defined benefit pension plans. The plan assets and pension liabilities, including the projected and accumulated benefit obligations of these plans, were not material to our consolidated financial statements individually or in the aggregate. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, we recorded a liability related to these plans of $51 million and $49 million, respectively, which we accrued in other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. In 2024 and 2023, we recognized an increase of $2 million and a decrease of $2 million, respectively, in OCI.

In 2022, we completed the termination of the First Colony Life Insurance Company Pension Plan (“FCL Plan”), one of our defined benefit pension plans previously available to certain of our employees. As permitted by a determination letter issued by the Internal Revenue Service, the FCL Plan settled the projected benefit obligation during 2022 by distributing FCL Plan assets to FCL Plan participants in the form of a lump sum distribution, an individual retirement account rollover to another qualified plan or by purchasing a

non-participating

annuity contract from a third-party insurer to cover vested benefits. The FCL Plan was fully funded and didnot require any additional cash contributions to terminate. During the year ended December 31, 2022 and in connection with the FCL Plan termination, we incurred $8 million of

pre-tax

termination costs associated with the recognition of actuarial losses previously deferred in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).

We provide retiree health benefits to domestic employees hired prior to January 1, 2005 who meet certain service requirements. Under this plan, retirees over 65 years of age receive a subsidy towards the purchase of a Medigap policy, and retirees under 65 years of age receive medical benefits similar to our employees’ medical benefits. In December 2009, we announced that eligibility for retiree medical benefits would be limited to associates who were within 10 years of retirement eligibility as of January 1, 2010. We also provide retiree life and long-term care insurance benefits. The plans are funded as claims are incurred. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the accumulated postretirement benefit obligation associated with these benefits was $51 million and $53 million, respectively, which we accrued in other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. In 2024 and 2023, we recognized an increase of $2 million and a decrease of $3 million, respectively, in OCI.

Our cost associated with our pension and retiree health and life insurance benefit plans was $15 million, $12 million and $22 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

(b) Savings Plans

Our domestic employees participate in qualified and

defined contribution savings plans that allow employees to contribute a portion of their pay to the plan on a

pre-tax

basis. We make matching contributions equal to 100% of the first 4% of pay deferred by an employee and 50% of the next 2% of pay deferred by an employee so that our matching contribution does not exceed 5% of an employee’s pay. Employees do not vest immediately in Genworth matching contributions but fully vest in the matching contributions

after two complete years

of service. One option available to employees in the defined contribution savings plan is the ClearCourse

®

variable annuity option offered by certain of our life insurance subsidiaries. The amount of deposits recorded by our life insurance subsidiaries in 2024 and 2023 in relation to this plan option was less than $1 million for each year.

Our cost associated with these plans was $11 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 and $13 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

(c) Health and Welfare Benefits for Active Employees

We provide health and welfare benefits to our employees, including health, life, disability, dental and long-term care insurance, among others. Our long-term care insurance is provided through our group long-term care insurance products. The premiums recorded by this business related to these benefits were insignificant during 2024, 2023 and 2022.

(15) Borrowings and Other Financings

(a) Long-Term Borrowings

The following table sets forth total long-term borrowings as of December 31:

Genworth Holdings

Long-Term Senior Notes

As of December 31, 2024, Genworth Holdings had outstanding fixed rate senior notes with a principal balance of $244 million and a discount of $1 million, with an interest rate of 6.50% due in June 2034 (“2034 Notes”). The 2034 Notes are Genworth Holdings’ direct, unsecured obligations and rank equally in right of payment with all its existing and future unsecured and unsubordinated obligations. Genworth Financial provides a full and unconditional guarantee to the trustee and holders of Genworth Holdings’ 2034 Notes, on an unsecured unsubordinated basis, of the full and punctual payment of the principal of, premium, if any, interest on, and all other amounts payable under, the outstanding 2034 Notes and their respective indentures. Genworth Holdings has the option to redeem all or a portion of its 2034 Notes at any time with notice to the noteholders at a price equal to the greater of 100% of principal or the sum of the present value of the remaining scheduled payments of principal and interest discounted at the then-current treasury rate plus an applicable spread. During the year ended December 31, 2024, Genworth Holdings repurchased $19 million principal amount of its 2034 Notes and paid accrued interest thereon. In connection with the repurchases, we wrote off $1 million of bond consent fees and deferred borrowing charges.

Long-Term Junior Subordinated Notes

As of December 31, 2024, Genworth Holdings had outstanding floating rate junior notes having an aggregate principal amount of $546 million and a discount of $1 million, with interest payable quarterly until the notes mature in November 2066 (“2066 Notes”). The 2066 Notes have an annual interest rate equal to thethree-month Term SOFR Reference Rate, plus a tenor spread adjustment of 0.26161%, plus an additional spread of 2.0025%. Subject to certain conditions, Genworth Holdings has the right, on one or more occasions, to defer the payment of interest on the 2066 Notes during any period of up to 10 years without giving rise to an event of default and without permitting acceleration under the terms of the 2066 Notes. Genworth Holdings will not be required to settle deferred interest payments until it has deferred interest for five years or made a payment of current interest. In the event of our bankruptcy, holders will have a limited claim for deferred interest.

In connection with the issuance of the 2066 Notes, we entered into a Replacement Capital Covenant, whereby we agreed, for the benefit of holders of Genworth Holdings’ 2034 Notes, that Genworth Holdings would not repay, redeem or repurchase all or any part of the 2066 Notes on or before November 15, 2046, unless such repayment, redemption or repurchase was made from the proceeds of the issuance of certain replacement capital securities and pursuant to the other terms and conditions set forth in the Replacement Capital Covenant. On October 25, 2023, Genworth Holdings completed a consent solicitation from bondholders representing a majority in principal amount of its 2034 Notes to amend the Replacement Capital Covenant. The amendment permits Genworth Holdings to repay, redeem or repurchase $2,000 principal amount of its 2066 Notes for each $1,000 principal amount of its 2034 Notes repaid, redeemed or repurchased. During the year ended December 31, 2024, Genworth Holdings repurchased $47 million of its 2066 Notes for a

pre-tax

gain of $8 million.

During the

180-day

period prior to November 15, 2036, the “scheduled redemption date,” Genworth Holdings must use its commercially reasonable efforts, subject to certain conditions, to raise sufficient net proceeds from the sale of certain qualifying capital securities to redeem the 2066 Notes on the scheduled redemption date. If Genworth Holdings has not raised sufficient net proceeds to repay the 2066 Notes in full on the scheduled redemption date, it shall repay the 2066 Notes in part on such date and on each quarterly interest payment date thereafter to the extent that it has received net proceeds from the sale of such qualifying capital securities, until the 2066 Notes have been redeemed in full. Genworth Holdings may otherwise redeem the 2066 Notes at any time in whole or in part at their principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest to the date of redemption, subject to compliance with the amended Replacement Capital Covenant.

The 2066 Notes will be subordinated to all existing and future senior, subordinated and junior subordinated debt of Genworth Holdings, except for any future debt that by its terms is not superior in right of payment, and will be effectively subordinated to all liabilities of our subsidiaries. Genworth Financial provides a full and unconditional guarantee to the trustee and holders of the 2066 Notes, on an unsecured subordinated basis, of the full and punctual payment of the principal of, premium, if any, interest on, and all other amounts payable under, the outstanding 2066 Notes and their respective indentures.

On May 28, 2024, Enact Holdings issued $750 million aggregate principal amount of unsecured senior notes, maturing on May 28, 2029 (“2029 Notes”). The 2029 Notes bear interest at an annual rate of 6.25%, payable semi-annually in arrears on May 28 and November 28 of each year, which commenced on November 28, 2024. Enact Holdings has the option to redeem all or a portion of the 2029 Notes at any time prior to April 28, 2029 with notice to the noteholders at a price equal to the greater of the present value of the remaining scheduled

principal and interest payments discounted at the then-current treasury rate plus 30 basis points or 100% of the principal, plus in either case, accrued and unpaid interest. At any time on or after April 28, 2029, Enact Holdings may redeem all or a portion of its 2029 Notes with notice to the noteholders at a price equal to 100% of the principal plus accrued and unpaid interest. The 2029 Notes contain customary events of default, which subject to certain notice and cure conditions, can result in the acceleration of the principal and accrued interest on the outstanding notes if Enact Holdings breaches the terms of the indenture.

On June 3, 2024, Enact Holdings redeemed all $750 million aggregate principal amount outstanding of its 6.50% senior notes due in 2025 for a

pre-tax

loss of $11 million. Enact Holdings funded the redemption primarily through the net proceeds from the issuance of its 2029 Notes.

(b) Revolving Credit Facility

On June 30, 2022, Enact Holdings entered into a credit agreement with a syndicate of lenders that provides for afive-year unsecured revolving credit facility in the initial aggregate principal amount of $200 million, including the ability for Enact Holdings to increase the commitments under the credit facility on an uncommitted basis, by an additional aggregate principal amount of up to $100 million. Any borrowings under Enact Holdings’ credit facility will bear interest at a per annum rate equal to a floating rate tied to a standard short-term borrowing index selected at Enact Holdings’ option, plus an applicable margin, pursuant to the terms of the credit agreement. The applicable margin is based on Enact Holdings’ ratings established by certain debt rating agencies for its outstanding debt. Enact Holdings’ credit facility includes customary representations, warranties, covenants, terms and conditions. As of December 31, 2024, Enact Holdings was in compliance with all covenants and the credit facility remained undrawn.

(c) Liquidity

The combined $1,540 million aggregate principal amount of our long-term borrowings matures in 2029 or thereafter.

(16) Income Taxes

Income from continuing operations before income taxes included the following components for the years ended December 31:

The total provision for income taxes was as follows for the years ended December 31:

Our current income tax payable was $57 million and $43 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The reconciliation of the federal statutory tax rate to the effective income tax rate was as follows for the years ended December 31:

The effective tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was above the statutory U.S. federal income tax rate of 21% largely due to tax expense on certain forward starting swap gains that are tax effected at the previously enacted federal income tax rate of 35% as they are amortized into net investment income.

The effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2024 decreased compared to the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily attributable to lower tax expense on certain forward starting swap gains in relation to

pre-tax

income in 2024.

The effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased compared to the year ended December 31, 2022 primarily attributable to higher tax expense on certain forward starting swap gains in relation to

pre-tax

income in 2023.

The components of our deferred income taxes were as follows as of December 31:

The $2 million of net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards relate to foreign jurisdictions and are fully offset by a valuation allowance. Capital loss carryforwards amounted to $673 million as of December 31, 2024, and, if unused, will expire in 2026.

Our valuation allowance as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $639 million and $542 million, respectively. Given the change in our unrealized gains (losses) on our fixed maturity securities and forward starting swaps in 2024 due to rising interest rates and the corresponding reduction in the amount of unrealized capital gains expected to be available in the future to offset our capital loss carryforwards and other capital deferred tax assets, we recorded an additional valuation allowance of $100 million

during the fourth quarter of 2024 through accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)

,

resulting in an ending valuation allowance of

$300

million related to deferred tax assets that would produce capital losses. There was no change in 2023 to the

$200 million

valuation allowance recorded in 2022 based upon the amounts and characteristics of our deferred tax assets and liabilities and our assessment of the risks associated with the recoverability of our deferred tax assets. The remainder of the valuation allowance as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 was related to state deferred tax

assets and foreign NOLs. The state deferred tax assets related primarily to the future deductions associated with the Section 338 elections and non-insurance NOL carryforwards.

Our ability to realize our net deferred tax asset of $1,718 million, which includes deferred tax assets related to capital loss and NOL carryforwards, is primarily dependent upon generating sufficient taxable income and capital gains in future years. We have net deferred tax assets of $1,220 million that have or will produce capital losses. As part of the assessment of the amount of the valuation allowance, management has asserted that it has the ability and intent to execute tax planning strategies including holding certain investment assets with unrealized losses to recovery or maturity or realizing gains on certain investment assets with unrealized gains to the extent necessary to ensure realization of the capital related deferred tax assets, net of the $300 million valuation allowance.

We have net deferred tax assets of $498 million that will produce ordinary income (loss) in future years. Management has concluded that there is sufficient positive evidence to support the expected realization of these deferred tax assets for U.S. federal income tax purposes. This positive evidence includes the fact that: (i) we are currently in a cumulative three-year income position, and (ii) our U.S. operating forecasts are profitable, which include

premium rate increases and associated benefit reductions already obtained in our long-term care insurance business.

After consideration of all available evidence, we have concluded that it is more likely than not that our deferred tax assets, with the exception of capital loss carryforwards, other capital deferred tax assets, state deferred tax assets and certain foreign NOLs for which a valuation allowance has been established, will be realized. If our actual results do not validate the current projections of pre-tax income, we may be required to record an additional valuation allowance that could have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements in future periods.

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits was as follows:

The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits was $25 million as of December 31, 2024, which if recognized would affect the effective tax rate on continuing operations by $21 million. These unrecognized tax benefits include the impact of foreign currency translation from our international operations.

We believe it is reasonably possible that in 202

, due to the possible resolution of certain potential settlements and other administrative and statutory proceedings and limitations, up to approximately $13 million unrecognized tax benefits would be recognized.

We recognize accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as components of income tax expense. We recorded $

million,

$

— and

$

—

of expense in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Our companies have elected to file a single U.S. consolidated income tax return (the

“life/non-life

consolidated return”). All companies domesticated in the United States and our Bermuda subsidiary, which will elect to be taxed as a U.S. domestic company retroactive to the 2023 tax year, are included in the

life/non-life

consolidated return as allowed by the tax law and regulations. We have a tax sharing agreement in place and all intercompany balances related to this agreement are settled at least annually. We are not currently subject to any significant examinations by federal or state income tax authorities. Generally, we are no longer subject to federal or state income tax examinations for years prior to 2021.

(17) Supplemental Cash Flow Information

Net cash paid for taxes was $248 million, $10 million and $5 million and cash paid for interest was $124 million, $110 million and $101 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

(18) Long-Term Incentive Compensation

Genworth Financial

Prior to May 2012, we granted share-based awards to employees and directors, including restricted stock units (“RSUs”), performance stock units (“PSUs”), deferred stock units (“DSUs”) and stock appreciation rights (“SARs”) under the 2004 Genworth Financial, Inc. Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2004 Omnibus Incentive Plan”). In May 2012, the 2012 Genworth Financial, Inc. Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2012 Omnibus Incentive Plan”) was approved by stockholders. Under the 2012 Omnibus Incentive Plan, we were authorized to grant 16 million equity awards, plus a number of additional shares not to exceed 25 million underlying awards outstanding under the 2004 Omnibus Incentive Plan. In December 2018, the 2018 Genworth Financial, Inc. Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan”) was approved by stockholders. Under the 2018 Omnibus Incentive Plan, we were authorized to grant 25 million equity awards, plus a number of additional shares not to exceed 20 million underlying awards outstanding under the prior Plans. In May 2021, the 2021 Genworth Financial, Inc. Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan”) was approved by stockholders. Under the 2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan, we are authorized to grant 25 million equity awards, plus a number of additional shares not to exceed 20 million underlying awards outstanding under the prior Plans. The 2004 Omnibus Incentive Plan together with the 2012, 2018 and 2021 Omnibus Incentive Plans are referred to collectively as the “Omnibus Incentive Plans.”

We recorded long-term incentive compensation expense under the Omnibus Incentive Plans of $32 million, $34 million and $27 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, which included stock-based compensation expense of $31 million, $29 million and $19 million, respectively. Long-term incentive compensation expense was recognized evenly on a straight-line attribution method over the awards’ respective vesting period.

During 2024, 2023 and 2022, we issued RSUs with average restriction periods ofthree years and a weighted-average grant date fair value of $6.15, $6.05 and $4.25, respectively, measured at the market price of a share of our Common Stock on the grant date.

During

2024, 2023 and 2022, we granted PSUs with a fair value of $6.48, $6.76 and $4.47, respectively, calculated as described in further detail below as of the approval date by Genworth Financial’s Board of Directors. PSUs may be earned over a

three-year

period based upon the achievement of certain performance goals.

The

PSUs granted in 2024, 2023 and 2022 each have a three-year measurement period starting on January 1 of the respective grant year going through December 31 of the following third year. For all years, the performance metric is based on our Enact segment’s adjusted operating income (loss) and Genworth’s total shareholder return over the three-year measurement period compared to certain of its peer companies established as of the grant date. See note 21 for our definition of adjusted operating income (loss). The performance metric for the PSUs granted in 2024 is also based on the net present value of future expected premium increases and benefit reductions resulting from approved

rate actions on our long-term care insurance policies and reserve reductions associated with the related legal settlements less settlement payments, net of reinsurance, over the three-year measurement period. The performance metric for the PSUs granted in both 2023 and 2022 is also based on the consolidated statutory

pre-tax

income of our U.S. life insurance subsidiaries over the three-year measurement period. The grant-date fair value for the adjusted operating income (loss), net present value of future expected premium increases and benefit reductions and consolidated statutory

pre-tax

income performance measures was based on market price of a share of our Common Stock as of the approval date. The grant-date fair value for the total relative shareholder return performance metric was calculated using the Monte Carlo simulation.

The grant-date fair value and the valuation assumptions used in the Monte Carlo simulation to calculate the total relative shareholder return performance metric for the PSUs granted in 2024, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:

For all PSU awards granted, the compensation committee of our Board of Directors determines and approves no later than March 15, following the end of the three-year performance period for each applicable performance period, the number of units earned and vested for each distinct performance period.

The following table summarizes the status of our equity-based awards as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024:

We

issue new shares of Common Stock upon vesting of share-based awards. The fair value of RSUs, PSUs and DSUs that vested during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $20 million, $17 million and $29 million, respectively, and the tax benefit realized upon vesting of share-based awards was $4 million, $4 million and $5 million, respectively.

As of December 31, 2024, total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to

non-vested

awards not yet recognized was $24 million and is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximatelytwo years.

During 2024, 2023 and 2022, we issued cash settled RSUs with average restriction periods ofthree years and a weighted-average fair value of $7.35, $6.18 and $4.27, respectively, measured at the market price of a share of our Common Stock on the grant date. The RSUs will vest as a cash payment equal toone share of our Common Stock using the average closing sales prices on the 20 trading days immediately preceding the vesting date. In 2022, we granted time-based cash awards with a fair value of $1.00 per award and that vest over three years, with a third of the payout occurring per year as determined by the vesting period, beginning on the first anniversary of the grant date.

The following table summarizes cash award activity as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024:

Payments for cash settled RSUs that vested during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 were $11 million, $7 million and less than $1 million, respectively.

In connection with the minority IPO of Enact Holdings, Genworth Financial’s indirect subsidiary, Enact Holdings granted equity-based awards to its employees and directors, including RSUs, PSUs and DSUs. Additionally, in 2021, the Enact Holdings, Inc. 2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan was adopted and approved by Enact Holdings’ shareholders. Under the Enact Holdings, Inc. 2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan, Enact Holdings is authorized to issue up tofour million equity awards.

During 2024, 2023 and 2022, Enact Holdings granted RSUs with average restriction periods ofthree years and a weighted-average grant date fair value of $27.64, $24.26 and $22.18, respectively, measured at the fair value of a share of Enact Holdings’ Common Stock on the grant date.

During 2024, 2023 and 2022, Enact Holdings granted PSUs with athree-year measurement period starting on January 1 of each respective grant year going through December 31 of the following third year. The performance metrics are based on the standalone results of Enact Holdings and are measured by

consolidated book

value per share growth at the end of each respective performance period, calculated as the increase in book value divided by the average number of shares outstanding during each respective three-year measurement period. The PSUs were granted at market price as of the approval date by Enact Holdings’ Board of Directors, with a fair value of $27.19, $24.23 and $22.15 in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The following table summarizes the status of Enact Holdings’ equity-based awards as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024:

For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, and in accordance with our majority ownership, we recorded $19 million, $15 million and $10 million, respectively, of stock-based compensation expense. As of December 31, 2024, total estimated unrecognized expense related to these awards was $15 million and is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximatelytwo years.

The fair value of RSUs that vested during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $18 million, $3 million and less than $1 million, respectively. The tax benefit realized upon vesting of share-based awards was $4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 and less than $1 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

(19) Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Recurring Fair Value Measurements

We have fixed maturity

securities, equity securities, limited partnerships, derivatives, short-term investments, embedded derivatives, separate account assets, MRBs and

certain other financial instruments, which are carried at fair value. Below is a description of the valuation techniques and inputs used to determine fair value by class of instrument.

Fixed maturity securities, equity securities and short-term investments

The fair value of fixed maturity securities, equity securities and short-term investments is estimated primarily based on information derived from third-party pricing services (“pricing services”), broker quotes and/or internal models, which may use a market approach, income approach or a combination of the market and income approach depending on the type of instrument and availability of information. In general, a market approach is utilized if there is readily available and relevant market activity for an individual security. In certain cases where market information is not available for a specific security but is available for similar securities, that security is valued using market information for similar securities, which is also a market approach. When market information is not available for a specific security (or similar securities) or is available but such information is less relevant or reliable, an income approach or a combination of a market and income approach is utilized. For securities with optionality, such as call or prepayment features (including mortgage-backed or asset-backed securities), an income approach may be used. These valuation techniques may change from period to period, based on the relevance and availability of market data.

Further, while we consider the valuations provided by pricing services and broker quotes to be of high quality, management determines the fair value of our investment securities after considering all relevant and available information.

In general, we first obtain valuations from pricing services. If prices are unavailable for public securities, we obtain broker quotes. For all securities, excluding certain private fixed maturity securities, if neither a pricing service nor broker quotes valuation is available, we determine fair value using internal models. For certain private fixed maturity securities where we do not obtain valuations from pricing services, we utilize an internal model to determine fair value since transactions for similar securities are not readily observable and these securities are not typically valued by pricing services.

Given our understanding of the pricing methodologies and procedures of pricing services, the securities valued by pricing services are typically classified as Level 2 unless we determine the valuation process for a security or group of securities utilizes significant unobservable inputs, which would result in the valuation being classified as Level 3. Broker quotes may be utilized when pricing services data is not available and are typically classified as Level 3 due to the use of significant unobservable inputs.

For private fixed maturity securities, we utilize an income approach where we obtain public bond spreads and utilize those in an internal model to determine fair value. Other inputs to the model include rating and weighted-average life, as well as sector which is used to assign the spread. We then add an additional premium, which represents an unobservable input, to the public bond spread to adjust for the liquidity and other features of our private placements. We utilize the estimated market yield to discount the expected cash flows of the security to determine fair value. We utilize price caps for securities where the estimated market yield results in a valuation that may exceed the amount that would be received in a market transaction. When a security does not have an external rating, we assign the security an internal rating to determine the appropriate public bond spread that should be utilized in the valuation. While we generally consider the public bond spreads by sector and maturity to be observable inputs, we evaluate the similarities of our private placements with the public bonds, price caps, liquidity premiums applied, and whether external ratings are available for our private placements to determine whether the spreads utilized would be considered observable inputs, leading to a classification of Level 2. We classify private securities without an external rating or public bond spread as Level 3. In general, a significant increase (decrease) in credit spreads would have resulted in a significant decrease (increase) in the fair value for our fixed maturity securities as of December 31, 2024.

For remaining securities priced using internal models, we determine fair value using an income approach. We maximize the use of observable inputs but typically utilize significant unobservable inputs to determine fair value. Accordingly, the valuations are typically classified as Level 3.

Our assessment of whether or not there were significant unobservable inputs related to fixed maturity securities was based on our observations obtained through the course of managing our investment portfolio, including interaction with other market participants, observations related to the availability and consistency of pricing and/or rating, and understanding of general market activity such as new issuance and the level of secondary market trading for a class of securities. Additionally, we considered data obtained from pricing services to determine whether our estimated values incorporate significant unobservable inputs that would result in the valuation being classified as Level 3.

A summary of the inputs used for our financial instruments carried at fair value based on the level in which instruments are classified is included below. We have combined certain classes of instruments together as the nature of the inputs is similar.

Level 1 measurements

The primary inputs to the valuation of exchange-traded equity securities include quoted prices for the identical instrument.

Separate account assets.

The fair value of separate account assets is based on the quoted prices of the underlying fund investments and, therefore, represents Level 1 pricing.

Level 2 measurements

Fixed maturity securities

The following table presents a summary of the significant inp

ut

s used by our pricing services for certain fair value measurements of fixed maturity securities that are classified as Level 2 as of December 31, 2024:

The primary inputs to the valuation include quoted prices for identical assets, or similar assets in markets that are not active.

Short-term investments.

The fair value of short-term investments classified as Level 2 is determined after considering prices obtained by pricing services.

Level 3 measurements

Fixed maturity securities

The primary inputs to the valuation include broker quotes where the underlying inputs are unobservable and for internal models, structure of the security and issuer rating.

Limited partnerships.

The fair value of limited partnerships classified as Level 3 is determined based on third-party valuation sources that utilize unobservable inputs, such as a reference to public market or private transactions, valuations for comparable companies or assets, discounted cash flows and/or recent

transactions.

Short-term investments.

The primary inputs to the valuation include quoted prices for identical assets, or similar assets in markets that are not active, contractual cash flows, duration, call provisions, issuer rating, benchmark yields and credit spreads. Certain securities are valued using an internal model using market observable inputs such as the interest rate yield curve, as well as published credit spreads for similar securities, which include significant unobservable inputs.

Net asset value

Limited partnerships.

Limited partnerships are valued based on comparable market transactions, discounted future cash flows, quoted market prices and/or estimates using the most recent data available for the underlying instrument. We utilize the NAV from the underlying fund statements as a practical expedient for fair value.

We consider counterparty collateral arrangements and rights of set-off when evaluating our net credit risk exposure to our derivative counterparties. Accordingly, we are permitted to include consideration of these arrangements when determining whether any incremental adjustment should be made for both the counterparty’s and our non-performance risk in measuring fair value for our derivative instruments. As a result of these counterparty arrangements, we determined that any adjustment for credit risk would not be material, and we have not recorded any incremental adjustment for our non-performance risk or the non-performance risk of the derivative counterparties for our derivative assets or liabilities.

Interest rate swaps.

The valuation of interest rate swaps is determined using an income approach. The primary input into the valuation represents the forward interest rate swap curve, which is generally considered an observable input, and results in the derivative being classified as Level 2. For certain interest rate swaps, the inputs into the valuation also include the total returns of certain bonds that would primarily be considered an observable input and result in the derivative being classified as Level 2.

Foreign currency swaps.

The valuation of foreign currency swaps is determined using an income approach. The primary inputs into the valuation represent the forward interest rate swap curve and foreign currency exchange rates, both of which are considered observable inputs, and results in the derivative being classified as Level 2.

Equity index options.

We have equity index options associated with various equity indices. The valuation of equity index options is determined using an income approach. The primary inputs into the valuation represent forward interest rates, equity index volatility, equity index and time value component associated with the optionality in the derivative. The equity index volatility surface is determined based on market information that is not readily observable and is developed based upon inputs received from several third-party sources. Accordingly, these options are classified as Level 3. As of December 31, 2024, a significant increase (decrease) in the equity index volatility discussed above would have resulted in a significantly higher (lower) fair value measurement.

Financial futures.

The fair value of financial futures is based on the closing exchange prices. Accordingly, these financial futures are classified as Level 1. The period end valuation iszero as a result of settling the margins on these contracts on a daily basis.

Forward bond purchase commitments.

The valuation of forward bond purchase commitments is determined using an income approach. The primary inputs into the valuation represent current bond prices and interest rates, as well as an estimate of the cost of counterparty financing to acquire and carry the bond during the forward period. The estimated cost of counterparty financing is not readily observable and is developed based upon an assumed spread; accordingly, these derivatives are classified as Level 3.

Fixed indexed annuity and indexed universal life embedded derivatives

We have fixed indexed annuity and indexed universal life insurance products where interest is credited to the policyholder’s account balance based on equity index changes. This feature is required to be bifurcated as an embedded derivative and recorded at fair value. Fair value is determined using an income approach where the present value of the excess cash flows above the guaranteed cash flows is used to determine the value attributed to the equity index feature. The inputs used in determining the fair value include policyholder behavior (lapses and withdrawals), near-term equity index volatility, expected future interest credited, forward interest rates and an adjustment to the discount rate to incorporate

non-performance

risk and risk margins. As a result of our assumptions for expected future interest credited being considered significant unobservable inputs, we classify these instruments as Level 3. As expected future interest credited decreases, the value of our embedded derivative liability will decrease. As of December 31, 2024, a significant change in the unobservable inputs discussed above would have resulted in a significantly lower or higher fair value measurement.

Market risk benefits

MRBs are contracts or contract features that provide protection to the contractholder from and expose us to other-than-nominal capital market risk. MRBs include certain contract features on fixed and variable annuity products that provide minimum guarantees, in addition to the policyholder account balance, such as GMDBs, GMWBs and GPAFs. MRBs are measured at fair value using an income-based valuation model based on current net amounts at risk, market data, experience and other factors. See note 2 for a discussion of our policy for recording changes in fair value of MRBs.

MRB assets and liabilities for minimum guarantees are valued and presented separately from the related separate account and policyholder account balances.

Fixed indexed annuities

The valuation of fixed indexed annuities MRBs, which includes GMWB features, is based on an income approach that incorporates inputs such as policyholder behavior (GMWB utilization, lapses and mortality), equity index volatility, expected future interest credited, forward interest rates and an adjustment to the discount rate to incorporate non-performance risk and risk margins. Our discount rate used to determine fair value of our fixed indexed annuities MRBs includes market credit spreads above U.S. Treasury rates to reflect an adjustment for the non-performance risk of the fixed indexed annuities MRBs. We determine fair value using an internal model based on the various inputs noted above. As a result of our assumptions for GMWB utilization, expected future interest credited and non-performance risk being considered significant unobservable inputs, we classify these instruments as Level 3. As expected future interest credited decreases or GMWB utilization increases, the value of our fixed indexed annuities MRB liability will increase. Any increase in non-performance risk would increase the discount rate and would decrease the fair value of the liability. As of December 31, 2024, a significant change in the unobservable inputs discussed above would have resulted in a significantly lower or higher fair value measurement. Refer to note 11 for additional details related to the changes in the fair value measurement of fixed indexed annuities MRBs as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Variable annuities

The valuation of our variable annuities MRBs, which includes GMWB, GMDB and GPAF features, is based on an income approach that incorporates inputs such as policyholder behavior (GMWB utilization, lapses and mortality), equity index volatility, interest rates, equity index and fund correlation and an adjustment to the discount rate to incorporate non-performance risk and risk margins. Our discount rate used to determine fair value of our variable annuities MRBs includes market credit spreads above U.S. Treasury rates to reflect an adjustment for the non-performance risk of the variable annuities MRBs. We determine fair value using an internal model based on the various inputs noted above. We classify the variable annuities MRBs valuation as Level 3 based on having significant unobservable inputs, with policyholder behavior (GMWB utilization and lapses), equity index volatility and non-performance risk being considered the more significant unobservable inputs. As equity index volatility increases, the fair value of the variable annuities MRBs will increase. An increase in our lapse assumption would decrease the fair value of the variable annuities MRBs, whereas an increase in our GMWB utilization rate would increase the fair value. Any increase in non-performance risk would increase the discount rate and would decrease the fair value of the liability. As of December 31, 2024, a significant change in the unobservable inputs discussed above would have resulted in a significantly lower or higher fair value measurement. Refer to note 11 for additional details related to the changes in the fair value measurement of variable annuities MRBs as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

The following tables set forth our assets by class of instrument that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of

December 31:

The following tables present additional information about assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis and for which we have utilized significant unobservable (Level 3) inputs to determine fair value as of and for the dates indicated: