Royale Energy, Inc.

Since 1993, Royale had concentrated on development of properties in the Sacramento Basin and the San Joaquin Basin of Northern and Central California. In the last few years it has moved its focus to Mitchell County and Ector County, Texas. In 2024, Royale participated in the drilling of four gross (0.0722 net) oil wells in Texas all of which are productive.

Following industry standards, Royale generally acquires oil and natural gas acreage without warranty of title except as to claims made by, though, or under the transferor. In these cases, Royale attempts to conduct due diligence as to title before the acquisition, but it cannot assure that there will be no losses resulting from title defects or from defects in the assignment of leasehold rights. Title to property most often carries encumbrances, such as royalties, overriding royalties, carried and other similar interests, and contractual obligations, all of which are customary within the oil and natural gas industry.

Following is a discussion of Royale’s significant oil and natural gas properties. Reserves at December 31, 2024, for each property discussed below, have been determined by Netherland, Sewell & Associates, Inc., registered professional petroleum engineers, in accordance with reports submitted to Royale on February 17, 2025.

California

Royale owns interests in nine gas fields with locations ranging throughout the Sacramento Basin in California. At December 31, 2024, Royale operated 10 wells and owns interests in 13 non-operated gas wells in Northern California and 8 non-operated oil wells in Southern and Central California. Our California estimated total proven, developed, and undeveloped net reserves are approximately 0.160 BCFE, according to Royale’s independently prepared reserve report as of December 31, 2024.

Texas

At December 31, 2024, Royale owned and operated interests in 26 oil wells in its Jameson field. Additionally, Royale owns interests in six non-operated oil wells in the Permian Basin in Texas and three non-operated gas wells, two located in Oklahoma and one located in Texas. Our Texas estimated total producing, developed, and undeveloped reserves are approximately 277.6 million barrels of oil equivalent (“MBOE”) , according to Royale’s independently prepared reserve report as of December 31, 2024. Barrel of oil equivalent or BOE is determined using a ratio of six Mcf of natural gas equal to one barrel of oil equivalent. The ratio does not assume price equivalency and, given price differentials, the price for a BOE for natural gas differs significantly from the price for a barrel of oil. A barrel of NGL also differs significantly in price from a barrel of oil.

Developed and Undeveloped Leasehold Acreage

As of December 31, 2024, Royale owned leasehold interests in the following developed and undeveloped properties in both gross and net acreage.

MMBoe is one million BOE, determined using a ratio of six Mcf of natural gas equal to one BOE.

Gross and Net Productive Wells

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, Royale owned interests in the following oil and gas wells in both gross and net:

Drilling Activities

The following table sets forth Royale’s drilling activities during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. All wells are located in the continental U.S., in California and Texas.

Production

The following table summarizes, for the years indicated, Royale’s net share of oil and natural gas production, average sales price per barrel (BBL), per thousand cubic feet (MCF) of natural gas, and the MCF equivalent (MCFE) for the barrels of oil based on a 6 to 1 ratio of the price per barrel of oil to the price per MCF of natural gas. “Net” production is production that Royale owns either directly or indirectly through partnership or joint venture interests produced to its interest after deducting royalty, limited partner or other similar interests. Royale generally sells its oil and natural gas at prices then prevailing on the “spot market” and does not have any material long term contracts for the sale of natural gas at a fixed price.

Reserve Estimates

Management has established, and is responsible for, internal controls designed to provide reasonable assurance that the estimates of proved reserves are computed and reported in accordance with rules and regulations promulgated by the SEC as well as established industry practices used by independent engineering firms and our peers. These internal controls include documented process workflows and qualified professional engineering and geological personnel with specific reservoir experience. Our internal processes and controls surrounding this process are routinely tested. We also retain outside independent engineering firms to prepare estimates of our proved reserves. Management reviews and approves our reserve estimates, whether prepared internally or by third parties. Our Chief Executive Officer oversaw our outside independent engineering firm, Netherland, Sewell & Associates, Inc. (“NSAI”), in connection with the preparation of their estimates of our proved reserves as of December 31, 2024. We also regularly communicate with NSAI throughout the year regarding technical and operational matters critical to our reserve estimations. Our Chief Executive Officer, with input from other members of management, is responsible for the selection of our third-party engineering firms and review of the reports generated. Our Chief Executive Officer has over 39 years of experience in the oil and natural gas industry and is a graduate of the University of Oklahoma with a degree in Chemical Engineering. During his career, he has had various relevant responsibilities in technical and leadership roles including asset management, drilling and completions, production engineering, reservoir engineering and reserves management, economic evaluations and field development in U.S. onshore projects. The third-party engineering reports are also provided to our Audit Committee.

Net Proved Oil and Natural Gas Reserves

As of December 31, 2024, Royale had proved developed reserves of 238,310 MCF and total proved reserves of 392,760 MCF of natural gas. As of December 31, 2024, Royale also had proved developed oil and NGL combined reserves of 152,550 BBL and total proved oil and NGL combined reserves of 238,740 BBL.

As of December 31, 2023, Royale had proved developed reserves of 357,940 MCF and total proved reserves of 473,540 MCF of natural gas. For the same period, Royale also had proved developed oil and NGL combined reserves of 138,060 BBL and total proved oil and NGL combined reserves of 217,780 BBL.

During 2024, our overall proved developed and undeveloped oil reserves increased by 9.6% and our previously estimated proved developed and undeveloped oil reserve quantities were revised upward by approximately 32 thousand barrels. This upward revision was mainly the result of an increase in proved undeveloped oil reserves from drilling locations which the Company had previously estimated. Our overall proved developed and undeveloped natural gas reserves decreased by 17.1% and our previously estimated proved developed and undeveloped natural gas reserve quantities were revised upward by approximately 4 thousand cubic feet of natural gas. This upward revision was mainly the result of an increase in proved undeveloped natural gas reserves from drilling locations which the Company had previously estimated.

Oil and gas reserve estimates and the discounted present value estimates associated with the reserve estimates are based on numerous engineering, geological and operational assumptions that generally are derived from limited data.